Abstracts Final 09-04-2013

Indian Mushroom Conference-2013
Ludhiana
Abstracts
Organised by
Mushroom Society of India Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Proceedings of Indian Mushroom Conference 2013, Ludhiana: Abstracts of Lead, Oral & Poster Presentations
Published by:
Mushroom Society of India Directorate of Mushroom Research Solan
April 2013
Committees:
Advisory committee Chairman: Dr S. Ayyappan Members 1. Dr. BS Dhillon 2. Dr. NK K Kumar 3. Dr. Manjit Singh 4. Dr. UC Srivastava 5. Dr. SS Gosal 6. Dr. TN Lakhanpal 7. Dr. HS Garcha 8. Dr. NS Atri Organizing committee Chairman: Dr. P K Khanna Secretary: Dr. B. Vijay Members 1. Dr. RC Upadhyay 2. Dr. HS Sodhi 3. Dr. S Kapoor 4. Dr. S Dhanda 5. Dr. (Mrs) PP Johl 6. Dr. Shwet Kamal Publishing committee 1. Dr. S Kapoor 2. Dr. HS Sodhi 3. Dr. VP Sharma 4. Dr. OP Ahlawat 5. Dr. Shwet Kamal
Copyright 2013 Mushroom Society of India, DMR Campus, Solan
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The food demand for the increasing population is a challenge. Production of more grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, etc. is linked to more agri/horti secondary products/wastes as well. At present, India generates over 600 million tonnes of agricultural residues and a large amount of it is either burnt in situ or left in the fields for natural decomposition. In Punjab alone out of 23 million tonnes, 20 million tonnes of paddy straw was burnt in 2012 just to clear the fields for timely sowing of wheat. Such methods of waste aggravate the health and environment hazards by the release of carbon dioxide and particulate materials. Mushroom cultivation provides an excellent alternative to address these problems. Mushrooms are important source of quality protein, minerals and various novel compounds of medicinal importance, do not compete for land and have very high productivity of protein per unit area and time. The spent mushroom substrate left after growing mushrooms can be converted into manure. The indiscriminate use of chemicals changes the soil microflora and affects soil health. In these situations, secondary agriculture like mushroom production is likely to play a pivotal role for meeting demands of quality food/functional foods as well as addressing the issue of soil health and environment. Cultivation of mushrooms is relatively a new phenomenon and has picked up across the globe only during last century that has witnessed newer innovations and applications. The annual world production of all types of mushrooms is estimated to be over 25 million tonnes. Our country produces only 0.12 million tonnes mushroom out of which button mushroom contributes about 85% of the total mushroom production of country. Even if 1% of the available agricultural residues are utilized for mushroom production, the country can produce over 3 million tonnes of mushrooms and 10 million tons of organic manure annually. This will require greater focus and investments in mushroom research. Investing in research and development of mushrooms and allied sections may not be a luxury but a national necessity to meet the growing need of quality food. Mushroom cultivation can be one of the important livelihood options for rural masses, unemployed youths, landless farmers and women. The mushroom cultivation uses agri-waste efficiently and converts it into quality food, imparts environmental sustainability and also helps in socio-economic upliftment of the common people. It is the need of the time to work in a collaborative manner to achieve the goal of food and nutritional security for the people of the country. In these situations, organizing a meet of scientists, researchers and progressive growers of the country will not only help to discuss the recent researches but also will help to foresee the path ahead to achieve nutritional security as well as to address the environmental issues. I indeed feel happy that Mushroom Society of India along with Directorate of Mushroom Research and Punjab Agricultural University, is organizing Indian Mushroom Conference during 16-17 April 2013 at PAU, Ludhiana. The conference is organized just at the right time when we are trying to envision the path of agriculture research in the country and have just finalized XII Plan. I am sure the conference will come out with important recommendations, which will help us in making the road ahead for Indian Agriculture.
(NK Krishna Kumar) DDG (Hort.), ICAR
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The present conference has been organized with the theme from diversity to diversification for nutritional and environmental security. We have achieved food security but protein malnutrition still prevails in our country and gap between demand and supply of protein is likely to widen further if production of alternative sources of proteins do not keep pace with the population growth. Mushrooms due to their good quality and quantity of protein and high productivity per unit area and time, convert worthless agro waste into quality protein as well as good organic manure. It is now well established that mushrooms are not only rich in proteins but also contain vitamins including vitamin D and minerals, whereas, these lack fats and have low carbohydrates. Furthermore, they also have high medicinal attributes like immunomodulating, antiviral, antitumour, antioxidants and hepatoprotective properties. India is blessed with a varied agro-climate, abundance of agriculture residues and manpower making it suitable for cultivation of all types of temperate, tropical and sub-tropical mushrooms. Currently, India is producing about 1.2 lakh tonne mushrooms in which temperate button mushroom contributes the major part (85%). Considering that major part of country falls under tropical and sub-tropical zone, there is ample scope of other mushrooms. Problems of unemployment, poverty and malnutrition are inextricably linked and are acute in the vulnerable sections of the society. Obviously, these cannot be solved by conventional land based agriculture. Creation of opportunities for enhancement of income of small farmers, landless labourers and unemployed youths by diversification of opportunities of income generation through subsidiary occupations are the new challenges. Mushroom production is an indoor activity and land is of little or no importance. It is labour-intensive and high profit venture for gainful employment of the poor people. Mushroom cultivation will go a long way in in solving the twin problem of poverty and malnutrition. In this scenario Mushroom Society of India in collaboration with Directorate of Mushroom Research and Punjab Agricultural University is organizing Indian Mushroom Conference during 16-17 April 2013 to discuss the issues related to mushroom cultivation and its role in upliftment of the society. To cover various aspects, the conference has been divided into seven sessions and we have invited eminent speakers to deliver key note addresses. In total, 240 authors have contributed 140 abstracts for the conference. I am sure that the conference will provide a vibrant platform and come out with important recommendations to develop a roadmap on nutritional and livelihood security of the rural masses. I thank the team of scientists and other staff at PAU and DMR without whose dynamism and efforts, it would have not been possible to organize this conference. The financial support provided by CSIR is acknowledged.
(Manjit Singh) Director, DMR & President, MSI
Page No. Foreword Preface Programme About Keynote Speakers Session-I: Germplasm Diversity Session-II: Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology Session-III: Genetics and Breeding Session-IV: Mushroom Production Technology Session-V: Mushroom Protection Session-VI: Post-harvest, Quality and Marketing/Extension Session-VII: Medicinal and Mycorrhizal Mushrooms Session-VIII: Yadvindra Young Scientist Award Author Index iii v ix-xiv xv-xx 1-10 11-24 25-34 35-58 59-66 67-84 85-96 97-104 105-108
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Programme of Indian Mushroom Conference 2013 16-17 April 2013, PAU, Ludhiana
16 April 2013
9.00 to 10.00 AM 10.00 to 11.00 AM 10.00 10.05 10.05 10.10 10.10 10.25 10.25 10.35 10.35 10.40 10.40 10.55 10.55 11-00 11.00 to 11.15 AM 11.15 12.20 PM Registration Inaugural Session Welcome and felicitation Remarks by Guest of Honour Address by Chief Guest Chairmans remarks Lifetime Achievement award to Dr. H.S. Garcha Presidential address Vote of thanks Tea break Session-I: Germplasm Diversity Chairman Co-Chairman Rapporteurs Dr. T N Lakhanpal Dr. RC Upadhyay Dr. Munruchi Kaur Dr. Anila Doshi 11.15 11.35 AM 11.15 11.35 11.35 12.20 PM Keynote Lectures Systematic, nutritional, nutraceutical and domestication Dr. NS Atri studies in some Lentinus species from North India Oral Presentations Dark spored Agarics - new to India Morchellaceae from Jammu region of North-West Himalaya Genus Pluteus (Agaricales) in Kerala State Wood-decay macro fungi associated with declining arid zone trees of Rajasthan, India An update of wild mushroom in Jammu and Kashmir, India Diversity of potentially edible Agarics from Punjab 12.20-1.00 PM 1.00 to 2.00 PM 5+2 min Narinderjit Kaur and Munruchi Kaur Monika Kotwal, Sanjeev Kumar and Y P Sharma CK Pradeep, KB Vrinda and Shibu P Varghese Anila Doshi Sanjeev Kumar and YP Sharma Munruchi Kaur, NS Atri and Harwinder Kaur 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Dr. Manjit Singh, President, MSI Dr. BS Dhillon, VC, PAU Dr. PK Khanna Abst.No.
Poster Session 1 (Abstract Nos. 8-15, 40-44, 57-80 and 84-88). Award for the best poster Lunch PAU Faculty House
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2.00 to 3.15 PM
Session-II: Biochemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology Chairman Co-Chairman Rapporteurs Dr. PK Khanna Dr. Absar Ahmad Dr. Shammi Kapoor Dr. K Manikandan
2.00 2.20 PM 2.00 2.20 2.20 3.00 PM
Keynote Lecture Reliability of molecular techniques in fungal taxonomy/ DNA Barcoding for species identification in mushrooms Oral Presentations Nutritional composition variation in different mushroom species: Role of UV light in vitamin D content of paddy straw mushroom Scanning electron microscopy of Pleurotus ostreatus in response to inorganic selenium Qualitative and quantitative screening of vegetative mycelium of Morchella species for the activity of extra cellular enzymes Lignolytic enzyme production by Pleurotus pulmonarius in different agrowastes under solid state fermentation Estimation of Ergosterol at developmental stages of Ganoderma lucidum Dr. MC Yadav 5+2 min OP Ahlawat, K Manikandan and Manjit Singh Gagandeep Kaur, Anu Kalia, S Kapoor, HS Sodhi and PK Khanna 18 17
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Monika Thakur and TN Lakhanpal 20
G Thiribhuvanamala, V Prakasam 21 and G Kalaiselvi Anna Goyal, Shiveta Raina, S Kapoor, HS Sodhi and PK Khanna 22
3.00 to 3.15 PM 3.15 4.45 PM
Tea Break Session III: Genetics and Breeding Chairman Co-Chairman Rapporteurs Dr. Manjit Singh Dr. OP Ahlawat Dr. KK Mishra Dr. Ajay Yadav
3.15 3.55 PM 3.15 3.35 3.35 3.55 3.55 4.15 PM
Keynote Lectures Mating barriers and allelic polymorphism in mushrooms H S Sodhi 35 36
Status of conventional approaches for breeding of tropical BC Suman and temparate mushrooms Oral Presentations Identification of mushrooms using molecular tools in Northeast India High yielding mutants of Calocybe indica induced through protoplast mutagenesis Genetic variability in single spore isolates and hybridization in Agaricus bisporus 5 +2 min
Pankaj Baiswar, SV Ngachan and 37 Satish Chandra Jatinder Kaur, HS Sodhi, S Kapoor 38 and PK Khanna Shwet Kamal and Manjit Singh 39
4.15 to 6.30 PM
Session IV: Mushroom Production Technology Chairman Co-Chairman Rapporteurs Dr. BL Dhar Dr. B Vijay Dr. Lulu Das Dr. T Mala
4.15-5.15 PM 4.15 4.35 4.35 4.55 4.55 5.15 5.15 - 5.30 PM 5.30 6.30 PM
Keynote Lectures The medicinal mushroom - Cordyseps sinensis Changing global scenario in mushroom industry Tropical Mushroom: Status and constraints/success story Tea Break Oral Presentations Breaking yield barrier in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by managing watering regime and through physical/biological means Substitution of wheat straw by paddy straw as composting material in the cultivation of white button mushroom Utilization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and cotton ginning mill waste for compost production for Agaricus bisporus Cultivation of Calocybe indica (P & C) in Konkan region of Maharashtra Sporophore production of white summer mushroom (Calocybe indica) as influenced by different substrate sterilization methods Out door cultivation of oyster mushrooms in bamboo plantations Comparison of growth behaviour and yield potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) Use of locally available casing overlay results in increased yield of Pleurotus eryngii 5+2 min OP Ahlawat, B Vijay and K Manikandan AS Dahiya, Rajbir Garg, Satpal Singh, HR Malik and BP Rana 48 RP Singh BL Dhar MP Thakur and KB Mohapatra 45 46 47
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B Vijay, OP Ahlawat, K Manikandan 50 and Ashutosh Pathak Sudhir Navathe, PG Borkar and JJ Kadam BK Pani 51 52
V Prakasam, G Thiribhuvanamala 53 and P Ahila Devi Ram Chandra, VN Pandey and HB Singh KK Mishra and JC Bhatt 54 55 56
Cultural requirements, enzyme profile, molecular identity VP Sharma, Satish Kumar, and yield potential of some potent strains of shiitake Raj Kumar, Rajender Singh (Lentinula edodes) and Deepa Verma Session-V: Mushroom Protection Chairman Co-Chairman Rapporteurs Keynote Lecture 6.30 - 6.50 Role of nematodes in button mushroom productivity in India Harish K Bajaj Dr. V Prakasam Dr. VP Sharma Dr. Dayaram Dr. S Maurya
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Oral Presentations 6.50 - 7.10 Optimization of cultural growth parameters of Mycogone perniciosa under lab conditions Insect and nematode pests affecting Macrocybe cultivation 7.30 to 8.00 PM 8.30 to 10.00 PM General Body Meeting of Members of MSI Dinner Faculty House PAU Aparna Sabharwal and S Kapoor 82 Satish Kumar, RC Upadhyay and VP Sharma 83
17 April 2013
8.00 to 9.00 AM 9.00 to 10.30 AM Breakfast Session VI: Post-Harvest, Quality Control and Marketing/Extension Chairman Co-Chairman Rapporteurs 9.00-9.40 AM 9.00 9.20 9.20 9.40 9.40 10.20 AM Keynote Lectures Mushroom processing: problems and scope Status of mushroom processing: Global and Indian scenario Oral Presentations Post-harvest management of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) through osmo-convective drying Status and problems of mushroom cultivation in Punjab Mushroom growing a step towards secondary agriculture Effect of calcium chloride on post harvest anti browning of button mushrooms In missing dimensions of human vision - mushroom a ray of hope Mushroom farming: a means for gainful employment, income and nutritional security Study of quality characteristics of fluidized bed dried button and oyster mushrooms 10.20 - 10.50 AM 10.50 - 12.05 PM Dr. Devina Vaidya Dr. S Kapoor 5+1 min BK Mehta, SK Jain, GP Sharma, 91 A Doshi and HK Jain Ramanpreet Singh and Prabhjot Kaur L Garg and HS Gill Mohini Prabha Singh, Sabhjeet Kaur, MS Alam and HS Sodhi Namrata Premji 92 93 94 89 90 Dr. MP Thakur Dr. AB Patil Dr. Shashi Dhanda Dr. P Raja
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Nita Khandekar, Meera Pandey, 96 G Senthil Kumaran and MR Hegde Sunil Kumar, BK Mishra, NK Jain 97 and KC Sharma
Poster Session 2 (Abstract Nos. 23.34, 98-118, 127-131) & Tea Break Session VII: Medicinal and Mycorrhizal mushrooms Chairman Co-Chairman Rapporteurs Dr. RP Singh Dr. Satish Kumar Dr. KB Mohapatra Dr. Pankaj Baiswar
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10.50 11.30 AM 10.50 11.10 11.10 11.30 11.30 12.00 PM
Keynote Lectures The Enigmatic Morels: Status of Research and Development Fungi and Nanotechnology Oral Presentations Characterization of the worlds precious medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.)Sacc. TN Lakhanpal Dr. Absar Ahmad 5+1 min Rupesh Kumar Arora and RP Singh 122 123 119 120
Immunopotentiating properties of extracellular -glucans R Shenbhagaraman, from Trametes hirsuta strain VKESR K Saravanamurali, K Kaveri and VKaviyarasan Diversity of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in Chhattisgarh Toxic and hallucinogenic mushrooms of Kerala Effect of Pleurotus eous on haematology of male albino rats 12.00 - 1.30 PM Yadavindra Young Scientist Award Lectures Separation and determination of antimicrobial activities of targeted ganoderic acids from Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) Studies on Genetic Diversity and Lentinan Production among Lentinula edodes strains Development of intraspecific and interspecific hybrids of Pleurotus spp. by protoplast fusion HK Singh, GK Awadhiya, CS Shukla and MP Thakur Shibu P Varghese
124 125
A Eswaran, L Darwin, 126 Christdhas Henry and C Kannan 10 min each Shveta, Anil Sindhu, Ashok K Rohilla, Ritika and Ajay Singh 132
Shivani Sharma and PK Khanna 133 Loveleen Kaur and S Kapoor 134 135 136
Screening of mycelia and spent substrate of edible Rajender Singh, OP Ahlawat mushroom species for their dyes decolorization potential and Anita Rajor Development and molecular characterization of hybrids from Ganoderma lucidum strains Marketing practices of mushrooom growers in Punjab Zero energy polytunnel: a rapid composting method for Agaricus bisporus cultivation Significance of Nitrogen in Button Mushroom Cultivation Modified total Indoor composting techniques using thermophilic fungi 1.30 - 2.00 PM Plenary Session Chairman Co-Chairman Rapporteurs Presentation of reports and recommendations 2.00 - 3.00 PM Lunch Dr. Manjit Singh Dr. B Vijay Dr. Shwet Kamal All concerned Neeraj Shrivastava
Gagandeep Banga, Babita Kumar 137 and Ramandeep Singh GC Wakchaure 138
K Manikandan, OP Ahlawat and 139 B Vijay Ashutosh Pathak, B Vijay and RM Agarwal 140
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Prof. NS Atri Prof. NS Atri (b. 1st Sept., 1955): M. Sc. (Punjabi Univ., 1978), M. Phil. (PunjabiUniv., 1981), Ph.D. (Punjabi Univ., 1985); Date of joining this Department: 7th September 1987;Field of Specialization: Mushroom Mycology and Plant Pathology; Research Activities: Published 85 papers, guided 5 Ph.D. and 8 M. Phil. and 10 M. Sc. students, completed three research projects on mushrooms; Vice-President, Mycological Society of India (2012-2013),Membership: Councillor MSI (2011-2012), Life Member Indian Botanical Society; Mushroom Society of India, Mushroom Growers Association, Indian Phytopathological Society, Society of Mycology & Plant Pathology, Punjab Academy of Sciences, Mycological Society of India and Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata. Edited 4 books entitled Fungi - Diversity and Conservation in India, Germplasm Diversity and Evaluation: Angiosperms; Germplasm Diversity and Evaluation: Algae, Fungi and Lichens, Biodiversity Evaluation-Botanical Prespective, Member Editorial Board Mushroom Research- An International Journal of Mushrooms; NELUMBO, Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India, KAVAKAJournal of Mycological Society of India, Coordinator examination (2003-2005), Co-coordinator SLET(Computers-2006), Coordinator SLET (B. Ed.-2007), Controller Examination (2009-2010), Convenor Advisory Committee (Examination Reforms), Member Advisory Committee. Academic Staff College, Punjabi University, Patiala, Deputy coordinator DRS-SAP-III of UGC and Head, Department of Botany and Coordinator FIST Programme of DST. Dr. MC Yadav Mahesh Yadav obtained his M. Sc. (Genetics) in 1992 from PG School, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (Deemed University), New Delhi. He joined Agricultural Research Services (ARS) in 1996 at Directorate of Mushroom Research (DMR), Solan after completing Ph. D. academic requirements and research work from IARI. He was awarded Ph. D. (Genetics) in April, 1998 for his cytogenetic studies on maize aneuploids. Dr. Yadav was deputed for advanced training in molecular genetics and biotechnology and worked under the guidance of renowned mushroom geneticists Dr. T.J. Elliott and Dr. M.P. Challen on ITS sequencing and phylogenetics of button mushrooms at Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, UK during 2002. He was given Yadavindra Young Scientist Awardin 2002 for his research on molecular breeding of button mushroom. The main focus of Dr. Yadavs earlier research was to standardize protocols for high frequency single spore germination, isolation and characterization of spore progenies, and to develop genetically improved highyielding and superior quality strains and hybrids in button mushroom. He has developed numerous genetic stocks of Agaricus bisporus that included broad stipe strain and more than 2500 singlespore isolates (SSIs). Dr. RD Rai RD Rai obtained his M Sc (Biochemistry) with gold medal from the University of Allahabad and Ph D (Biochemistry) from Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Lucknow. He joined the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in the firstbatch of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on 1stSeptember 1976, at the then Central Staff College for Agriculture (now NAARM) at Hyderabad. He was recipient of the National Merit Scholarship during M Sc and CSIR JRF during Ph D. His PhD thesis was on biochemical studies on amoebic meningo-encephalitis causedby Acanthamoeba culbertsoni in albino-mice. After training at Hyderabad, he joined
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Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) and was posted at its regional station at Patna from 1976 to 1983. Dr Rai joined the National research Centre for Mushroom, Solan in March 1984, where he served as Senior Scientist till 1998 and then as Principal Scientist (Biochemistry) till July, 2009. He worked on Fungal degradation of ligno-celluloses by mushrooms, Morphogenesis in mushrooms, Post harvest biochemistry of Mushrooms and Medicinal mushrooms. He has been transferred to IARI, New Delhi in the Division of Biochemistry. He has served the Centre in many areas of scientific and administrative endeavor. He was founder Chief Editor, MushroomResearch international journal of mushroom research and development from 1991-2004. Presently he is working as Prof and Head, Biochemistry Division, IARI, New Delhi. Prof. BC Suman Prof BC Suman has more than 30 years experience in research, teaching and extension activities in the field of mushroom research, disease management of subtropical fruits and vegetables and related field. Presently he is working as Prof and Head, Deptt of Mycology and Plant pathology, YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. He has developed 2 isolates and four hybrids of Agaricus bisporus, standardized spawn preparation technology in India. Teachings all undergraduate and post-graduate courses related to mushroom and disease management and conducting training on mushroom and disease management right from March, 1981 to date. Organized one National Seminar on Mushrooms in 2010, entitled Diversification for sustaining profitability in Mushroom Production. Engaged in commercial spawn production at Spawn Production Laboratory and at HRRS, Dhaulakuan right from March 1981. At present engaged in commercial mushroom and spawn production at Mushroom Research Laboratory, Nauni and Chambaghat. Dr. Suman has more than 25 research papers, 9 books, several book chapters and popular articles to his credit. Dr. Harpreet Singh Sodhi Dr. Harpreet Singh Sodhi is Senior Mycologist (Professor) in the Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. He has been a Scientist engaged with the mushroom research since October, 1984. He did his M. Sc. from PAU and PhD from University of London, London (UK). He has guided 12 M. Sc students and 5 PhD students. He has worked on all facets of the mushrooms including production technology, post harvest care, shelf life improvement, medicinal components, nutritional status, genetic improvement of mushroom strains etc.. He worked as a team member of the mushroom group at PAU to give technology of cultivating five mushroom varieties namely, Agaricus bisporus, Calocybe indica, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus spp. and Volvariella spp. round the year under natural climatic conditions of Punjab. His major interest in mushroom research is to develop novel strains through genetic manipulation besides developing low cost technology. He has published about 50 research papers and various articles in extension bulletins. Dr. RP Singh Dr. RP Singh has been involved with Mushroom Research and Development since last 38 years (Assistant Professor to Professor and Head Plant Pathology, Director CAS and Emeritus Scientist from Nov. 1972 to June, 2010). He has initiated and established Mushroom Research and Training Centre at the G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Uttrakhand, India. He has formulated and implemented five research projects on different aspects of mushrooms apart his leadership to All India Coordinated Mushroom Improvement Project since 1984. His achievements on medicinal mushroom includes development of technology for the production of Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, and Cordyceps sinensis. He has led a team of researchers
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on Codyceps sinensis highly priced medicinal mushrooms. He attended and presented papers in 25 National and 6 International conferences including latest an International conference on Cordyceps sinensis conference at Xining, China in June,2o10. He has guided 06 Ph.D. and 8 M.Sc.(Ag.) students and published more than 150 research papers / articles. He has authored two books and twelve book chapters. He has been member International Society of Mushroom Science, Life Member Mushroom Growers Association,Life member of Mushroom Society of India, Vice-President Indian Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology and President, Mushroom Society of India. He has been member R AC, Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan and member QRT formed by ICAR to review the work done from 2005-2010 at DMR, Solan and AIC Research Project on Mushroom. He was awarded P.R. Verma award of Indian Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology (2000 & 2006), best paper award from Indian Phytopathological Society and M.J. Narsimhan academic award of Indian Phytopathlogical Society . He was member of Board of Management of Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner for the year 2005-06 and member expert comittee, National Biodiversity Authority, Govt. of India for the year 2008-09. Dr. Behari Lal Dhar Dr. BL Dhar is a renowned mushroom scientist and has done his masters and doctoral degree on mushrooms. He has 30 years of reasearch experience in the field of mushrooms. He has served 24 years in the Directorate of Mushroom Research in different capacities. He has worked on cultivation of specialty/ lignicolous mushrooms for five years with a Japanese team and also released of 2 high yielding varieties NCB-6 and NCB-13 of summer white button mushroom Agaricus bitorquis for commercial cultivation in India. He has developed technology for cultivation of summer white button mushroom Agaricus bitorquis-for the first time in the world.He has also worked on post composting supplementation of compost with N-rich organic materials for yield increase, in A.bisporus and A. bitorquis. Dr. Dhar has standardized suitable casing materials for Indian conditions, recommendation of Mushroom Spent Compost, Coir Peat and Farm Yard Manure for cultivation of button mushrooms with comparable mushroom yields. Developed Mushroom Farm Design appropriate to Indian growing conditions, with modern infrastructure and climate controls. Dr. Dhar is honoured by the International Society for Mushroom Science (UK) by selecting him as Mushroom Personality, American Mushroom Institute by publication of his contributions to Mushroom Science under the column Researchers Around the World in their issue of Mushroom News. Dr. Dhar has visited and given lectures at various cuntries like Ireland, Hong kong, Malasiya, China and France. Dr. MP Thakur Borne on 24th June, 1961 at Niwari (Mandla, M.P.), graduated (1982), post graduated (1984) and Doctorate (1988) from JNKVV, Jabalpur. Started my professional career in 1986 as Research Associate at Cotton Research Station, Khandwa (M.P.), as Junior Scientist in Indo-German project, Harda (M.P.) and Asstt. Prof. at COA, Khandwa in 1988 at JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.). Then, I joined, IGKV, Raipur on 14th Sept., 1988 as Asstt. Professor, selected as Associate Professor in 1995 and was transferred to AICRP on Mushroom on 11th June, 1996 as Scheme Incharge and continued till March, 2007, became Principal Scientist in 2003 and HOD (Plant Pathology) for about a year in 2006. Nominated as Nodal Officer for establishment of a new College of Agriculture at Kawardha (C.G.) on 19th April, 2007 and Dean (Officiating) since 11th Dec., 2007 to 11th July, 2012. Joined as Professor and Head (PP) on 12th July, 2012 and continuing till date.
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During my educational & professional career, awarded ICAR Junior & Senior Research Fellowships, Merit Scholarships, Certificate of Honours at UG and PG degrees. Nominated as Zonal President, Central Zone (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states) of Indian Phytopathological Society, New Delhi for 2013, nominated by DG, ICAR as MEMBER for Research Advisory Committee of DMR, Solan for three years from 2013-2016, nominated as Zonal Councilor, West Zone (Madhya Pradesh, C.G. Rajasthan, Gujarat) of ISMPP, Udaipur in 2001. Visited China, Mexico, Thailand, U.K., Nepal for educational purposes. Awarded Fellowship for Training to the In Service Young Scientist by Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal in 1992, awarded Best Worker by IGAU, Raipur in 2001, awarded Best Poster Paper in 2005,2008, Krishi Shree Award for outstanding contribution by Minister of Education, Govt. of Chhattisgarh in 2007. Have been the FELLOW of Indian Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Udaipur since 2010 and Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, Kanpur since 1995. Working as Editor of Mushroom Research, since 2006 published by MSI, Solan (H.P.), Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology published by ISMPP, Udaipur from 2002-2011, Indian Phytopathology published by Indian Phytopathological Society, New Delhi since 2011, as Editor in Chief of Journal of Agricultural Issues published by IGKV, Raipur since March, 2012. Worked as Editor, Journal of Agricultural Issues published by IGKV, Raipur from 1994-2004. Organized FIVE National Conference/ Seminars/Workshop, ICAR Short Course, 126 training programmes of National and state levels. Written 3 books, 3 practical manuals, 10 technical bulletins, 23 Extension bulletins, 10 multicolored folders, 6 compendium of lectures. Published 70 research papers, 9 chapters in books, 2 review articles, 69 popular articles, presented 38 keynote address/guest lectures/invited talks in International and National Conferences. Chaired, co chaired dozens of technical sessions of in International and National Conferences. Have been the Judge in dozens of Competition Awards by being organized by the different Academic Societies and Councils. Dr. HK Bajaj Dr. HK Bajaj, Emeritus Scientist (ICAR, New Delhi) is an alumnus of Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He superannuated on 29.2.2012 as Sr. Taxonomist from Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar which he headed for more than three and half years. He has been teaching courses on Nematode morphology, taxonomy and biology since 1977. He also worked on the nematodes problems of button problems in Haryana state and recommended prophylactic measures for their management. He investigated the biology of predatory nematodes indigenous to button mushroom ecosystem and their potential use in combating nematode menace in this crop. He is coauthor of book Text Book on Introductory Nematology published by Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, and Handbook of Practical Nematology, Scientific Publishers (India) Jodhpur. He has also written practical manual for undergraduate students pursuing course on Introductory Nematology. He has been a technical member of the team for writing Definitional Dictionary of Nematology published by commission for scientific and technical terminology, Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India. He has handled four research projects and contributed twenty chapters in books and published over 200 research papers in journals of repute. He had been instrumental in production of three video films- Earcockle Disease of Wheat, Molya Disease of Wheat and Barley, and Biology of Seinura paratenuicaudata, a Predatory Nematode. Video documentary, Earcockle Disease of Wheat, was transmitted several times on National Channel in order to eliminate this disease. Dr. Devina Vaidya Dr. Devina Vaidya is presently working as Senior Scientist in the Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan after joining the university in 1989. She acquired her Ph D degree in Food Science and Nutrition from HP Krishi Vishvavidyalaya,
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Palampur for which she has awarded a gold medal in academics. She is actively engaged in teaching both at UG and PG level since 1995. She has focused her research attention on production of novel and value added products from kiwifruit, mushrooms and honey beside working on the general processing aspects of various fruits and vegetables. She has the distinction of presenting her research findings during the 6th International Symposium on Kiwi fruit held at New Zealand during the year 2006. Her extensive efforts include imparting training lectures during specialization training programs and over All India Radio and Doordarshan regularly. She has to her credit more than 50 research papers and popular articles in prestigious journals of national and international reputes beside having authored chapters in edited books. She is also one of the author of book Food Processing and Preservation; Part-I and II, manual entitled Analysis of fruit, vegetable and their products. She has guided five M Sc, one Ph D and also as a co-guide of five other students. She is handling the research projects as PI of Indian Council of Agricultural Research AICRP- on Postharvest Technology, DST projects and other private industries funded project. She is life member of many reputed societies/ associations of the country. Dr. Shammi Kapoor Dr. Kapoor has done his M.Sc. and PhD from PAU, Ludhiana. Joined PAU in the year 1992 in the Department of Microbiology in the college of Basic Sciences & Humanities as Asst Prof. and Professor in the year 2010. His Field of Specialization is Industrial Mycology (Solid waste management, utilization and management of agricultural residues)and Mushroom Research and technology. Presently he is working on Res. & development of mushroom cultivation in Punjab, Biotechnical approaches for development of thermotolerant strains of Agaricus bisporus, Interspecific strain improvement in Pleurotus spp. through protoplast fusion, Bioactive molecules from medicinal mushrooms. He has a number of publication to his credit in high impact journals like World J of Agricultural Sci., Global J of Biotechnol and Biochemistry, J of the Sci. of Fd and Agri, etc. Dr. Kapoor is a Member of Board of Studies in Food and Nutrition, Punjabi University, Patiala, Member Editorial Board, Mushroom Society India for Mushroom Research, Secretary-cum-Treasurer, Association of Microbiologist of India (Ludhiana Chapter). Prof. TN Lakhanpal TN Lakhapal was born on October 1st, 1944, Hamirpur ,Himachal Pradesh. He received his B.Sc. Hons and M.Sc. Hons degrees in Botany from Punjab University Chandigarh in 1965 and 1967 securing 2nd and First Position respectively in the University and his Ph.D. Degree from the University of Delhi in 1975 .. He joined the department of Bio-sciences, H.P. University Shimla in 1976, and served the university in various capacities as Chairman of the Department , Dean Faculty of Life Sciences, Director, Institute of Integrated Himalayan Studies and after retirement as Professor Emeritus of UGC for two years. He also served briefly as Visiting Professor in the department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, USA and Mizoram University, Mizoram. And is honourary Professor in the department of Bio-sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University, Prasanthi Nilayam (AP). Dr. Lakhanpal has been a pioneer in research on Cellular Slime Moulds, Acellular Slime Moulds, Mushrooms and Mycorrhiza. He has extensively explored the bio-diversity of various groups of fungi from N.W. Himalaya: and has published monographs on the Taxonomy of Indian Myxomycetes, The Family Amanitaceae in India, The Family Boletaceae in India and the Biology of Indian Morels Technology was also developed by his group for the cultivation of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) and Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica).
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Dr. Lakhanpal has served as President of Plant Sciences Section of ISCA, President of Mycological Society of India, and Indian Mushroom Growers Association. He was conferred Life time achievement award at Banaras Hindu University and Fellowship by Indian Mycological Society (Calcutta). He served as a member of QRT on mushrooms, Biodiversity Authority of India, Biodiversity Board of Himachal Pradesh, DST, DBT, DoE&F, GBPIHED, NRCM, UGC and HFRI. He was also Chairman RAC, Directorate of Mushrooms, Solan. He was Chief Editor of the Indian J. of Mushrooms and was also on the editorial board of Indian Phytopathology, Indian Journal of Mycology & Plant Pathology, J. of Tree Sciences, India J. of Microbiology, and Hill J. of Botany .Dr. Lakhanpal is Fellow of Indian Phytopathological society and Society for Mycology and Plant Pathology. He was honored with Best Teacher Award by H.P. University, Shimla and Sarswati Award of Delhi University and the Best Citizen award by the International Publishing House and Rashtrya Gaurav Award by Friendship Society of India. He has completed 10 major projects sponsored by different granting agencies: DST, DBT, DOE&F, ICAR, GBPIHED & UGC. Dr. Lakhanpal has to his credit over 175 research papers, and ten books. He has trained a large number of M.Sc. & M.Phil students and 30 students have received Ph.D. under his supervision. Dr. Absar Ahmad Dr. Absar has made pioneering contributions to the fields of bio-nano-science and technology, which have received high international acclaim amongst peers. In particular, his works on bioinspired nanosysnthesis of metals, semiconductors and oxides using fungal and plant extracts and related studies on elucidation and control of the biomolecular processes and mechanisms are internationally recognized. He has extended the concepts to nanosysnthesis using naturally available raw materials such as white sand and rice husk, resulting in spherical, porous silica nanoparticles and several patents have also been filed and granted. His work on Biosynthesis of carbonate biominerals using fungi, actinomycetes and plants is also noteworthy for its novelty and significance for applicability. He has recently initiated further important steps of functionalizing the nanoparticles synthesized by his green chemistry approach for drug delivery applications. Interestingly, he has extracted the said anticancerous drugs (Taxol) from endophytic fungi which showed cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines HL-60 (leukemia), A431 (epidermal carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast cancer). He discovered that Fusarium oxysporum and Trichothecium sp.are efficient and selective biocatalysts for the biotransformation of ketones. He has also done interesting biochemistry studies in other fields such as Carbohydrate binding proteins from endophytic fungi and their role in host specificity and development of low molecular weight microbial proteinase inhibitors as therapeutic agents. He has more than 90 (Ninety) peer-reviewed research publications to his credit, which includes articles in Nature Materials (IF. 32.841), J. Am. Chem. Soc (I.F: 9.907), Advanced Materials (I.F: 13.877), Nano Letters (I.F: 13.198), Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology (I.F 5.72), Bioresource Technology (I.F 4.98), Chem.Mater (Impact Factor: 7.286), Crystal growth & Design (I.F: 4.72), Nanotechnology (I.F 3.979), Appl. Phys. Lett. (I.F: 3.844) and 14 International and 18 Indian patents granted. Dr. Ahmad is recipient of many fellowships and awards viz., Tata Innovation Fellowship, VASVIK (Vividhlaxi Audyogik Samshodhan Vikas Kendra) award, Scientist of the Year Award, Materials Research Society of India (MRSI) medal, Dr. Shome Memorial Award, Bharat Jyoti Award, etc. He is fellow of Maharashtra Academy of Sciences and Mycological Society of India and Vice President of Mycological Society of India, Member of the expert committee on the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of DBT, Member of the expert committee of the Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee (UPC), Dept. of AYUSH, Member of Scientific Advisory Committee of National Institute of Immunology (NII).
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Germplasm Diversity
Germplasm Diversity
Lead lecture-1
1. Systematic, nutritional, nutraceutical and domestication studies in some Lentinus species from North India
NS Atri
Department of Botany Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India email: narinderatri04@yahoo.com;fungalbio2007@rediffmail.com
The genus Lentinus Fr. belongs to Class Agaricomycetes, Order Polyporales and Family Polyporaceae. It is characterized by xeromorphic tough carpophores which are typically lignicolous. In this paper taxonomic, nutritional and nutraceutical investigations undertaken on six wild taxa of Lentinus, namely L. sajor caju (Fr.) Fr., L.connatus Berk., L. torulosus Fr.(Pers.: Fr.) Llyod, L. cladopus Lv., L. squarrosulus var. squarrosulus Mont. and L. squarrosulus var. mangoensis var. nov. collected from different localities of North west India has been discussed. For taxonomy both classical and molecular taxonomic approach has been adopted. Based upon the conclusions drawn one new variety L. squarrosulus var. mangoensis has been proposed for which molecular sequence has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank. Nutritional and nutraceutical analysis for all the six taxa has been done by employing standard biochemical techniques. In all these the evaluation has been done for determining the percentage of proteins, carbohydrates, fibres, ash, fats, macro and micro elements, toxic heavy metals, antioxidants like phenolic compounds, carotene, lycopene, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, amino acids, etc. Out of all the six samples examined, lectin activity was detected only in L.squarrosulus, which showed strong affinity for Raffinose, D- Sucrose, Ribose and D-Maltose. Their capability to thrive on lignocellulosic substrates has been confirmed through the enzyme assay. Their use in the recycling of locally available agrowastes for conversion into utility product was also attempted in case of L. cladopus, L. connatus, L. torulosus and L. squarrosulus. Out of these L. cladopus gave 31.16% B.E. in un-supplemented wheat straw, 12.76% B.E. in paddy straw, while maximum 33.35% B.E. was recorded in 1:1 un-supplemented mixture of wheat straw and paddy straw. For L. connatus cultivation was attempted only on un-supplemented wheat straw in which the fungus gave 22% B.E. As compared the cultivation of L. torulosus was attempted on un supplemented rice straw and wheat straw. No fruiting was there in wheat straw while on rice straw 73.6% B.E. was obtained. For the cultivation of L.squarrosulus un-supplemented wheat straw, paddy straw, rice husk, saw dust and 1:1:1:1 mixture of all these substrates was tried .Maximum B.E. of 68.27% was achieved in the mixture substrate followed by 55.52% B.E. in wheat straw, 19.21%B.E. in saw dust and 7%B.E. in rice husk. No fruiting was obtained in paddy straw. The presence of excellent culinary and nutraceutical credentials and their capability to colonize the lignocellulosic substrates accounts for sufficient evidence to uptake their domestication and subsequent cultivation for large scale production . Out of all these L. squarrosulus seems to be a fit candidate for the entrepreneurs to adopt for large scale production to earn revenue and to provide alternative culinary option for healthy eating to the mycophagists.
Oral presentations
2. Dark spored Agarics - new to India
Narinderjit Kaur and Munruchi Kaur*
Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala- 147002, Punjab (India) *email: munruchi@gmail.com
In the present paper three dark spored agarics viz. Psilocybe tampanensis Guzmn & S. H. Pollock, Conocybe pulchella (Velen.) Hauskn. & Svrcek and Panaeolus tropicalis Olah are reported for the first time from India. Psilocybe tampanensis Guzmn & S. H. Pollock: Fructifications 3.3-7.0 cm in height. Pileus 0.3-1.3 cm broad, convex, reddish gray (7B2) to orange gray (5B2) surface and grayish orange (5B4) centre; scaly, scales white. Lamellae adnexed to decurrent, distant, brownish orange (5C3). Stipe central, scaly; exannulate. Spores 8.9-10.74 6.26-7.16 m, ellipsoid, double walled, golden yellow in KOH, granular. Conocybe pulchella (Velen.) Hauskn. & Svrcek: Fructifications 9.0-10 cm in height. Pileus 2.0-2.1 cm broad, conical, yellowish orange (4A7) to pale orange (5A3) when young, turning pale orange (5A3) at the apex and orange white (5A2) with orange gray (5B2) tinge towards the margins at maturity; umbo acute; feebly striate; flesh brown, unchanging; taste alkaline, odour spicy. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, orange white (5A2) when young, brown (6E8) at maturity. Stipe central, white; exannulate. Spores 10.7414.32 7.16-8.95 m, ellipsoid, double walled, golden yellow, granular. Panaeolus tropicalis Olah: Fructifications upto 4.8 cm in height. Pileus upto 1.4 cm broad, convex, bruising bluish; flesh white, unchanging. Lamellae adnate, subdistant, grayish black. Stipe central, concolorous with the pileus; exannulate. Spores 8.95-10.74 7.16-8.05 m, broadly ellipsoid, limoniform, dark brown, double walled. Spores do not bleach in conc. Sulphuric Acid.
3.
Morchellaceae from Jammu region of North-West Himalaya

