e-Notes by Dr. G.S.

Suresh, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, NIE, Mysore

1. LAYOUT DRAWING
(For classes held on 26 and 27th Feb 07) 1.1 Introduction to Structural drawing: Drawing is the language of engineers, which conveys the idea of the engineer about the shape, structural arrangement to builder. Structural drawings guide builders in the construction of apartment blocks, industrial buildings, highways, irrigation structures, bridges and other important structures. The guidelines given in IS 962 (Code of practice for architectural and buildings) and SP 34 (Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing) may be adopted while preparing structural drawings for Reinforced Concrete Structures and its elements. Structural drawings are prepared in different sizes and depend on the number of detailed drawings to be presented. In large projects, the structural drawings are of same size. The preferred size of drawing sheets are given in table 1.1 Table 1.1 Drawing Sheet Size Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Designation A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Trimmed Size in mm 841 x 1189 594 x 841 420 x 594 297 x 420 210 x 297 148 x 210 Un Trimmed Size (Min) in mm 880 x 1230 625 x 880 450 x 625 330 x 450 240 x 330 165 x 240

Margins and the divisions of drawings sheets into zones are given in Fig 1.1 a to f. The title block is an important feature in a drawing and should be placed at the bottom right-hand corner of the sheet, where it is readily seen when the prints are folded in the prescribed manner. The size of the title block recommended by SP 34 is 185 x 65 mm. Layout of drawings is not standardized in detailing of reinforced concrete structures. However in practice, the key plan is placed in the upper left hand corner of the sheet, with the elevations and details below and on to the right side of the plan. Schedules and bending details are place in the upper right corner of the drawing. Fig. 1.2 gives a broad outline of layout recommended. In large projects, the bending schedule can be given separately and omitted in the structural drawing. Scale for drawings is selected based on the convenience to include all the details within workable size. Some commonly used scales are :

Plan:- 1:100, 1:50 Elevation:- 1:5, 1:30 Sections:- 1:50, 1:30, 1:25, 1:20,1:15,1:10

Fig.1.1a A0 Size Sheet

Fig.1.1b A1 Size Sheet

Fig.1.1c A2 Size Sheet

Fig.1.1d A3 Size Sheet

Fig.1.1e A4 Size Sheet

Fig.1.1f A5 Size Sheet and Division of sheets

Fig.1.2 Typical Layout of a Drawing Notes containing specifications of the concrete and steel to be used, size of chamfers and fillets, concrete cover, live load, SBC of soil, lap lengths for different diameter of bars etc,. Symbols and abbreviations to be adopted in the drawings are given below: Symbols Relating to Cross-Sectional Shape and Size of Reinforcement a) plain round bar or diameter of plain round bar; b) plain, square bar or side of plain square bar; and c) # deformed bar (including square twisted bar) or nominal size (equivalent diameter or side) of the deformed bar . Symbols Relating to Shape of the Bar along its Lengths Alt Alternate bar Bt Bent bar B Bottom bar min Minimum max Maximum St Straight bar Stp Stirrup Sp Spiral Ct Column tie T Top bar Symbols Relating to Position and Direction EW Each way @ Spacing centre-to-centre Limit of area covered by bars Direction in which bars extend Symbols Relating to Various Structural Members Bm or B Beams Col Column(s) Fg Footing(s) GR Girders JT Joints(s) LL Lintel(s) LB Lintel beam(s) Sb or S Slab(s) WL Longitudinal wall Wx Cross wall C Centre line Graphical symbols given in Fig. 1.3 are recommended by SP34. Additional drawing conventions for use on drawings for reinforcement as suggested in ISO 3766-1977 is reproduced in Fig 1.4

Fig. 1.3 Graphical symbols

Fig. 1.4 Drawing conventions

Fig. 1.4 Drawing conventions (Contd.)

1.2 General Layout of Building: After the preparation of architectural plan of the buildings, the structural planning of the building frame is done. This involves determination of i) Positioning and orientation of columns, ii) Positioning of beams, iii) Spanning of slabs, iv) Layout of stairs, v) Selecting proper type of footing. Different structural members of a structure shall be marked using symbols, abbreviations and notations. A key framing plan shall be prepared to a convenient scale and the two axes marked one side with alphabets A, B, C etc, and the other with numbers. If the structural arrangement in all the floors is same then only one key plan is prepared titling it as typical plan. If the arrangement varies for different floors a separate key framing plan with grid arrangement and areas may be used for each of the floor. The floors shall be specified in accordance with the requirements of IS 2332-1973 (Specifications for nomenclature of floors and storeys). According to this code BT symbol is used for Basement, MZ for Mezzanine, Floor 1, Floor 2 etc for first, second etc floors respectively. Columns and foundations shall be specified by grid arrangements giving reference to the floor. For example FG Col C2 with reference to Fig 1.5 indicates Footing for column C2, Col 2C2 indicates column C2 at floor 2.

Fig. 1.5 Typical Arrangement for the Key Framing Plan and marking Different Structural Members Beams, slabs and lintels and tie beams shall be consecutively numbered from lefthand top corner as shown in Fig. 1.5. Lay out building are generally drawn i) Drawing showing position of columns along with excavation plan for footing and ii) Key plan showing arrangements of beams and plans and called as form work drawing. Fig 1.6 and 1.7 shows a typical lay out drawing developed for a building.

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Fig. 1.6 Typical Drawing for a Multi-Storied Building showing column position and excavation plan.

Fig. 1.7 Typical Drawing for a Multi-Storied Building showing Slab and Beam alignment

Problem1: 11

Prepare a general layout showing the positions and sizes of columns and footing to a suitable scale for an industrial building: A clear dimension of factory floor is 11.75 m x 19.75 m Spacing of columns 4m c/c Size of columns 250 mm x 450 mm Span of steel truss is 12.25 m c/c At the ends to support the gable wall additional two RCC columns of size 250 mm x 450 mm are to be provided at 4m c/c measured from end columns All the walls all-round are 250 mm thick Height of columns = 3m Size of footing 1.4m x 1.8m Thickness of footing 300 mm uniform Depth of foundation 1.2m below ground level Also show the line of steel truss on the drawing Solution: External dimensions of the building: Along X-direction = 11.75 + 2 x 0.25 = 12.25 m Along Z-direction = 19.75 + 2 x 0.25 = 20.25 m Centre line dimensions of the building: Along X-direction = 12.25 0.45 = 11.80 m Along Z-direction = 20.25 -0.25 = 20.00 m Procedure for drawing the lay out plan Note: Use Millimeter units for linear dimensions 1. Draw the centerline of the building having 11,800mm along X-direction and 20,000 mm along Z-directions 2. Mark these centre lines as grid lines A and D for lines parallel to Z-directions & grid lines 1 and 6 for lines parallel to X-axis 3. Measure 4000mm from grid lines A and D to get grid line B and C 4. Measure 4000mm c/c along Z-axis starting from grid line 1 to get grid lines 2, 3, 4 and 5 5. Draw rectangular filled box of size 250mm x 450mm at the intersection of gird lines along A and D to indicate the position of column along these grid lines as shown in Fig. 1.8 6. Draw rectangular filled box of size 250mm x 450mm at the intersection of grid lines 1,6 with B and C respectively as shown in Fig. 1.8 7. Draw rectangles each of size 1400 mm x 1800mm symmetrically with respect to centre of column to indicate excavation marking for all columns. Here the shorter side of this rectangle box is parallel to the shorter side of column as shown in Fig. 1.8

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8. Sectional elevation and plan of the footing of column is drawn just to the right of the key plan drawn as shown in Fig. 1.8

Fig. 1.8a Layout Drawing

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Fig. 1.8b Footing Details

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Problem2: Prepare a general layout showing the positions and sizes of Beams and Slabs to a suitable scale for a Community Hall: Clear dimension of hall is 12.05 m x 19.8 m Three rows of columns are to be provided along the width with spacing of 6 m c/c Six rows of columns are to be provided along the length with spacing of 4 m c/c All the walls all-round are 200 mm thick Size of columns 200 mm x 450 mm Main beams are of size 200 mm x 600 mm Secondary beams are of size 200 mm x 300 mm Thickness of slab = 150 mm Solution: External dimensions of the building: Along X-direction = 12.05 + 2 x 0.2 = 12.45 m Along Z-direction = 19.8 + 2 x 0.2 = 20.2 m Centre line dimensions of the building: Along X-direction = 12.45 -0.45 = 12 m Along Z-direction = 20.2 -0.2 = 20.00 m Procedure for drawing the lay out plan Note: Use Millimeter units for linear dimensions 1. Draw the centerline of the building having 12,000 mm along X-direction and 20,000 mm along Z-directions 2. Mark these centre lines as grid lines A and C for lines parallel to Z-directions & grid lines 1 and 6 for lines parallel to X-axis 3. Measure 6000mm from grid lines A to get grid line B 4. Measure 4000mm c/c along Z-axis starting from grid line 1 to get grid lines 2, 3, 4 and 5 5. Draw rectangular filled box of size 200mm x 450mm at the intersection of gird lines along A and C to indicate the position of column along these grid lines as shown in Fig. 1.9 6. Draw parallel lines spaced at 200mm symmetrically about the grid lines 1 to 6 to indicate main beams having effective span of 6m as shown in Fig. 1.9 7. Draw parallel lines spaced 200 mm abutting to end columns to indicate secondary beams as shown in Fig. 1.9. Also draw 200 mm wide secondary beam along grid line B as shown in Fig.1.9 8. Mark all the main beams as B1 and Secondary beams as B2 9. Indicate the slab as one way slab as shown in Fig. 1.9 and mark the slabs as S1.

