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Pipe Material Selection Pipe materials include: 1. Steel pipes 2. GI pipes 3. HDPE 4. PVC 5. Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP) 6. Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe (RCPP) 7. Asbestos-Cement Pipe (ACP) Buried piping for municipal water transmission and distribution must resist internal pressure, external loads, differential settlement, and corrosive action of both soils and, potentially, the water it carries. General factors to be considered in the selection of pipe include the following: Service conditions Pressure (including surges and transients) Soil loads, bearing capacity of soil, potential settlement Corrosion potential of soil Potential corrosive nature of some waters Availability Local availability and experienced installation personnel Sizes and thicknesses (pressure ratings and classes) Compatibility with available fittings Properties of the pipe Strength (static and fatigue, especially for water hammer) Ductility Corrosion resistance Fluid friction resistance (more important in transmission pipelines) Economics Cost (installed cost, including freight to job site and installation) Required life Cost of maintenance and repairs In summary the selection of pipe materials is based on carrying capacity strength ease of transportation and handling availability quality of water cost (initial and maintenance) Valves are required: to isolate segments of a pipeline, e.g. Gate and butterfly valves to regulate rate of flow, e.g. Check valves prevent backflow of water to control pressure (Pressure sustaining valves (PSV) and Pressure reducing valves (PRV))

to allow release or entry of air from pipe system (Air-release and vacuum valves) Factors considered in the selection of valves include: purpose and operation, capacity required, head loss and rate of flow, cost, Availability, etc. Purpose of Distribution reservoirs Equalizing supply and demand Increasing operating convenience Leveling out pumping requirements Providing water during source or pump failure Maintaining pressure levels within acceptable ranges Providing water to meet fire demands Increase detention times Blending water sources Distribution reservoir types Ground reservoirs Buried reservoirs Elevated reservoirs Stand pipes o Can be made of Concrete or masonry o Steel tank Distribution reservoirs design considerations and details Minimum capacity: Equalizing storage + Emergency reserve (about 25%) + Fire storage. Location: provide several smaller storage units Aesthetics: visual impacts Ventilation Overflow Security and safety

HARDCROSS METHOD (HCM)

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