Monika Kotwal, Sanjeev Kumar* and YP Sharma
Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India -180006 *email: sanjeevkoul222@gmail.com
Morchellaceae, one of the important family belongs to order Pezizales of Pezizomycetideae, is characterized by large stalked apothecia mostly with sponge-like (Morchella species) or bell shaped fertile portion or pileus (Verpa species), with an exception of Disciotis, where the apothecia is discoid or cup shaped. During wild mushrooms forays in various locations of Jammu region of North-West Himalaya, ten species of larger fungi belonging to genus Morchella and Verpa were recorded. These include Morchella angusticeps Peck, Bull., M. crassipes (Vent.) Pers., M. deliciosa Fr., M. elata Fr., M. rotunda (Fr.) Boud., M. semilibera DC., M. tomentosa M. Kuo. Morchella species 1 and species 2 and Verpa conica. Survey of literature revealed that Morchella elata Fr., Morchella semilibera DC. and Morchella tomentosa M. Kuo. are new reports from India, whereas, remaining species constitute first authentic record from the Jammu Province. The fully matured mushroom species were collected from different parts of the study area by uprooting its substratum with the aid of a scalpel or sharp knife. The collected mushroom specimens were photographed in their natural habitat before they were picked up. Data on habit and habitat such as altitude, forest type and traditional use etc. were recorded in the field. A few ethnomycological notes will also be highlighted in the communication.
Germplasm Diversity
4.
Genus Pluteus (Agaricales) in Kerala State

CK Pradeep*, KB Vrinda and Shibu P Varghese
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala *email: drckpradeep@hotmail.com
Genus Pluteus, typified by Pluteus cervinus, is the type genus of the family Pluteaceae. The genus includes approximately 300 species and is distributed worldwide. Spores are pink in mass and the hymenophoral trama is inversely bilateral. Infrageneric taxonomy is primarily based on the characteristics of the hymenial cysidia and the pileipellis. Members of the genus are commonly found growing on woody substrates including stumps, logs, fallen branches, woody debris and buried wood. They are saprotrophic and presumably never mycorrhizal. Some of them are widely known as edible and a few others as hallucinogenic. As part of the ongoing studies on the agaric diversity of Kerala, several mushrooms belonging to the genus Pluteus were collected and studied. The genus is well represented in Kerala and in this paper an account of the genus as it occurs in Kerala will be presented.
5.
Wood-decay macro fungi associated with declining arid zone trees of Rajasthan, India
Anila Doshi
Department of Plant Pathology, RCA, MPUA&T, Udaipur (Raj.) email: anila_doshi@yahoo.co.in
The climate of the northwestern desert ecosystem and Southern Rajasthan is characterized by hot dry summers, subhumid monsoons and cool dry winters. The extreme temperatures (-20C to 480C), low rainfall and sandy loam soil with low nutrients restrict the build up of soil organic matter. Tree species in the genera Acacia, Prosopsis, Ziziphus, Azadirachta, Jatropa, Ficus, Mangifera, Butea, Madhuca, Adhathoda, Syzium, Ricinus and Tamarindus are the most important. Dryland resources of fuel wood, human food and livestock fodder. Among these species Ac acia, Prosopis and Ziziphus grow very well in dryland agroforestry systems and play an important role in controlling soil erosion, sand dune stabilization and improving soil fertility. Wood decay macro fungi in the hymenomycetes are the major causal agents of root rot and butt rot of numerous hardwoods and plantation trees in Tropical, Subtropical and Mediterranean Countries. In present study it was observed that species of Ganoderma, Schizophyllum commune, Pleurotus, Auricularia, Polypores, Innonotus, Favolus canadensis, Ceriporia, Phanerochaete, Leucoagaricus, Tricholoma,Macrocybe and Calocybe were associated with the decline of arid zone trees of southern and northwestern Rajashthan, India.
6.
An update of wild mushroom in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Sanjeev Kumar* and YP Sharma
Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu (J&k) India-180006 *email: sanjeevkoul222@gmail.com
Mushrooms are the macro fungi with fleshy, subfleshy, or sometimes leathery, umbrella like sporophores that bear their fertile surface either on lamellae or lining the tubes, opening out by means of pores. They are attracted attention of naturalists before the microscope was invented and micro fungi discovered. The adaptation of mushrooms to the environment is nutrition based. They live as saprophytes, parasites and symbionts. They are in service of the environment and are served by the environment in return sharing and caring. They adjust to the ecosystem by secreting cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes, which characteristic is made use of in recycling the waste materials in a profitable and useful manner. People are attracted by mushrooms but the categories vary- some like, some dislike and others are indifferent in attitudes and are called Mycophilic, Mycophobic and Mycoindifferent. Mushrooms have been in service of
5
humanity since times immemorial. More recently mushrooms have come to occupy a prime place as medicinally important food items. They contain low calories, fats and sugars and therefore good for fat people and sugar patients. They are having immense neutraceutical potential and possess antigungal, antibacterial, antiviral and nematicidal properties. The studies on them are also incomplete and extreme from complete. Mushrooms from the wild are collected and consumed in variety of ways. Many traditional recipes and modern recipes available but both intensive and extensive studies are needed on them. Overall analysis of mushroomology presents a very wide field of research and development.
7.
Diversity of potentially edible Agarics from Punjab

Munruchi Kaur*, NS Atri and Harwinder Kaur
Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India *email: munruchi@gmail.com
With the ever increasing population, there is a burden on the natural food resources even the naturally occurring edible mushrooms are under this pressure. Keeping this in view, a number of fungal forays were planned to survey, identify and collect ethnomycological information of the potentially edible species of agarics in Punjab. As a result of these surveys 30 taxa of agarics falling under eight genera viz. Agaricus L., Termitomyces R. Heim, Macrolepiota Singer, Lepiota (Pers.) Grey, Leucoagaricus Locq. ex Singer, Psathyrella (Fr.) Qul, Coprinus Pers., Agrocybe Fayod were found to be potential edible. From the data collected fourteen species of Agaricus, seven species of Termitomyces, three species of Macrolepiota, two species of Lepiota and one species each of Leucoagaricus, Psathyrella, Coprinus and Agrocybe were found to be important from their edibility point of view. In the present paper emphasis is laid on providing an identification key based on morphological features to be of use for common man.
Germplasm Diversity
Poster presentations
8. The genus Coprinus Pers. from the cold desert of Ladakh (J&K), India
Konchok Dorjey*, Sanjeev Kumar and YP Sharma
Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India -180006 *email: dorjeyusa@gmail.com, yashdbm3@yahoo.co.in
The genus Coprinus, commonly known as inky caps, represents one of the important genera defined by its dark-spores possessing an apical germ pore and quick autolysis of the lamellae and pileus. The genus displays a wide array of morphological variations and inhabits a great variety of substrates like humicolous, coprophilous, fimicolous, gramicolous, bryophilous etc. The present paper deals with seven species belonging to genus Coprinus. These include Coprinus comatus var. nov. C. disseminatus, C. micaceus (Bull.) Fr., C. plicatilis (Curtis) Fr., Coprinus sp.1, Coprinus sp.2 and Coprinus sp.3. All these saprobic forms have been recorded for the first time from Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir State. The detailed description of all the seven species has been incorporated in the present communication. The principal objective of this study is to document the pioneering record of these interesting macrofungi luxuriously growing in the harsh climatic condition of Ladakh where every organism were compelled to develop some peculiar adaptive features to overcome the challenge of extreme environmental condition.
9.
Systematic studies on some Boletes from Jammu and Kashmir

Harpreet Kaur, Sanjeev Kumar* and YP Sharma
Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006 *email: sanjeevkoul222@gmail.com, yashdbm3@yahoo.co.in
The Boletales (Agaricomycetidae) represents one of the major groups of mushroom-forming fungi in forest ecosystems worldwide. This order containing approximately 1316 described species is characterized by pileate-stipitate fruiting bodies developing tubular hymenophores. In the present communication eleven boletoid taxa belonging to three genera namely Boletus, Suillus and Strobilomyces of Jammu province has been described and illustrated. Specimens were collected during the year 2011-2012, analysed macro and microscopically. The identified species includes Boletus edulis, B. luridus, B. piperatus, B. granulatus, B. formosus, Boletus sp., Suillus cavipes, Suillus sp., Strobilomyces mollis and S. echinocephalus. Field photoographs, distribution, growing period, local names of recorded taxa have also been incorporated in this study.
10.
Lentinus giganteus - a promising wild edible mushroom from western ghats of Kerala
KB Vrinda*, CK Pradeep & Shibu P Varghese
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala *email: drvrindakb@hotmail.com
Wild edible mushrooms are one of the high valued non-timber forest products which provide the locals with seasonal food, medicine and an alternative income besides maintaining forest health. Lentinus giganteus, originally described from Sri Lanka is a widely variable species with relatively large fruiting bodies, saprobic on buried well-rotted wood in the forests. Lentinus giganteus has been treated as a special food in Sri Lanka. In India, L.giganteus is so far known only from Kerala. The species though common in Kerala, is not listed among edible mushrooms and is not consumed by people in any part of Kerala. As part of our investigations on the agaric flora of Kerala, several specimens of Lentinus giganteus were collected and studied. Cultivation trials are being carried out in the laboratory. A large fruiting body
weighing 2.6 kg was collected in November 2012. Edibility of the species was tested and confirmed by the authors. It tastes excellent and is therefore recommended for cultivation as a commercial mushroom.
11.
Studies on biodiversity of wild edible mushroom of eastern Uttar Pradesh

Pradip Kumar* and LP Awasthi
Department of Plant Pathology, N.D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229 *email: pradipnduat07@gmail.com
Several edible fleshy fungi grow wildly in the gardens and forest of Eastern Uttar Pradesh during the rainy season on dead and decaying plants, trees and soil. The use of wild mushrooms for food and medicine in all probability began with the prehistoric man. Local people collect wild edible mushroom and eat during rainy season. The biodiversity in the mushroom is least documented in Uttar Pradesh as well as in India. A survey was conducted for the collection and conservation of wild edible/medicinal mushroom during rainy season of 2012-13 (from July to September 2012) in the gardens and forest areas of Sultanpur, Bahraich, Gonda, Faizabad, Basti, and Jaunpur districts of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 20 samples were collected, out of which 2 were Volvariella spp. 3 Termitomyces spp., 2 Ganoderma spp., 01 Polyporus sp., 2 Calocybe indica, 02 Calocybe gambosa, 4 Pleurotus spp., 02 Coprinus comatus, and 02 still unidentified species of mushroom. Out of these Termitomyces and Volvariella are most common and occasionally available in the local market during rainy season. Selected fruiting bodies were also cultured for further studies.
12.
Coprophilous mushrooms of Punjab: the genus Bolbitius

Amandeep Kaur1, NS Atri* and Munruchi Kaur
1
Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India Desh Bhagat College of Education, Bardwal-Dhuri-148024, Punjab, India *email: narinderatri04@yahoo.com
The present paper deals with the collections of Bolbitius Fr. made from various dung localities of Punjab. The genus belongs to the family Bolbitiaceae Sing. and is characterized by fragile, usually brightly colored carpophores, viscid pileus surface, sulcate-plicate to pectinate pileal margin, free lamellae, non-capitate cheilocystidia and hymeniform pileus cuticle. Presently, six coprophilous spieces of the genus, namely B. coprophilous, B. demangei, B. glatfelteri, B. marginatipes, B. titubans and B. vitellinus are taxonomically described alongwith the field photographs, microphotographs, camera lucida drawings and the type of dung they were associated with. Out of these, B. demangei, B. glatfelteri, B. marginatipes and B. titubans are new records for India.
13.
Wild mushrooms of Kashmir Himalayas and their use as medicine in traditional healthcare system
Shauket Ahmed Pala*, Abdul Hamid Wani and Riyaz Ahmed Mir
Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar-India (190 006) *email:sapala29@gmail.com
Mushrooms have been valued in medicine by man since times immemorial. The valley of Kashmir support enormous wealth of high value medicinal mushrooms where peoples in remote villages and tribes have great faith in effectiveness of medicinal mushrooms. The traditional knowledge about the bioresources, which is the outcome of experiences passed on to successive generations, is disappearing with the passage of time due to lack of interest in traditional system. Thus, a survey was carried out in remote areas of Kashmir from March 2011 to December 2012, to explore and document the ethnomycological uses of different macrofungi in traditional healthcare system. The study revealed that a large number of
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Germplasm Diversity
mushrooms representing 31 genera were used in traditional healthcare system to treat wide spectrum of diseases like scalds, burns, cold, leucoderma, headache, fever, abdominal pain, eczema, constipation, hypertension, leucorrhoea, baldness, mumps, diabetes, arthritis, liver diseases, rheumatism, asthma, respiratory infections etc. besides used as food in most cases. The information obtained from these conservative traditional herbalists has not been subjected to scientific scrutiny and sustainable exploitation as yet. Thus the knowledge obtained during the survey needs to be subjected to scientific scrutiny and pharmaceutical evaluation to authenticate their validity in the drug development.
14.
Collection of wild mushrooms from forest regions of Punjab

Rajesh Kumar, Sukhpal Kang, PP Johl and HS Sodhi*
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana *email: drhssodhig@rediffmail.com
Wild macrofungi were collected from the forest areas of Districts Gurdaspur and Ludhiana during August 2012 to end of September 2012. Five wild mushrooms namely Coprinus comatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus sp, Schizophyllum commune and Volvariella volvacea belonging to order Agaricales, Polyporales and family Coprinaceae, Ganodermataceae, Pleurotaceae, Plutaceae, Schizophyllaceae, respectively were collected. These were found on lignicolous habitat except Volvariella volvacea growing on leaf-litter. Coprinus comatus was smooth black colored having thin-round white stipe of length 4-7 cm centrally attached and pileus was of 3-6 cm diameter, conical shape, sticky and hygrophanous nature, scales present, gills were adnate with black colour. Ganoderma lucidum was brown colored with 5-9 cm flattened stipe having 4-9 cm pileus also flattened with green margin, scales, non-hygrophanous nature. Volvariella volvacea was smokey white, non-hygrophanous of diameter 1.5-3 cm having round stipe of length 2-4 cm and adnexed type of gill attachment and non sticky surface. Pleurotus sp. was white, non-hygrophanous pileus of diameter 2-5 cm having irregular gill edges and initially white gills turning golden. Schizophyllum commune was golden-white with reduced stipe having pileus diameter 2-5 cm with irregular shape, rough margin, non-hygrophanous nature and scaleless. Cultures were prepared for further study.
15.
Wild fleshy fungi flora of mushroom of Western Maharashtra