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Fig. 1.9 Layout Drawing

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Exercise Problems: 1. Prepare a general layout drawing including the details of columns and foundation for a shopping complex with four shops in the ground floor with the following details: Column size : 230 x 450 mm Spacing : 3.5 m c/c Span of the beam supported by columns = 6m c/c Depth of foundation : 1.2 m below GL Depth of Footing : 450 mm Also draw to a suitable scale the details of typical column and foundation 2. Prepare a general lay out drawing for the ground floor of a community centre in a land measuring 35m x 50 m for the following particulars: Plinth area to be limited to 450 m2 (15m x 30m) Height of each column : 3.5m Size of columns : 300 mm x 450 mm Effective span of each continuous beam 5m of size 300 mm x 500 mm Secondary beams to be provided for a span of 4m and of size 300 mm x 400 mm Plinth beam 300 mm x 400 mm all-round 0.6m above ground level Footing of size 1.2 m x 2.8 m for each column has its uniform thickness= 600mm 3. Prepare a key plan at foundation level of a community hall building. Building has an auditorium of clear dimensions 12m x 19.7 m. Corridor of 4 m wide on either side (Parallel to longer side) of auditorium have to be provided. The roofing for auditorium is AC sheets supported on steel trusses. The end gable walls are supported on wall foundations. Roofing for corridor is RCC slab at 3m above floor level. Other details are: Clear span of roof truss = 12m Size of all RCC columns = 300 mm x 600 mm BBM columns of size 300 mm x 300 mm at 4 m c/c is to be provided in corridors to support slab Assume suitable foundation for RCC columns and BBM columns

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2. DETAILING OF BEAMS
(For class held on 5th March 07) 2.1 Introduction: Beams are structural elements carrying transverse external loads that cause bending moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion across their length. Concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension. Steel reinforcement is used to take up tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams. Mild steel bars of round section were used in RCC work. But with the introduction of deformed and twisted bars, the use of mild steel bars had declined. Deformed or High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) have ribs on the surface and this increases the bond strength at least by 40% compared to that of mild steel bar. Fig. 2.1 shows mild steel and deformed steel bars.

Fig. 2.1 To facilitate construction process, good detailing of reinforcements with proper drawings are essential at the site of construction. These drawing generally also include a bar bending schedule. The bar bending schedule describes the length and number, position and the shape of the bar. The detailing is normally associated with i) Size and number (or spacing) of bars, ii) Lap and curtailment (or bending) of bars, iii) Development length of bars, iv) Clear cover to the reinforcement and v) spacer and chair bars. Anchorage in steel bars is normally provided in the form of bends and hooks. Twisted steel bars or deformed steel bars are not provided with hooks. The anchorage value of bend of bar is taken as 4 times the diameter of bar for every 45 0 bend subjected to maximum of 16 times the diameter of bar. Fig.2.2 shows the standard hooks and bends. Bars are lapped over each other for increasing the length of bars. Minimum lap length should be equal to development length. Development length for bars in different concrete mix is given tables 4.2 to 4.4 of SP34.

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Fig.2.2 The beams are classified as: i) According to shape: Rectangular, T, L, Circular etc ii)According to supporting conditions: Simply supported, fixed, continuous and cantilever beams iii) According to reinforcement: Singly reinforced and doubly reinforced Depth of the beam is determined based on flexural strength and to satisfy the deflection criteria. Generally the ratio of span to depth ratio is kept as 10 to 15 and the depth to width ratio of rectangular be is taken in the range of 1.5 to 2. Minimum cover in beams must be 25 mm or shall not be less than the larger diameter of bar for all steel reinforcement including links. Nominal cover specified in Table 16 and 16A of IS456-2000 should be used to satisfy the durability criteria. Generally a beam consists of following steel reinforcements: i) Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face (Min of two 12 mm diameter bar is required to be provided in tension) in single or multiple rows are provided. ii)Shear reinforcements in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up longitudinal bars are provided. ( The bar bent round the tensile reinforcement and taken into the compression zone of an RCC beams are called stirrups) iii) Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam is provided when the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm. (0.1% of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less) Arrangements of bars in a beam should confirm to the requirements of clause given in 8.1 and 8.2 of SP34. Bars of size 6,8,10,12,16,20,25,32,50 mm are available in market. Fig. 2.3 shows different types bars used in a beam. 19

Fig. 2.3 While drawing the details of a beam following convention representation of bars are used Mild steel bars : ; HYSD bars: # or Main bars are shown by thick single line. Hanger bars are shown by medium thick lines. Stirrups are shown by dotted or thin line. Different types of stirrups used are shown in Fig. 2.4.

Fig. 2.4 Maximum spacing of stirrup should be 0.75d or 300mm whichever is less and d or 300 mm whichever is less, where d is diameter of main bar. Diameter of stirrups varies from 6mm to 12mm. Bar bending schedule should include shape of bar, number of bars used, length and weight. A standard form of bar bending schedule table is shown below

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Format for Bar bending schedule Sl.No. Type of bar Shape No. Length in Weight per Weight and mark meter unit length in Kg in Kg Area and weight of different bars are given in the table 2.1 Table 2.1 Standard sizes and weight of round bars Diameter in mm Sectional Area in Weight per meter in Kg ( N) mm2 6 28 0.22 (2.2) 8 50 0.39 (3.9) 10 78.5 0.62 (6.2) 12 113 0.89 (8.9) 16 201 1.08 (10.8) 20 314 2.47 (24.7) 25 490 3.85 (38.5) Generally beams are represented by longitudinal section and cross-section at important points. A typical beam drawing of a simply supported beam is shown in Fig.

Fig. 2.5 Detailing of a simply supported beam

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Problems: 1.SIMPLY SUPPORTED RECTANGULAR BEAMS

I) Draw the Longitudinal section, cross section and prepare bar bending schedule of a rectangular simply supported RCC beam with the following data: Clear span =3.5m Width of beam = 220mm Overall depth of beam = 300mm Bearing width in support = 200 mm Main reinforcement = 5 Nos -12 mm diameter bars with 2 bars bent up at L/7 from centre of support Anchor/hanger bars= 2-10 mm diameter Stirrups = 6 mm diameter @ 200 mm c/c. Materials : Mild steel, M20 grade concrete Solution: i) Longitudinal and Cross-Section:

ii) a) Bottom (12 dia)= of beam +2 -2 x end

Fig. 2.6 Detailing of a simply supported beam

Bar Bending Schedule: straight bar Total length x16 -2 x 3 cover

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= (3500+2 x 200)+26 x 12-2 x 25 =41624200 mm b) Length of bent up bar (12 dia)= Length of straight bar +2 x (0.42 x depth of bend) =4162+2 x 0.42 x 250 =43724400 mm c) Length of hanger bar (10 dia)= Length of straight bar =41624200 mm d) Stirrups: Number of stirrups = Length of bar (end to end)/c/c distance of stirrup = [(3500+2x200)-2x25]/200 = 17 Length of stirrup = 2 ( A+B)+24 of stirrup = 2x(250+170)+24 x 6 = 984 mm 1000 mm Bar bending schedule is given below:

II)

Draw the Longitudinal section, cross section and prepare bar bending schedule of a rectangular simply supported RCC beam with the following data: Clear span =4.5m Width of beam = 250mm Overall depth of beam = 300mm Main reinforcement = 5 Nos -18 mm diameter bars with 2 bars bent up at 900mm from inside of each end support Anchor/hanger bars= 2-12 mm diameter Stirrups = 6 mm diameter @ 200 mm c/c. Concrete cover = 25 mm Materials : HYSD bars, M20 grade concrete

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Solution:

i)

Longitudinal and Cross-Section:

ii) Bar Bending Schedule: a) Bottom straight bar (18 dia)= Total length of beam -2 x end cover = (4500+2 x 200) -2 x 25 =4850 mm b) Length of bent up bar (18 dia)= Length of straight bar +2 x (0.42 x depth of bend) =4850+2 x 0.42 x 250 =5050 mm c) Length of hanger bar (12 dia)= Length of straight bar =4850 mm d) Stirrups: Number of stirrups = Length of bar (end to end)/c/c distance of stirrup = [(4500+2x200)-2x25]/200 = 24.25 25 Length of stirrup = 2 ( A+B)+24 of stirrup = 2x(250+200)+24 x 6 = 1044 mm 1100 mm Bar bending schedule is given below:

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2. CONTINUOUS RECTANGULAR BEAMS

I) Draw the Longitudinal section and two cross sections one near the support and other near the mid span of a RCC continuous beam with the following data: Clear span of beams = 3m each Width of beam = 200mm Overall depth of beam = 300mm Width in intermediate supports = 200 mm Main reinforcement = 4 Nos -12 mm diameter bars with 2 bars bent up Anchor/hanger bars= 2-10 mm diameter Stirrups = 6 mm diameter @ 300 mm c/c. Materials : HYSD bars and M20 grade concrete Solution:

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II) A rectangular beam of cross section 300 x 450 mm is supported on 4 columns which are equally spaced at 3m c/c. The columns are of 300 mm x 300 mm in section. The reinforcement consists of 4 bars of a6 mm diameter (+ve reinforcement) at mid span and 4 bars of 16 mm diameter at all supports (-ve reinforcement). Anchor bars consists of a 2-16 mm diameter. Stirrups are of 8 mm diameter 2 legged vertical at 200 c/c throughout. Grade of concrete is M20 and type of steel is Fe 415. Draw longitudinal section and important cross sections. Solution:

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3.CANTILEVER BEAMS
I) Draw to scale of 1:20 the Longitudinal section and two cross-section of a cantilever beam projecting 3.2 from a support using following data Clear span =3.2m Overall depth at free end = 150 mm Overall depth at fixed end = 450 mm Width of cantilever beam = 300 mm Main steel = 4-28 mm dia with two bars curtailed at 1.5m from support Anchor bars = 2 Nos. 16 mm dia Nominal stirrups = 6mm dia at 40 mm c/c Bearing at fixed end = 300 mm Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel Solution:

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II) A cantilever beam with 3.2m length is resting over a masonry wall and supporting a slab over it. Draw to a suitable scale Longitudinal section, two cross-sections and sectional plan with the following data: Size of beam = 300 mm x 350 mm at free end and 300 mm x 450 mm at fixed end and in the wall up to a length of 4.8m Main steel: 4 nos. of 25 mm dia bars, two bars curtailed at 1.2m from free end Hanger bars: 2 nos. 16mm. Stirrups: 6mm dia 2 legged stirrups @ 200 mm c/c the support length and @100 mm c/c from fixed end up to length of 1m @ 150mm c/c up to curtailed bars and remaining @ 200 c/c. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel Solution:

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4.FLANGED BEAMS
A beam has following data Clear span = 4m Support width = 300mm Size of web = 350 x 400 Size of flange = 1200 x 120mm Main reinforcement in two layers : 3-20 tor + 3-16 tor and to be curtailed at a distance 400 mm from inner face of support Hanger bars: 3- 20 tor Stirrups: 2L-8 tor @ 200 c/c Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel Draw longitudinal and cross section if the beam is i) T-beam ii) Inverted T-beam iii) L-Beam Solution:

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Standard RCC drawings with various data are presented in the figures to follow

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3. DETAILING OF SLABS
(For class held on 6th March 07) 3.1 Introduction: A structural member used for covering spaces in the form of roof or floor is called a slab. Slab may be supported on walls or beams or columns. Slab supported directly by columns are called flat slab. Detailing of flat slab is out of scope in this syllabus. Slab supported on two sides and bending takes place predominantly in one direction only is called One Way Slab. On the other hand, when slab is supported on all four sides and bending take place in two directions are said to be Two Way Slab. The slabs having ratio of longer length to its shorter length (Ly/Lx) greater than 2 is called one way slab otherwise as two way slab. In one way slab main reinforcement is parallel to shorter direction and the reinforcement parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel. In two way slab main reinforcement is provided along both direction. Slabs could be simply supported, continuous or cantilever. In two way slab the corners may be held down by restraints or may be allowed to lift up. Additional torsion reinforcement is required at corners when it is restrained against uplifting as shown in Fig.3.1

Fig. 3.1 Thickness of the slab is decided based on span to depth ratio specified in IS456-2000. Min reinforcement is 0.12% for HYSD bars and 0.15 % for mild steel bars. The

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diameter of bar generally used in slabs are: 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm and 16 mm. The maximum diameter of bar used in slab should not exceed 1/8 of the total thickness of slab. Maximum spacing of main bar is restricted to 3 times effective depth or 300 mm which ever is less. For distribution bars the maximum spacing is specified as 5 times the effective depth or 450 mm which ever is less. Minimum clear cover to reinforcements in slab depends on the durability criteria and this is specified in IS 456-200. Generally 15 mm to 20 mm cover is provided for the main reinforcements. Alternate main bars can be cranked near support or could be bent at 1800 at the edge and then extended at the top inside the slab as shown in Fig.3.1. Curtailment and cranking of bars and is shown in Fig. 3.2

Fig. 3.2 Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner where the slab is simply supported on both edges meeting at that corner and is prevented from lifting unless the consequences of cracking are negligible. It shall consist of top and bottom reinforcement, each with layer of bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the edges a minimum distance of one fifth of the shorter span. The area of reinforcement per unit width in each of these four layers shall be threequarters of the area required for the maximum mid-span moment per unit width in the slab. Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described above shall be provided at a corner contained by edges over only one of which the slab is continuous. Torsion reinforcement to be provided is shown in Fig. 3.3

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Fig. 3.3

34 Fig. 3.3

The drawing showing the detailing of reinforcement has a plan showing typical reinforcement in both direction and sectional elevations. Typical detailing of slab is shown in Fig.3.4 and 3.5

Fig. 3.4 One way slab

Fig. 3.5 Two way slab

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Problems: 1. Prepare a detailed structural drawing of one way continuous slab for a hall of clear dimensions 7m wide and 11.77 m long, use following data Centre to centre distance of supporting beams = 3.0 m Span of the beams = 7.23m Beams are supported on walls of 0.23 m thickness C/s of beam = 230 x 450 mm Grade of concrete : M20 Type of steel : Fe415 Clear cover : 20 mm Slab thickness: 150 mm Beam depth is inclusive of slab depth, The hall is having walls on all 4 sides Main positive reinforcement @ end span = 8mm diameter @100 c/c Main reinforcement in other interior panels = 8 mm diameter @ 200 c/c Negative reinforcement @ all supports = 8mm diameter @ 200 c/c Distribution steel= 8mm diameter @ 200 c/c Solution:

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6. Design of Portal Frames

(For class held on 20th, 26th and 27th March 07) 3.2 Introduction: A portal frame consists of vertical member called Columns and top member which may be horizontal, curved or pitched. The vertical and top members built monolithically are considered as rigidly connected. They are used in the construction of large sheds, bridges and viaducts. The base of portal frame may be hinged or fixed. The portal frames are spaced at suitable distance and it supports the slab above the top members. Various forms of RCC portal frames used in practice is shown in Fig.6.1

a) For shed

b) For a Viaduct

c) A Mill Bend

d) A Two Storeyed Portal

Fig. 6.1

The portal frames have high stability against lateral forces such as wind and earthquake and the moments in the top beam are also reduced. But at the same time, large moments are induced in the columns which become more costly. A portal frame is a statically indeterminate structure. In the case of buildings, the portal frames are generally spaced at intervals of 3 to 4m with a reinforced concrete slab cast monolithically between the frames. Frames used for ware house sheds and workshop structures are provided with sloping of purlins and asbestos sheet roofing between the portal frames. The base of the columns of the portal frames are either fixed or hinged. Generally the columns having raft or piles are considered as fixed for analysis purpose. Analysis of frames can be done by any standard methods like i) Slope deflection method, ii) Moment distribution method, iii) Strain energy method, iv) Kanis method. Columns are designed for axial force and bending moment, whereas beam is designed for bending moment and shear force. These forces are obtained from the analysis carried out on the frame. Limit state method of design is used for design of members. Tables given in SP16 may be used for design.

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3.3 Procedure for Analysis and design of Portal frames: Step1: Design of slabs Slabs are supported on beams and are designed as continuous. Generally these slabs are designed as one way slabs. Maximum bending moments and shear forces are computed using the coefficients given in tables 12 and 13 respectively of IS456-2000. For the assumed depth the required steel is computed from table 1 to4 or 5 to 44 of SP16. Area of distribution steel are computed based on the minimum steel requirement ie., 0.12% of gross area. Step2: Preliminary design of beams and columns Depth of the beam is generally decided on the basis of span to depth ratio. For lightly loaded beams it is taken as 20 and 12 to 15 for heavily loaded beams. The width of the beam depends on the architectural requirements. Generally the width of the beam kept equal to the width of the wall or column. The size of the column is decided based on axial load calculated as reaction of beam or by experience. Step3: Analysis The forces on beams and at joints if any are first calculated and then forces in columns and beams are calculated using any standard methods of analysis like slope deflection method, moment distribution method etc., or tables given in SP43 can also be used for finding the shear force and bending moment. Step4: Design of beams Using the end moments and superposing simple support bending moment diagram, the design moments at mid span and at ends are computed. The mid span section of intermediate frame is designed as T-beam using the tables 57 to 59 of SP16. The sections at ends of the beam are designed as rectangular beams. For the depth of the beam used at mid span, the steel required is computed from finding steel percentage using the tables 1 to 4 of SP16. These sections are also designed for shear using tables 61 to 63 of SP16. The beam is checked for deflection using span to effective depth ratio. Step5: Design of Columns The columns are designed for uniaxial moment using the charts 24 to 85 of SP 16. The tie reinforcement of the column is designed on the basis of recommendations given in clause 26.5.3.2 of IS456-2000. Step6: Design of footings The footings are designed for flexure, single shear and punching shear. The reinforcement is generally provided on the basis of flexural requirement. If the base of the columns is analised as hinged base, then the hinge is also designed considering the triaxial stresses. PROBLEMS: 1. The roof of a 8m wide hall is supported on a portal frame spaced at 4m intervals. The height of the portal frame is 4m. The continuous slab is 120 mm thick. Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2, SBC of soil = 150 kN/m2. The columns are connected with a plinth beam and the base of the column may be assumed as fixed. Design the slab, column, beam members and suitable footing for the columns of the

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portal frame. Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. Also prepare the detailed structural drawing. Solution: Data given: Spacing of frames = 4m Span of portal frame = 8m Height of columns = 4m Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2 Thickness of slab = 120mm Concrete: M20 grade Steel: Fe 415 Three dimensional view of the frame with and without the slab is shown in Fig 6.2

4.00m

4.00m

4.00m

4.00m
Y X Z

8.00m

Fig. 6.2
Step1:Design of slab Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 24 Weight of roof finish Ceiling finish Total dead load wd = 2.88 kN/m2 = 0.50 kN/m2 (assumed) = 0.25 kN/m2 (assumed) = 3.63 kN/m2 39