VK Bhalerao, AM Tirmali1, and DB Shinde*
All India Coordinated Research Project on Mushroom, Agriculture College, Pune. 1 All India Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone Fruits, MPKV, Rahuri *email: mushroompune@rediffmail.com
Survey for collection of wild edible mushroom for exploring the possibilities of selection of promising strain if any from different forests of western Maharashtra (Sahayadri ranges) Vidharba and Konkan region of Maharashtra were undertaken during monsoon of 2011-12. The mycological characterization of collected samples was done. On the basis of mycological characters the wild samples were identified up to generic level. The wild germplasm of mushroom collected from forest area were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar media and Malt Extract Agar media. Isolated pure cultures of mushrooms were submitted to gene bank of Directorate of Mushroom Soaln. Total sixty five samples of wild fleshy fungi were collected from Pune, Gondia, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Satara of Western Maharashtra (Sahayadri ranges), Vidharba and Konkan region of Maharashtra during monsoon of year 2011-12. Out of these, sixteen viz. Agaricus sp., Pleurotus sp., Tricholoma sp., Termitomyces sp., Polyporus sp., Boletus sp., Clitocybe sp. and Tuber sp. were found to be edible.
Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology
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Lead lecture-1
16. Molecular mechanisms underlying nutrition, morphogenesis and flushing in mushrooms
RD Rai
Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012 email: rajdrai@gmail.com
Traditionally, the study of living organisms i.e. Biology has been divided into Zoology and Botany for study of animals and plants respectively, and in the two kingdom system, the fungi were grouped with the plants. Most of us present here might have studied the fungi as part of Botany, and there are still many reasons, unique enough, for the fungi to be studied as part of Botany. However, the things changed with the study of fungal cell structures, especially the composition of the cell wall (chitin) by Bartnicki-Garcia in 1970, and, coincidentally, Whittaker proposed the famous five kingdom system in 1969, grouping fungi separately in Mycetae. Mushrooms are the most evolved microbes and most evolved fungi belonging mostly to the class Basidiomycetes, and present themselves for the studies on various aspects of growth, development, reproduction, especially morphogenesis in the multicellular eukaryotes, much better than amoebae. But the presentation here shall be restricted to three most exciting aspects for biochemical research on mushrooms: molecular mechanisms underlying the fungal nutrition, fruiting and flushing. Mushrooms, being hetrotrophs, derive the nutrition mostly from insoluble lignocelluloses by elaborating extracellular degradative enzymes, like cellulases, ligninases, hemicellulases, proteases, pectinases etc. Production of most of these enzymes is beautifully regulated and controlled by need-based induction and feed back inhibition as well as repression. Morphogenesis in mushrooms has been studied in the not-soimportant commercial mushrooms, namely, Schizophyllum commune and Coprinus comatus because of the ease of their fruiting under in vitro conditions. Also, very few biochemists in the world are studying the morphogenesis phenomenon in the commercially important mushrooms, especially Agaricus bisporus. Efforts shall be made to present the current status of the knowledge on the morphogenesis in commercial mushrooms. Flushing (periodic appearance) is very thrilling area to be researched upon, both from the scientific as well as commercial angle: genetical as well as molecular mechanisms underlying flushing especially of the button mushroom shall be dealt as per the current status of information.
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Lead lecture-2
17. Reliability of molecular techniques in fungal taxonomy and DNA barcoding for species identification in mushrooms
MC Yadav
Division of Genomic Resources, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi-110012 email: mcyadav@yahoo.com
Phylogenomics deals with the inference of evolutionary relationships among species and higher taxonomic entities using DNA sequence data from conserved genomic regions. Because DNA sequencing is relatively fast, convenient, and offers a large data set of discrete characters, it has become a widespread tool for phylogenetic reconstruction. DNA sequences being embedded in every cell are considered as genetic bar-codes. The variation among DNA sequences is used to identify organisms. DNA bar-coding is the use of a short DNA sequence or sequences from a standardized locus (or loci) as a species identification tool (Hebert et al., 2003). An optimal DNA bar-code region is a small DNA fragment presented in all species of a major taxonomic group, having invariable nucleotide sequence in all members of the same species, but with sufficient variation to discriminate among the species. The bar-code should contain enough phylogenetic information to assign the species to a particular taxonomic group. The region should have highly conserved primer binding sites for the amplification and sequencing. The sequence should be short enough to amplify even from degraded DNA. The insertions, deletions and substitutions at nucleotide level of the bar-codes are the characteristic of the evolutionary path which makes bar-coding technique as a valuable tool to classify even cryptic species. The overall components of the bar-coding technology consists of sample to be bar-coded, laboratory technique including the use of universal primers to amplify DNA bar-codes from the sample and online databases that contains the sequences of standard bar-codes. The success of bar-coding depends on the construction of an online library that contains the standard sequences of bar-codes of almost all species. The DNA barcode that is well established in animals is a sequence of a 655-base fragment of the 5' end of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1 or cox1) gene. However in plants, substitution rates in this gene are much lower and there is often no sequence variation among species within a genus, and therefore this gene is not suitable as a plant barcode (Kress et al., 2005). The Consortia for Barcode of life (CBOL) has recommended the use of matK and rbcL as universal barcode loci for land plants (CBOL Plant Working Group, 2009). Six DNA regions were evaluated as potential DNA barcodes for fungi, the second largest kingdom of eukaryotic life, which included three subunits from the nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron along with regions of three representative protein coding genes (largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, and minichromosome maintenance protein) by Schoch et al. (2012). Although the protein-coding gene regions often had a higher percent of correct identification compared with ribosomal markers, low PCR amplification and sequencing success eliminated them as candidates for a universal fungal barcode. Among the regions of the ribosomal cistron, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has the highest probability of successful identification for the broadest range of fungi, with the most clearly defined barcode gap between inter- and intraspecific variation. The nuclear ribosomal large subunit, a popular phylogenetic marker in certain fungal groups, had superior species resolution in some taxonomic groups, such as the early diverging lineages and the ascomycete yeasts, but was otherwise slightly inferior to the ITS. The nuclear ribosomal small subunit has poor species-level resolution in fungi.
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1. i)
Molecular markers for phylogeny reconstruction and DNA barcoding:
rbcL: The chloroplast gene rbcL has been widely used for inferring phylogeny at higher taxonomic level in plants, codes for larger sub-unit of the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RUBISCO), which is an important enzyme in the process of photosynthesis. This single copy gene is approximately 1431 bp in length, is free from length mutations except at the 3' end and has a fairly conservative rate of evolution. As a bar-code should be short enough for ease of amplification and sequencing, this property of rbcL may be a drawback in the use of bar-coding. Even though, the high substation rates and evolutionarily informative sites of this gene make it as a standard bar-code.
ii) matK: The matK, a maturase-encoding gene is located within the intron of another chloroplast gene trnK (encodes tRNA for lysine). The maturase is involved in group-II intron RNA splicing process. The evolutionary constraints imposed by the function of the maturase are apparently less stringent than those of rbcL. Comparative DNA sequencing of matK (previously called ORFK) is thus used for phylogenetic reconstruction and as bar-code for plants. As the maturase activity on splicing depend upon the intron of a particular species, the matK shows variation at molecular level to diverge species in plants. iii) ITS region: The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region with approximately 700 bp long sequence, present in the nuclear rRNA genes of all eukaryotes could also serves as DNA bar-code and a marker for phylogeny reconstruction. The ITS1 and ITS2 on the either side of 5.8S rRNA gene show variation at length and nucleotide level which is useful to assign an organism into a specific taxon/family. As ITS1 and ITS2 are flanked by conserved rRNA genes, universal primers can be synthesized for the amplification in PCR. However, the use of multiple DNA bar-codes have been emphasized for the identification of plant species as land plants have had the reputation of being problematic for DNA barcoding due to their peculiar reticulate evolution and the limitation of uniparental (maternal) inheritance of plastid genes. Therefore, the nuclear phylogenetic marker ITS region and more variable regions of plastid DNA (e.g., trnH-psbA intergenic spacer) have been advocated as the alternate candidate loci for DNA barcoding in plants. More recently, ITS2 spacer region of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene has been proposed as the universal DNA bar-code for identifying plant species and as a complementary locus for CO1 to identify species in animals (Yao et al., 2010). Schoch et al. (2012) proposed ITS as the primary fungal barcode marker to the Consortium for the Barcode of Life, with the possibility that supplementary barcodes may be developed for particular narrowly circumscribed taxonomic groups. 2. Potential applications of DNA barcoding in plants and fungi: Bar-coding permits illustration of molecular polymorphisms and basically reflects existing nucleotide variation in DNA. The applications of DNA bar-coding in taxonomy, molecular phylogenetics, population genetics and comparative genomics in plants have been reviewed and discussed by Hajibabaei et al. (2007) and Shneyer (2009), and in fungi by Begerow et al. (2010). Potential uses of DNA barcoding in plants and fungi are: i) identification and delineation of new crop species, ii) comparative genomics and molecular phylogenetics, iii) identification of different life stages, iv) verification of herbal medicines/ foodstuffs, and v) IPR protection and trade in controlled species. Thus, DNA bar-coding markers could be used to broaden our understanding of both phylogenetic signal and detection of population-level variation for efficient management and use of biodiversity in plants and fungi especially in mushrooms. References cited:
1. CBOL Plant Working Group (2009). A DNA barcode for plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 12794-12797.
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2. Begerow D., H. Nilsson, M. Unterseher and W. Maier (2010) Current state and perspectives of fungal DNA barcoding and rapid identification procedures. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol 87: 99-108 3. Hajibabaei, M., G.A.C. Singer, P.D.N. Hebert and D.A. Hickey (2007). DNA barcoding: how it complements taxonomy, molecular phylogenetics and population genetics. Trend. Genet. 23: 167-172. 4. Hebert P.D.N., A. Cywinska, S.L. Ball, J.R. de Waard (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. Biol .Sci .Ser. B 270: 313 321. 5. Kress, W.J., K.J. Wurdack, E.A. Zimmer, L.A. Weigt and D.H. Janzen (2005). Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102: 8369-8374. 6. Schoch, C.L., A. Keith, K.A. Seifert, S. Huhndorf, V. Robert, J.L. Spouge, C.A. Levesque , W. Chen and Fungal Barcoding Consortium (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1109: 6241-6246. 7. Shneyer, V.S. (2009). DNA barcoding is a new approach in comparative genomics of plants. Russian J. Genet. 45: 1267-1278. 8. Yao, H., J. Song, C. Liu, K. Luo, J. Han et al. (2010) Use of ITS2 Region as the Universal DNA Barcode for Plants and Animals. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13102. doi:10.1371/ journal. pone.0013102.
16
ORal presentations
18. Nutritional composition variation in different mushroom species: Role of UV light in vitamin D content of paddy straw mushroom
OP Ahlawat*, K Manikandan and Manjit Singh
Directorate of Mushroom Research (ICAR), Chambaghat, Solan 173 213 (HP) *email: ahlawat22op@gmail.com
Mushrooms are known for their nutraceutical properties and are considered as rich source of quality protein. The nutritional composition of mushrooms provide them the status of health food as they are considered an important source of some vitamins, essential amino acids, potassium/sodium ratio and source of selenium considered at cardiotonic. However, the less studied aspect is the contents of vitamin D as mushroom is the only vegetable source of vitamin D. Considering the health benefits of mushrooms due to their unique nutritional composition the well ground and dried samples of different mushrooms were got analyzed from a accredited Government laboratory so that the issues related to variation in nutritional composition by different sources can be solved. The samples of two different strains (brown and white) of Volvariella volvacea, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus eous and Lentinula edodes were got analyzed for 14 different components. Highest content of protein was recorded in brown strain (38.10% on dry wt. basis) of V. volvacea, followed by white strain (36.88%) of V. volvacea and button mushroom (29.14%). In pink oyster and shiitake mushrooms, it was almost same (19.59 and 18.85%, respectively). Contrary to this carbohydrate content was highest in pink oyster and shiitake mushrooms (64.34 and 63.60%, respectively), followed by button and two strains of V. volvacea. The potassium/sodium ratio was highest of 254.58 in shiitake mushroom, followed by almost same in pink oyster and two strains of V. volvacea. Iron content was highest of 183.07 mg/kg dry mushroom in pink oyster mushroom, followed by almost same in button and two strains of V. volvacea, while lowest of 37.55 mg/kg dry mushroom in shiitake mushroom. Zinc content was highest in pink oyster mushroom, followed by two strains of V. volvacea. The manganese was highest in shiitake mushroom, while selenium was recorded only in button mushroom. Vitamin D was recorded in all mushrooms but it was highest in button mushroom (984 IU/g), followed by pink oyster and brown strain of V. volvacea. The role of UV light exposure was also assessed by exposing the freshly harvest paddy straw mushroom fruit bodies for different durations and exposure for one hour at 254 nm UV helped in nearly 10 folds enhancement in vitamin D content, which decreased with increase in exposure time of UV light. The study proved the nutraceutical values of different mushrooms and the role of UV light exposure in enhancing the nutritional properties of paddy straw mushroom, especially the vitamin D content.
19.
Scanning electron microscopy of Pleurotus ostreatus in response to inorganic Selenium

Gagandeep Kaur1*, Anu Kalia2, S Kapoor1, HS Sodhi1 and PK Khanna1
1 2
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab-141004, India *email: gagannagra22@gmail.com
Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom or Dhingri) is basidiomycetes from the family Tricholomataceae of order Agaricales. It is one of the most popular edible mushrooms, widely appreciated for its unique flavor, texture, color, improved shelf life and wide substrate specificity. It is ranked third among the most cultivated mushrooms in the World, accounting for about 22% of total mushroom production. Some fungi have the ability to absorb microelements from the cultivation media. This ability can be exploited in Pleurotus ostreatus for production of selenoproteins through absorption of selenium from supplemented medium.
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Present study was performed to investigate the morphological and compositional alterations in the hyphae and spores of Pleurotus ostreatus in response to selenium supplementation. Stereomicroscopy was performed to determine the changes in radial hyphal growth. Pleurotus ostreatus agar bit was cultured on mushroom minimal agar (MMA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Glucose Yeast Agar (GYE) supplemented with sodium selenate (5ppm, 10ppm and 20ppm). The plates were observed using a stereomicroscope after every 24 hours. Decrease in radial hyphal growth with increase in selenium concentration was observed after 120 hours of incubation. However, selenium supplementation resulted in slight increase in radial diameter at 10 ppm on GYE and PDA after 120 hours of incubation. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was performed on mycelial biomass of Pleurotus to quantify total selenium content of mycelium which was 5.093 ppm and 7.299 ppm at 10ppm and 20ppm sodium selenate respectively. High resolution imaging of the fungal growth using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was performed to decipher altered morphology of the hyphae and spore surface of one week old culture. The SE micrographs exhibited gradual decrease in hyphal diameter (in micrometer) with increase in selenium concentration. The SEMEnergy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) study was also performed to ascertain the extracellular presence of selenoproteins or organic selenium in the cytosol as well as to decipher difference in the % weight and % atom carbon and oxygen composition. The stereomicroscopy, SEM and SEM-EDS studies conclude that supplementation of 10 ppm of selenium could be carried out for Se fortification in Pleurotus ostreatus to enhance its medicinal properties without having significant effect on phenotypic parameters studied.
20.
Qualitative and quantitative screening of vegetative mycelium of Morchella species for the activity of extra cellular enzymes
Monika Thakur1* and TN Lakhanpal2
Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, UP -201303 2 Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005 *email: monika.harsh05@gmail.com
1
Among wild edible species of mushrooms, morels rank first in choice and delicacy and have been the mushrooms of choice since ancient times in India and elsewhere. The morels comprise the genus Morchella, commonly called as Guchhi in the Indian market. The ethnobotanical data gathered on these wild mushrooms reveal that these can be consumed directly in diet to promote health, as they have nutritional and medicinal benefits also. All attempts made so far in various parts of the world to domesticate morels, have met only with an occasional success. This is probably because of the fact that the physiology of this mushroom is not yet fully understood. Although enough data has been available on the cultural characteristics, spore germination and physiology of morels, but, all this information does not yet seem enough to induce fructification surely. In the present study, all the eight Morchella species which are present in North West Himalayas are qualitatively and quantitatively screened for different enzymes. Yellow morels produced qualitatively higher concentration of enzymes in comparison to black morels. Similarly, quantitatively, yellow morels showed maximum activity of extracellular enzymes than black morels. The study confirms higher extracellular polymorphism at inter specific levels and could distinguish yellow and black morels from each other. The production of all these enzymes shows that all the eight species of Morchella are capable of degrading and utilizing various substrates such as cellulose, starch, and protein etc. efficiently and this can help the mycologists to opt such substrates for the domestication of the species.
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21.
Lignolytic enzyme production by Pleurotus pulmonarius in different agrowastes under solid state fermentation
G Thiribhuvanamala*, V Prakasam and G Kalaiselvi
Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003 *email: rahgupati@yahoo.com
Lignin modifying enzymes produced by white rot basidiomycete fungi during their secondary metabolism are non specific with high oxidative capacity that is capable of mineralizing lignin. Among the white rot basidiomycetes fungi tested under solid and liquid screening, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (NCIM), Pleurotus pulmonarius, P.sajor-caju and Schizophyllum commune produced higher levels of lignolytic enzymes viz ., laccase, Lignin peroxidase (LiP) and Manganese peroxidase (MnP). Among them, P.pulmonarius was tested for the lignolytic enzyme production in different farm agro wastes viz., sugarcane, banana, millets, pulses, cocopeat, cocoa wastes, coir pith and oil palm under solid state fermentation. Among the enzymes, laccase and LiP were produced in significant levels by Pleurotus pulmonarius from 21st to 28th day under SSF compared to MnP. Among the substrates tested, P.pulmonarius produced significant levels of laccase in banana, oil palm, coir pith and millets, where as LiP showed preference over the substrates like sugarcane banana, pulses and cotton and maximum MnP was produced in sugarcane, pulses, cotton and millets. The organic substrates viz., wheat bran and ground nut cake each@ 5 per cent and inorganic substrates viz., copper sulphate and manganese sulphate each at 150 M enhanced the lignolytic enzymes of P.pulmonarius under in vitro conditions. The results from this study offers scope for application of white rot fungi P.pulmonarius for biodegradation of agrowastes as well for recycling of the agrowastes for the commercial production for edible purpose under Integrated farming system.
22.
Estimation of Ergosterol at developmental stages of Ganoderma lucidum

Anna Goyal*, Shiveta Raina, S Kapoor, HS Sodhi and PK Khanna
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana *email: goyalanna10@gmail.com
Ergosterol is a principle sterol of the cell membrane to which it is strongly bound in fungi and is able to activate expression of a number of defense genes and increase the resistance of plants against the pathogens The ergosterol content has been widely used as an estimate of fungal biomass in various environments as it has a strong correlation with respect to the fungal dry mass. Biomass of Ganoderma lucidum strains GL-I to GL-IV was harvested after 21 days of incubation in MCM broth. The mycelial cake was dried and used for the extraction of ergosterols. Samples of Ganoderma lucidum were also collected during the cultivation at spawn run, pin head and fruit body stages. Samples were saponified with alcoholic potassium hydroxide which was then estimated with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Out of four samples of mycelium from each strains, highest retention peak was observed in GL-1 showing 4601 ug ergosterol per gram of sample whereas strain GL-III showed only 32 ug/g. Out of the samples from spawn run, maximum ergosterol was obtained from GL-IV strain followed by strain GL-II. The observation on ergosterols from GL-1 and GL-II strains at time of pin head formation and fruit body formation indicated better ergosterol content for GL-II during pin head formation while ergosterol content of fruit body of GL-1 was maximum (7009 ug/g). Overall observation indicated that during the process of cultivation the ergosterol content increases with each stage of cultivation process i.e. from spawn run to pinhead and finally to fruit body formation.
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Poster Presentations
23. Chemical profile and amino acids composition of edible mushrooms
Neerja Rana1*, Devina Vaidya2, Surabhi Sharma2 and Nilakshi Chauhan2
1
Department of Basic Sciences; 2Department of Food Science and Technology Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) *email: drneerjauhf24@yahoo.co.in
Two varieties of cultivated mushrooms i.e. Pleurotus sp. and Agaricus bisporus, were analysed for functional characteristics. The proximate composition (g/100 g) showed that both varieties were highly concentrated in crude protein. The dried Pleurotus sp and Agaricus bisporus contained 12.2 per cent and 33.3 per cent protein, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed that the mushroom protein is a rich source of nutritionally useful essential amino acids. A total of 17 amino acids, including all the essential amino acids, were qualitatively identified. Qualitative estimation of essential amino acids showed that it contains methionine and phenylalanine. Lysine is (1.87%) present in high concentration in dry and fresh mushrooms. From these studies, it was concluded that the supplementation of this mushroom with cereal diet would help to overcome lysine deficiency.
24.
Nutritional status of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead

Shikha Sethi, Neha, S Kapoor*, HS Sodhi and PK Khanna
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India *email: skapoorpau@gmail.com
Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead, a blue oyster mushroom was studied for the nutritional components. H. ulmarius fruit bodies were found to contain total moisture of 91.5% with dry matter, 8.5%. Crude protein, carbohydrate, lipid, fiber and ash were recorded as 23.19, 56.05, 4.0, 9.16 and 7.1%, respectively. Total sugars were estimated to be 8.8% from which reducing and non-reducing sugars were also determined. Exopolysaccharide production by H. ulmarius mycelia was found to be 1.9g/L. Soluble proteins were calculated as 4.6% and free amino acids 0.55%. Saponification value for the lipids from H. ulmarius was estimated as 7.2. The -carotene was not detectable. Vitamin E content was 0.12%. Macro elements and micro elements were also determined. Potassium content was maximum (17580 mg/kg) followed by phosphorus, sulphur, magnesium, sodium, calcium and iron. In vitro protein digestibility was 76.63% for dried H. ulmarius fruit bodies after their treatment with pepsin and pancreatin for 48 hours. Initial protein content in the fruit bodies was 26.63% and the residual protein content after enzymatic treatment was found to be 5.92%.
25.
Selection of medium for optimum growth of basidiomycetes fungi

Shiveta Raina, Anjana Rai and HS Sodhi*
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab-INDIA *email: drhssodhig@rediffmail.com
Mycelial growth of a fungus depends mainly upon the nutrients available along with environmental conditions. Three basidiomycetous fungi Calocybe indica, Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus florida were studied for their optimum growth. Five different media two synthetic (Complete yeast extract agar and Lamberts agar) and three semi-synthetic (Wheat extract agar, Malt extract agar and Rice bran decoction agar) were used to grow fungi in order to select the most optimum medium for the growth of each fungus. Calocybe indica showed maximum growth on rice bran decoction agar medium and malt extract agar medium. Ganoderma lucidum showed maximum growth on malt extract agar medium white Pleurotus florida
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prefered complete yeast extract agar medium. The growth has been studied with a view to obtain maximum biomass for extraction of metabolites to study antimicrobial property against bacterial pathogens.
26.
Biology of a local strain of pink oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous (Berk.) Sacc. from Chhattisgarh
Santosh Kumar Sahu* and Mohan Sahu
Department of Plant Pathology, IGKV, Raipur *email: Santosh2005@gmail.com
Oyster mushroom is one of the most popular fleshy edible mushrooms in Chhattisgarh. A roving survey around the vast stretches of forest vegetation of Chhattisgarh was conducted in the year 2011 and a pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eous) was collected which was successfully cultured under in-vitro condition. The biology of this particular strain with reference to various parameters like color of light, pH, relative humidity, temperature and growth in different media was studied at Mushroom Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur. The suitable wavelength (color of light) for its growth, corresponded to blue wavelength where superior radial growth of P. eous was observed. Among the tested pH, RH, temperature and media; pH of 6.5, relative humidity of 80%, temperature of 25C, oatmeal agar medium and potato dextrose broth were found to be superior for promoting the growth and higher biomass of P.eous. Studies were also carried to find out the effect of different straw substrates and combination of straw substrates for P. eous cultivation. Higher yield (598.36g) was observed on maize straw.
27.
Optimization of submerged culture conditions for mycelial biomass and polysaccharide production in Lentinula edodes strain (LeS accession number JX915793) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Shivani Sharma, PK Khanna* and S Kapoor
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana *email: shivaniattri@gmail.com
The mycelial growth in a defined medium by submerged fermentation is a rapid and alternative method for obtaining fungal biomass of consistent quality. Biomass, Exopolysaccharides (EPS) and Intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) production was optimized by Response surface methodology (RSM) using a commercial statistical package Design Expert 8 (Stat Ease, Minneapolis, MN) in Lentinula edodes (LeS strain accession number JX915793). RSM is used to generate the best conditions for a system comprising many variables to calculate the combined effect of selected variables. The experiment was conducted according to central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Different values of pH (4-8), temperature (15350C), incubation period (10-30 days) and agitation (46-54rpm) were chosen as the critical variables. The complete design consisted of 30 experimental points. The interaction effects and optimal levels of the variables were determined by plotting the response surface curves. The response surface (3D) and contour (2D) plots for biomass and polysaccharide production were generated for different combinations of two factors at one time, while other factors were kept constant. The optimum conditions were pH (5), temperature (260C), incubation period (25 days) and agitation (52 rpm) in LeS strain. Under the calculated optimal culture conditions, biomass production (5.88mg/mL), EPS production (0.40 mg/mL) and IPS production (12.45 mg/g) was in agreement with the predicted values for biomass (5.93 mg/mL), EPS (0.55 mg/mL) and IPS production (12.64 mg/g). The results obtained in this study may be useful for a highly effective yield of biomass and bioactive metabolites.
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28.
Estimation of protein and phenol from sporocarps of Flammulina velutipes

Geeta Sharma*, Prachi Mishra, KPS Kushwaha and SK Mishra
Mushroom Research & Training Centre, GBPUAT, Pantnagar *email: geetash30@gmail.com
Flammulina velutipes commonly known as winter mushroom, Velvet stem, Enokitake etc., contributes about 4.6% of the total world production. The biological efficiency of the mushroom is nearly 35% and on nutritional point of view, it is in no way inferior to any other commonly cultivated species but this is also known to possess some unique medicinal properties, mainly for liver diseases. It contains 17.6% Protein, 5.8% Fat, 3.3% Fiber and 7.6% Ash on dry weight basis. In the present investigation, Protein and Phenol were estimated from two strains (FV-1 & FV-2) of Flammulina velutipes. The data obtained revealed that the maximum Protein content (27% and 25%) was estimated in the fruit bodies of FV-1 and FV-2, respectively, harvested from wheat straw + 10% wheat bran, followed by wheat straw + 5% wheat bran. However, the minimum protein content was estimated from the fruit bodies harvested from saw dust + 10% wheat bran and maize straw + 10% wheat bran. While maximum phenol content (0.5%) was recorded in FV-1 fruit bodies harvested from wheat straw + 5% wheat bran, followed by saw dust + 5% wheat bran. However, in case of FV-2 the maximum phenol content (0.5%) was found in the fruit bodies harvested from maize straw + 10% rice bran followed by wheat straw + 5% wheat bran.
29.
Essential amino acids of oyster mushroom

Shilpa Bhaise* and Asha Mane
Department of Home Science, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India *email: shilpabhaise@rediffmail.com
Quality of protein is nutritionally more important than its quantity. Requirement of protein is in fact the requirement of amino acids. Human body is incapable of producing some amino acids. These amino acids are called essential amino acids. Mushrooms are well recognized for their protein quality. Therefore fruiting bodies and mycelia of oyster mushroom were analysed for the essential amino acids. Pleurotus sajor caju is the species of oyster mushroom selected for the study. Paper chromatography method was used for qualitative analysis of essential amino acids and with the help of elusion method quantity of amino acids was determined. Findings revealed that most of the essential amino acids were present in fruiting bodies of oyster mushroom. Fruiting bodies contained 6.50 percent Leucine, 6.40 percent Lysine, 5.7 percent Threonine, 5.7 percent Valine, 4 percent Phenylalanine, 3.4 percent Isoleucine, 2.20 percent Methionine, 2.10 percent Histidine and 1.50 percent Tryptophan/100g of protein of Pleurotus sajor-caju. The mushroom mycelia contained 7.5 percent Threonine, 7 percent Lysine, 6.5 percent Phenylalanine, 5.2 percent Leucine, 4.30 percent Valine, 4.2 percent Isoleucine, 2.6 percent Methionine, 2.1 percent Tryptophan and 2.5 percent Histidine/ 100g of protein of Pleurotus sajor-caju. The fruiting bodies and mycelia of Pleurotus sajor caju contained all essential amino acids but in varying amount. Quality of protein depends on presence of all essential amino acids in food as such oyster mushroom fruiting bodies and mycelia contained all essential amino acids.
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30.
Uptake of Selenium and associated anti-oxidant properties in Volvariella volvacea cultivated on agricultural residues from seleniferous fields
Poonam Bhatia1*, H S Sodhi2, Ranjana Prakash3, N Tejo Prakash1*
1
Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Thapar University, Patiala 2 Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 3 School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar University, Patiala *email:bhatiapoonam08@gmail.com;ntejoprakash@thapar.edu
The present study was carried out to examine the antioxidant activity in paddy straw mushroom cultivated on selenium rich substrate. Volvariella volvacea was cultivated on Se-rich paddy straw collected from the seleniferous belt of Punjab (India) and its potential to accumulate selenium from substrate was examined. Further, using different assay systems the modulations in the anti-oxidant profile of Se enriched mushroom was studied in comparison to the mushrooms cultivated on normal straw. The mushrooms were observed to potentially mobilize selenium from Se-rich substrates to fruiting bodies, thus resulting in significantly high uptake (35.05 1.16 mg g-1) as compared to control (5.57 0.07 mg g-1). The antioxidant activity, as determined by various assays such as reducing power, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and metal chelating activity, was higher in experimental mushrooms when compared to control. Results obtained thus demonstrate that Se-fortified mushrooms through cultivation on straw containing organic forms of selenium, can be considered as a natural and effective dietary supplements of organic Se source for humans. The present study, thus, proposes the use of Se-rich agricultural residues as substrates for mushroom cultivation for human and livestock supplementation.
31.
Optimization of physiological conditions using response surface methodology in Ganoderma lucidum for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides
Gunjan Sood*, PK Khanna, Shivani Sharma and S Kapoor
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana *email: gunjan.sood1@gmail.com
Ganoderma lucidum, a white rot fungus has been used for medicinal purposes as it possesses certain bioactive components (polysaccharides, triterpenes) and shows great potential as superior dietary supplements or nutriceuticals for enhancing immune response. Submerged culture of mushrooms is a promising alternative for efficient production of mycelium and metabolites and has received increasing attention around the world. The present study was carried out in order to optimize the physiological conditions: pH (5-7), temperature (25-350C), incubation time (10-20 days) and agitation rate (48-52 rpm) for maximum biomass and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production in GL-1 strain using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It is well-known method used in the optimization of medium constituents and other critical variables responsible for the production of biomolecules. Glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen source respectively, were optimised in mushroom complete medium for the production of biomass and EPS. The experiment was carried out according to a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with four factors at five levels. Interaction effects and optimal levels of the variables were determined by plotting the response surface contour plots which showed the behavior of response (biomass and exopolysaccharides) with respect to simultaneous change in two variables. According to RSM the optimum physiological conditions were pH (7), temperature (300C), incubation time (20 days) and agitation rate (48 rpm). The observed value of biomass (18.01mg/ml) and EPS production (2.42mg/ml) were in good agreement with the predicted values of biomass (20.30mg/ml) and EPS (2.04 mg/ml) and the model developed was highly significant. The results obtained in this study may be useful for the simultaneous, efficient production of biomass and valuable bioactive metabolites (i.e., EPS and IPS) on a commercial scale.
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32.
Nutritional analysis of mushroom types commonly cultivated in Kuttanad