= 1.50 kN/m2 (Given in the data) w L2 w L2 Maximum service load moment at interior support = d + L = 8.5 kN-m 10 9 Mu=1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75 kN-m/m Mulim=Qlimbd2= 2.76 x 1000 x 1002 / 1 x 106 = 27.6 kN-m > 12.75 kN-m (Qlim=2.76) Mu 12.75x10 6 = = 1.275 bd 2 1000 x100 2 Live load wL From table 2 of SP16 pt=0.384; Ast=(0.384 x 1000 x 100)/100= 384 mm2 Spacing of 10 mm dia bars = (78.54 x 1000)/384= 204.5 mm c/c Provide #10 @ 200 c/c Area of distribution steel Adist=0.12 x 1000 x 120 / 100 = 144 mm2 Spacing of 8 mm dia bars = (50.26 x 1000)/144= 349 mm c/c Provide #8 @ 340 c/c. Main and dist. reinforcement in the slab is shown in Fig.6.3

Step2: Preliminary design of beams and columns Beam: Effective span = 8m Effective depth based on deflection criteria = 8000/12 = 666.67mm Assume over all depth as 700 mm with effective depth = 650mm, breadth b = 400mm and column section equal to 400 mm x 600 mm. Step3: Analysis Load on frame i) Load from slab = (3.63+1.5) x 4 =20.52 kN/m ii) Self weight of rib of beam = 0.4x0.58x24 = 5.56 kN/m Total 27.00 kN/m The portal frame subjected to the udl considered for analysis is shown in Fig. 6.4

40

Fig. 6.4

The moments in the portal frame fixed at the base and loaded as shown in Fig. 6.4 are analysed by moment distribution IAB = 400 x 6003/12 = 72 x 108 mm4, IBC= 400 x 7003/12 = 114.33 x 108 mm4 Stiffness Factor: KBA= IAB / LAB = 18 x 105 KBC= IBC / LBC = 14.3 x 105 Distribution Factor: K BA 18 10 5 D BA = = = 0.55 K BA 18 10 5 + 14.3 10 5
D BC = K BC 14.3 10 5 = = 0.45 K BC 18 10 5 + 14.3 10 5

Fixed End Moments: MFAB= MFBA= MFCD= MFDC 0 MFBC= -

wL2 27 x8 2 wL2 27 x8 2 = = =-144 kN-m and MFCB= =144 kN-m 12 12 12 12

41

Moment Distribution Table Joint Members DF FEM Balance Carry over Balance Carry over Balance Carry over Balance Carry over Balance Total A AB 0 39.6 8.91 2 0.45 50.9651 BA 0.55 0 79.2 17.82 4 0.90 0.20 102.1110 2 B BC 0.45 -144 64.8 -32.4 14.58 -7.29 3.28 -1.64 0.74 -0.37 0.17 -102.11102 CB 0.45 144 -64.8 32.4 -14.58 7.29 -3.28 1.64 -0.74 0.37 -0.17 102.1110 2 C CD 0.55 0 -79.2 -17.82 -4 -0.9 -0.2 -102.11-102 D DC 0 -39.6 -8.91 -2 -0.45 -50.96-51

Bending Moment diagram

Fig. 6.5

42

Design moments: Service load end moments: MB=102 kN-m, MA=51 kN-m Design end moments MuB=1.5 x 102 = 153 kN-m, MuA=1.5 x 51=76.5 kN-m Service load mid span moment in beam= 27x82/8 102 =114 kN-m Design mid span moment Mu+=1.5 x 114 = 171 kN-m Maximum Working shear force (at B or C) in beam = 0.5 x 27 x 8 = 108kN Design shear force Vu = 1.5 x 108 = 162 kN Step4:Design of beams: The beam of an intermediate portal frame is designed. The mid span section of this beam is designed as a T-beam and the beam section at the ends are designed as rectangular section. Design of T-section for Mid Span : Design moment Mu=171 kN-m L Flange width bf= o + b w + 6D f , Here Lo=0.7 x L = 0.7 x 8 =5.6m 6 bf= 5.6/6+0.4+6x0.12=2m bf/bw=5 and Df /d =0.2 Referring to table 58 of SP16, the moment resistance factor is given by KT=0.459, Mulim=KT bwd2 fck = 0.459 x 400 x 6002 x 20/1x106 = 1321.92 kN-m > Mu Safe The reinforcement is computed using table 2 of SP16 Mu/bd2 = 171 x 106/(400x6002)1.2 for this pt=0.359 Ast=0.359 x 400x600/100 = 861.6 mm2 No of 20 mm dia bar = 861.6/(x202/4) =2.74 Hence 3 Nos. of #20 at bottom in the mid span Design of Rectangular-section for End Span : Design moment MuB=153 kN-m MuB/bd2= 153x106/400x6002 1.1 From table 2 of SP16 pt=0.327 Ast=0.327 x 400 x 600 / 100 = 784.8 No of 20 mm dia bar = 784.8/(x202/4) =2.5 Hence 3 Nos. of #20 at the top near the ends for a distance of o.25 L = 2m from face of the column as shown in Fig 6.6 Check for Shear Nominal shear stress = v =
Vu 162 x10 3 = = 0.675 bd 400 600

pt=100x 942/(400x600)=0.390.4 Permissible stress for pt=0.4 from table 19 c=0.432 < v Hence shear reinforcement is required to be designed Strength of concrete Vuc=0.432 x 400 x 600/1000 = 103 kN Shear to be carried by steel Vus=162-103 = 59 kN Spacing 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrup sv=
0.87f y A sv d Vus = 0.87 415 2 50 600 = 367 59 10 3

Two legged #8 stirrups are provided at 300 mm c/c (equal to maximum spacing) 43

Step5:Design of columns: Cross-section of column = 400 mm x 600 mm Ultimate axial load Pu=1.5 x 108 = 162 kN (Axial load = shear force in beam) Ultimate moment Mu= 1.5 x 102 = 153 kN-m ( Maximum) Assuming effective cover d = 50 mm; d/D 0.1 Mu 153 10 6 = = 0.053 f ck bD 2 20 400 600 2

44

Pu 162 10 3 = = 0.033 f ck bD 20 400 600

Referring to chart 32 of SP16, p/fck=0.03; p=20 x 0.03 = 0.6 Minimum steel in column should be 0.8 %, Hence min steel percentage shall be adopted Ast=0.8x400x600/100 = 1920 mm2 No. of bars required = 1920/314 = 6.1 Provide 8 bars of #20 8mm diameter tie shall have pitch least of the following i) Least lateral dimension = 400 mm ii) 16 times diameter of main bar = 320 mm iii) 48 times diameter of tie bar = 384 iv) 300mm Provide 8 mm tie @ 300 mm c/c 600

400

8-#20

Tie #8 @300 c/c

Step6:Design of Footing: Load: Axial Working load on column = 108 kN Self weight of footing @10% = 11 kN Total load= 119120 kN Working load moment at base = 51 kN-m Approximate area footing required = Load on column/SBC = 108/150 =0.72 m2 However the area provided shall be more than required to take care of effect of moment. The footing size shall be assumed to be 2mx3m (Area=6 m2) X 3m

0.4m 0.6m

2m

1.2m

X 45

Maximum pressure qmax=P/A+M/Z = 108/6+6x51/2x32 = 35 kN/m2 Minimum pressure qmin=P/A-M/Z = 108/6-6x51/2x32 = 1 kN/m2 Average pressure q = (35+1) = 18 kN/m2 Bending moment at X-X = 18 x 2 x 1.22/2 = 25.92 kN-m Factored moment Mu39 kN-m Over all depth shall be assumed as 300 mm and effective depth as 250 mm, Mu 39 10 6 = = 0.312 bd 2 2000 250 2 Corresponding percentage of steel from Table 2 of SP16 is pt= 0.1%, Minimum pt=0.12% Area of steel per meter width of footing is Ast=0.12x1000x250/100=300 mm2 Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar = 113x1000/300 = 376 mm c/c Provide #12 @ 300 c/c both ways Check for Punching Shear Length of punching influence plane = ao= 600+250 = 850 mm Width of punching influence plane = bo= 400+250 = 650 mm Punching shear Force = Vpunch=108-18x(0.85x0.65)=98 kN Punching shear stress punch= Vpunch/ (2x(ao+bo)d =98x103/(2x(850+650)250) = 0.13 MPa Permissible shear stress = 0.25fck=1.18 MPa > punch Safe Check for One Way Shear Shear force at a distance d from face of column V= 18x2x0.95 = 34.2 kN Shear stress v=34.2x103/(2000x250)=0.064 MPa Referring to table 19 of IS456 this stress is very small and hence safe Details of reinforcement provided in footing is shown in Fig.6.7

Fig.6.7

46

Cross-Sections of Beam

Cross-Section of Column

LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION

47

2. A portal frame hinged at base has following data: Spacing of portal frames = 4m Height of columns = 4m Distance between column centers = 10m Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2 RCC slab continuous over portal frames. Safe bearing capacity of soil=200 kN/m2 Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 steel. Design the slab, portal frame and foundations and sketch the details of reinforcements. Solution: Data given: Spacing of frames = 4m Span of portal frame = 10m Height of columns = 4m Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2 Concrete: M20 grade Steel: Fe 415 Three dimensional view of the frame with and without the slab is shown in Fig 6.8

Fig. 6.8
48

Step1:Design of slab Assume over all depth of slab as 120mm and effective depth as 100mm Self weight of slab = 0.12 x 24 = 2.88 kN/m2 Weight of roof finish = 0.50 kN/m2 (assumed) Ceiling finish = 0.25 kN/m2 (assumed) Total dead load wd = 3.63 kN/m2 Live load wL = 1.50 kN/m2 (Given in the data) w L2 w L2 Maximum service load moment at interior support = d + L = 8.5 kN-m 10 9 Mu=1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75 kN-m/m Mulim=Qlimbd2= 2.76 x 1000 x 1002 / 1 x 106 = 27.6 kN-m > 12.75 kN-m (Qlim=2.76) Mu 12.75x10 6 = = 1.275 bd 2 1000 x100 2 From table 2 of SP16 pt=0.384; Ast=(0.384 x 1000 x 100)/100= 384 mm2 Spacing of 10 mm dia bars = (78.54 x 1000)/384= 204.5 mm c/c Provide #10 @ 200 c/c Area of distribution steel Adist=0.12 x 1000 x 120 / 100 = 144 mm2 Spacing of 8 mm dia bars = (50.26 x 1000)/144= 349 mm c/c Provide #8 @ 340 c/c. Main and dist. reinforcement in the slab is shown in Fig.6.9

Step2: Preliminary design of beams and columns Beam: Effective span = 10m Effective depth based on deflection criteria = 10000/13 = 769.23mm Assume over all depth as 750 mm with effective depth = 700mm, breadth b = 450mm and column section equal to 450 mm x 600 mm. Step3: Analysis Load on frame i) Load from slab = (3.63+1.5) x 4 =20.52 kN/m ii) Self weight of rib of beam = 0.45x0.63x24 = 6.80 kN/m Total 28.00 kN/m Height of beam above hinge = 4+0.1-075/2 =3.72 m

49

The portal frame subjected to the udl considered for analysis is shown in Fig. 6.10

Fig. 6.10
The moments in the portal frame hinged at the base and loaded as shown in Fig. 6.10 are analysed by moment distribution IAB = 450 x 6003/12 = 81 x 108 mm4, IBC= 450 x 7503/12 = 158.2 x 108 mm4 Stiffness Factor: KBA= IAB / LAB = 21.77 x 105 KBC= IBC / LBC = 15.8 x 105 Distribution Factor: K BA 21.77 10 5 D BA = D BC = = 0.5 K BA 21.77 10 5 + 15.8 10 5 Fixed End Moments: MFAB= MFBA= MFCD= MFDC 0 MFBC= wL2 28x10 2 wL2 27 x8 2 = = =-233 kN-m and MFCB= =233 kN-m 12 12 12 12

50

Moment Distribution Table Joint Members DF FEM Balance Carry over Balance Carry over Balance Carry over Balance Carry over Balance Total A AB 0 BA 0.5 0 116.5 29.13 7.29 1.83 0.46 155.2115 6 B BC 0.5 -233 116.5 -58.25 29.13 -14.57 7.29 -3.65 1.83 -0.92 0.46 -155.21156 CB 0.5 233 -116.5 58.25 -29.13 14.57 -7.29 3.65 -1.83 0.92 -0.46 155.2115 6 C CD 0.5 0 -116.5 -29.13 -7.29 -1.83 -0.46 -155.21-156 D DC 0 -

Bending Moment diagram

Fig. 6.11

51

Design moments: Service load end moments: MB=156 kN-m, Design end moments MuB=1.5 x 156 = 234 kN-m, Service load mid span moment in beam= 28x102/8 102 =194 kN-m Design mid span moment Mu+=1.5 x 194 = 291 kN-m Maximum Working shear force (at B or C) in beam = 0.5 x 28 x 10 = 140kN Design shear force Vu = 1.5 x 140 = 210 kN Step4:Design of beams: The beam of an intermediate portal frame is designed. The mid span section of this beam is designed as a T-beam and the beam section at the ends are designed as rectangular section. Design of T-section for Mid Span : Design moment Mu=291 kN-m L Flange width bf= o + b w + 6D f , Here Lo=0.7 x L = 0.7 x 10 =7m 6 bf= 7/6+0.45+6x0.12=2.33m bf/bw=5.2 and Df /d =0.17 Referring to table 58 of SP16, the moment resistance factor is given by KT=0.43, Mulim=KT bwd2 fck = 0.43 x 450 x 7002 x 20/1x106 = 1896.3 kN-m > Mu Safe The reinforcement is computed using table 2 of SP16 Mu/bd2 = 291 x 106/(450x7002)1.3 for this pt=0.392 Ast=0.392 x 450x700/100 = 1234.8 mm2 No of 20 mm dia bar = 1234.8/(x202/4) =3.93 Hence 4 Nos. of #20 at bottom in the mid span Design of Rectangular-section for End Span : Design moment MuB=234 kN-m MuB/bd2= 234x106/450x7002 1.1 From table 2 of SP16 pt=0.327 Ast=0.327 x 450 x 700 / 100 = 1030 No of 20 mm dia bar = 1030/(x202/4) =3.2 Hence 4 Nos. of #20 at the top near the ends for a distance of o.25 L = 2.5m from face of the column as shown in Fig 6.12 Check for Shear Nominal shear stress = v =
Vu 210 x10 3 = = 0.67 bd 450 700

pt=100x 1256/(450x700)=0.390.4 Permissible stress for pt=0.4 from table 19 c=0.432 < v Hence shear reinforcement is required to be designed Strength of concrete Vuc=0.432 x 450 x 700/1000 = 136 kN Shear to be carried by steel Vus=210-136 = 74 kN Spacing 2 legged 8 mm dia stirrup sv=
0.87 f y A sv d Vus = 0.87 415 2 50 700 = 341.53 74 10 3

Two legged #8 stirrups are provided at 300 mm c/c (equal to maximum spacing)

52

53

Step5:Design of columns: Cross-section of column = 450 mm x 600 mm Ultimate axial load Pu=1.5 x 140 = 210 kN (Axial load = shear force in beam) Ultimate moment Mu= 1.5 x 156 = 234 kN-m ( Maximum) Assuming effective cover d = 50 mm; d/D 0.1 Mu 234 10 6 = = 0.07 f ck bD 2 20 450 600 2
Pu 210 10 3 = = 0.04 f ck bD 20 450 600

Referring to chart 32 of SP16, p/fck=0.04; p=20 x 0.04 = 0.8 % Equal to Minimum percentage stipulated by IS456-2000 (0.8 % ) Ast=0.8x450x600/100 = 2160 mm2 No. of bars required = 2160/314 = 6.8 Provide 8 bars of #20 8mm diameter tie shall have pitch least of the following v) Least lateral dimension = 450 mm vi) 16 times diameter of main bar = 320 mm vii) 48 times diameter of tie bar = 384 viii) 300mm Provide 8 mm tie @ 300 mm c/c 600

450

8-#20

Tie #8 @300 c/c

Step6:Design of Hinge: At the hinge portion, concrete is under triaxial stress and can withstand higher permissible stress. Permissible compressive stress in concrete at hinge= 2x0.4fck =16 MPa Factored thrust =Pu=210kN Cross sectional area of hinge required = 210x103/16=13125 mm2 Provide concrete area of 200 x100 (Area =20000mm2) for the hinge Shear force at hinge = Total moment in column/height = 156/3.72=42 Ultimate shear force = 1.5x42=63 kN Inclination of bar with vertical = = tan-1(30/50) =31o Ultimate shear force = 0.87 fy Ast sin 63 10 3 A st = = 339 mm 2 o 0.87 415 sin 31 Provide 4-#16 (Area=804 mm2) 54

Step7:Design of Foundations: Load: Axial Working load on column = 140 kN Self weight of column=0.45 x 0.6 x3.72x 24 = 24 Self weight of footing @10% = 16 kN Total load= 180 kN Working moment at base = 42 x 1 =42 kN-m Approximate area footing required = Load on column/SBC = 180/200 =0.9 m2 However the area provided shall be more than required to take care of effect of moment. The footing size shall be assumed to be 1mx2m (Area=2 m2) X 2m

0.45m 0.6m

1m

0.7m

Maximum pressure qmax=P/A+M/Z = 180/2+6x42/1x22 = 153 kN/m2 Minimum pressure qmin=P/A-M/Z = 180/2-6x42/1x22 = 27 kN/m2 Average pressure q = (153+27)/2 = 90 kN/m2 Bending moment at X-X = 90 x 1 x 0.72/2 = 22 kN-m Factored moment Mu33 kN-m Over all depth shall be assumed as 300 mm and effective depth as 250 mm, Mu 33 10 6 = = 0.528 bd 2 1000 250 2 Corresponding percentage of steel from Table 2 of SP16 is pt= 0.15% > Minimum pt=0.12% Area of steel per meter width of footing is Ast=0.15x1000x250/100=301 mm2 Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar = 113x1000/375 = 376 mm c/c Provide #12 @ 300 c/c both ways Check for Punching Shear Length of punching influence plane = ao= 600+250 = 850 mm Width of punching influence plane = bo= 450+250 = 700 mm Punching shear Force = Vpunch=180-90x(0.85x0.7)=126.5 kN Punching shear stress punch= Vpunch/ (2x(ao+bo)d =126.5x103/(2x(850+700)250) = 0.16 MPa Permissible shear stress = 0.25fck=1.18 MPa > punch Safe Check for One Way Shear Shear force at a distance d from face of column V= 90x1x0.45 = 40.5 kN Shear stress v=40.5x103/(1000x250)=0.162 MPa

55

For pt=0.15 , the permissible stress c = 0.28 (From table 19 of IS456-2000) Details of reinforcement provided in footing is shown in Fig.6.13

Fig.6.13

56

Cross-Sections of Beam

Cross-Section of Column

LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION

57

Reference Books N.Krishna Raju Advanced Reinforced concrete Design Jaikrishna and O.P.Jain Plain and reinforced concrete Vol2 B.C.Punmia Reinforced Concrete Structures Vol2

Problems for Practice

1. A portal frame ABCD has fixed supports at A and D. The columns AB and CD are 5m in height while the beam BC is 10 m in length. The frames are spaced at 3.5m intervals. The live load on the roof slab which is 100 mm thick may be taken as 1.5 kN/m2. Design the beam, column and footing and sketch the details of reinforcements. Adopt M-20 concrete, Fe-415 steel and SBC=200 kN/m2 2. The roof of an assembly hall 30m long and 12 m wide between centres of columns, consists of a continuous reinforced concrete slab over rectangular portal frames spaced 3m apart. The columns are provided with independent footings and hinged at the bottom. The ceiling height is 3.5m above the hinge level. Adopting M-20 concrete and Fe-415 for steel, design the continuous roof slab and the portal frame and foundation footing for the columns assume safe bearing capacity of the soil as 150 kN/m 2. Sketch the details of reinforcements in the portal frame.