Reeny Mary Zacharia1* Suma Divakar1 S Leelakumary2
2
Rice Research Station, Moncompu, Alappuzha, Kerala College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala *email: zacharia.reeny485@gmail.com
A project on Evaluation of mushroom types suited for Kuttanad through participatory technology development is going on at Rice Research Station, Moncompu, Kerala for evaluating mushroom types based on nutritional factors, yield and consumer survey. Mushroom varieties like P.florida, P.eous, Hypsizygus sp. and Calocybe indica were analysed at Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, Kerala for various nutritional factors. Chemically sterilized paddy straw was used for mushroom bed preparation. Carbohydrate content ranged from 3.85 to 1.3 g per 100 g with the maximum content in P.florida. Protein content on fresh weight basis was 3.28 to 2.1 g per 100 g with the maximum content exhibited by P.eous. Fat content varied from 0.26 to 0.04 g per 100 g. Sodium content was very low in all the varieties tested (0.01 to 0.004 g per 100 g). Potassium (0.32 g per 100 g) and Iron (430 ppm) was the maximum in C. indica. P. florida showed the highest content of Magnesium (141.46 ppm). Molybdenum and Selenium were below detectable level in all the varieties tested. Zinc ranged from 11.02 to 0.91 ppm with the maximum content in P. florida. All the varieties were acidic in nature (pH 5.64 to 5.06).
33.
Physiological studies and molecular characterization of Hypoxilon sp. parasitizing honey bees
Satish Kumar1*, Shwet Kamal1, VP Sharma1 and Lulu Das
1
Directorate of Mushroom Research Chambaghat, Solan (HP) 173213 2 College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellyani *email: satish132@gmail.com
Hypoxylon is a genus of Ascomycetes commonly found on dead wood, and usually one of the earliest species to colonise dead wood. A common European species is Hypoxylon fragiforme which is particular common on dead trunks of beech. Recently huge mass of honey bee colony was found floating dead inside the well of a farmer in Pulippara, Aanadu, Trivandrum district of Kerala. On examination of the honey bee cadaver filamentous structures 2.7 cm in length were noted entangling the cephalo thoracic region. The body of the infected bee was very stiff with fungal growth inside the viscera replacing the host tissues. The fruiting bodies which sprouted out of the dead honey bees had yellowish cord like strands with thickened small apex. The cords like strands were branched in several specimens. Initially on the basis of morphological characters, it was thought to be species of Cordyceps. However, molecular characterization revealed it as Hypoxilon. Detailed physiological studies conducted on this fungus revealed that among the different media tested, Richards synthetic agar proved best. Among the different broths tested, dextrose starch broth proved best. Temperature regime of 30o C at pH 6.0 supported the maximum radial growth. Among the different carbon and nitrogen sources tested, starch and asparagines proved best, respectively.
34.
Effect of microorganisms enriched mushroom spent coir pith on growth of tomato

N Dayananda and BC Mallesha, MS Dinesha*
University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065 *email: dineshagron@gmail.com
An experiment was conducted to know the effect of microorganisms enriched Pleurotus florida (oyster mushroom) spent coir pith and Calocybe indica (milky mushroom) spent coir pith on growth of tomato. The Pleurotus florida spent coir pith (Pfspcp) enriched with consortia (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, Trichoderma harzianum) along with sand, soil was found to be better nursery mix for growth of tomato seedlings compared to sand:soil:FYM and sand: soil: Pleurotus florida spent coir pith (Pfspcp) enriched with beneficial microorganisms individually. Seedlings grown with Pfspcp enriched with beneficial microorganisms in nursery performed better under pot culture conditions.
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Genetics and Breeding
25
Lead lecture-1
35. Mating barriers and allelic polymorphism in mushrooms
HS Sodhi
Department of Microbiology, Punjab agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 email: drhssodhig@rediffmail.com
Mushrooms are either ascomycetous or basidiomycetous fungi which reproduce sexually following anastmosis, plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis to give haploid sexual spores. Each spore can develop into a new haploid mycelium. Majority of mushrooms show a heterothallic pattern of sexuality in which the mating competence is determined by incompatibility factors of either a single series, the A factor (unifactorial or bipolar) or two series A and B factors (bifactorial or tetrapolar). The potential for inbreeding is higher in the bipolar system because 50% of full-sib progeny are mating compatible, whereas only 25% are in the tetrapolar case. Two terapolar basidiomycetes Schizophyllum commune and Coprinus cinereus have shown multiallelic A (transcription factor) and multiallelic B (pheromone and pheromone receptor) mating specificities. The population genetic consequence of the bipolar vs. the tetrapolar mating system is a difference in the amount of interbreeding permitted between the haploid progeny from a single parent (siblings). The A and B mating-type loci encode homeodomain transcription factors and pheromones and pheromone receptors, respectively. Genes encoded at the A locus are responsible for repressing asexual sporulation in C. cinereus , regulating pairing of nuclei within the dikaryotic tip cell, and coordinating nuclear division, clamp cell formation, and septation from the subapical cell. The B genes regulate the initial nuclear migration to the apical cell, which, in S. commune, has been shown to involve the induction of cell wall-degrading enzymes that disrupt the septa. The B genes also regulate fusion of the clamp cell with the sub apical cell. The postulated A archetype consists of four paralogous pairs of divergently transcribed genes that encode two classes of homeodomain transcription factors. One gene pair (thea gene pair) is localized in the sublocus, and the other three (the b, c, and d gene pairs) are localized in the sublocus. The B mating-type locus of the basidiomycetes encode both small peptide pheromones and pheromone receptors that are believed to be coupled to a trimeric G-protein complex. As with the A locus, pheromones can activate only heteroallelic B locus receptors. Two B haplotypes, B6 andB42, have so far been cloned and characterized. TheB locus consists of three subfamilies of genes; each subfamily has one gene encoding a pheromone receptor and two different genes encoding distinct pheromones. Two loci, controlling mating type and basidial spore number, have been located on a central portion of Agaricus bisporus Chromosome I. Several other allozyme and DNA markers also occurred in proximity to these loci. Assortative mating is the most common premating barrier, which occurs when individuals or gametes are able to bias mating partners to those that are similar to themselves. Such assortative mating has been observed between very close species of the saprophyte mushrooms in the genera Serpula, Hyphoderma, Flammulina and Polyporus, or between related species of the ectomycorrhizal mushrooms Laccaria, Sistotrema and Hebeloma. Postmating barriers refer to the inviability and sterility that is often observed in hybrids. In such cases, crosses between evolutionary lineages occur and lead to the production of hybrids, but they exhibit little ability to grow and develop or to further produce functional offpsring. Relatively few studies have reported hybrid inviability or sterility in mushrooms because the experimental induction of basidiocarps is often very difficult. It is therefore difficult to analyse experimentally the progeny of hybrids in mushroom-forming fungi. Genetic polymorphism is the existence of variants with respect to a gene locus (alleles), a chromosome structure (e.g., size of centromeric heterochomatin), a gene product (variants in enzymatic activity or binding affinity), or a phenotype. The term DNA polymorphism refers to a wide range of variations in nucleotide repeats, or single nucleotide variants and they provide the basis for direct physical analysis of
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genotype using molecular methods. Ustilago and Coprinus have evolved different strategies for generating multiple mating types. Ustilago has evolved some 33 alleles of a single gene-pair while Coprinus has a few alleles of several gene-pairs. Thousands of mating types in mushrooms have been generated by gene duplication. In C. cinereus, for example, instead of one pair of homeobox genes, there are now three and instead of one receptor and associated pheromone gene(s), there are three. There are three paralogous groups of genes that encode functionally redundant proteins. All the genes are multiallelic and over the course of evolution, there has been recombination between the different groups. It is estimated that some 160 different A mating types exist in nature, any two of which can together trigger the A-regulated part of sexual development. Agaricus bisporus has a unifactorial incompatibility system. Eight mating type alleles were previously found: four in the familiar bisporic and secondarily homothallic var. bisporus, and four in the tetrasporic and heterothallic var. burnettii. A survey on the incompatibility alleles of 10 P. ostreatus strains occurring in Greece revealed 16 A factors and 18 B factors (among 48 A and 95 B estimated in nature) and an outbreeding efficiency of 96.9%. Cross breeding has been carried out since 1983 in mushrooms with the production of hybrids in Lentinula, Pleurotus and Agaricus. Hybrid strains have not only given mushrooms that show resistance to diseases and pests but also reduced the dependence and risks of environmental and cultural stresses. A new sporeless oyster mushroom has been developed by Plant Research International, Wageningen, Netherlands by using molecular marker technology. Classical breeding in mushrooms particularly Agaricus bisporus has been difficult due to the predominantly secondarily homothallic life cycle of this fungus. The cultivated strains display limited genetic variability. However, strains have been improved through monokaryotization, Intercrossing and backcrossing, marker assisted selection breeding following the methods of mass selection based on natural chance mutation and programmed mutation by ionizing radiations and chemicals as well as cross breeding and transgenic breeding. The multinuclear nature of fertile Agaricus mycelia further add a problem for stable transgenic mushrooms. A novel hybrid fungus culture, designated J9277, of the mushroom species Agaricus bisporus has been recently patented which produces crops of mushrooms having white, rounded, thick-fleshed caps and proportionally long stems in a relatively short interval of time. There has been a lot of progress made in mushroom science and biotechnology but Traits controlled by single genes such as viral and insect resistance and resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens and pesticides can be targeted. With mapping of the mushroom genome and understanding of the functional genomics in mushrooms, complex traits such as yield, size, color, shelf-life, and physical stress which are controlled by more than one gene can also be undertaken in the future. Selection and breeding of strains adapted to global warming, which can lower the production costs and energy consumption. Mushrooms can also be utilized as bioreactors in industry for the synthesis of proteins and pharmaceutical compounds. The production of new mushroom cultivars with novel and improved traits will provide the industry with options for solving food problems and increase the production efficiency. Improvement of tools available to the breeder, decoding mushroom genome and commercial pressure facing the industry can lead to the development of novel mushrooms in the future.
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Lead lecture-2
36. Status of conventional approaches for breeding of tropical and temperate mushroom
BC Suman
Professor and Head, Department of Plant Patahology Dr. YSP University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) email: drsumasnbalam@gmail.com
Mushroom have gained the reputation of being different organisms to work with and it was widely acknowledged that mushrooms particularly Agaricus bisporus and Volvariella volvacea are not easy to manipulate through breeding. However, optimization of industrial mushroom production depends upon improving the culture process and breeding new strains with higher yields and productivity. The type of sexuality present in mushroom species determines the breeding behavior and consequently the breeding strategies to be adopted for genetic improvement. Strain selection, based on single spores, multispores or tissue culture may give improvement in the short term but is not as effective as methods with controlled crossing Hybridization is one of the most efficient method of creating variability by combining desirable traits from genetically diverse strains or isolates into a new heterokaryon. It involves mating of self sterile and compatible homokaryotic lines. Hybridization methods based on combination of non-fertile, homokaryons offer better prospects for strain improvement than traditional selection methods. In India, among the various tropical and temperate mushrooms, the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is still the most widely cultivated mushroom species for domestic as well as for export market. Despite its economic relevante, it is surprising to see that breeding effort in this species is low. The reason is being its typical life eycle, due to secondary homothallic sexual behavior where majority of the basidia produced two spores, each containing two nuclei of opposite mating type and only a few basidia are tri or tetrasporic yielding homokaryotic spores. There is no way to identify the latter as Agaricus bisporus unlike other basidiomycetes, lacks clamps commections and is multi nucleate. The only method to identify non-fertile isolates is the cumbersome fruiting trial. The availability of uninucleate self sterile homokaryons, is a prerequisite for producing hybrids in the conventional manner. Until 1970s the breeding activity of Agaricus bisporus was mainly on introduction and selection basis. Fritsche is Netherland took the first systematic approach which led to the introduction of the Hybrid strains Horst U1, and Horst U3 in 1981. Similarly using the homokaryms and hyphal fusion technique, seven hybrids were developed at Mushroom Research Laboratory of Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P) India, during the year 2012. One of the hybrids among these was found to be very high yielding giving on an average yield of more than 26 kg/100 kg compost. Heterothallic behavior occurs in 90% of the Basidiomycetes studied. The edible mushrooms exhibiting heterothallism are Lentinula, Pleurotus, Pholiota, Auricularia, Coprinus etc. Several methods used for strain improvement in Pleurotus includes selection, hybridization etc. The pattern of sexuality of oyster mushroom studied has been described as bifacterial heterothallism, in which two multiallelic mating type factors (called A and B) act synchronously to control mating between monokaryons to produce a fertile dikaryon. Few systematic studies on the genetic breeding of Pleurotus ostreatus have been reported. The pattern of sexuality of Volvariella volvacea studied has been referred to as primary homothallism, where in a uninicleate single spore (containing a single post-meiotic nucleus) is capable of forming fertile mycelium and fruit bodies. The hyphae have no clamp connection and there is a scarcity of selectable marker for hybrid screening. Therefore, it is very different to improve straw mushroom using conventional methods.
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Oral presentations
37. Identification of mushrooms using molecular tools in North-East India
Pankaj Baiswar*, SV Ngachan and Satish Chandra
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India *email: pbaiswar@yahoo.com
Northeast region comprising of states like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram and Meghalaya are considered to be biodiversity hotspots. This also holds true for mushroom diversity. Due to morphological plasticity it is often difficult to identify the mushroom species accurately. Hence, identification and characterization was attempted using molecular techniques involving amplification and sequencing of ITS 1-5.8s and ITS2 region of rDNA. The sequences have been deposited in Genbank and identification was attempted using BLAST search at NCBI. Samples identified were Coprinopsis sp., Laccaria spp., Pleurotus sp. etc. Additional loci (LSU) have also been amplified and will be used for confirmation of the identity. These tools along with morphological characterization will definitely help in proper documenting of the mushroom diversity in northeast region.
38.
High yielding mutants of Calocybe indica induced through protoplast mutagenesis

Jatinder Kaur*, HS Sodhi, S Kapoor and PK Khanna
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-144004 Punjab *email: jatinder_sandhu@rediffmail.com
Calocybe indica, a specialty mushroom, belonging to class Basidiomycetes, order Agaricales and family Tricholomataceae is the third most popular and commercially grown mushroom in India. In the present investigation, mutagenic treatment on protoplasts of Ci-3, a high yielding strain (B. E. 81.28%), had been attempted. Four mutagenic treatments (ultraviolet rays, N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethidium bromide and 5'-bromouracil) yielded 30 putative mutants. Growth studies of putative mutants indicated maximum growth rate of CMB-4 on wheat straw while CMN-11 gave maximum biomass on complete yeast extract medium. Mutant CMN-9 gave maximum endoglucanase (0.345 g min-1 ml-1) and xylanase (0.54 g min-1 ml-1) activity. On the basis of growth and enzymes studies, seven mutants were identified. Cultivation of these mutants was carried out on hot water treated wheat straw. Four mutants (CMN-3, CMN-9, CMN-11 and CMB-4) gave significantly higher yield than the parent. Hence mutagenesis of protoplasts is a preferred and reliable method for obtaining high yielding strains of mushrooms which can revolutionize the mushroom industry.
39.
Genetic variability in single spore isolates and hybridization in Agaricus bisporus

Shwet Kamal* and Manjit Singh
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan (HP) *email: shwetkamall@gmail.com
The germplasm available was screened for its performance and 11 strains were selected and their single spore isolates were obtained. In total, 294 isolates were cultured and evaluated for fertility and non-fertility by cultivating these in 10 kg polybags with two replicates. Of these 69 fertile isolates representing five strains were studied for their growth on malt extract agar, downward linear growth on sterilized compost and yield. The 34 non-fertile isolates from the five strains were inter-mated in possible combinations and evaluated for fruiting ability. The selection procedure adopted is to screen the intermated-culture for quality traits and bruise resistance and evaluate only good quality cultures for yield. Of all the hybrid cultures, 41 did not show any browning even after two hours of mechanical bruising. The promising single spore isolates were also screened for yield and a few of them have out-yielded the parents and have shown promising results on commercial units.
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40. Morphological, enzymatic and phylogenetic analysis of high yielding hybrid of Pleurotus
Ravinder K Jaswal*, HS Sodhi, S Dhanda, PK Khanna
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana *email: ravijas@pau.edu
Pleurotus florida PAU-5 (PF-5) has whitish to creamish, convex near margin, slightly depressed at centre and smooth pileus. Stipe is 2-7 cm long and eccentrically placed. In contrast, the pileus of Pleurotus sajor caju PAU-3 (PF-3) is grayish in color, flat while stipe is 1-2 cm long, rudimentary and laterally placed. Interstrain crosses were conducted between PF-5 and PSC-3 to develop a hybrid no. 42 which out yielded both the parents by 51.5 and 61.6%, respectively. The fruit bodies of hybrid no. 42 showed 3-9 cm broad pileus which is infundibuliform to centrally depressed, upturned and entire margins, 3-8 cm long eccentrically placed stipe. The whiteness index was almost similar to that of PF-5. Texture profile analysis revealed higher value of springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness while resilience was less compared to both the parents. Linear growth rate of hybrid no. 42 was higher as compared to PF-5 but less to that of PSC-3. Sepcific activities of endoglucanase, xylanase, laccase and protease were higher than PSC-3 but lower as compared to PF-5. ITS sequencing revealed higher resemblance of hybrid no. 42 with the parent PF5 as compared to PSC-3. ITS sequence of hybrid no. 42 was BLAST to find sequence showing 99 per cent similarity. The distance based phylogenetic tree was developed using neighbor joining method to certain its taxonomic position.
41.
Molecular identification of an edible mushroom documented from the western ghats of Karnataka - a new report
N Earanna*, K Nandini, MC Ganavi, Sajeevan1 and Nataraja Karaba1
Department of Biotechnology, 1 Department of Crop Physiology University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore-560065 *email: earanna7@yahoo.com
Evergreen forest canopy of the Western ghats geography is a habitat of mushroom biodiversity. Humid weather and high rainfall during monsoon is a congenial atmosphere for the establishment of many mushrooms which includes edible, medicinal and poisonous types. In the present study, a delicious edible mushroom, vernacularly known as Heggalanabe, was collected from the Theertha halli forest area of Shimoga districts of Karnataka during first week of August and identified by ITS rRNA sequencing. The genomic DNA from the cap of the fruiting body was isolated and ITS region was amplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers by PCR under standardized conditions. The amplified product was eluted and cloned into T/ A cloning vector and transformed into E.coli (DH 5 ). Transformed colony was checked for the presence of the gene by colony PCR using M13 primers. After confirmation, the plasmids were sequenced and the sequence was compared with NCBI data base. From the BLAST analysis the gene showed 99% homology with Termitomyces sp. This mushroom could grow on potato dextrose agar at room temperature under laboratory conditions. The mushroom contains 26.4% protein which is higher compared to cultivated mushrooms like Agaricus bisporus (24.5%) and Pleurotus florida (24.2%).
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42.
Development and characterization of somatic hybrids produced by protoplast electrofusion and peg-induced fusion between Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus sajorcaju
Loveleen Kaur*, S Kapoor and Shivani Sharma
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India *email: loveleensays@gmail.com
Intraspecific and interspecific hybrids of Pleurotus florida PF-5 and Pleurotus sajor-caju PSC-3 were developed and characterized. Ten strains of P. florida and thirteen strains of P. sajor-caju were screened on the basis of radial growth and yield potential. P. florida PF-5 and P. sajor-caju PSC-3 were selected for optimization of protoplast isolation and fusion for interspecific fusion while four monospore isolates of the two species were selected for intraspecific fusion. A concentration of 2mM vanillin and 1000ppm carbendazim were selected as screening markers for the hybrids of the two Pleurotus spp. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated fusion and electrofusion followed by regeneration was carried out on three regeneration media by applying selection pressure. The optimal conditions for electrofusion using exponential decay were 1000 V (2 pulses with interval of 5 sec) followed by 400V (2 pulses with interval of 5 sec) and 200V (4 pulses with interval of 60 sec). With square wave discharge, regenerants were obtained with 2 pulses at a pulse voltage of 300V at an interval of 30 seconds and 4 pulses of 200V at intervals of 5 sec each. Maximum regeneration efficiency of hybrids after PEG-mediated fusion was 9.5 per cent and for electrofusion it was 14.2 per cent. More than 200 colonies of presumptive hybrids were randomly transferred to fresh medium and 15 hybrids were selected by screening on the basis of radial growth, colony morphology and extracellular endoglucanase enzyme activity for interspecific hybrids and presence of clamp connections for intraspecific hybrids. Isozyme analysis and molecular characterization of hybrids along with the parents using RAPD-PCR showed polymorphism compared to parents. Cropping trials of the fifteen hybrids showed that the spawn run period varied from 19 days (PFPS-131) to 42 days (PSPF-95). Two hybrids, PSPF-47 and PSPF-101 were found to give significantly higher yield (88.8% and 82.2% respectively) than the parent strains. Two hybrids, PFPS-54 and PFPS-168 produced lesser spore mass and lower spore count as compared to parent strains while PFPS-90 and PFPS-131 also showed greater temperature tolerance in terms of radial growth at 30OC and 35OC.
43.
Evaluation of genetic diversity among seven strains of Lentinula edodes using ITS sequencing and random primers
Shivani Sharma, PK Khanna and S Kapoor
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana *email: shivaniattri@gmail.com
Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, or shiitake is a basidiomycete of the family Tricholomataceae. It is known to be rich in dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins and various other active substances. This mushroom has gained wide popularity as a health food in East Asian countries because of its perceived health benefits. The molecular phylogeny among seven strains of L. edodes (LeC, LeI, LeS, OE-38, OE-142, OE-329 and OE-388) was studied using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The ITS sequencing indicated that LeC and LeI strains were highly divergent from all the other strains using ITS 1 to 2 and ITS 1 to 4 region. Lowest alignment score of ITS1-4 region indicated more variability as compared to ITS 1-2 region. ITS 1 to 2 region indicated higher similarity of LeS with OE-329. The aligned pairs (LeS and OE-388, OE-38 and OE-142) showed a maximum alignment score of 91 indicating their higher similarity in ITS 1 to 4 region. On the basis of RAPD, it was observed that LeI and LeC, OE-38 and LeS were more closer to one another as compared to other strains. The combined effect of all the primers and all the genotypes indicated that there was not 100 per cent similarity between any 2 genotypes. ITS sequencing and RAPD indicated divergent nature of LeC and LeI strain as compared to other strains.
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44.
Characterization of Volvariella volvacea strains