**************

58

6. Design of Water Tanks

(For class held on 23rd , 24th , 30th April 7th and 8th May 07) By Dr. G.S.Suresh, Professor, Civil Engineering Department, NIE, Mysore (Ph:9342188467, email: gss_nie@ yahoo.com) 6.1 Introduction: Storage tanks are built for storing water, liquid petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. Analysis and design of such tanks are independent of chemical nature of product. They are designed as crack free structures to eliminate any leakage. Adequate cover to reinforcement is necessary to prevent corrosion. In order to avoid leakage and to provide higher strength concrete of grade M20 and above is recommended for liquid retaining structures. To achieve imperviousness of concrete, higher density of concrete should be achieved. Permeability of concrete is directly proportional to water cement ratio. Proper compaction using vibrators should be done to achieve imperviousness. Cement content ranging from 330 Kg/m3 to 530 Kg/m3 is recommended in order to keep shrinkage low. The leakage is more with higher liquid head and it has been observed that water head up to 15 m does not cause leakage problem. Use of high strength deformed bars of grade Fe415 are recommended for the construction of liquid retaining structures. However mild steel bars are also used. Correct placing of reinforcement, use of small sized and use of deformed bars lead to a diffused distribution of cracks. A crack width of 0.1mm has been accepted as permissible value in liquid retaining structures. While designing liquid retaining structures recommendation of Code of Practice for the storage of Liquids- IS3370 (Part I to IV) should be considered. Fractured strength of concrete is computed using the formula given in clause 6.2.2 of IS 456 -2000 ie., fcr=0.7fck MPa. This code does not specify the permissible stresses in concrete for resistance to cracking. However earlier version of this code published in 1964 recommends permissible value as cat= 0.27 fck for direct tension and cbt= 0.37 fck for bending tensile strength. Allowable stresses in reinforcing steel as per IS 3370 are st= 115 MPa for Mild steel (Fe250) and st= 150 MPa for HYSD bars(Fe415) In order to minimize cracking due to shrinkage and temperature, minimum reinforcement is recommended as: i) For thickness 100 mm = 0.3 % ii) For thickness 450 mm = 0.2% iii) For thickness between 100 mm to 450 mm = varies linearly from 0.3% to 0.2% For concrete thickness 225 mm, two layers of reinforcement be placed, one near water face and other away from water face. Cover to reinforcement is greater of i) 25 mm, ii) Diameter of main bar. In case of concrete cross section where the tension occurs on fibers away from the water face, then permissible stresses for steel to be used are same as in the analysis of other sections, ie., st=140 MPa for Mild steel and st=230 MPa for HYSD bars.

59

6.2 Introduction to Working Stress method: In this method the concrete and steel are assumed to be elastic. At the worst combination of working loads, the stresses in materials are not exceeded beyond permissible stresses. The permissible stresses are found by using suitable factors of safety to material strengths. Permissible stresses for different grades of concrete and steel are given in Tables 21 and 22 respectively of IS456-2000. The modular ratio m of composite material ie., RCC is defined as the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to modulus of elasticity of concrete. But the code stipulate the value of m as m =
280 , where bc is the permissible stress in concrete 3 bc

in bending compression. To develop equation for moment of resistance of singly reinforced beams, the linear strain and stress diagram are shown in Fig. 6.1 b x d z

c =

cbc Ec

cbc

x/3 C

Section

st = st Es
Strain Diagram

T Stress Diagram

Fig. 6.1 Singly Reinforced Section The neutral axis depth is obtained from strain diagram as /E mcbc m cbc x = cbc c = solving for x; x = d = kd dx st / E s st m + cbc st
m cbc where, k = , k is known as neutral axis constant m cbc + st The lever arm z=d-x/3 = d-(kd/3)= d(1-k/3) = jd, where, j=1-k/3; j is known as lever arm constant C= cbcbx; T= st Ast Moment of resistance M= C z = T z Consider, M=C z = ( cbcbx) jd = ( cbcbkd) jd = ( cbckj) bd2 = Qbal bd2 Where, Qbal is known as moment of resistance factor for balanced section. Now consider M= T z = st Ast jd;

60

A st =

M ; st jd

Let

pt

be

the

percentage

of

steel

expressed

as

100A st 50kcbc M 1 = 100 = bd st jd bd st Design constants for balanced section is given in table 6.1 Table 6.1 Design constants Concrete Steel k j cbc st Grade Grade Fe250 7 140 0.4 0.87 M20 Fe415 7 230 0.29 0.9 Fe250 8.5 140 0.4 0.87 M25 Fe415 8.5 230 0.29 0.9 p tbal =

Qbal 1.21 0.91 1.48 1.1

ptbal 1.00 0.44 0.68 0.533

6.3 Liquid Retaining Members subjected to axial tension only: When the member of a liquid retaining structure is subjected to axial tension only, the member is assumed to have sufficient reinforcement to resist all the tensile force and the concrete is assumed to be uncracked. For analysis purpose 1m length of wall and thickness t is considered. The tension in the member is resisted only by steel and hence T T A st = 1 (m 1) ct and T 1000 t ct+(m-1)Ast st or t st 1000 ct st Minimum thickness of the member required is tabulate in table 6.2
Table 6.2 Minimum thickness of members under direct tension (Uncracked condition)

Grade of concrete M20 M25 M30

Thickness of members in mm for force T in N Mild steel HYSD T/1377 T/1331 T/1465 T/1423 T/1682 T/1636

6.4 Liquid Retaining Members subjected to Bending Moment only: For the members subjected to BM only with the tension face in contact with water or for the members of thickness less than 225 mm, the compressive stress and tensile stresses should not exceed the value given in IS 3370. For the member of thickness more than 225 mm and for the face away from the liquid, this condition need not be satisfied and higher stress in steel may be allowed. The bending analysis is done for cracked and uncracked condition. Cracked condition: The procedure of designing is same as in working stress method except that the stresses in steel are reduced. The design coefficients for these reduced stresses in steel is given in Table 6.3

Table 6.3 Design constants for members in bending (Cracked condition) 61

Steel k j Qbal ptbal cbc st Grade For members less than 225 mm thickness and tension on liquid face Fe250 7 115 0.445 0.851 1.33 1.36 M20 Fe415 7 150 0.384 0.872 1.17 0.98 For members more than 225 mm thickness and tension away from liquid face Fe250 7 125 0.427 0.858 1.28 1.2 M20 Fe415 7 190 0.329 0.89 1.03 0.61 Concrete Grade Uncracked condition: In this case, the whole section is assumed to resist the moment. Hence the maximum tensile stress in concrete should not be more than permissible value. The section is designed as a homogenous section. b kD d D cbc

Section

cbt Stress Diagram Fig. 6.1 Singly Reinforced Section

Taking moments of transformed areas about NA b kD kD/2 = b (D-kD) (D-kD)/2 + (m-1) Ast (d-kD) Substituting Ast = pt bD /100 and simplifying d 100 + 2p t (m 1) D k= 200 + 2p t (m 1) Moment of inertia Ixx=bD3/12 + bD (kD-D/2)2 + (m-1) Ast (d-kD)2 substituting Ast = pt bD /100 and simplifying Ixx=(1/3 k(1-k)+(d/D-k)2 (m-1) pt/100)bD3 The moment of resistance may be expressed using Bernoulis equation cb cbc M cbt I xx = = and M = I xx D kD D(1 k ) D(1 k ) 6.5 Liquid Retaining Members subjected to Combined axial tension and Bending Moment :

62

For the members subjected to combined axial tension and bending moment, two cases are considered: i) Tension on liquid face and ii) Tension on remote face Tension on liquid face IS 3370 requires that the stresses due to combination of direct tension and bending moment shall satisfy the following condition f ct f + cbt 1 ct cbt where, fct = calculated direct tensile stress in concrete ct= permissible direct tensile stress in concrete fcbt=calculated stress in concrete in bending tension cbt= permissible stress in concrete in bending tension. Tension on remote face For the sections less than 225 mm thick, the procedure explained above for tension on liquid face should be used. For the sections more than 225 mm thick, concrete strain need not be checked. This has two cases: i) Tensile force is large ie., the line of action of resultant force lies within the effective depth ii) Tensile force is small ie., the line of action of resultant force lies outside the section i) Tensile force is large: Steel is provided on both faces. T 1 and T2 are tensile forces in steel on remote and water face face respectively. Total tensile force T=T1+T2. Referring to Fig. 6.2 and taking moment about cg of steel on water face b d' e=M/T D d T d' Fig. 6.2 T1(d-d)=T(D/2+e-d) but d =D-d D d +e 2 T1 = T 2d D T2=T-T1 D d e 2 T2 = T 2d D

63

ii)

Tensile force is small: If steel is provided on both faces then the equation derived in case 1 is valid. When steel is provided only on tension face and referring to Fig.6.3 , an approximate method may be used as given below b d' C z=jd e=M/T d' Fig. 6.3 T Ts

Equilibrium of forces give Ts-C=T Taking moment about centroid of tensile reinforcement Cjd=T (e-D/2+d) Let E= e-D/2+d = e-D/2+(D-d)=e+D/2-d
TE Substituting in equilibrium equation jd TE st A st =T jd C=

A st =

T TE + st st jd

6.6 WATER TANKS : A water tank is used to store water to facilitate the daily requirements of habitats. Types of water tank based on placing and shape is given in Fig. 6.4. Circular tanks have minimum surface area when compared to other shapes for a particular capacity of storage required. Hence the quantity of material required for circular water tank is less than required for other shapes. But the form work for a circular tank is very complex and expensive when compared to other shapes. Square and Rectangular water tanks are generally used under ground or on the ground. Circular tanks are preferred for elevated tanks.