Naresh Kumar*, Ravinder Kumar, PP Johl
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004 *email: n13rajpoot@gmail.com
Volvariella volvacea has long been cultivated as culinary mushroom for its taste and flavor. V. volvacea strains VVS1 to 5 & VVS-W were grown on carboxy methyl cellulose modified malt extract agar plates and the broth medium for horizontal linear growth and biomass production. Out of six strains, VVS-2, VVS-4 & VVS-W had covered whole plate in 7 days and showed linear growth rate of 12.87mm/day. Maximum growth in terms of biomass observed was 138 mg/100 ml, 135 mg/100 ml, and 140 mg/100 ml in VVS-2, VVS-4, and VVS-W, respectively. No effect on protein content of culture filtrate of V. volvacea was observed when the growth media was supplemented with starch, glucose and urea, except VVS-2. The control had maximum protein content (50.40mg/100ml). Cultivation trials had shown significant increase in yield with supplementation of 0.5% red gram powder 11.5% biological efficiency (BE) in VVS-W, Whereas without supplementation it had given 8.64% BE.
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Mushroom Production Technology
35
Lead lecture-1
45. The medicinal mushroom - Cordyceps sinensis
RP Singh
Former Director, CAS in Plant Pathology, G.B. Pant Unv. Of Agric. & Tech. Pant Nagar
email: rp_myco@hotmail.com
The introduction of Cordyceps sinensis from China into the West can be traced back to 300 years ago. European missionaries first brought C ordyceps sinensis to France in 1723. Afterwards, specimens of Cordyceps sinensis gradually flew from China to the Great Britain, the United States, Japan and many other countries. In 1843, it was nominated as Sphaeria sinensis by Mr. Berkeley, a British mycologist .Then it was renamed as Cordyceps sinensis by Mr. Saccardo, an Italian scholar. In 2007, Spatafora, an US scholar, renominated it as Ophiocordyceps sinensis . It has attracted the attention of the general public and the health professionals in 1993 when a group of Chinese runners broke nine world records in the World Outdoor Track in Germany. Afterwards,the coach attributed those results to the athletes regular use of a Cordyceps based tonic.Because Cordyceps helps increase stamina, energy levels, and endurance, it has become one of the top selling sports supplements amongst the worlds elite competitive athletes. The first mention of Co rdyceps sinensis in traditional Chinese Medicine was in 1694 in Essentials of a Compendium of Material Medica which states that it grows underground in winter, looks like an old silk worm, wears hair and can move around. In summer, it grows over ground and turns into grass. The Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China claims that C ordyceps sinensis can soothe the lung, replenish the kidney, stop bleeding and dissolve phlegm, used in the treatment of chronic cough with wheezing or hemoptysis, impotence, nocturnal emission, and aching lumbus and knees. It is also proved by modern science that Cordyceps sinensis is able to moisture the lung, relieve a cough, reduce phlegm and enhance human immunity, and is adjuvant to cancer treatment. Modern studies have proved that the effect of Cardyceps sinensis on immune system is bidirectional. It can only enhance resistance to disease through immune enhancement, but also show immune suppression and play an important role in suppressing the rejection in various organ transplants and skin grafting. In addition, the fungus shows the ability of lowering blood pressure, relieving cough and asthma, antiinflammatory and bacteriostasis. The caterpillar fungus also can be effective in endocrine system, used to treat male infertility and enhance womens reproductive capacity because of its androgen-like effect. It is also useful in improving kidney and liver function, delaying the occurrence of renal failure and cirrhosis. The price increase of Cordyceps sinensis in the past decade brought along a bright new lift to farmers and gatherers at the high altitudes of Himalaya, particularly in Pithoragarh of Uttarakhand, India who have lived on traditional subsistence farming and herding for generations. The fungus has given a booming market, the development of Cordyceps sinensis industry not only invigorated local economy, but also helped rural residents being relieved from poverty and marching towards a prosperous life in China. The industry has developed into the most source of income for at least over 3,00,000 rural population of china.
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Lead lecture-2
46. Changing global scenario in mushroom industry
BL Dhar (www.nnmushroomconsultingindia.com)
email: beharilaldhar@gmail.com
Mushroom industry globally has expanded both horizantally and vertically, meaning that the expansion has been in production and addition of newer types of mushrooms for commercial cultivation, both edible and non-edible mushrooms. Today China is leading in global mushroom production both in cultivation of edible and non- edible types. China produces approximately 70 per cent of world mushroom production, and mushroom is their sixth economically important crop as far as countrys revenue generation is concerned. The second highest mushroom producing country is USA, followed by some European countries. European production is confined to France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Poland and other countries in European Union. There is increased contribution in mushroom production from Eastern European countries like Hungary and Poland where mushroom production has received a boost as can be seen from the production figures available and mushroom activity in these countries. United States: U.S. trade flows for canned mushrooms are dominated by imports, especially those from China, India, and Indonesia. The trade deficit trended irregularly downward for China, India, and Indonesia from 2003-04 to 2005-06 following the continuation of high antidumping duties on imports of canned mushrooms from each of these countries. By 2007-08, however, imports from China, India, and Indonesia had risen to a five-year high, in spite of the antidumping duties on U.S. imports. China, India, and Indonesia, principle suppliers of canned mushrooms to the U.S. market since 2003-04, are global exporters of canned mushrooms and have been very successful selling lower priced products into the U.S. market. Imports of canned mushrooms into US amounted to 64867 tons in 2007-08, down by 2 per cent from 66212 tons in 2003-04. Imports were down by 23 per cent in volume from 2007-08 to 2008-09. Imports from China were down in 2005-06, not only for antidumping duties already mentioned, but also because of a drop in Chinese production. U.S. exports of fresh and canned mushrooms are small relative to imports, amounting to 7212 tons and 709 tons respectively in 2007-08, and 8119 tons and 1281 tons, respectively in 2008-09. Canada is the principal market for U.S. exports of fresh mushrooms, accounted for nearly 90 per cent of export volume annually since 2003-04. Mushroom exports to Japan and France, by comparison, are principally specialty mushrooms. There are no U.S. nontariff measures applicable to imports of canned or fresh mushrooms, nor are mushrooms subject to any domestic content laws, guaranteed minimum prices, or requirements that import be entered through certain ports. U.S. imports of fresh and canned mushrooms must be packaged and labelled correctly and have all the necessary customs entry paperwork, according to existing regulations of U.S. There are no sanitary/phytosanitary measures affecting the entry into the U.S. market of any mushrooms. Global Market: Fresh and processed commonly grown button mushrooms and fresh specialty mushrooms are produced and consumed in many countries. Fresh mushrooms are perishable, so their global movement often has been restricted to transactions mainly between neighbouring countries. The movement of fresh mushrooms on a more global scale increased of late but canned mushrooms are shelf stable, with a shelf life of two to three years, are the major mushroom product traded globally.
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Global Trends: Global mushroom production amounted to 3.4 million tons in 2007, trending steadily upward from 2003. China remained the leading global producer of mushrooms for all uses and has been for the past five years. Since CY 2005-06, the Chinese national government increasingly encouraged Chinese growers to shift their agricultural production out of traditional crops to value-added crops like mushrooms for processing. The EU and the United States were the second and third largest global producers, respectively, in 2007; other important global producers included Canada, Japan, India, Australia, and Indonesia. Countries showing noticeable increases in production included China, Spain, Poland, and Ireland; production in most of the remaining countries was down slightly or remained about the same. Consumption: In 2007, global consumption amounted to 3.3 million tons and China, the EU, and the United States were the leading global consumers of mushrooms. Other major consumers included Canada, Japan, Russia, Australia, and India. Virtually all consumption in China, the EU, and India was supplied from domestic production. On the other hand, virtually all Russian consumption was supplied by imports. Finally, consumption in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Australia was supplied mostly by domestic production but also by significant quantity of imports. Trade: Global exports of canned mushrooms amounted to 458137 tons in 2008, up by 25 per cent from 365967 tons in 2004, with China accounting for 87 per cent of total export volume in 2008 and for nearly all of the rise in global exports during the report period. The increase in exports from China through 2008 resulted from a fall in freight rates from China to most global markets in 200708. Other major global exporters in 2008 included Indonesia and India, although export levels from Indonesia remained about the same throughout the 200408 period and exports from India during the same period were down because of intense competition from Chinese exports. Global exports of fresh mushrooms averaged around 43730 tons during 200407 before falling to 34802 tons in 2008. Canada and the United States were the largest global exporters in 2008, together accounting for nearly 80 per cent of the total, with most exports from both countries shipped to each other. Other major exporters in 2008 were Malaysia and Mexico. Most of the fall in exports of fresh mushrooms from 2007 to 2008 was accounted for by a drop in exports from China, where a greater share of fresh mushroom production was processed and mushroom growers in China switched into production of other crops. Exports from traditional supplier Canada also fell following a decision by Canadian shippers to concentrate in their home market as a result of an unfavourable change in the U.S.-Canada exchange rate. Global imports of canned mushrooms amounted to 292267 tons in 2008, up by 12 percent from 260944 tons in 2004 with the United States and Russia accounting for the largest individual shares of total import volume in 2008. Global imports of fresh mushrooms amounted to 90879 tons in 2008, up by 42 per cent from 63618 tons in 2004. Russia and the United States together were the most important global import markets in 2008. Canada, Norway, Malaysia, and Ukraine were other major markets. Most of the rise in imports from 2004 to 2008 was due to a rise in Russian imports, with Russia becoming the primary market for Chinese mushrooms in 2007 and 2008.68 Asia: China, India, and Indonesia are the three most important global mushroom exporting countries in Asia. All three countries became the major suppliers of canned mushrooms to the U.S. market since 2003-04, together accounting for 86 per cent of total U.S. canned-mushroom import volume in 2007-08. All three Countries have mushroom canning industries that are export oriented, all consider the U.S. market a primary destination for their production, and all face barriers to their exports in certain thirdcountry markets. China: China has become the leading global producer of mushrooms and exporter of canned mushrooms since 2004. Chinas dominance has occurred even though most Chinese growers are using growing methods considered rather primitive and low technology relative to those used in the United States and other major producing countries. Chinas common-mushroom industry consists of thousands of smallvolume family-run growing operations nationwide, employing mainly family labour. Common and specialty
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mushrooms are grown in sheds made of bamboo, straw, and clay, or in caves, without any mechanical climate control which limits production to the cooler months of OctoberDecember and MarchMay. From 2003-04, mushroom canning in China is done in number of very modern facilities. The Bluefield Industrial Food Company started production in 2004 and is one of only a few canneries that export products which do not have to pay any antidumping duties. This cannery, with an estimated production capacity of 80,000 tons of canned foods including mushrooms, is reported to have received FDA registration for processing low-acid canned foods and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HAACP) Quality Control Certification. COFCO Industrial Food import & Export Co., a subsidiary of COFCO Corporation, also operates a modern cannery and is reported to account for 10 per cent of Chinese canned mushroom exports in recent years. Dujiangyan Xingda Foodstuff Co., another exporter of canned mushrooms to the United States, also operates 56 modern mushroom-growing houses. India: The Indian mushroom-canning industry is made up of a few very modern growing and processing facilities. Agro Dutch Industries, a state-of-the-art, HAACP compliant, and ISO certified manufacturing facility that currently accounts for an estimated 85 per cent of Indias canned mushroom exports, is reported to be the largest integrated mushroom growing and canning company in the world. This firm also grows mushrooms in its fully climate controlled mushroom houses and produces cans for its own mushrooms and for sale to other canners: Agro Dutch has an estimated production capacity of 50000 metric tons of fresh mushrooms for canning annually and, since 2003-04, has accounted for an estimated 25 per cent of all U.S. imports of canned mushrooms. Agro Dutch also has become a major supplier to Canada, Mexico, Israel, and Russia. A second Indian mushroom grower and processor, Himalya International, has also a state-of-the-art, ISO certified, and HAACP compliant canned mushroom processing operation with an anticipated production of 9,000 metric tons of canned mushrooms annually. Indonesia: The Indonesian mushroom-canning industry has accounted for a major share of U.S. canned mushroom imports since 2003-04, with nearly all such imports in retail-size cans, and the U.S. market continues to be the principal export market for Indonesian products. ETIRA, an integrated mushroom growing, harvesting, and processing operation, grows 12775 tons of fresh mushrooms annually for canning and export. A number of other firms, including Aneka Janur, Jamur Bersaudara Dara PD, Jamur TC 99 Toko, Indo Evergreen Agro Business Corp. PT, and PT Karya Kompos Bagas, are selling canned mushrooms produced in their own or other firms canneries. European Union: The EU is a global producer of mushrooms and has been for a number of years. EU countries with the greatest canned production in 2007 were the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, France, and Italy, with the Netherlands accounting for nearly one-fourth of total EU production in 2007. Most mushrooms produced in the EU are traded within member countries and the EU is not a global exporter to non-EU countries. Countries shipping the greatest share of canned mushrooms within the EU in 2007 were the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, France, and Germany. Since its entry into the EU, Poland has become the EUs largest-volume producer of fresh mushrooms, growing more than 500 million pounds of mushrooms annually. The mushroom industry in Poland is composed of more than 2000 mushroom farms, ranging in size from many small family-run farms to some large operations. The mushrooms produced are of high quality and the production facilities are technologically advanced. The costs of labour (mainly Romanian workers), energy, and supplies are less than those in the United States, and the capital investment by Polish growers, especially in their composting operations, is high. The combination of high-quality product and low production costs has enabled mushroom growers in Poland to ship fresh mushrooms even to some non-EU member countries. Canada: As in the United States, the most commonly grown mushroom throughout Canada is the common white mushroom. Mushroom production is located principally in two provinces, with Ontario and British
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Columbia accounting for 57 and 37 per cent, respectively. Of the total in 2008.76 tons In 2008, Canada was a net exporter of fresh mushrooms but a net importer of canned mushrooms. Mexico: Although extensive data on the mushroom growing and processing industry throughout Mexico are not available, Mexico is growing in importance as a supplier of fresh and canned mushrooms to the U.S. market. Commercial mushroom production of common white, portabella, and cremini mushrooms is cantered in the San Miguel de Allende area of Guanajuato state. A U.S.-owned facility in San Miguel de Allende that grows and processes mushrooms is described as the single largest growing operation in Mexico. The company covers about 90 acres and accounts for the growing and processing of about 20 million pounds of mushrooms annually. The facility is vertically integrated, consisting of a spawn centre, large composting areas, growing rooms, cold storage for warehousing fresh mushrooms, and a cannery. The production of fresh mushrooms for shipment principally to the United States has risen since CY 2003/ 04, encouraged by the strength of the U.S. dollar vis--vis the Mexican peso and supported by U.S. investment from Monterey Mushrooms, Inc.
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Lead lecture-3
47. Tropical mushrooms: Present status, constraints and success story
MP Thakur* and KB Mahapatra
Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kawardha -492 006 (Chhattisgarh), *email: mp_thakur@yahoo.com
Mushrooms are biota characterized by wonder. These are the fruiting bodies of macrofungi which are devoid of leaves, and of chlorophyll-containing tissues. This renders them incapable of photosynthetic food production. Yet, they grow and they produce new biomass. Mushroom mycelia secrete enzymes that break down lignocelluloses which are then absorbed by the hyphae and the mycelium enlarges -usually laterally, and in some cases growing several meters in diameter with the substrate. Mushrooms are very nutritious products. It can serve as food, as tonic, and as medicine. A regular intake of mushrooms can make you healthier, fitter, happier, live longer and always look younger. They are rich in crude fibre and protein. They contain low fat, low calories and good vitamins. In addition, many mushrooms possess multi-functional medicinal properties. Mushroom cultivation has great scope in India and in some of other developing countries because of the cheap and easily available raw materials needed for this activity, coupled with faster means of communication and marketing (as a fresh commodity), and better purchasing power of the people. Mushroom farming is a business which requires precision. Indeed, it is not as simple as what some people often loosely stipulate. Mushroom cultivation technology is friendly to the environment and a labour intensive activity. Therefore, it will serve as means of generating employment, particularly for rural women and youths in order to raise their social status. It will also provide additional work for the farmers during winter months when the farming schedule is light. It is hoped that the avocation of mushroom farming will become a very important cottage industry activity in the integrated rural development programme, which will lead to the economic betterment of not only small farmers but also of landless labourers and other weak sections of communities. The production of tropical mushrooms like oyster (Pleurotus spp.), paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) and milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) utilizing locally available substrates viz., paddy straw, wheat, soybean, cotton wastes, water hyacinth, tree saw dust, sugar cane bagasse, wild grasses, various categories of refuse and lignocellulosic wastes amounting about 600 millions/annum have great potential to exploit and convert it in to a highly nutritious food within less period of time per unit area. The world production of mushroom in China in 2010 was 21,524,473 tonnes (Li, 2012). Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is the third mushroom of the world produced by China with a production of 4,929,000 tonnes (Chinese Edible Fungi Association , 2011). Its production in India is also becoming very popular in almost all the states of the country having temperate, sub tropical and tropical climate. It is largely adopted by the women of the Self Help groups in a small to medium scale excepting few commercial units. It constitutes an important source of their income. It is followed by several NGOs with buy back purchase guarantee. The seasonal production of tropical and subtropical species of oyster mushroom in States, such as Tamil Nadu, Karnatka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Assam, Jharkhand and NEH, as well as the industrial unit, M/s Zuari Agro-Chemicals Ltd. in Goa, has risen to about 1520,000 TPA. Obviously, the extremely large number of these seasonal units, although each small in size, has had an enormous impact on mushroom output and diversity in India. Paddy straw (Volvariella volvacea) is the 6th mushroom of the world in production. Its production is very much popular in state of Orissa. Paddy straw Mushroom is quick growing fungus, which can be harvested on 12th or 13th day. Low cost house for growing paddy straw mushroom in Orissa has been developed. Outdoors cultivation of paddy straw mushroom under trees like coconut, casuarina, cashewnut, mango orchards, bamboo plantations etc is very much successful during summer. Orissa is the only
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state where paddy straw Mushroom is grown commercially for nine months in a year involving common people. Production of paddy straw mushroom in the eastern and southern states, particularly Orissa, has spread rampantly as a cottage industry involving spawn production in village huts and outdoor cultivation under the tree. The per annum production of this species in Orissa, Nagaland, Maharastra and Delhi is estimated at approximately 15,000 tons. Bhubaneswar city alone has >120 mushroom spawn laboratory supplying quality spawn of not only paddy straw but also of oyster, milky to the growers of not only Orissa but to the adjoining states like Chhattisgarh. Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) is a relatively new introduction from India to the world mushroom growers. Its robust size, sustainable yield, attractive colour, delicacy, long shelf-life and lucrative market value have attracted the attention of both mushroom consumers and prospective growers. It grows well at a temperature range of 25-35C and relative humidity more than 80%. Thus, milky mushrooms can be cultivated throughout the year in the entire plains of India. The cultivation process resembles that of oyster mushroom except that of casing. Its cultivation is now spreading very fast in many states of the country. Annual production of the milky mushroom in seasonal farms concentrated in the Southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka has now been estimated to be nearly 10,000 tons. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to review the production scenario of tropical mushrooms with possible constraints in further expansion of mushroom industry and stories of some successful entrepreneurs viz., Smt. Namrata Prem Ji Yadu, Chhattisgarh Mushroom, Shri Nitin Rawat, engaged in production of tropical mushrooms in the country would be discussed.
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Oral presentations
48. Breaking yield barrier in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by managing watering regime and through physical/biological means
OP Ahlawat*, B Vijay and K Manikandan
Directorate of Mushroom Research (ICAR), Chambaghat, Solan 173 213 (HP) *email: ahlawat22op@gmail.com
Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is cultivated on composted substrate both seasonally as well as round the year under controlled environmental condition in the country. Over the years attempts have been made to improve its yield by way of improving the compost preparation technology, selection of better casing materials and managing the environmental conditions. However, other issues though quite minor have not got the due attention considering them comparatively less important. The resultant scenario is that the mushroom yield levels are stagnant between 16-18 kg mushroom/100 kg compost during one month of cropping. The other important issues like managing the air penetration in compost bags (air/ compost ratio), watering regime after casing soil application and the use of biological like growth promoting bacteria have not been considered. In this direction attempts have been made during last three years to evolve a strategy to obtain mushroom yield higher than the standard yield of 16-18 kg/100 kg compost during one month of cropping. During different experiments it has been recorded that compaction of compost at the time of bag filling maximum up to 7" supported by 30 holes/bag of 5 mm dia. each resulted in significantly higher mushroom yield over unperforated and uncompressed compost bags. Similar was the situation with the use of bacteria at the time of casing soil application and in this, inoculation of bacterium (Alcaligenes faecalis) in casing materials prepared with FYM + Spent compost, Spent compost, Coir pith + Spent compost and pure coir pith resulted in significantly higher mushroom yield over un-inoculated controls. In watering regimes different regimes, were tried and out of that heavy watering after casing, followed by second heavy watering after 4 days, 7th days and continuous light watering after 9th day of casing gave higher mushroom yield than other options. The study although not conclusive till all permutations and combinations are tried together to get a complete package of practice, however, it gave a stride in the direction of breaking the yield barrier in button mushroom.
49.
Substitution of wheat straw by paddy straw as composting material in the cultivation of white button mushroom
AS Dahiya*, Rajbir Garg, Satpal Singh, HR Malik and BP Rana
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ujha (Panipat) 132104 *email: azadsinghdahiya@hotmail.com
District Panipat is situated in the heart of green revolution belt of the country and rice-wheat cropping system is in vogue for the last four decades. Mushroom cultivation has been adopted as a subsidiary enterprise by the farmers. It is grown in low cost thatched houses during the winter from October to March. Farmers started its cultivation using wheat straw as the composting material. With the passage of time combine harvesting of wheat became popular and consequent decline in straw availability caused rapid rise in its prices. This escalated the cost of production of mushroom and thereby reducing the profitability of the farmers. Conversely, rice straw was available in plenty and largely burnt by the farmers leading to environmental pollution. Under the given circumstances, an on Farm Study was conducted during 2007-08 to 2009-10 in district Panipat of Haryana to explore the possibility of the substitution of wheat straw by paddy straw using three treatments, viz. T1 wheat straw alone, T2 rice straw alone and T3 wheat + rice straw (50:50). The use of rice straw in T2 and T3 was found feasible, economically viable and environmentally desirable. The highest productivity in terms of mushroom recovery per 100q of straw was observed in T3 and closely followed by T2. The productivity gain in T2 and T3 over T1 was 16.5 and 21.7 per cent, respectively. Similarly, monetary gain per 100q of straw in T2 and T3 over T1 was Rs. 40967 and Rs.
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37908, respectively. The favourable benefit-cost ratio in T2 (2.44) and T3 (2.26) over T1 (1.70) further proved the viability of the alternative technologies. This study made significant impact and good adoption has been observed. Rice straw alone and in combination with wheat straw is now used by almost all the mushroom growers. By such adoption the rice straw has become an economic entity, thus countering the problem of residue burning and adding to the income of the farmers.
50.
Utilization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and cotton ginning mill waste for compost production for Agaricus bisporus
B Vijay*, OP Ahlawat, K Manikandan and Ashutosh Pathak
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan (HP) 173213 *email: bvijay2@hotmail.com
Compost production is the most important and integral part of button mushroom cultivation. Wheat or paddy straw in conjunction with chicken manure (N source) is generally employed as the basic ingredient when short or indoor composting is followed. As on date India is roughly producing around 100,000 ton of white button mushroom thus generating roughly 300,000 tons SMS annually. Though SMS is very good manure for field crops but it remains unpopular among the farmers mainly due to lack of awareness towards this commodity. Little of it find uses as casing material while huge amount of this remains untapped and disposed as such away from the mushroom units as waste material. Similarly, cotton ginning mill waste is an another material which is available in plenty in and around ginning mills which is disposed as such or little of it is used for burning purposes. Decomposed SMS and ginning mill waste contain around 1.4 and 0.90 % N respectively. Looking for their proper use in mushroom cultivation, experiment was planned for their utilization in compost production under short method of composting. These two materials were tried alone or in combination with chicken manure after balancing the cold N at around 1.5% and compost was prepared following standard procedure excepting that kill was done for 8 hours. Encouraging results were obtained in the experiment and compost based on these two materials and chicken manure ( check) yielded almost at par suggesting that these two materials and especially fully withered SMS can profitably be used in compost production in lieu of chicken manure. It may further be added here that chicken manure is costly input and its availability is not assured everywhere. Its N content varies from time to time and also the handling of chicken manure is a tedious job as it emits foul smell and creates environment pollution. There is no foul smell associated with SMS and it can be handled easily during composting emitting little or no foul smell. Thus use of SMS in composting will be a boon for such units who are facing its disposal problem and also facing environment related issues.
51.
Cultivation of Calocybe indica (P & C) in Konkan region of Maharashtra

Sudhir Navathe*, PG Borkar and JJ Kadam
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr.BSKKV, Dapoli, Maharashtra *email: sudhir.agro123@gmail.com
Mushroom consumption is getting popular day by day due to their high nutritional and medicinal values. Mild tropical humid climate with temperature (25-30oC) and relative humidity (70-90 per cent) persists throughout the year in Konkan region of Maharashtra. Small and marginal farmers in Konkan are not in a position to take any summer season crop due to unavailability of sufficient irrigation water. In this situation, cultivation of summer mushroom Calocybe indica (P & C) is a viable options of livelihood for the farming community. Considering suitability of climatic conditions and economic aspects, cultivation of Calocybe indica was undertaken with locally available substrates viz. paddy straw, horse gram waste, wild grass (Themeda quadrivolvis), bamboo leaves and different casing materials viz. vermicompost, sand + soil (1:1 v/v), dried biogas spent slurry and combination of sand +soil +dried biogas spent slurry (1:1:1 v/v). Among the four substrates evaluated, paddy straw was the best with 81.0 per cent biological efficiency followed by horse gram waste (BE 50.0 %) and bamboo leaves (BE 40.6%), but wild grass (Themeda quadrivolvis) was the poorest substrate. The biological efficiency of C. indica was doubled by using a
45
combination of sand +soil +dried biogas spent slurry (BE 180.3%) or vermicompost (BE 176.2%) as casing material. Use of dried biogas spent slurry alone also recorded 130 per cent biological efficiency but combination of sand + soil (BE 79.9%) was inferior. From the present study it was concluded that the maximum biological efficiency of C. indica (P & C) in Konkan conditions can be obtained by using paddy straw as a substrate encased with sand +soil +dried biogas spent slurry (1:1:1 v/v) or vermicompost during summer season.
52.
Sporophore production of white summer mushroom (Calocybe indica) as influenced by different substrate sterilization methods
BK Pani
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Nabarangpur, Umerkote, Odisha email: dr.bkpani1965@gmail.com
To determine the proper substrate sterilization method for cultivation of Calocybe indica, paddy straw was subjected to chemical sterilization (bavistin 75 ppm, formalin 500 ppm, bavistin 75 ppm + formalin 500 ppm, dithane-M-45 100 ppm), steam sterilization (1000 C for 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes), sterilization in autoclave (1210 C for 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes) and hot water treatment (800 C, 1 hour). The substrate sterilized in autoclave for 60 minutes produced highest mushroom yield (755.3 g, 75.5 % BE) with excellent spawn run and quicker fruiting (29 days). It was followed by autoclave sterilization for 45 minutes (735.3 g, 73.5 % BE). Higher yield (725.3 g, 72.5 % BE) was also achieved in steam sterilization for 60 minutes. All these three methods were statistically at par in supporting the sporophore yield of the fungus. Among other treatments, only hot water treatment (657.3 g) and bavistin+ formalin (564 g) sustained more than 50% biological efficiency of the fungus. Unsterilized substrate failed to produce any fruiting body. It was concluded from the study that, sterilization of substrate is necessary to ward off weed fungi and obtain higher growth and yield of the fungus. The substrate should be ideally sterilized in autoclave at 15 lb p.s.i for 45-60 minutes to get higher mushroom yield. In view of the absence of sterilization facility by autoclave with most growers, the substrate can alternatively be steam sterilized for 60 minutes to obtain desired result.
53.
Out door cultivation of oyster mushrooms in bamboo plantations