64

Fig. 6.4
WATER TANK

BASED ON PLACEMENT OF TANK

BASED ON SHAPE OF TANK

1. RESTING ON GROUND 2. UNDER GROUND 3. ELEVATED

1. CIRCULAR 2. RECTANGULAR 3. SPHERICAL 4. INTZ 5. CONICAL BOTTOM

Resting on ground

Under Ground

65

Elevated

Circular

Rectangular

Spherical

Intz

Conical Bottom

66

6.6.1 Circular Tanks resting on ground : Due to hydrostatic pressure, the tank has tendency to increase in diameter. This increase in diameter all along the height of the tank depends on the nature of joint at the junction of slab and wall as shown in Fig 6.5

Tank with flexible base

Tank with rigid base Fig. 6.5

67

When the joints at base are flexible, hydrostatic pressure induces maximum increase in diameter at base and no increase in diameter at top. This is due to fact that hydrostatic pressure varies linearly from zero at top and maximum at base. Deflected shape of the tank is shown in Fig. 6.5. When the joint at base is rigid, the base does not move. The vertical wall deflects as shown in Fig. 6.5. 6.6.1.1 Design of Circular Tanks resting on ground with flexible base: Maximum hoop tension in the wall is developed at the base. This tensile force T is computed by considering the tank as thin cylinder D T = H ; Quantity of reinforcement
2

required in form of hoop steel is computed T as A st =

T HD / 2 = or 0.3 % (minimum) st st

When the thickness of the wall is less than 225 mm, the steel placed at centre. When the thickness exceeds 225mm, at each face Ast/2 of steel as hoop reinforcement is provided

In order to provide tensile stress in concrete to be less to be less than permissible stress, the stress in concrete is computed using equation
c = T HD / 2 = A c + (m 1)A st 1000t + (m 1)A st

If c cat, where cat=0.27fck, then the

section is from cracking, otherwise the thickness has to be increased so that c is less than cat. While designing, the thickness of concrete wall can be estimated as t=30H+50 mm, where H is in meters. Distribution steel in the form of vertical bars are provided such that minimum steel area requirement is satisfied. As base slab is resting on ground and no bending stresses are induced hence minimum steel distributed at bottom and the top are provided Design Problem: Design a circular water tank with flexible connection at base for a capacity of 4,00,000 liters. The tank rests on a firm level ground. The height of tank including a free board of 200 mm should not exceed 3.5m. The tank is open at top. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Draw to a suitable scale: i) Plan at base ii) Cross section through centre of tank. Solution: Step 1: Dimension of tank Depth of water H=3.5 -0.2 = 3.3 m Volume V = 4,00,000/1000 = 400 m3 Area of tank A = 400/3.3 = 121.2 m2 Diameter of tank D =
4A = 12.42m 13 m

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The thickness is assumed as t = 30H+50=149 160 mm Step 2: Design of Vertical wall Max hoop tension at bottom T = H

D 10 3.3 13 = = 214.5kN 2 2 T T 214.5 10 3 = = = 1430 mm 2 Area of steel A st = st st 150

Minimum steel to be provided Ast min=0.24%of area of concrete = 0.24x 1000x160/100 = 384 mm2 The steel required is more than the minimum required Let the diameter of the bar to be used be 16 mm, area of each bar =201 mm2 Spacing of 16 mm diameter bar=1430x 1000/201= 140.6 mm c/c Provide #16 @ 140 c/c as hoop tension steel Step 3: Check for tensile stress Area of steel provided Ast provided=201x1000/140 = 1436.16 mm2 Modular ratio m=
280 280 = = 13.33 3cbc 37

Stress in concrete c =

T 214.5 10 3 = = 1.2 N/mm 2 1000 t + (m 1) A st 1000 160 + (13.33 1)1436

Permissible stress cat=0.27fck= 1.2 N/mm2 Actual stress is equal to permissible stress, hence safe. Step 4: Curtailment of hoop steel: Quantity of steel required at 1m, 2m, and at top are tabulated. In this table the maximum spacing is taken an 3 x 160 = 480 mm Height from top 2.3 m 1.3 m Top Hoop tension T =HD/2 (kN) 149.5 84.5 0 Ast= T/st Spacing of #16 mm c/c 996 200 563.33 350 Min steel (384 mm2) 400

Step 5: Vertical reinforcement: For temperature and shrinkage distribution steel in the form of vertical reinforcement is provided @ 0.24 % ie., Ast=384 mm2. Spacing of 10 mm diameter bar = 78.54x1000/384=204 mm c/c 200 mm c/c Step 6: Tank floor: As the slab rests on firm ground, minimum steel @ 0.3 % is provided. Thickness of slab is assumed as 150 mm. 8 mm diameter bars at 200 c/c is provided in both directions at bottom and top of the slab.

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6.6.1.2 Design of Circular Tanks resting on ground with rigid base: Due to fixity at base of wall, the upper part of the wall will have hoop tension and lower part bend like cantilever. For shallow tanks with large diameter, hoop stresses are very small and the wall act more like cantilever. For deep tanks of small diameter the cantilever action due to fixity at the base is small and the hoop action is predominant. The exact analysis of the tank to determine the portion of wall in which hoop tension is predominant and the other portion in which cantilever action is predominant, is difficult. Simplified methods of analysis are i) Reissners method ii) Carpenters simplified method iii) Approximate method iv) IS code method Use of IS code method for analysis and design of circular water tank with rigid base is studied in this course. IS code method Tables 9,10 and 11 of IS 3370 part IV gives coefficients for computing hoop tension, moment and shear for various values of H2/Dt Hoop tension, moment and shear is computed as T= coefficient ( wHD/2) M= coefficient (wH3) V= coefficient (wH2) Thickness of wall required is computed from BM consideration ie.,
d= M Qb

where, Q= cbcjk m cbc k= m cbc + st j=1-(k/3) b = 1000mm Providing suitable cover, the over all thickness is then computed as t = d+cover. Area of reinforcement in the form of vertical bars on water face is computed as
A st = M T . Area of hoop steel in the form of rings is computed as A st1 = st jd st

Distribution steel and vertical steel for outer face of wall is computed from minimum steel consideration. Tensile stress computed from the following equation should be less than the permissible stress for safe design
c = T and the permissible stress is 0.27 fck 1000 t + (m 1)A st

Base slab thickness generally varies from 150mm to 250 mm and minimum steel is distributed to top and bottom of slab. Design Problem No.1: 71

A cylindrical tank of capacity 7,00,000 liters is resting on good unyielding ground. The depth of tank is limited to 5m. A free board of 300 mm may be provided. The wall and the base slab are cast integrally. Design the tank using M20 concrete and Fe415 grade steel . Draw the following i) Plan at base ii) Cross section through centre of tank. Solution: Step 1: Dimension of tank H= 5-0.3 = 4.7 and volume V = 700 m3 A=700/4.7 = 148.94 m2 D= (4 x 148.94/) = 13.77 14 m Step 2: Analysis for hoop tension and bending moment One meter width of the wall is considered and the thickness of the wall is estimated as t=30H+50 = 191 mm. The thickness of wall is assumed as 200 mm.
H2 4.7 2 = = 7.89 8 Dt 14 0.2

Referring to table 9 of IS3370 (part IV), the maximum coefficient for hoop tension = 0.575 Tmax=0.575 x 10 x 4.7 x 7 =189.175 kN Referring to table 10 of IS3370 (part IV), the maximum coefficient for bending moment = -0.0146 (produces tension on water side) Mmax= 0.0146 x 10 x 4.73=15.15 kN-m Step 3: Design of section: For M20 concrete cbc=7, For Fe415 steel st=150 MPa and m=13.33 for M20 concrete and Fe415 steel The design constants are: m cbc k= = 0.39 m cbc + st j=1-(k/3)=0.87 Q= cbcjk = 1.19 Effective depth is calculated as Step 3: Design of section: For M20 concrete cbc=7, For Fe415 steel st=150 MPa and m=13.33 for M20 concrete and Fe415 steel The design constants are: m cbc k= = 0.39 m cbc + st j=1-(k/3)=0.87 Q= cbcjk = 1.19 Effective depth is calculated as d =
M 15.15x10 6 = = 112.94mm Qb 1.19 x1000

Let over all thickness be 200 mm with effective cover 33 mm dprovided=167 mm

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A st =

M 15.15x10 6 = = 695.16mm 2 st jd 150 x 0.87 x167

Spacing of 16 mm diameter bar =

201x1000 = 289.23mmc / c 695.16

(Max spacing

3d=501mm) Provide #16@275 c/c as vertical reinforcement on water face

T 189.275x10 3 = = 1261mm 2 st 150 113x1000 = 89.mmc / c Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar = 1261

Hoop steel: A st1 =

Provide #12@80 c/c as hoop reinforcement on water face Actual area of steel provided A st = Step 4: Check for tensile stress:
c = T 189.275x10 3 = = 0.87 N / mm 2 1000 t + ( m 1) A st 1000 x 200 + (13.33 1) x1412.5 113x1000 = 1412.5mm 2 80

Permissible stress = 0.27fck=1.2 N/mm2 > c Safe Step 5: Distribution Steel: Minimum area of steel is 0.24% of concrete area Ast=(0.24/100) x1000 x 200 = 480 mm2 Spacing of 8 mm diameter bar =
50.24 x1000 = 104.7.mmc / c 480

Provide #8 @ 100 c/c as vertical and horizontal distribution on the outer face. Step 5: Base slab: The thickness of base slab shall be 150 mm. The base slab rests on firm ground, hence only minimum reinforcement is provided. Ast=(0.24/100) x1000 x 150 = 360 mm2 Reinforcement for each face = 180 mm2 Spacing of 8 mm diameter bar =
50.24 x1000 = 279.mmc / c 180

Provide #8 @ 250 c/c as vertical and horizontal distribution on the outer face.

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Design Problem No.2: Design a circular water tank to hold 5,50,000 liters of water. Assume rigid joints between the wall and base slab. Adopt M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch details of reinforcements. Solution: Step 1: Dimension of tank Volume of tank V=550 m3 Assume H= 4.5 A=550/4.5 = 122.22 m2 D= (4 x 122.22/) = 12.47 12.5 m Step 2: Analysis for hoop tension and bending moment One meter width of the wall is considered and the thickness of the wall is estimated as t=30H+50 = 185 mm. The thickness of wall is assumed as 200 mm.
H2 4 .5 2 = = 8. 1 8 Dt 12.5 0.2

Referring to table 9 of IS3370 (part IV), the maximum coefficient for hoop tension = 0.575 Tmax=0.575 x 10 x 4.5 x 6.25 =161.72 kN Referring to table 10 of IS3370 (part IV), the maximum coefficient for bending moment = -0.0146 (produces tension on water side) Mmax= 0.0146 x 10 x 4.53=13.3 kN-m Step 3: Design of section: For M20 concrete cbc=7, For Fe415 steel st=150 MPa and m=13.33 for M20 concrete and Fe415 steel The design constants are: m cbc k= = 0.39 m cbc + st j=1-(k/3)=0.87 Q= cbcjk = 1.19 Effective depth is calculated as d =
M 13.3x10 6 = = 105.7 mm Qb 1.19 x1000

Let over all thickness be 200 mm with effective cover 33 mm dprovided=167 mm

A st = M 13.3x10 6 = = 610.27 mm 2 st jd 150 x 0.87 x167

Spacing of 16 mm diameter bar =

201x1000 = 329.36mmc / c 610.27

(Max spacing

3d=501mm) Provide #16@300 c/c as vertical reinforcement on water face Hoop steel: A st1 =
T 161.72 x10 3 = = 1078.13mm 2 st 150

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Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar =

113x1000 = 104mmc / c 1078.13 113x1000 = 1130mm 2 100

Provide #12@100 c/c as hoop reinforcement on water face Actual area of steel provided A st = Step 4: Check for tensile stress:
c = T 161.72x10 3 = = 0.76 N / mm 2 1000 t + (m 1)A st 1000 x 200 + (13.33 1) x1130

Permissible stress = 0.27fck=1.2 N/mm2 > c Safe Step 5: Distribution Steel: Minimum area of steel is 0.24% of concrete area Ast=(0.24/100) x1000 x 200 = 480 mm2 Spacing of 8 mm diameter bar =
50.24 x1000 = 104.7.mmc / c 480

Provide #8 @ 100 c/c as vertical and horizontal distribution on the outer face. Step 5: Base slab: The thickness of base slab shall be 150 mm. The base slab rests on firm ground, hence only minimum reinforcement is provided. Ast=(0.24/100) x1000 x 150 = 360 mm2 Reinforcement for each face = 180 mm2 Spacing of 8 mm diameter bar =
50.24 x1000 = 279.mmc / c 180

Provide #8 @ 250 c/c as vertical and horizontal distribution on the outer face.

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6.6.2 Rectangular tank with fixed base resting on ground : Rectangular tanks are used when the storage capacity is small and circular tanks prove uneconomical for small capacity. Rectangular tanks should be preferably square in plan from point of view of economy. It is also desirable that longer side should not be greater than twice the smaller side. Moments are caused in two directions of the wall ie., both in horizontal as well as in vertical direction. Exact analysis is difficult and such tanks are designed by approximate methods. When the length of the wall is more in comparison to its height, the moments will be mainly in the vertical direction, ie., the panel bends as vertical cantilever. When the height is large in comparison to its length, the moments will be in the horizontal direction and panel bends as a thin slab supported on edges. For intermediate condition bending takes place both in horizontal and vertical direction. In addition to the moments, the walls are also subjected to direct pull exerted by water pressure on some portion of walls. The walls are designed both for direct tension and bending moment. ` TT C B T T p=H B

FBD OF AD IN PLAN T FBD OF AB IN PLAN 0.5b

D L PLAN @ BASE

0.5b y a

+ Bending moment diagram x

IS3370 (Part-IV) gives tables for moments and shear forces in walls for certain edge condition. Table 3 of IS3370 provides coefficient for max Bending moments in horizontal and vertical direction. Maximum vertical moment = Mxwa3 ( for x/a = 1, y=0) Maximum horizontal moment = Mywa3(for x/a = 0, y=b/2) 78

Tension in short wall is computed as Ts=pL/2 Tension in long wall TL=pB/2 Horizontal steel is provided for net bending moment and direct tensile force Ast=Ast1+Ast2; A st1 = Ast2=T/st
M' ; M=Maximum horizontal bending moment T x; x= d-D/2 st jd

D/2

x T

Design problem No.1 Design a rectangular water tank 5m x 4m with depth of storage 3m, resting on ground and whose walls are rigidly joined at vertical and horizontal edges. Assume M20 concrete and Fe415 grade steel. Sketch the details of reinforcement in the tank Solution: Step1: Analysis for moment and tensile force

E C Free a=H=3m F Fixed D L=5m B b=4m A

i) Long wall: L/a=1.671.75; at y=0, x/a=1, Mx=-0.074; at y=b/2, x/a=1/4, My=-0.052 Max vertical moment = Mx wa3 = -19.98 Max horizontal moment = My wa3 = -14.04; Tlong=wab/2=60 kN ii) Short wall: B/a=1.331.5; at y=0, x/a=1, Mx=-0.06; at y=b/2, x/a=1/4, My=-0.044 Max vertical moment = Mx wa3 = -16.2 Max horizontal moment = My wa3 = -11.88; Tshort=waL/2=75 kN

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Step2: Design constants cbc=7 MPa, st=150 MPa, m=13.33 m cbc k= = 0.38 m cbc + st j=1-(k/3)=0.87 Q= cbcjk = 1.15 Step3: Design for vertical moment For vertical moment, the maximum bending moment from long and short wall (Mmax)x=-19.98 kN-m
d= M 19.98x10 6 = = 131.8mm Qb 1.15x1000

Assuming effective cover as 33mm, the thickness of wall is t=131.88+33=164.8 mm170 mm dprovided=170-33=137mm
M 19.98x10 6 = = 1117.54mm 2 st jd 150 x 0.87 x137 113x1000 = 101.2 mmc / c (Max spacing 3d=411mm) Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar = 1117.54 A st =

Provide #12 @ 100 mm c/c Distribution steel Minimum area of steel is 0.24% of concrete area Ast=(0.24/100) x1000 x 170 = 408 mm2 Spacing of 8 mm diameter bar =
50.24 x1000 = 123.19 mmc / c 408

Provide #8 @ 120 c/c as distribution steel. Provide #8 @ 120 c/c as vertical and horizontal distribution on the outer face. Step4: Design for Horizontal moment Horizontal moments at the corner in long and short wall produce unbalanced moment at the joint. This unbalanced moment has to be distributed to get balanced moment using moment distribution method. A 11.88 14.4 C
K AC = DFAC DFAB 1 1 9 ; K AC = ; K = 5 5 20 1/ 5 = = 0.44 9 / 20 1/ 4 = = 0.56 9 / 20

Moment distribution Table

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Joint A Member AC AB DF 0.44 0.56 FEM -14 11.88 Distribution 0.9328 1.1872 Final Moment -13.0672 13.0672 The tension in the wall is computed by considering the section at height H 1 from the base. Where, H1 is greater of i) H/4, ii) 1m, ie., i) 3/4=0.75, ii) 1m; H1= 1m Depth of water h=H-H1=3-1-2m; p=wh=10 x 2= 20 kN/m2 Tension in short wall Ts=pL/2=50 kN Tension in long wall TL=pB/2= 40 kN Net bending moment M=M-Tx, where, x= d-D/2=137-(170/2)=52mm M=13.0672-50 x 0.052=10.4672 kN-m
A st1 = A st 2 10.4672 x10 6 = 585.46mm 2 150 x 0.87 x137 50 x10 3 = = 333.33mm 2 150

Ast=Ast1+Ast2=918.79 mm2 Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar =

113x1000 = 123 mmc / c (Max spacing 3d=411mm) 918.74

Provide #12@120 mm c/c at corners Step5: Base Slab: The slab is resting on firm ground. Hence nominal thickness and reinforcement is provided. The thickness of slab is assumed to be 200 mm and 0.24% reinforcement is provided in the form of #8 @ 200 c/c. at top and bottom A haunch of 150 x 150 x 150 mm size is provided at all corners

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