V Prakasam*, G Thiribhuvanamala and P Ahila Devi
Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu *email: vprakasam@tnau.ac.in
Thorn less Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) is one of the crops gaining much importance in India in the recent years to conserve the forest coverage. The cultivation of thorn less bamboo has picked up greatly in Tamil Nadu through the efforts taken by National Bamboo Mission. The studies on the leaf litter management in the bamboo plantation has not been attempted so far as approximately 30 t of leaf material is deposited in each year from one acre of the plantation. The natural decomposition of the leaf litter takes several years as heavy loads are deposited every season. The oyster mushrooms are known as biological converters of natural wastes and hence use of oyster mushroom species may be highly useful in decomposing huge amount of leaf litters unutilized in the plantations. In order to identify new species of oyster mushrooms, surveys were conducted in bamboo plantations in Coimbatore, Erode, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai, Nagapattinam and Thanjavur districts. Two species of oyster mushrooms were collected during surveys. One pink oyster was collected from Anaikatti areas of Coimbatore district and it was identified as a new strain of Pleurotus eous. A new white oyster mushroom was collected from a bamboo plantation of Sathyamangalam area of Erode district and was identified as a new strain of Pleurotus platypus. These two strains were tested along with commercially available oyster mushroom species viz., P. sajor-caju, Pleurotus florida, P. platypus and Pleurotus djamor-roseus (A new species under test) in the Mushroom Research and Training Centre (MRTC), TNAU, Coimbatore as well as in the open field
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cultivation in the bamboo plantations. The results showed that identified strains of mushroom collected from bamboo plantations were found to grow faster when compared to other commercially available mushroom species in the thatched houses. The performance of the both the strains, P. eous and P .platypus were found to be better in bamboo leaves than in paddy straw and also found to perform better than other species. The new strains, P. eous and P. platypus were also tested along with other species in open field conditions in bamboo plantations of Sathyamangalam in Erode district and Udayarkoil in Thanjavur district. The mushroom beds were prepared and placed under the shades of Thorn less bamboo plantations. The beds were spayed with water regularly to maintain the temperature and relative humidity. P. florida was found to record maximum yield of 504 g, followed by P. djamor-roseus (495 and P. eous (462 g and P. platypus (439 g) at Sathyamangalam centre. However, at Udayarkoil centre, P. djamor-roseus performed better by recording highest yield of 535 g, followed by P. florida (530 g) which was on bar. This is a new technology to recycle bamboo leaves by cultivation of oyster mushroom to increase the economy of bamboo farmers.
54.
Comparison of growth behaviour and yield potential of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)
Ram Chandra*, VN Pandey1 and HB Singh
Deptt of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 (U.P.) 1 Deptt of Botany, DDU Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur *email: rcrbhumpp@yahoo.com
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) cultivation has increased tremendously, throughout the world during the last few decades. This mushroom accounted for 14% of the total world production of edible mushrooms. The choice of the farmer for growing of any crop variety depends upon its yielding ability. It means the cost benefit (C: B) ratio should always be in favor of the farmer. Present investigation was based on the comparison of five species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) for growth behaviour and yield potential. In this experiment spawn run period ranged between 18-21 days, initiation of pinheads also recorded in the range of 21-26 days after spawn run period. The Ist flush was harvested in the range of 26-29 days, IInd harvesting of flush ranged 35-41 days and IIIrd flush was harvested in range of 48-53 days. Yield of all flushes were recorded simultaneously, yield of Ist and IInd flush were maximum but subsequently showed reduced yield in IIIrd flush and total yield was recorded which was shown maximum from P. florida followed by P. flabellatus.
55.
Use of locally available casing overlay results in increased yield of Pleurotus eryngii
KK Mishra* and JC Bhatt
Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan (ICAR), Almora-263601 *email: mishrakkpatho@gmail.com
Among edible mushrooms, Pleurotus species have been used by human cultures all over the world for their nutritional value, medicinal properties and other beneficial effects. These are good source of dietary fiber and other valuable nutrients. They also contain a number of biologically active compounds with therapeutic activities. They modulate the immune system, inhibit tumor growth and inflammation, have hypoglycemic and anti-thrombotic activities, lower blood lipid concentrations, prevent high blood pressure and atherosclerosis and have antimicrobial and other activities. Cultivation of the Pleurotus species has increased greatly throughout the world during the last few decades. It is the 3rd largest cultivated mushroom in the world. Its popularity has been increasing due to its ease of cultivation, high yield potential and high nutritional and medicinal values. P. eryngii (King oyster mushroom) is by far the best tasting oyster mushroom. It contains various compounds e.g. polysaccharides, polyphenols and flavonoids which have anti-oxidative activities. This mushroom can be successfully cultivated on many agricultural and agroindustrial wastes. Growers that produce P. eryngii typically harvest only one flush before cleanout.
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Development of cost-efficient production methods to improve yield without sacrificing mushroom quality is a major focus of many researchers and growers. Therefore, attempt has been made to increase yield of P. eryngii using locally available materials as casing overlay in North-Western Indian Himalayan growing conditions. The mother culture of Pleurotus eryngii was obtained from Mushroom Research and Training Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. For the propagation of the mother culture, 2.0% Malt-Extract Broth (MEB) medium was used. Spawn of P. eryngii was prepared in 500 ml clean glass bottles as per standard methodology. Wheat straw was used as a substrate. It was soaked in water for 68 h and then removed to drain out excess water. The moisture content was kept at 60% in the substrate. Moistened substrate (01 kg wet substrate) was packed in polypropylene bags (40x30 cm size) and then autoclaved at 1210C for 90 min. Cooled substrate was inoculated with 40+0.1g of grain spawn. Bags were vigorously shaken to uniformly distribute spawn and incubated at ambient temperature of 201C with a cycle of 8h light/16 h dark using cool-white fluorescent bulbs. The bags were kept for a week for maturation of the mycelium. Five different local casing materials viz. spent compost (SC), farm yard manure (FYM), SC+FYM (1:1 w/w), FYM + sandy soil (1:1 w/w) and SC+ FYM + sandy soil (1:1:1 w/w) were overlaid on the surface of exposed substrate (3cm thick), however, an uncased set of control for comparison was also kept. Bags were transferred to a production room set at 90% relative humidity (RH), 160 C and 8h light/16 h dark cycle. Cased substrate was watered at intervals of three to four days. Mushrooms were harvested manually when fully matured (pileus and margins become flat). Yield, biological efficiency (BE) and number of mushrooms were determined for all the treatments. Yield was expressed as fresh mushroom weight (g)/300 g dry substrate; BE is the ratio of fruiting body fresh weight to dry substrate weight expressed in percentage. Results showed that enhanced yield of P. eryngii were achieved on spent compost casing material. Use of casing materials enhanced yield by 21107% over non-cased substrate. Use of casing layer for Agaricus bisporus and Calocybe indica cultivation is essential. Factors such as casing layer, its depth, microbial dynamics and physico-chemical properties play vital roles in yield and quality of mushrooms. Limited information is available regarding application of casing soils for production of P. eryngii. Other studies regarding nutritional qualities and texture of the fruiting bodies obtained as a result of casing overlay should be undertaken in order to obtain a more comprehensive evaluation of influence of casing overlay on quality of fruit bodies in the future.
56.
Cultural requirements, enzyme profile, molecular identity and yield potential of some potent strains of shiitake (Lentinula edodes)
VP Sharma*, Satish Kumar, Raj Kumar, Rajender Singh and Deepa Verma
Directorate of Mushroom Research Chambaghat, Solan *email: vpsharma93@gmail.com
Optimization of cultural conditions like pH and temperature was undertaken for six high temperature strains (OE-16, OE-22, OE-23, OE-28, OE-38 and OE-388) of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) on malt extract agar (MEA) medium. OE-28 strain was able to grow at all the pH ranges tested with almost equal efficiency followed by OE-388. Though the growth rate of OE-38 and OE-23 was low as compared to OE-28 or OE388 but both the strains have almost same growth rate at all the pH tested. Maximum growth of all the strains was recorded at 20C temperature. OE-16 strain was the fastest growing strain on wheat straw followed by OE -38. OE-16 recorded the maximum yield on wheat straw supplemented with 20% wheat bran followed by OE-388 and OE-38. Different lignocellulolytic enzymes like laccase, lignin peroxidase and edoglucanase were also studied. Though laccase activity was the maximum in all the test strains but it was highest in strain OE-16. Molecular characterization revealed that strain OE-22, OE-28 and OE-388 are closer to each other and fall in one group and OE-16 and OE-23 in another group. Strain OE-38 is 92% similar to both the groups and falls in third group.
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57. Chicken manure and wheat bran free compost formulation for button mushroom cultivation
K Manikandan*, OP Ahlawat and B Vijay
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, HP-173 213 *email: kavi.k.mani@gmail.com
Chicken manure and wheat bran are the most common but relatively costly input in compost production for button mushroom. The less availability and costly nature of these inputs in different regions of the country necessitate the need for alternative substrate for chicken manure and wheat bran. Hence this study on wheat bran and chicken manure free compost formulation was attempted to relieve the dependence on above two substrates for button mushroom compost production. The experiment consisted of four treatments that are replicated five times under randomised block design. Compost was made from 300 kg straw per treatment. The treatment I, II, III and IV received 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg chicken manure, and 0, 8, 16 and 24 kg wheat bran, respectively. Urea was adjusted to bring the uniform initial N content in all compost piles. Short method of composting was followed and standard practices were uniformly adopted for mushroom cultivation. The control without chicken manure and wheat bran yielded the lowest of 7.8 kg mushroom per 100 kg compost, whereas treatment IV receiving highest chicken manure and wheat bran recorded 11.9 kg mushroom per 100 kg compost in 20 days cropping. This result indicates clearly that composting can be possible without addition of chicken manure and wheat bran in button mushroom production when SMC is used but with decreased yield. Further it confirmed that yield is proportional to the quantity of organics rather than inorganics applied. This yield gap between the treatments needs to be compensated through post compost supplementation process through suitable means. Further success in this line will help to reduce the cost of mushroom cultivation by decreasing quantity of input, labour and transport cost resulting in enhancement of farm income besides relieving chicken manure and wheat bran for other defined uses.
58.
Effect of enrichment of casing materials with Nitrogen fixing and Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria on growth and yield of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica)
DB Shinde, VK Bhalerao* and SB Nadre
AICRP on Mushroom, Plant Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Pune 411005 *email: vkb145@gmail.com
An investigation was carried out to assess the effect of Azotobacter and Phoshorus solubilizing bacteria with casing material on growth and yield of Calocybe indica. All the casing treatments of bioferitilzers i.e. Azotobacter (nitrogen fixer) and Bacillus megaterium (Phosphate solubalizer) either alone or in combination were found effective in improving the growth and yield of Calocybe indica. However, the treatment of P.S.B. alone or in combination performed better as compared Azotobacter alone. The reduction in time for case run (1.0 to 3.6 days) and pinhead formation (1.0 to 4.0 days) was observed due to inoculation of biofertilizers in casing material of Calocybe indica. Desirable changes in C:N ratio and bulk densities of casing materials were also occurred due to inoculums of biofertilizer in casing material. Hence the quality of casing material was improved. Among different casing treatments, the treatments of Soil + FYM + Coir pith + Azotobacter and Phosphate solubilizer was found most effective for the growth of milky mushroom. This treatments of Soil + FYM + Coir pith + Azotobacter shows significant minimum case run period (5.3 days); minimum pinhead formation period (11.3 days); increase in number of pinheads (46 per bed) and marketable fruit bodies (6.30 per bed). Biofertizer inoculation could improve stipe length, girth and diameter of pielus i.e 18.23 cm, 8.13 cm and 9.03 cm, respectively and it was more or less double than the un inoculated control. The average fresh and dry weight of fruit bodies were increased due to the biofertilizers to the tune of 61.46 gm and 4.92 gm over un inoculated control. The significant maximum fresh weight of
49
fruits were obtained in the treatment of Soil + FYM + Coirpith + both the biofertilizers (389 g/kg dry straw) followed by soil + FYM + both the biofertilizers. (365.29 g/kg dry straw) Where as in un inoculated control it was 216.39 g/kg dry straw. In general it was noticed that biofertilizer inoculation at the time of casing increase all growth parameters and yield of milky mushroom.
59.
Comparative performance of Pleurotus species in East and South-eastern coastal plain of Odisha
KB Mohapatra* and B Behera
Department of Plant Pathology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003 *email: drkailashmohapatra@yahoo.com
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) has been commercialized since 1992 in Odisha and is gaining popularity at a tremendous pace. Agro-climatic conditions in Odisha are suitable for growing oyster mushroom from the month of November to February (winter season). P. florida and P. sajor-caju (white and grey types, respectively) are the preferred species. The present investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance of 10 species in the coastal agro-ecological situation of Odisha during winter season. Biological efficiency of P. florida was the highest (115.33 %) followed by Hypsizygus ulmarius (102.83 %) in the investigation. However, another popular species, P. sajor-caju registered lower yield (77.08 %) owing to smaller fruit size (10.16g) in comparison to P. florida (16.16g) and H. ulmarius (30.66 g). P. eous, the pink mushroom, however, had lowest biological efficiency (44.41 %). The yellow mushroom, P. cornucipiae had a modest biological efficiency of 59.33 %. The comparative evaluation of species on quality attributes revealed that fruiting bodies were papery to fleshy in texture. Further, moisture content on oven dry basis ranged from 85.6-90.1 % in P. citrinopileatus and P. fossulatus. The crude protein content (on dry weight basis) varied considerably. P. flabellatus had higher protein content (30.31 %) followed by P. ostreatus (30.61%) and P. eous (30.31 %). P. sajor caju and P. florida recorded protein contents of 27.60 and 22.86 % respectively.
60.
Suitability of different substrates for the cultivation of two species of milky mushrooms Calocybe indica and Calocybe gambosa
D Geetha* and Arthur Jacob
Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani *email: drdgeetha@gmail.com
Calocybe gambosa (Fr.) Sing. obtained during a survey conducted in Koliyoor area of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, was isolated into pure culture, grain spawn prepared, growth and yield parameters assessed and compared with the cultivated species, Calocybe indica (P&C). C.gambosa took more time for spawn run and primordia formation, out yielded C. indica. The sporophores of C. gambosa were more robust and larger than that of Calocybe indica. Among the different substrates tried for the cultivation of these two species, the maximum yield was recorded in paddy straw (480 g and 560 g, respectively for C.indica and C.gambosa) followed by sugarcane bagasse with 455 g and 552 g mushrooms. Banana pseudostem recorded the third best yield. Rubber sawdust performed well in the case of C. gambosa with an average yield of 430 g. The least yield was recorded in neopit and coirpith. Faster spawn run was observed in paddy straw and sugarcane bagasse for both the species and maximum time for spawn run was recorded by saw dust. The mycelial growth was feeble and concentrated in the spawned portions only in the case of neopit.
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61.
Cultivation of white button mushroom on different compost formulation

Surjeet Singh1* and Rupesh Kumar Arora2
1
Deptt. Of Plant Pathology, CCSHAU, Hisar(Haryana) 2 KVK, Tepla, Ambala (Haryana) *email: surjeetmoond@gmail.com
Haryana has become a leading state in mushroom production. Out of the Indias estimated production of 1.2 million tons, Haryana alone produces around 10,000 tons of button mushroom annually. But even this quantity is not sufficient considering growing popularity of mushroom among consumers due to its flavor, nutrition and medicinal attributes. Farmers like it because of its very little land dependence and it is grown indoors. Environmentalists prefer it because of its eco-friendly nature as it uses agriculture wastes/ byproducts as their food and convert them into protein rich food. Efforts have been made to further standardizing the cultivation technology of white button mushroom suitable to their respective local conditions when long method of composting is used. Four different formulations have been tried at the farmers field to get the maximum production of this mushroom. The compost prepared by mixing various dried raw materials (wheat/ paddy/ Brassica straw) in different proportions as 1:1:1,2:1:1, 1:2:1 and 1:1:2, respectively along with the standard proportions of different ingredients i.e. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (3%), Single Super Phosphate (1%), Muriate of Potash (1%), Urea (1.4%), Wheat Bran (10%), Gypsum (10%) and Molasses (1.66%). The maximum production of white button mushroom per quintal of the compost was observed in case of compost formulation (2:1:1) followed by 1:1:1, 1:2:1 and 1:1:2, respectively.
62.
Effect of incorporation of different bacterial cultures in casing mixture during seasonal cultivation of button mushroom
Surjeet Singh* and Ashwani Kumar
Dept. of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agri. University Hisar, Pin 125004 *email: surjeets@hau.ernet.in
Three bacterial cultures namely Rhizoteeka (Rhizobium spp.), Phospoteeka (PSB), Alcaligenes faecalis and their combinations were incorporated in commonly used casing mixtures viz., burnt rice husk (BRH) and BRH + FYM (farm yard manure). Wheat straw based compost prepared by long method and U-3 strain of Agaricus bisporus strains were used for the study. The standard packages of practices were followed for cultivation and observations were recorded for time taken for first harvest and mushroom yield. In case of BRH + FYM as casing mixtures, first harvest was earlier than the BRH alone irrespective of addition of bacterial cultures. This may be due to absence of any microorganisms in the BRH. The additions of bacterial cultures resulted in earlier first picking and increased yield over the control. Significant increase was recorded when all bacterial cultures were added.
63.
Evaluation of paddy and wheat straw based compost during seasonal cultivation of button mushroom
Ashwani Kumar and Surjeet Singh*
Dept. of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agri. University Hisar, Pin 125004 *email: surjeets@hau.ernet.in
Seasonal mushroom growers prepare paddy and wheat straw based compost at their farm by long method. The paddy straw based compost had N 1.6 %, moisture 72 %, pH 7.6 and bulk density 0.635 g/cc; whereas, the wheat straw based compost had N 1.8 %, moisture 70 %, pH 7.4 and bulk density 0.624 g/ cc. The U 3 strain was used for spawning. The spawn run period was 18 days in case of paddy straw based compost where as it was 15 days for wheat straw based compost. The first harvest period was almost similar (25 days from casing) in both the cases. The yield performance was 16.1 kg/q compost in case of wheat straw based compost and 14.8 kg/q of compost for paddy straw strain. Though yield was
51
less when paddy straw is used for composting but farmers were benefitted due to reduction in cost of cultivation because of easy and cheap availability of paddy straw. There was no difference in the disease/ insect pests scenario in both the cases.
64.
Evaluation of different casing materials for milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) cultivation
VK Bhalerao*, DB Shinde and DS Deore
AICRP on Mushroom, Plant Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Pune 411005 (India) *email: vkb145@gmail.com
An experiment was conducted in view to assess the effect of different casing materials on the growth and yield of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica). The casing materials viz. clay loam soil, Coir pith, FYM, Spent compost and their combinations comprising 10 treatments with three replication in RBD were evaluated. Minimum average time required for case run, pin head initiation and fruiting was 7.33, 9.33 and 16.33 day respectively in the casing treatment of coir pith + FYM followed by coir pith + spent compost casing. Maximum numbers of pin head and fruits/ bed were observed maximum in the casing material coir pith + FYM i.e. 39.66 and 18.66/ bed respectively followed by coir pith + spent compost and FYM + spent compost. It indicated less percent mortality of pin heads (52.33%) on coir pith + FYM casing material. The stipe length and pileus diameter of milky mushroom fruits was ranged between 13.10 to 14.80 cm and 10.00 to12.23 cm respectively in various casing materials. Significantly highest average fruit weight (44 g) was recorded in coir pith + FYM treatment and least on clay soil alone (44.66 g). The yield of C. indica ranged between 626 gm in 821 gm/ kg dry straw in various casing materials and maximum of coir pith + FYM followed by coir pith + spent compost (780 g), FYM + spent compost (7.34 g/ kg dry straw) and minimum (629 g) with clay soil alone. Crop yield data in general indicate that coir pith + FYM followed by coir pith + spent compost is the best casing material for cropping of milky mushroom (C. indica).
65.
Studies on spawn production technology of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing

Ravneet Kaur, Mandeep Kaur and S Dhanda
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India *email: ravneetkaurmander@yahoo.com
Spawn is the propagating material used for mushroom production. Quality of spawn is the base of successful mushroom cultivation. Production of spawn depends upon boiling period, period of incubation, different ratios of CaCO3, CaSO4 and initial inoculum amount. Observations were recorded as linear growth rate of mycelium (mm /day). Three different ratios of CaCO3:CaSO4 were used to find out their effects on mycelium colonization of the substrate during spawn production. These ratios were 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1.Maximum mycelium growth rate was on 1:2 ratio. A study on different boiling periods (20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes) was carried out. The results clearly indicated that maximum mycelial growth rate was observed for the boiling period of 30 minutes. The time needed to produce spawn varies and depends largely on the amount of inoculum and growing conditions. The desired mycelium growth was observed between 15-20 days at 250C with frequent shaking every 4-7 days until grains were fully colonized with mycelium. Spawn prepared under these observed conditions was used for the cultivation for comparison of yield with the commercial spawn. The cultivation data is under study.
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66.
Effect of Calcium Sulphate and Calcium Carbonate (CaSO4:CaCO3) supplementation on spawn production of Lentinula edodes strains
Simranjeet Kaur, PK Khanna and Shivani Sharma
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana *email: skapoorpau@gmail.com
Lentinula edodes or Shiitake is a white rot wood decay fungus that produces flavourful brown sporocarps with medicinal properties. Its cultivation is increasing rapidly due to its nutritional and medicinal importance with excellent flavour and longer shelf life. Therefore, the present investigations were carried out to use wheat grains as substrate in combination with calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate for selection of an ideal material for four strains (LeS, OE-38, OE-142 and OE-329) of L. edodes @ 0% (control), 1 and 2%, 1.5 and 3% and 2 and 4% on wet weight basis of the grains. Maximum growth was recorded in terms of linear mycelial growth for strain LeS (121.8mm) followed by OE-38 (121.2mm), OE-329 (116.2mm) and OE-142 (115.8mm). The best growth for all the four strains occurred in the absence of CaSO4 and CaCO3. As the supplement amount was increased, growth of mycelium decreased. The mycelial extension rate increased with increase in incubation period from 9-21 days. The results showed that no supplementation is required for the spawn production of L. edodes strains.
67.
Effect of supplements on yield of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing

Dinesh Rattan, Sabhjeet Kaur, S Dhanda and PP Johl
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India *email: rattandinesh1@gmail.com
Three supplements viz; cottonseed meal, poultry litter and soyabean meal were used with wheat straw+ paddy straw, 1:1w/w compost to evaluate for the amount of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Compost supplemented with soyabean meal showed highest C: N ratio (22:1) and potassium level (10.08g/kg) as compared to compost supplemented with cottonseed meal (19:1), (7.62g/kg); poultry litter (20:1), (4.2g/kg) and unsupplemented compost (21:1), (5.5g/kg). But the phosphorus levels were higher in compost containing poultry litter (2.54g/kg) as compared to soyabean meal (0.74g/kg), cotton seed (0.75g/kg) and unsupplemented compost (1.05g/kg). Compost was bioagumeted with Alcaligenes faecalis for evaluating yield potential of two strains of A. bisporus (U3 and P1). Maximum yield (13.4kg/ 100kg) was observed in compost (wheat straw+ paddy straw, 1:1) supplemented with poultry litter having inoculum of Alcaligenes feacalis at casing stage followed by 8.6kg/100kg from compost supplemented with cottonseed meal. A. bisporus P1 strain also showed maximum yield of 8.2kg/100kg from compost supplemented with poultry litter having inoculum of Alcaligenes feacalis.
68.
Effect of organic amendments on spawn run, sporophore formation and yield of Pleurotus sajor-caju
IJ Elizabeth*, TS Paul, S Beena, SK Mathew and K Nandini
Krishibhavan, Mutholy P.O, Kottayam, Kerala *email: eliza.julie@gmail.com
Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus Spp.) draw their nutritional requirements from a host substrate used for their cultivation.Cereal straw used for the cultivation of oyster mushroom is a poor source of nitrogen which limits mushroom yield. In the present study five different levels of organic amendments namely rice bran (4%, 5% and 6%), neem cake (1%, 3% and 5%), dry Azolla (4%, 5% and 6%), vermiwash (4%, 5% and 6%), and dry biogas slurry (1:0.25, 1:0.5 and1:1) were evaluated and paddy straw used as substrate. The time for spawn run, number of sporophores per bed and yield varied significantly in different level of organic amendments. The shortest spawn run time was determined as twelve days on paddy straw amended with rice bran, neemcake, dry Azolla and vermiwash and the longest was on paddy straw amended with dry biogas slurry. Organic amendments did not exhibit significant effect on the time for sporophore formation. Rice bran (4%, 5% and 6%), neemcake (5%), dry Azolla (4%) and vermiwash (5%)
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gave maximum number of sporophores compared to control (unsupplemented bags). Paddy straw beds amended with 5% rice bran recorded the maximum yield (405.3g/ 500g paddy straw) followed by paddy straw beds amended with 4%dry Azolla (382.8g), 6% rice bran (351.3g) and 4% rice bran (349.3g).
69.
Importance of casing quality and thickness in milky mushroom production

PK Shukla
Crop Protection Division, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH) Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226 101 email: pksmush@gmail.com
Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C) is the most potential species of mushroom for cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions of our country where temperature lies around 30-35 C for at least 4-5 months in a year. Its production has gradually increased but still not achieved the expected level. Cultivation technology of milky mushroom is quite simple but quality fruit body production largely depends upon casing quality. Research emphasized that casing requirement of milky mushroom is unique. Several compositions of casing mixture using loam/ clay loam soil, farm yard manure, vermi compost, cow dung patties, coir dust, rice husk, spent compost of button mushroom, etc in different ratios and at different thickness (2.5-30 mm) were experimented. Results favored 10.0-12.5 mm thickness for best pinning as well as quality fruit body production. General, agreement regarding composition was low nutritional status of casing mixture. Successful casing was achieved using clay loam soil alone and in combination with farm yard manure and spent compost of button mushroom in 40:60 to 60:40 ratios. The pH level around 7.8 to 8.0 is considered best for milky mushroom.
70.
Morphological and yield attributes of different strains of Lentinula edodes

Neelam* and KPS Kushwaha
Mushroom Research & Training Centre, GBPUAT, Pantnagar *email: negineelam.31117@gmail.com
Lentinula edoes (Shiitake) contains biologically active macromolecules with a potential medical application towords immune functions. It contains polysaccharides (Lentinan, K S-2 etc.), which exhibits strong anticancerous and anti-viral properties. It is also used for upper respiratory diseases, poor blood circulation, liver trouble, exhaustion, weakness and is also believed to prevent premature aging. In the present study, the five strains (OE-16, OE-22, OE-28, OE-38, OE-388) of shiitake mushroom were evaluated for their morphological and yield attributes. All the five strains differ morphologically in terms of pileus diameter and length of stipe. The diameter of fruiting body of strain OE-22 (12 cm) and stipe length (7.25 cm) was bigger than other four strains. In terms of spawn run period, strain OE-388 took minimum period of 62 days for spawn run on wheat straw followed by strain OE-22, OE-38, OE-16, OE-28. The strain OE-388 gave the highest yield i.e. 2468bg/8 kg wet wheat straw which was significantly higher than the yield obtained from other strains.
71.
Evaluation of casing variables for cultivation of Agaricus bisporus strain U3

Amanpreet Kaur*, PP Johl, S Dhanda and HS Sodhi
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, P.A.U. Ludhiana *email: preetamanpau@gmail.com
Casing is an important step during cultivation of button mushroom. It promotes a shift of vegetative mycelium to form pinheads leading to mature basidiocarps. Farm yard manure, biogas slurry, burnt rice husk, spent compost, coir pith and sandy soil were used in six combinations to evaluate their impact on yield of Agaricus bisporus strain U3. Casing mixtures were analyzed for the moisture, water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity and mineral analysis. The moisture content ranged between 33.0 to 56.3% with maximum in FYM+CP (1:1) and FYM+BS (1:1). Water holding capacity was the maximum
54
for FYM+CP (1:1) and FYM+BS (1:1). The bulk density ranged between 33.3 to 83.3% and maximum for FYM+BS as well as the control FYM+BS (4:1). No significant variation in pH of casing mixture was observed while electrical conductivity was ranged between 1.1 to 1.7 mmhos cm-1. Microbial count of different casing mixtures was between 3.0-5.7105 which was statistically non-significant with respect to casing mixtures. Different minerals like Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mb, Zn and P were estimated in all the casing soil mixtures. A mixture of farm yard manure and burnt rice husk (1:1) gave maximum yield of 15.1Kg and produced heaviest fruit bodies (average weight 11.2 g). Number of fruiting bodies in casing mixture FYM+BRH (1:1) were 31.4, 26.4, 148.1,31.4 and 8.1 percent higher over FYM+CP (1:1), FYM+SC (1:1), FYM+BS (1:1), FYM and FYM+SS (4:1,control), respectively.
72.
Influence of plant growth regulators on biological efficiency of straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea
KB Mohapatra* and B Behera
Department of Plant Pathology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003 *email: drkailashmohapatra@yahoo.com
Odisha is the leading state in terms of straw mushroom production (8000 tonnes/annum) in the country. However, the conventional outdoor method of cultivation results in unusually low biological efficiency (810%). Eight plant growth regulators were, therefore, evaluated in this investigations for their possible role in yield improvement. The highest yield of 920 g/bed was recorded from the application of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)@ 200 ppm with the days to appearance of pinhead and number of fruiting bodies at 9 and 38.67respectively. However, this yield level was at par with the yield level realized by the treatment that received urea at 2.5 % concentration (883.33 g/bed). It was observed that with the exceptions of micronutrient mixture application at 0.25 % and Gibberellic Acid (GA) at 50 ppm, all other treatments were either equal or more than the yield realized from the control (water spray) treatment (753.33 g/bed). Further, the days taken for pinhead emergence was lowest (8 d) in 2 % glucose treated beds, whereas, it was found highest (10.67 d) in control beds. Hence, the exploratory investigation indicated that IAA @ 200 ppm stimulated early pinning (9 d) as well as higher yield (13.14 %) in V. volvacea with an yield increase of 22.12 % over control.
73.
Yield potential of Pleurotus (sajor-caju) pulmonarius WC-537(Jacq.Fr) on soybean straw with combined effect of various cellulosic wastes
Nasir Ahmad Khan1*, M Sufian Amjad1, Shahbaz Talib Sahi1, Abdul Rehman2 Mehmood Ahmad Randhawa3 and M Asif Ali2
Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 2 Institute of Horticulture Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 3 Department of Continuing Education, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Corresponding Author:nasir_8914@yahoo.com
1
Different substrates were evaluated for cultivation of exotic strain named Pleurotus (sajor caju) pulmonarius WC-537. The mushrooms have long ago drawn courtesy of human beings as a food, nutritionally and medicinally and now-a-days is a leading food component. Among all the three flushes of Pleurotus sajor caju pulmonarius WC-537, the treatment T1 (soybean 100%) produced maximam yield of (312.2g) with biological efficiency of (31.22%).Nevertheless, treatment T5 (Rice husk 100%) gave very poor yield of 199.6 g with biological percentage (19.96). The soybean straw proved one of the best growing substrate among others for getting high yield production of Oyster mushroom and has been recommended for farmers community to fulfill the gap of malnutrition.
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74.
Growth, development and yield of pink oyster mushroom, Pleurotus djamor (Rumph.) Boedijn as affected by different spawn rates
Praneet Chauhan, Dharmesh Gupta*, BC Suman and Manju Sharma
Deptt.of Plant Pathology, Dr.Y.S.Parmar university of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230 (H.P.) *email: dkguhf@rediffmail.com
The pink oyster mushroom, Pleurotus djamor can be cultivated on a wide variety of agricultural and forestry wastes. An attempt was made to cultivate this mushroom using different spawn rates viz; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% on wheat straw substrate. The mean number of days taken for spawn run and primordial initiation exhibited significant differences between different spawn rates. The spawn run was fastest(12.75 days) when spawn rate was 5%, which was followed by lower doses of spawn such as 4%, 3% and so on. Pinhead formation also took place in 14.25 days when 5% spawn rate was used. However, it took 21.25 days for primordia initiation when spawn rate was 1%. Highest yield of 234.9g per 300g dry substrate was achieved @ 5% spawn rate. Lesser yields were recorded when spawn rate was reduced. Highest biological efficiency of 78.3% was achieved at 5% spawn rate and least of 70.7% was obtained at 1%. It was concluded that spawn run was rapid at higher spawn rate but there was not much difference in yield when spawn dose was increased from 3 to 5%. Considering spawn cost and performance shown by different doses, 2-3% spawn rate was found to be the optimum dose for cultivation of Pleurotus.
75.
Performance of black poplar mushroom on different substrates

KPS Kushwaha* and Geeta Sharma
Mushroom Research and Training Centre, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar-263145 (Uttarakhand) *email: kps.kushwaha@gmail.com
Agrocybe aegerita commonly known as Black poplar Mushroom is a widely distributed species, grows in temperate region mostly on poplar and willow wood. This mushroom develops its fruit bodies in nature from spring to autumn and can be cultivated artificially. It has tender and crisp fruit bodies, contains several nutritional and medicinal properties. The medical qualities that can attribute to antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic, anticancer, hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic properties and they are effective in the treatment of hypertension. In present study the substrate wheat straw and saw dust were evaluated alone and with supplementation of wheat bran @5% and 10% on Dry wt basis. The result showed that the substrate wheat straw supplemented with 10% wheat bran, took average minimum period 24.9 days for spawn run but after spawn run and bag cutting, pinhead formation started early in the bags of wheat straw alone(15.1 days) while in sawdust spawn run took place but no primordia seen in any bag. The maximum average yield 263.6 g/2kg wet substrate (53.32% BE) was obtained from the substrate wheat straw supplemented with 10% wheat bran which is significantly higher than the yield recorded from other tested substrates.
76.
Yield performance of Calocybe indica

SK Mishra, KPS Kushwaha*, Anjum Varshney and Geeta Sharma
Mushroom Research & Training Centre, GBPUAT, Pantnagar *email: kps.kushwaha@gmail.com
Ten strains of Calocybe indica (CI-1 to C I-10) were evaluated and C-10 found superior than other strains as it produced maximum 36 number of fruits having 995 g weight/5 kg wet wheat straw with 59.72% biological efficiency and consequently each fruit attended average 27.64 g weight. Therefore CI-10 was choosen evaluate the different substrates and pH for their suitablity. This strain have shown maximum yield i.e. 1055.40 g production of 38 fresh mushroom fruits/ 5kg wet wheat straw with 63.35% biological efficiency. However, inorder to superiorty the other substrates sugarcane baggase + wheat straw (1:2)
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wheat straw + paddy straw (2:1) and Sugarcane baggase + wheat straw (1:1) have shown gradually decrease potential. The substrate paddy straw was found most inferior. The average weight of fruit was recorded 27.7 g from wheat straw, it was less than the the average weight of individual fruit picked from the substrates of all combinations. Similarly, the wet wheat straw of different pH had varied yield potential. Out of 5 pH gredients (6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5) tested, the pH 8 was correlated with highest 1087 g fresh mushroom production/5kg wet substrate. That had 65.2% biological efficiency and 32 number of mushroom fruit, with average weight 33.98 g per fruit body.
77.
Alternative substrates to casing layer for assessing the productivity of Tricholoma giganteum
Lulu Das* and PR Prathibha
College of Agriculture Vellayani, Trivandrum, Kerala *email: luludaspavi@yahoo.co.uk
Tricholoma giganteum is a new potential mushroom most suited for tropical climate of Kerala. Though it resembles Calocybe indica in the morphological characters its non resinous taste and good aroma claim superiority over Calocybe. Two species of Tricholoma have been obtained from the wild after the mushroom showers in 2010. The cultures of both have been deposited at Directorate of Mushroom Research Solan. Like Calocybe casing is essential to give mechanical support to the abnormally sturdy stipe enabling anchorage of the supporting tissue. The vegetative mushroom mycelium is also encouraged to fruit only when it enters a nutrition deficient medium and casing soil provides it. Thus the purpose of casing is to regulate temperature and make available adequate humid atmospheric condition because of its water holding capacity thereby preventing quick decaying of spawned material during summer months. The stimulating effect of the soil micro organisms is also noteworthy for fruiting body formation as bacteria removes metabolites from growing hyphal tips for sporophore initiation. Preliminary studies undertaken have revealed that paddy straw was the best substrate for Tricholoma giganteum when compared to banana pseudostem, saw dust and sugar cane bagasse. The efficacy of various casing materials namely coirpith compost, red soil, sand and cowdung mixture (1:1:1), vermicompost, spent mushroom substrate along with pseudomonas culture filtrates have been studied in detail for stimulation of mycelial growth and increased sporophore formation in Tricholoma giganteum. whereby the yield is increased tremendously in certain treatments .The effects of individual casing materials as well as in combination with Pseudomonas culture filtrates on the sporocarp initiation and yield are dealt with in detail in this paper.
78.
Role of heterotrophic bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis in yield stimulation of button mushroom

AM Tirmali1, VK Bhalerao and DB Shinde*
All India Coordinated Research Project on Arid Zone Fruits, MPKV, Rahuri. All India Coordinated Research Project on Mushroom, Agriculture College, pune *email: mushroompune@rediffmail.com
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The compost was prepared by short method of composting Formula, containing wheat straw 1000 kg + Poultry manure 500 kg + Urea 15 kg + Wheat bran 70 kg + Gypsum 40 kg and ready compost was then analyzed for different quality parameters. The polythene bags of 18"x24" size (150 guage) were filled with 10 kg compost/ bag and spawning was made @ 0.7% of spawn on wet weight basis. For spawning, the U-3 strain of A. bisporus was used. All the casing materials were pasteurized in pasteurization chamber at 800C for 8 hrs. The heterotrophic bacterium Alcaligens faecalis was mass multiplied in Nutrient Agar broth for eight days. The broth cultures of bacterium containing 106 cells/ml, were mixed with different casing material @ 20 ml./ kg casing materials at the time of casing as per given treatments. A uniform layer of 3-4 cm thickness was placed over spawn run compost. The maximum microbial population of A. faecalis (16 X 106) was recorded in the treatment of spent compost (2 year old) + culture of A. faecalis. The same treatment recorded significantly highest mushroom yield of 19.65 kg/100 kg compost, The microbial count of A. faecalis was found to be nil in the treatment of Coir pith alone and the lowest yield of 16.87 kg/100 kg. compost was recorded in the same treatment.
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79.
Shortening the duration of long method compost using thermophilic fungi for white button mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus) cultivation
Ashutosh Pathak*, B Vijay and RM Agarwal1
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan (HP) 173213 1 Department of Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior (MP) *email: ashu_hm@rediffmail.com
Composting is a product of fermentation brought about by the activities of thermophilic organisms and among them fungi especially Scytalidium thermophilum, Humicola insolens and Humicola grisea play a decisive role in bringing about the selectivity and productivity of the compost. Long method of composting is still in vogue in the country and is very popular with the seasonal growers, despite the fact that it has many disadvantages, especially low yields, lengthy procedure, labour intensive, higher weight loss, etc. With a view to shorten the duration of such compost and also to increase its productivity, experiments were conducted at this Directorate using S. thermophilum ( strain X-21), H.insolens ( strain I-33 and I-3) and their consortium as the inoculants. Comparative results of each treatment were analyzed by measuring various physico-chemical factors such as pH, temperature, moisture %, C:N ratio at regular intervals of composting. Diversity of mycoflora were also studied in each treatment at various stages of its preparation. Data obtained indicated that composting period can be brought down to 20 days with a modified schedule of turning especially using particular strain of S. thermophilum which not only reduced the period of composting but also significantly increased the productivity of A. bisporus. This treatment was closely followed by H. insolens treatments. Lowest yield in the experiment was recorded in control (uninoculated) mainly due to high infestation of Coprinius sp.and. Papulaspora bysinia. Infestation of these molds were not at all observed in other treatments. Study indicated that composting period under long method of composting can substantially be brought down using thermophilic fungi as inoculants.
80.
Fruiting body growth performance of diverse oyster mushrooms under different weather conditions in Jorhat, North-East, India, using readily available waste substrates
IO Omomowo1, 2, SG Jonathan2, G Baruah1, AK Bordoloi1*, P Boruah1 and PR Bhattarchayya1
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Medicinal Aromatic and Economic Plant Division, CSIR-North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India 2 Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria *email: a.k.bordoloi@gmail.com, wale_easy@yahoo.com, sg.jonathan@mail.ui.edu.ng
Mushrooms are good source of quality protein, minerals, vitamins and various compound of medicinal value. They can be cultivated with little land space. Several species of the genus Pleurotus have great commercial value in the global market of edible cultivated mushrooms; however, production is affected by environmental conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate the fruiting body production of oyster mushrooms during (October-March). Eight different Pleurotus isolates; P. ostreatus, P. florida , P. pulmonarius, P. flaballatus, P. sajor-caju, Indian isolates and P. pulmonarius, P. flaballatus, P.sajor-caju, Nigerian isolates were grown during the winter season and on-set of hot season using paddy straw, Bamboo waste, Water hyacinth, sugarcane baggasse and sawdust. The effects of wheat bran and horsegram as additives to the growth substrates were also investigated. In all, different results was recorded for spawn run days, primordial formation, fruiting body yield, biological yield and biological efficiency. The production was optimal for P. ostreatus, P. florida, P. flaballatus during the peak winter season of December to January with conditions of (5-20 C and RH 80-90%); while higher productivity was recorded for the Nigerian strains during the on set of spring with temperatures and relative humidity of (15-26C and RH of 75-90%). This result has shown that diverse oyster mushrooms strains can be used as a tool to ensure all year round production and for diversification of sustainable livelihoods; mushroom cultivation can be integrated into secondary agriculture in order to serve as a means of getting more nutritional food and sustainable income for rural poor.
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Mushroom Protection
Lead lecture-1
81. Role of nematodes in button mushroom productivity in India
Harish K Bajaj
Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 Email: harishbajaj.nema@gmail.com
Beds of Button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, harbour a diversity of nematodes- bacteriovorous, fungivorous, nematode predators, myco-entomophagous and Entomopathogenic. Nematodes feeding upon bacteria have open mouth without armature and belong to orders Rhabditida, Cephalobida and Diplogasterida. They are most common in incompletely pasteurized compost and their role in mushroom production varies from beneficial, neutral or antagonistic, depending upon the quality of pasteurization of compost, type of bacteria present in compost/ casing material, and time of entry of nematodes and bacteria. Fungal feeding nematodes belonging to genera Aphelenchoides Fischer and Aphelenchus Bastian (order Aphelenchida) are common in mushroom beds in Northern India. They are voracious, active feeders of mushroom mycelia and are equipped with a specialized mouth part stylet that is inserted into the hyphae during feeding. The hyphal protoplasm is sucked by rapid pulsation of median oesophageal bulb resulting in the emptying of hyphae. They have high fecundity, complete their life cycle in less than a weeks time, and complete several generation in a crop season. They enter in to the mushroom houses with ingredients of compost or casing material, used trays and racks, water, and air. Spent compost, if used as casing material, serves as a major source of nematode contamination. Nematodes produce non specific symptoms of poor mycelial growth and sporophore production. Very poor to no mycelial network formation or patchy mycelial growth occurs in case nematodes are present in the compost at the time of spawning. Such mushroom beds yield little or no buttons. In case nematode-contaminated casing material is used, first few flushes are normal but little yield is obtained in subsequent flushes that become irregular. Yield losses to the extent of 27-100% have been reported depending upon the species (Aphelenchoides composticola/ A. swarupi/ A. sacchari/ Aphelenchus avenae), numbers and time of their entry in to the cropping system. Since no nematode resistant cultivar of A. bisporus or effective chemical nematicides is available so far, the best way to manage these nematodes is by observing strict hygienic conditions. Application of 4% (w/v) Neem Seed Kernel Water Extract at spawning @ 7.5 liter per q compost has been recommended as prophylactic measure. Fortunately, mushroom beds of Northern India also house beneficial nematodes feeding upon mycophagous nematodes and insect pests. Seinura paratenuicaudata and S. oxyura, are obligate predator of nematodes. They have short life cycle of 4-5 days, high fecundity and may kill 6-10 preys in a day. They suck the contents of prey with the help of stylet- a structure also present in fungivorous nematodes. They can be cultured on A. avenae, a species very amenable for mass production on a variety of fungi. Fictor composticola, an omnivorous nematode, feeds upon bacteria and also predates upon nematodes. It kills the prey by rupturing the body with well developed teeth. It also has a short life cycle of 4-5 days, high fecundity and may kill 40-50 preys per day. It can be easily cultured on prey nematodes as well on a variety of organic substances amenable to bacterial decomposition. Both these genera- Seinura and Fictor spp. are, therefore, potential candidates for their exploitation as biological control agents of nematode pests of mushroom. Phorid and sciarid flies cause considerable damage to mushroom cultivation. Interestingly, nematodes that parasitize insects are also present in mushroom beds, and can be exploited for their control. Deladenus species have alternation of insectivorous and myceliophagous generations. Since species of this genus have already been successfully used for the control of Sirex flies, indigenous species occurring mushroom beds can explored for the managing insect pests of mushroom. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) have also the potential of managing fly menace in mushroom houses.
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Oral presentations
82. Optimization of cultural growth parameters of Mycogone perniciosa under lab conditions
Aparna Sabharwal* and S Kapoor
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities,Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004 *email: aprna_sabharwal@yahoo.com
Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach, is the most commonly cultivated mushroom worldwide. The annual world production of button mushroom has reached 3.5 million tons. Mycogone perniciosa (Magnus) the causal organism of wet bubble also known as La Mol disease of button mushroom. The disease is very contagious and results in severe crop loss. In the present study the effect of external factors like medium type, pH and temperature of medium on the growth of Mycogone perniciosa was studied. Mycopathogen was isolated from button mushroom crop of Tarsikka, Wingerwal and Nabha regions of Punjab. One reference strain of the pathogen was collected from Department of Microbiology, Mycology section, Punjab Agricultural University. The optimal conditions for growth and storage of mycopathogen were studied. Both malt extract and potato dextrose media supported the mycelial growth in liquid and solid state. However the use of malt extract was not superior to that of potato dextrose medium. The optimal culture conditions in liquid and solid state were pH ranging between 6.8-7.5 and temperature of 25C. The mycelial growth of fungi (in gms.) in liquid state and (in cm) in solid state were observed within pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 and temperature range 15C to 30C. Further studies on mycopathogen both in vitro and in vivo for control of the mycopathogen and yield loss of white button mushroom are currently being assessed.
83.
Insect and nematode pests affecting Macrocybe cultivation

Satish Kumar*, RC Upadhyay and VP Sharma
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan (HP) 173213 *email: satish132@gmail.com
Macrocybe is an agaricoid fleshy fungus, which belong to the Trichlomataceae with 7 species recorded from the world. Most of the Macrocybe spp. are tropical to sub tropical in nature which includes M. titans, M. crassa, M. gigantean, M. lobayensis, M. pachyneas, M. praegardis and M. spectabilis. The fruiting bodies of some of the species are one of the largest mushrooms in Triclomataceae. Only three species namely M. crassa, M. gigantean and M. pachyneres have been recorded from India. In one of our regular survey for collection of wild mushroom, a specimen of M. gigantean was collected from south Rajasthan and successfully cultivated at Directorate of Mushroom Research in 2007. Recently in one of the cultivation trial heavy incidence of insect-pests and nematodes were recorded. Mass pin head death and swollen and leathery stipe was common signs observed. Cross section of cut stipe revealed the presence of sciarid larvae with distinct head feeding inside the stipe. Tunneling was not prominent as in case of button mushroom. Sciarid larvae feed on the compost, mushroom myceli-um and mushroom. Larvae initially feed on compost due to which pH of the substrate changes which slows down the growth of mushroom mycelium. As the infestation by larvae is often in groups, bare patches without mushrooms can be seen on the beds. After sporo-phore formation, larvae enter the stipe and start feeding and forming tunnel in the stipe. Eventually they reach the pileus and vigorously feed on gills. When larvae attack pin heads, further development of pins stops and pins eventually die. Sciarids are small fungal gnats. Colour of flies vary from brown black to black. Body length varies from 1.5-3.5 mm to 2-5 mm depending upon the species. Antennae are long (14 annuli) which are held character-istically errect. Wing veination is less reduced than phorids. Fused costa and subcosta represent the thick costal margin of forewing. Radial and radial sector veins are thick with cross veins between them. Abdomen of male is slender, terminating in claspers where as in case of female it is swollen and terminates in pointed ovipositor. Extraction of Casing soil and dead pin heads revealed the presence of large number of myceliophagous nematodes also.In the present case sciarid infestation and nematode attack at pinning and early stage of development caused complete crop failure.
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Mushroom Protection
Poster presentations
84.
Coprinellus bisporus : an aggressive competitor of button mushroom during rainy season cultivation
VP Sharma*, Satish Kumar, Rajender Singh and Raj Kumar
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan *email: vpsharma93@gmail.com
Heavy infection of Coprinus was recorded during the cultivation of button mushroom in the months of July, August and September, 2012. The contaminant appeared as white mycelium closely resembling Agaricus bisporus mycelium and difficult to identify at the spawn run stage in the compost. However when the mycelium impregnated casing layer it appeared as a patch of white mycelial growth resembling to common stroma, a abiotic disorder generally associated with poor environmental conditions. In the older compost the fructification of Coprinus resulted in fruit bodies with white long slender stipe. The cultures were isolated from the compost /casing. Pure culture was raised and pathogenecity was established by re inoculation, development of symptoms and reproduction of the disease symptoms. Molecular identity of the fungus was established as Coprinellus (Synonymus: Coprinus) bisporus. Effect of different nutrient level was studied at four levels that are 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0% Malt extract slants. There was no fruit body formation in nutrient poor slants whereas Coprinus fruit bodies were formed after 7-15 days in 1 and 2% malt extract slants. Similarly, when these inoculated cultures were incubated at different temperatures (15, 25 and 38C) there was no fruit body formation at low temperature.
85.
Effect of some common fungicides for the management substrate diseases of mushroom and mycelial proliferation of Pleurotus florida
Sudarshan Maurya*, JP Sharma and S Kumar
ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India *email: maurya_sd@rediffmail.com
Mushrooms are severely affected by the mycoparasites and substrate decomposing fungi which cause several diseases in spawn, mushrooms and their substrates. Among the fungal diseases, white rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), green mould (Trichoderma harzianum), blue green mould (Penicillium chrysogenum) and brown plaster mould (Papulaspora byssina) are common competitors of paddy straw substrates in the Eastern Region of India. Some fungicides namely, carbendazim 50WP, Mancozeb 75WP, Ridomil-MZ (8% Metalaxyl + 64% Mancozeb) are (0.05, 0.075 and 0.1%) concentrations to see the effect on substrate decomposing fungi and P. florida. Redomil-MZ showed strong antifungal efficacy against S. rolfsii, P. byssina and P. florida inhibiting 100% mycelial growth at 9.05% low concentration. Carbendazim showed strong antifungal properties which inhibited >80% growth of the T. harzianum, P. byssina at the same concentration (0.05%). But P. florida, S. rolfsii and P.chrysogenum were unaffected against all the test concentrations. Mancozeb inhibits 100% growth of P. chrysogenum at all the test concentrations but the growth of P. byssina >80 growth was arrested at 0.05% but the mycelial growth of P. florida was also inhibited up to 30% at 0.1% concentration. This result showed that, Mancozeb may be applied for the management of blue green mould disease of spawn caused by P. chrysogenum and Carbendazim for production of mushroom which inhibits wide range of substrate decomposing fungi and also good for mycelial proliferation of P. florida.
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86.
Diseases of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica P. &C.) and their management

Sameera Pothukattil
Krishi Bhavan Thanneermukkom Varanad (Po) Alapuzha (Dt) Kerala email: sameerap82@gmail.com
Survey was conducted in four milky mushroom farms, of Thrissur district n Kerala state on the occurrence of diseases of milky mushroom. Both biotic and abiotic problems were identified during the survey. Biotic problems include fungal and bacterial diseases; among this bacterial blotch is the most problematic one, noticed in all locations. Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. Were found to be associated causing bacterial blotch. Incidence of bacterial blotch can be serious if the humidity is more than 90 per cent and if there is free water available on sporophore. Dactylium dendroides and Penicillium sp. are the two fungi causing diseases on sporophore. Seven weed fungi were found to interfere with spawn running of milky mushroom namely Trichoderma sp., Coprinus sp., Chaetomium indicum, Rhizoctonia solani, Curvularia sp., Sclerotium sp., and Aspergillus sp. The common abiotic problems noticed are scaling, splitting and malformation of mushroom, which are associated with high temperature and moisture stress. The unfavourable dry condition can cause a light browning of the surface of the young sporophore and as the sporophore expands these tissues breaks and results in the scaling and splitting of sporophore.
87.
Effect of chemicals on control of Mycogone perniciosa (Magnus) Delacr. causing wet bubble disease of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.
Sandeep Kaur, Aparna Sabhrawal, S Dhanda and HS Sodhi*
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana *email: drhssodhig@rediffmail.com
The in vitro toxicity of four chemicals namely carbendazim, formaldehyde, thiram and zineb was studied against Mycogone perniciosa, causing wet bubble disease of button mushroom and Agaricus bisporus strain (U3) on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA). A. bisporus was found sensitive to formaldehyde at 10ppm concentration. Carbendazim, thiram and zineb were less inhibitory for the growth of A. bisporus. These fungicides further used against M.perniciosa to show its inhibition. Complete suppression (100%) of M. perniciosa was at 10ppm carbendazim and 30 ppm formaldehyde whereas only 26.15% and 21.54% inhibition were observed in case of zineb and thiram up to 40ppm concentration. Carbendazim was selected for the in vivo control of M. perniciosa @ 5 and 10 times higher concentrations than that of promising in vitro dose (10ppm).
88.
Wet bubble and dry bubble - A dreadful disease of white button mushroom
Rupesh Kumar Arora* and Upasana Singh
KVK, Tepla, Ambala (Haryana) *email: arorarkmrtc@gmail.com
Wet bubble and dry bubble diseases are the common and serious fungal diseases of white button mushroom. Wet bubble and dry bubble disease is caused by the fungus Mycogone perniciosa and Vericillium fungicola, respectively. Once the disease appeared in the crop room/hut then it leads to drastically reduction of the yield and sometimes leads to complete crop failure. The spores of the wet bubble disease persists in the crop room and cause hindrances in the cultivation of the white button mushroom and subjected to the closure of the mushroom farms in District Ambala,Haryana. Either farmers have to left the crop room for 1-2 years or left the crop room and adopt some another crop room for the cultivation. If the same crop room is being used for the cultivation of mushroom cultivation the it should be properly fumigated prior taking the crop by dipping Potassium permaganate in the Formaldehyde solution guided by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tepla, Ambala. The symptoms of the respective disease are: Wet bubble produces two main symptoms, infected sporophores and sclerodermoid masses, which are the result of infection
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Mushroom Protection
of M.perniciosa at different stages in the development of the sporophores.The disease also results into white mouldy growth on the mushrooms, leading to their putrification(giving foul odour) with a golden brown liquid exudates. Cross section of deformed sporophores without cottony growth showed black circular area just beneath the upper layer. M. perniciosa spreads primarily through casing soil but the introduction of pathogen through other agencies, like spent compost and infected trash, can not be ruled out. Water splash is an important factor for wet bubble spread on the beds. Chlamydospores have been reported to survive upto 3 years. In dry bubble infection, the whitish mycelial growth is initially noticed on the casing soil, which has a tendency to turn grayish yellow. If infection takes place in an early stage, typical onion shaped mushrooms are produced. When affected at a late stage, crooked and deformed mushrooms with distorted mushrooms with distorted stipes and tilted cap can be seen. On fully developed fruit bodies, localized light brown depressed spots appeared, later on coalesce and form irregular brown blotches. The disease is introduced in the crop room by infected casing soil. Spread occurs by infected equipments, hands and clothings.The fungus is soil borne and spores can survive in the moist soil for one year. Use of sterilized casing soil, proper disposal of spent compost and proper hygiene and sanitation are essential to avoid to primary function. Application of carbendazim and chlorothalonil @0.1% into casing mixture have been recommended for the management of Wet Bubble. Two to three sprays of zineb(Dithane Z-78)@ 0.15% ,Carbendazim, Benomy or thiophenate methyl @ 0.1 % immediately after casing have been recommended for the management of Dry Bubble.Use of formaldehyde immediately after casing is advocated for the effective management of both the diseases.
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Post-harvest, Quality and Marketing/Extension
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Lead lecture-1
89. Mushroom processing: problems and scope
Devina Vaidya
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan email: devinavaidya@yahoo.com
Mushrooms have captivated humans since ancient times. They are a product of transformation inedible waste into edible biomass, and are generally being accepted as food of high quality, flavour and nutritive value. Mushrooms, a form of fleshy edible fungi, containing about 90 per cent moisture are a rich source of proteins having most of the essential amino acids. About 20 genera of mushrooms are being cultivated as food throughout the world. Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing popularly known as the button mushroom is extensively cultivated throughout the world and India largely grown this species, contributing about 40 per cent of the total world production. Mushrooms are highly perishable cannot be stored for more than twenty four hours at ambient temperature. After harvest, changes like browning, loss of moisture and changes in texture occur, and result in spoilage. To increase the postharvest life of button mushroom different treatments like precooling, packing, irradiaition and processing techniques have been successfully utilized. These value added products are need of the hour for mushroom growers not only to reduce the losses but also to enhance income by value addition and boost consumption of this crop. Consumer demand for ready-to-use foods including sliced mushrooms has increased rapidly in recent years. Sliced mushrooms differ from whole mushrooms because they have a greater surface area which amplifies spoilage problems. Correct chilled storage of sliced mushrooms from harvest to cooking is essential to decrease the rate of spoilage. Packaging is also important as it reduces dehydration. Approaches to extending mushroom shelf life by using novel packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, controlled atmosphere storage or insertion of absorbent material into packaging material have been investigated with mixed outcomes. In long term storage drying/dehydration at 60OC for 8hrs under cabinet drier and 502OC for 7 hrs under dehumidified drier with pre treatments of water blanching + 0.05% KMS + 0.1% citric acid + 125ppm EDTA is the best option than canning and pickling. However, this technique is most commonly used for all the mushrooms except white button mushroom as drying result in extremely poor rehydration with irreversible loss of the typical texture. From the investigations, it has been observed that these dried mushrooms if converted into mushroom powder can be successfully utilized for the development of further mushroom based value added products like pasta, noodles, soup mix, cutlet mix , fortification of indigenous products etc. Development of novel value added products in order to extend their marketability and availability to the consumer in fresh and processed form is need of the hour to prevent post harvest losses especially in highly perishable commodities.
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Lead lecture-2
90. Status of mushroom processing: Global and Indian scenario
S Kapoor
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004 E mail: skapoorpau@pau.edu
World mushroom production is continuously increasing over the last 50 years and has shown a steep increase in the last decade. Major mushroom producing countries are China, USA and the several European countries including Netherlands, France, Germany and Poland. China produces approximately 70 per cent of world mushroom production, and mushroom is their sixth economically important crop as far as countrys revenue generation is concerned. The second highest mushroom producing country is USA, followed by some of the European countries. India contributes about 3% of the total produce. Mushroom is a novel food item with a huge potential for the demand of processed and fast foods. Since white button mushroom is the most acceptable variety, there is a need to process this mushroom for its assured supply throughout the year. Mushrooms, being highly perishable due to high moisture content and delicate texture, are prone to spoilage. Various processing and preservation technologies like sun drying, chemical drying (freeze drying, fluidized bed drying, batch type cabinet drying, osmotic drying etc.), irradiation treatment of mushrooms, canning, pickling etc. have been developed to improve the shelf life and consumption of mushrooms. The use of sodium hypochlorite, calcium chloride with oxine, sodium erythorbate, potassium metabisulphite has been suggested to avoid bacterial spoilage. However, the use of some of these chemicals is now restricted by various countries and the need for use of non-chemical methods is therefore the need of the hour. Modified atmospheric packaging of mushrooms where rate of gas permeation through the packaging material equals respiratory exchange, has been shown to delay senescence and maintain quality after harvest. Modified humidity package and controlled atmospheric storage has also been suggested for improved shelf life of mushrooms. Refrigeration followed by pre cooling, vacuum cooling or ice bank cooling could also improve the mushroom shelf life alongwith steeping preservation and canning. Value can be added to the mushrooms at various levels, right from grading to the readymade snack or the main course item. Improved and attractive packaging is another important area in vogue in the developed countries. Real value added product in the India ,market is the mushroom soup powder. Technologies for other products like mushroom based biscuits, nuggets, pre-serves, noodles, papad, candies and readymade mushroom curry in retort pouches have been developed but are yet to be popularized. Per capita mushroom consumption chart indicated highest consumption in Netherlands (11.62kg) followed by Ireland (6.10kg), Belgium (4.46kg). As per Indian estimate, per capita consumption in India is about 90g. While small farmer can add value to his produce through grading and packaging, the processing industry can give mushroom products for better health and economic returns as well as improvement in the demand which will improve upon the present mushroom production scenario.
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Oral presentations
91. Post-harvest management of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) through osmoconvective drying
BK Mehta1*, SK Jain2, GP Sharma2, A Doshi3, HK Jain4
2
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (BAU), Post:-Jirwabari, Dist:-Sahibganj (Jharkhand), Pin-816109 Department of Processing & Food Engineering, CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan), Pin-313001 3 Department of Plant Pathology, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan), Pin-313001 4 Department of Agricultural Statistics and Computer Applications, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, Pin-313001 *email: bkmehtactae@gmail.com and sanjaykjain16@hotmail.com
The osmo-convective drying of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was carried out by immersing sliced mushroom in 10, 15 and 20% salt solutions at 35, 45 and 55C temperatures for two hours. The effect of process parameters (duration of osmosis, salt concentration and temperature of brine) on mass transport data (water loss and salt gain) were studied. It was found that water loss and salt gain after two hours of osmosis increased in the range of 41.80 to 50.06 per cent and 2.94 to 3.94 per cent, respectively with increase of salt concentration and brine temperature. The process parameters for osmotic dehydration of mushroom sample were optimized using response surface methodology. The optimum operating conditions were found to be brine temperature of 44.89oC, salt concentration of 16.53% and osmosis time of 47.59 min. At this optimum point, water loss and salt gain were predicted to be 40.55 per cent and 2.98 per cent respectively. The convective drying behaviour of osmotically dehydrated mushroom sample at optimized conditions were assessed at drying temperatures of 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85oC with air velocity of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s. The optimization of input parameters (drying temperature and air velocity) of convective drying was also carried out by adopting full factorial design on the basis of various quality parameters viz. drying time, ascorbic acid and colour (L value) as well as water activity. Study revealed that, convective drying of osmotically dehydrated mushroom sample with 65oC drying temperature and 2.0 m/s air velocity was best for optimum response among the range of variables taken for the study. The osmo-convectively dried mushroom sample retained 26.71 mg/100 g dm ascorbic acid with 60.99 colour (L-value) and 0.321 water activity at optimum conditions of drying.
92.
Status and problems of mushroom cultivation in Punjab

Ramanpreet Singh and Prabhjot Kaur*
Department of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana *email: prabhjot1962@gmail.com
The study entitled Status and problems of mushroom cultivation in Punjab was undertaken to ascertain the status and problems of farmers regarding mushroom cultivation as well to study the market channels used by the farmers for marketing of mushroom. Ninety respondents were randomly selected from two randomly selected clusters. The data were collected with the help of interview schedule by personally interviewing the respondents. Most of the respondents were educated up to matric level, had operational land holding between 5-10 acres, belonged to nuclear families having upto 5 members, had mushroom cultivation as main occupation. Most of the respondents used friends as a source of information for mushroom cultivation and all of them were seasonal growers and 46.67 per cent of respondents reported that the total mushroom production was of medium level i.e. 100-350 qts in a year. Majority of respondents had medium and high level of mass media exposure, low level of risk bearing capacity and medium level of scientific orientation, had experience in mushroom cultivation from 7-14 years with area more than 100 sq. meters. The large majority of respondents (87.77%) cultivated mushroom on commercial scale and started mushroom unit with more than 150 trays. Majority of respondents wanted to increase area under mushroom cultivation. Most of the respondents had not adopted PAU recommended varieties, had grown button mushroom, used ammonical smell method for recognizing the final grade of compost, harvested mushroom daily after 40-45 days of sowing. All the respondents used grain spawn for mushroom cultivation
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and used chemicals for disinfectant purpose, used 3.0-3.5 feet gap between rows and lines. Majority of the respondents reported tedious job, lack of subsidy in mushroom cultivation, higher incidence of disease, no fixed price and lack of transport infrastructure as problems in mushroom cultivation. All the respondents sold this produce in fresh form and prefer to sell their produce to whole sellers.
93.
Mushroom growing a step towards secondary agriculture

L Garg* and HS Gill
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ferozepur (Pb.) *email: lovleeshgarg@gmail.com
Mushroom cultivation can be opted as a potential subsidiary occupation and is beneficial in many ways like subsidiary occupation or secondary agriculture, crop diversification, safety of environmental safety and nutritional security at local level. This occupation will not only help the small farmers but also be beneficial for the land less farmers, who can opt this and increase their income and lift their family socioeconomic status. This occupation requires small space & few resources to start it at commercial scale. It has other benefits like conservation of the energy for efficient use as instead of burning of paddy and wheat straw these can be used as base for mushroom cultivation which not only solve the burning and environmental pollution problem but also helps in generating additional revenue and also helps in healthier family diet. Moreover mushroom cultivation does not require big investment and high skilled labour. Moreover this occupation can be adopted by the house hold ladies, too. Mushroom cultivation can be started in a room of 10X10X10 feet and about Rs. 1.8 lakh construction cost/fixed cost. About 8 q of wheat/paddy straw (chopped) will require 15-20 man days depending upon the type of mushroom grown and total cost of production around 6000 Rs and mushroom production around 225 kg and net profit of Rs. 7000 will be there from one lot of mushroom production. In this way if all the farming families of Punjab start the mushroom cultivation even at the domestic level with the use of 3 qtl of wheat/paddy straw then around 12.0 lakh farming families are there in Punjab and if 25% of them adopt this occupation at household level then they require around 9.0 lakh q of wheat/paddy straw and Punjab has been producing around 20-22 lakh tones of paddy straw (www.indianexpress.com/news/take-steps). It will solve the problem of straw burning and it results in efficient management of resources. And it leads to 2.50 lakh q of mushroom and earns around 15 lakh thousand rupees as revenue. It also ensures about 18 lakh man days employment to rural/unemployed youth of the state Punjab. As per the nutritional experts 3 mushrooms per day per person is good to keep a person fit and healthy. It means around 50 gm per capita per day is the requirement of mushroom and in this way India requires about 6.0 lakh tones of mushrooms per day. To achieve this KVKs and SAUs can play a very important role by imparting training on mushroom cultivation to rural youth. Moreover by burning of straw loss of nutrient was also there that too in the tune of loss of entire amount of C, 80% of N, 25% of P, 50% of S and 20% of K present in straw is lost due to burning, it also pollutes the atmosphere. If the crop residues are incorporated or retained, the soil will be enriched, particularly with organic carbon and N. The exhausted compost after successful mushroom cultivation is good source of fertilizer and can be applied to farming fields and in that way can reclaim the soil with the nutrients like N, P, and K. KVK, Ferozepur has conducted around the 211 demonstration on the mushroom cultivation during the 2010, 2011 and 2012. It is revealed from the results of the demonstration that majority of the farmers/farm women have adopted mushroom cultivation, some on commercial scale and many on domestic level. To increase the role of women in family income demonstration were also conducted amongst the women farmers and they were very keen and adopted the occupation at the domestic level. Many farmers come forward for processing/ value addition of the mushroom and they were demonstrated about the different products made from mushroom like mushroom pickle, drying of mushroom, mushroom powder, mushroom soup and many recipes for the cooking of mushroom. Many farmers/farm women have adopted value addition and are very keen to go on large scale steadily.
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94.
Effect of Calcium Chloride on post-harvest anti browning of button mushroom

Mohini Prabha Singh*, Sabhjeet Kaur, MS Alam and HS Sodhi
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India *email: elektra803@yahoo.co.in
Mushrooms are highly perishable and tend to lose quality right after harvest due to biotic (bacterial spoilage, enzymatic browning or activation of tyrosinase) and abiotic (spontaneous oxidation) factors. Agaricus bisporus strains U3 and S11 were treated with calcium chloride as washing agent @ 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15% to check for its effect on post harvest storage of mushroom fruit bodies. Physical (color, texture, moisture content), chemical (protein, fat and carbohydrate content) and microbiological (total plate count) parameters of the mushrooms were observed. The weight loss did not show significant change when compared with untreated mushrooms. The bacterial count of both the strains was within limit in all the three concentrations. Treatment of U3 and S11 strains with 0.15% CaCl2 upto 3 days of storage gave maximum L value (84.63, 83.22 respectively) in polyethylene bags. The texture profile analysis suggested that the texture decreased with storage time. It was found to be more for treated mushrooms than the untreated ones in case of S11 (maximum hardness at 0.1% CaCl2) while for U3, the difference between the treated and non treated was not significant. There was no significant change in the carbohydrate, protein and lipid content of the mushrooms with storage for both the strains.
95.
In missing dimensions of human vision - mushroom a ray of hope

Namrata Premji
Chhattisgarh Mushroom Corner, Shastri Nagar, Raipur-492001 (CG) *email: namrata.prem07@gmail.com
Mushroom production is proving a boon to blinds.This fact was realised during a process of training programme of oyster mushroom production to rural population of Chhattisgarh State. A group of 15 totally blind youth of either sex were selected as trainees and with mere 3 days training programme were able to deliver amusing results. They have opted mushroom as ancillary source of earning livelihood since then. This venture however is an initial attempt and deserves further evaluation to establish mushroom as a source of earning livelihood by unfortunate and deprived individual eg Blinds in whom earning livelihood is a himalayan task.
96.
1
Mushroom farming: a means for gainful employment, income and nutritional security
Nita Khandekar1*, Meera Pandey2, G Senthil Kumaran3 and MR Hegde4
Division of Extesnion and Training; 2Division of Plant Pathology; 3Section of Agricultural Engineering; 4Division of Extesnion and Training, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru *email: nita@iihr.ernet.in
India is a country with diverse agro climate, which ranges from extreme temperate in the Himalayan regions to subtropical in the southern regions and tropical in the plains. This climate diversity ensures variety of crop production leading to the production of approximately 602 million tons of different types of lignocellulosic wastes, which can be recycled. The country reached the state of cereal security since the last two decades; however, we still are far from reaching nutritional security. The average nutritional status of the country is poor especially among women and children in rural areas. The mushroom consumption in India is as low as 50-75 g/annum as compared to other countries like Mexico and Zimbabwe wherein the per capita consumption is reported to be 4.80-7.53 kg/annum in and 1.8 kg/annum. Unemployment and low income is also a social concern. Under these conditions, mushroom cultivation and consumption can be a viable, eco-friendly alternative for employment generation, alternative source of income, recycling lignocellulosic wastes, and better nutrition for the predominantly vegetarian population. A survey was undertaken through personal interview method among 70 respondents from villages in Koppal, Gadag, Belgaum, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Mysore, Madigere, Kodagu and Bangalore districts. The data
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shows that with proper management and guidance, mushroom farming is a remunerative enterprise not only in terms of income generation, but also creation of employment opportunity and enhancement of the nutritional status of the respondents and clientele in general. However, the respondents lack proper knowledge about mushroom production technology as had been revealed by the earlier report also. Quality spawn is a major problem faced and three respondents had discontinued.
97.
Study of quality characteristics of fluidized bed dried button and oyster mushrooms
Sunil Kumar1, BK Mishra2*, NK Jain3, and KC Sharma3
1
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Abohar (Punjab) 2 National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer (Rajasthan) 3 AICRP on Post-harvest Technology, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan) *email: bkmmicro@gmail.com
Fluidized bed dryer was used for drying of edible mushrooms of genus Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom) and Pleurotus sojar-caju (oyster mushroom). The dried flakes were analyzed for their chemical, reconstitutional and textural properties. Dried mushrooms contained 88-89% of moisture. Total protein and soluble protein contents in dried button mushroom were 28.0 and 1.09%, while for oyster mushroom were 23.2 and 0.56%, respectively. Button mushroom (299 kcal/100 g) and oyster mushroom (246 kcal/ 100 g) had very low calorific values and iron (0.011-0.012%). On the basis of reconstitutional and textural properties, the oyster mushroom showed good results as compared to button mushroom for all the parameters tested at all the drying temperatures (40, 50 and 60oC). Desirable colour with value of 68.4 was highest for oyster mushroom flakes at 40C drying air temperature. Lowest water activity (0.42) was noted in oyster mushroom at 50C drying air temperature. Oyster mushroom showed high rehydration ratio and coefficient of rehydration values and took less time for drying compared to button mushroom. However, drying at 50oC gave best results for oyster mushroom.
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98. Evaluation of aflatoxin contamination in edible mushrooms from Jammu
Himali Kotwal, Dimple Gupta and YP Sharma*
Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006 (J&K) *email: yashdbm3@yahoo.co.in
Mushrooms are among the most important foods of humankind as they are not only nutritive but are also indispensable for the maintenance of health. They are the valuable health foods low in calories and high in proteins, dietary fibers, vitamins and minerals. Their medicinal attributes are immense and possess antitumor, anti-bacterial and anti-parasitic properties and help in reducing risk of cancer. Freshly harvested mushrooms are highly perishable because of the high moisture content, metabolism and susceptibility to enzymatic browning. Their quality starts declining soon after harvesting, resulting in spoilage. In order to make their availability through the year around, drying has been the best method. But due to unscientific methods of collection, drying, storage, transportation and marketing, these dried mushrooms are prone to deteriorating effects of storage microorganisms, especially fungal species, which flourish very well on them and may deteriorate their quality by producing discolouration, bad-odour and off-flavour, loss of nutritive value and production of mycotoxins. Considering the importance of dried mushrooms, natural aflatoxin contamination of market samples of dried wild edible mushrooms was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. A total of 69 samples (23 samples of dried Morchella spp., 16 samples of Geopora sp. 15 samples of Sparasis spp. and 15 samples of Pleurotus spp.) collected for different markets were evaluated for the presence of aflatoxins B1 and B2. Only 5 samples of dried Morchella were detected positive for aflatoxin contamination and surprisingly, aflatoxin B2 appeared as a sole contaminant of investigated samples with a range of 16.39-65.61ng/g which exceeds the maximum limit of 20g/g set by World Health Organisation (WHO) and 30ppb set forth by Indian health authorities. Therefore, there is an ardent for routine scrutiny and monitoring of these dried edible mushrooms during drying, storage and marketing.
99.
Preliminary processing of mushrooms for value addition

Poonam Aggarwal*, Amarjeet Kaur, Sukhpreet Kaur
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana *email: sachdev_poonam@pau.edu
The long term preservation of mushroom can be achieved by freezing, drying and canning. Apart from using these methods, mushrooms may be processed as salted mushroom ( a semi-finished product); pickles and marinated mushrooms, powders, pastes, concentrates and extracts. But the proper quality of mushroom product can be obtained by preliminary processing. The basic aim of preliminary processing is to prevent adverse changes in color and to minimize the weight lose in mushroom along with changes in their nutritive value and sensory quality. Preliminary processing most frequently includes washing, blanching and smoking or vacuum moistening in solutions of compounds preventing the darkening of mushroom. Among these compounds are table salt, citric acid, L-ascorbic acid, sodium erythorbate, cysteine hydrochloride, methyl jasmonate vapors, ethyl alcohol vapors, calcium chloride and metabisulfites.
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100.
Shelf life of oyster mushroom in zero energy cool chamber

Sanyogita Deshmukh* and VR Deshmukh1
Post Graduate Department of Home science, Sant Gadge Baba Amravti University, Amravati 1 Department of Botany, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya Camp, Amravati- 444602 *email: sanyogitadeshmukh05@gmail.com
Mushrooms even after harvesting continues to respire, mature and senesce resulting in weight loss, veilopening, browning, wilting and finally leads to the spoilage. Fresh mushrooms need to be properly stored to retard post-harvest deterioration till its consumption. Zero energy cool chamber is simple, eco friendly and cost effective technique. It works on the principle of evaporative cooling. The chamber can maintain the temperature 100-200 C, less than the outside temperature and conserve about 90% relative humidity. The experiment was carried out in October 2011 to March 2012. Pleurotus sajo-caju species of oyster mushroom was selected for the experimentation. The trials were conducted by using randomized block design with five replications. Temperature and relative humidity were also recorded at 3.00 pm every day using dry and wet bulb thermometer. The construction of zero energy cool chamber was followed as per ICAR. The stored mushrooms were evaluated every two days till they spoiled. Observations on physiological loss in weight, and shelf-life were recorded for the mushrooms stored at room temperature and in zero energy cool chamber. Results indicated that the significant increase in shelf life of the mushroom (up to fifteen days) and also decrease in physiological loss in weight between mushrooms stored at room temperature and zero energy cool chamber.
101.
Utilization of mushroom for the fortification of indigenous food products

Devina Vaidya, Surabhi Sharma*, Vigya Mishra and Neerja Rana
Department of Food Science and Technology, Department of Basic Sciences Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) *email: surbhisml@gmail.com
Different indigenous food products available in the market can fortified with nutritionally enriched food to overcome the deficiency diseases. Variyan a traditional food product from black gram was fortified with mushroom paste at different concentrations. These variyan were analyzed for drying time and water absorption percentage. The water absorption decreased with the increase in the concentration of mushroom paste and ranged between 137.5 per cent to 20 per cent. Cooking quality of the products was also determined with maximum weight gain after cooking in T3(70:30) (201.6%) while it was minimum in T1(90:10) followed by control. The maximum time for cooking was taken by control. However the quality characteristics show that the maximum TSS was recorded in T1(90:10) followed by T2(80:20). A random trend was recorded in the moisture content of variyan however differences were non-significant. A non-significant difference was also observed in different characters like pH, insoluble solids and total soluble solids. The fortified variyan were also analyzed for sensory quality and was found to be at par with the control.
102.
Development of functional rich bakery products utilizing mushroom, tomato and curry leaves
Amarjeet Kaur*, Poonam A Sachdev, Preeti Ahluwalia and Baljit Singh
Department of Food Science and Technology Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004 *email: foodtechak@gmail.co.in
The work was carried out to add to the value to bakery products in terms of nutrition and to prepare functional bakery products. Fresh tomato, mushroom and curry leaves were dehydrated to make powders. Chemical composition of fresh and dehydrated powders of tomato, mushroom and curry leaves was carried out. Further, these powders were added in breads and cookies in the range of 0-4% individually and in combination. Effect of incorporation on quality and acceptability of the products were studied.
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Bread prepared after addition of 2% curry, 2% tomato powder and 2% mushroom powder was found most acceptable. Cookies with 1% curry powder, 2% tomato powder and 4% mushroom powder were liked.
103.
Utilization of Pleuroteus mushroom flour for the fortification of bread

Suchita Patyal*, Devina Vaidya, Nilakshi Chauhan and Surabhi Sharma
Department of Food Science and Technology Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) *email: suchitapatyal@gmail.com
The economic production of mushroom has been considered important due to its high nutritive value. Pleurotus sp. is one of the most valuable and edible mushroom grown in India. It occupies the third place in the worlds production of edible mushroom after A. bisporus and Lentinula edodes. However, in recent years, Pleurotus sp. has been reported to be the second most important mushroom in the world production. A major chunk of the population consumes mushroom because of their easy availability, flavor, meaty taste and medicinal value. Pleurotus mushroom are rich source of protein, vitamins and minerals but due to its high perishability and low shelf life, it can be utilized for the preparation of value added products. Keeping in view the nutritional significance of this species of mushroom and low post harvest life it can be converted into powder. Therefore, the Pleurotus mushrooms were given different pretreatments i.e. blanching with salt, potassium metabisulpite or the combination of metabisulpite (KMS) and citric acid (CA). Among various treatments, blanching with KMS + CA was found to be the best with less browning and crude protein content of 13.12 per cent. This Pleurotus powder was further utilized for the preparation of fortified bread.
104.
Formulation of value added baked product using button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) powder
Karuna Singh*, Neha Sharma and Renu D Khedkar
Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, UP -201303 *email: ksingh11@amity.edu
Mushrooms are highly nutritive, low-calorie food with good quality proteins, vitamins and minerals. Mushrooms are an important natural source of foods and medicines. Mushrooms are the health food of the world. By virtue of having high fibre, low fat and low starch, edible mushrooms have been considered to be ideal food for obese persons and for diabetics to prevent hyperglycaemia. Analysis of fresh button mushroom shows that they contain 90 to 93 percent moisture, 28 to 42.5 per cent crude protein, 8.3 to 16.2 per cent crude fibre, 9.4 to 14.5 per cent ash, 59.4 per cent carbohydrates and 3.1 per cent fat. Among the minerals 71 mg calcium, 912 mg phosphorous, 106 mg sodium, 8.8 mg iron and 2850 mg potassium (per 100 g dry weight basis) are present. Among the vitamins 8.9 mg thiamine (B1), 3.7 mg riboflavin (B2), 26.5 mg ascorbic acid (C) and 42.5 mg niacin (B3) are also available on 100 g dry weight basis. Mushroom may be baked, fried, boiled, creamed, roasted, pickled and stuffed. In India, it is mostly consumed fresh and a negligible amount is used for processing. The present study aimed to assess the effect of value addition of mushroom powder to various baked products like buns and cakes. The white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were procured from local market. These mushrooms were washed, trimmed, and cut into slices of uniform thickness. Then mushrooms were pretreated using different chemical pretreatments. These pretreated mushrooms as well as control (samples without pretreatment) were dried using tray dryer. Dried mushrooms were finely ground in a pulverizer to pass through 0.5 mm sieve. Experiments were conducted using different concentrations of mushroom powder for preparation of buns and sponge cake using standardized recipes. It was observed that the use of powdered mushroom up to a concentration level of 15% in both the products was found to be in acceptable limits. The nutritional value of the prepared products was assessed using standard methods. The chemical score of the prepared products were found to be appreciably higher than controls.
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105.
Development and standardization of mushroom supplemented pasta (Macaroni)

Nilakshi Chauhan*, Devina Vaidya and Ghanshyam Abrol
Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) *email: nilakshi.sharma9@gmail.com
Macaroni popularly known as pasta is one of the extruded product. Extrusion cooking, as a muti-step, multi-function, thermal and mechanical process that improves the nutritional quality such as destruction of anti-nutritional factor, gelatinization of starch, increased the soluble dietary fiber and reduction of lipid oxidation. Moreover, it increases the sensory quality of the product. Macaroni (pasta) which is made from semolina flour derived from durum wheat and consumed in most of the countries worldwide. It is very popular due to its improved palatability and easy to cook ability. Macaroni provides significant quantity of complex carbohydrate, B-vitamin but deficient in protein (less than 15%). On the other hand, mushroom is rich in good quality protein and also contains functional properties. Therefore, present study is mainly concentrated to utilize mushroom for supplementation of macaroni to enrich it in functional properties. Different concentration of mushroom was added to flour and evaluated for various quality characteristics. However, the sensory analysis of mushroom supplemented macaroni showed its acceptability for texture, flavour, colour and OAA over simple semolina macaroni.
106.
Vinegar mushroom pickle - a novel method of preservation and processing

Mohini Prabha Singh*, PS Ranote1, GS Kocher and HS Sodhi
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India *email: elektra803@yahoo.co.in
Mushrooms are highly perishable commodity to lose their whiteness within 24 hours of harvest. In the peak periods of harvesting, glut in the market can be checked by processing surplus mushrooms in to value-added products. Pickling is a valuable processing method. It involves lactic bacteria, which have a beneficial effect on the human to impart a pleasant aroma and taste. The commercial preservation of vegetables by pickling is accomplished by two general processes: dip in brine solution and direct acidification with or without a mild heat process (pasteurization). Mushrooms for pickling are either blanched or fried in oil, depending upon taste; various condiments as per local preferences and practices are also ground or fried in oil separately and added to the mushroom. Vinegar is considered an important preservative because it reduces the thermal death time of microorganisms and either inhibits or kills microorganisms, depending on the concentration used. The type of vinegar primarily used depends on the flavor of the pickled product. Two types of pickles of vinegar type (natural and synthetic) can be prepared. Vinegar may be added for taste and longer storage and the contents in the bottle or the container should be topped up with oil. The preservative action of vinegar is based upon its acetic acid content. Pathogenic bacteria are rapidly destroyed in pickle solutions containing three percent acetic acid and three and one-half percent salt.
107.
Study of quality characteristics of fluidized bed dried button and oyster mushrooms
Sunil Kumar1, BK Mishra2*, NK Jain3, and KC Sharma3
1
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, Abohar (Punjab) 2 National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Ajmer (Rajasthan) 3 AICRP on Post-harvest Technology, MPUAT, Udaipur (Rajasthan) *email: bkmmicro@gmail.com
Fluidized bed dryer was used for drying of too most accepted edible mushrooms i.e. Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom) and Pleurotus sajor-caju (oyster mushroom) and the dried flakes were analyzed for their chemical, reconstitutional and textural properties. Both dried mushrooms contained 88-89% of moisture. Total protein and soluble protein contents in dried button mushroom were 28.0and 1.09%, while
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for oyster mushroom were 23.2 and 0.56%, respectively. Button mushroom (299 kcal/100 g) and oyster mushroom (246 kcal/100 g) had very low calorific values and iron (0.011-0.012%). On the basis of reconstitutional and textural properties, the oyster mushroom showed good results as compared to button mushroom for all the parameters tested at all the drying temperatures (40, 50 and 60oC). Desirable colour with value of 68.4 was highest for oyster mushroom flakes at 40C drying air temperature. Lowest water activity (0.42) was noted in oyster mushroom at 50C drying air temperature. Oyster mushroom showed high rehydration ratio and coefficient of rehydration values and took less time for drying compared to button mushroom. However, drying at 50oC gave best results for oyster mushroom.
108.
Mycobial spoilage of some commonly dried wild edible mushrooms in Jammu

Himali Kotwal, Sumedha Sharma and YP Sharma*
Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu-180006 (J&K) *email: yashdbm3@yahoo.co.in
Mushrooms are heterotrophic mysterious life forms which have been used as food, nutraceticals and medicine in many parts of the world. However, lack of proper post harvest handling during collection and adoption of unscientific methods of drying and storage deteriorates the quality of these dried mushrooms while simultaneously providing a chance to fungal flora to contaminate them. A survey was carried to check the deterioration of six different kinds of dried edible mushrooms viz., Morchella, Geopora, Sepultaria, Rhizopogon, Otidea, Pleurotus and Sparassis collected from local markets and various households of Jammu province of Jammu and Kashmir state. Both surface washing and standard blotter method were used to isolate both external and internal contaminant. A total of 31 fungal species belonging to seventeen genera were found to be associated with these samples. These were Alternaria (one species), Aspergillus (eight species), Chaetomium (one species), Choanephora (one species), Cladosporium (two species), Coniothyrium (one species), Epicoccum (one species), Eurotium (two species ), Fusarium (two species), Geotrichum (one species), Mucor (one species), Oospora (one species), Penicillium (three species), Rhizopus (one species), Scopulariopsis (one species), Syncephalastrum (one species) and Trichoderma (two species). Several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium isolated from these mushrooms reportedly have notable mycotoxigenic activity and their predominance in these market samples indicates a probable presence of their toxins, which need further evaluation.
109.
Teaching technical skills in cultivation and value addition of oyster mushroom

Deepika Sud* and Radhna Gupta
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kangra (H.P)-176001 email: deepika_agri@rediffmail.com
Training programme on cultivation and value addition of oyster mushroom popularly known as dhingri is offered to trainees at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kangra. Training programme consists of 50 percent theory and 50 percent practical inputs. About 25-30 candidates attend in each batch. The impact of training programme was assessed by giving pre and post training test to measure trainees competency in technical information. The data thus collected were tabulated, scored and analysed. The results indicated improvement in the knowledge level of participants indicating stability and quality of curriculum and training imparted. Management index obtained was more than 80 percent indicating 80 percent of the participants who underwent training were satisfied about training programme and the way it was managed and coordinated. The training programmes which involve both theoretical and practical aspects of production and value addition proved to be effective as indicated by feed back of the trainees.
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110.
Marketing practices of mushrooom growers in Punjab

Gagandeep Banga*, Babita Kumar and Ramandeep Singh
School of Business Studies, PAU, Ludhiana *email: gbanga@pau.edu
Mushrooms are consumed by humans for their nutritional and medicinal value. When in season they can be purchased fresh, and many species are sold dried as well. It is used in soups, pizzas, pastas, etc. it can be added in any Indian dish to make it healthy. It is especially liked by vegetarian due to its nutritious and health benefits. Many species of medicinal mushrooms have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years. Marketing of mushrooms assume a great importance due to their perishable nature, consumer resistance to their high price, lack of organized marketing and inadequate promotion. Although mushroom has many benefits but it is still not consumed as a meal on regular basis. Companies are not putting in enough efforts to promote the product. There is no ready market for mushrooms at present and the prices fluctuate very much from day to day. Enhanced and improved marketing practices can not only increase productivity but also sales of mushrooms. The present research was under taken with the objectives of analyzing the marketing practices of the selected mushroom growers in Punjab and identifying the problems involved in marketing of mushroom. A sample of 50 mushroom growers was selected from list of mushroom growers taken from directorate of horticulture, Punjab and Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Punjab. None of the mushroom growers were using promotional elements for marketing their produce. All the mushroom growers were selling their produce in packaged form but without any brand name. The major problems faced by mushroom growers in marketing the produce were nonpopularity of the produce, high perishability of the produce, low demand due to high prices, lack of local processing facilities, and inadequate transportation facility from farm to market. Non-availability of sufficient market information also affects operational efficiency of the mushroom growers.
111.
Empowerment of tribal women through processing of wild and edible mushroom

Neelu Vishwakarma*, Alpana Sharma and Archana Pandey
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, JNKVV,Jabalpur (MP) *email: kvkmandla@rediffmail.com
Forest produce is the main source of income of Tribal people in Madhyapradesh. Mandla and Balaghat district of MP are glorified by the rich diversity of wild and edible mushroom. There is more scope of study on the edible mushroom growing in this region. Mushrooms are considered to be a good source of quality proteins along with their medicinal values. Antitumor, anti-cancer and many other therapeutic properties have been attributed to mushrooms. Being rich in folic acid they counteract pernicious anemia. The polysaccharides found in mushrooms have proven antitumor activity. The study is carried out during the month of July to September 2009 and 2010 in nearby forest areas of the district. Tribal women collected the mushroom for the seasonal source of income. They sold fresh mushroom on cheapest prices. Women were motivated to organize themselves into groups. Four self help groups were formed which started collection and storage of mushroom. KVK conducted various trainings on value added products of mushroom. The mushrooms collected and stored were further transformed into value added products such as pickles and powder etc. These groups were linked with market for self employment opportunities. They earn on an average 10000 per year. The study shows a vast potential of mushroom for economic upliftment of Tribal belt of M.P. The main constraint identified during the study was market and the solution justified thereafter was processing into value added products.
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112.
Success story of Haryana in mushroom cultivation

Ajay Singh* and Jitendra Singh
HAIC Agro R&D Centre, Murthal *email: haicrnd@gmail.com
Haryana has become the leading mushroom producing state of India where most of the button mushroom is being produced in huts made up of paddy straw. This activity started in 1980s in this state. Paddy Straw is widely used in mushroom cultivation from compost making to mushroom growing huts thereby reduces pollution caused by burning of straw. Around 10,000 MT mushroom is produced annually in which large, medium and marginal growers are engaged. There are mushroom growers namely Sh. Surender Hooda r/o Baiyapur (Sonepat), Sh. Bijender Singh r/o Khubroo (Sonepat), Sh. Sunil Malik r/o Shershaw (Sonepat), Sh. Joginder Singh r/o Saharmalpur (Sonepat) & Sh. Jaswant Singh r/o Seank (Sonepat) are among few whose six months seasonal turn over ranges from 50 lacs to 150 lacs. HAIC Agro R&D Centre, Murthal (a govt. of Haryana Society) is playing a pivotal role in development of mushroom by supplying spawn, pasteurized compost and casing soil. There is need to replicate this success in other states & can be done by creating spawn & mother composting units in each state for development of mushroom in India.
113.
Evaluation of mushroom cultivation training programmes conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Patiala
Rachna, Rajni Goel* and GPS Sodhi
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Patiala *email: rajni04@rediffmail.com
Training programmes are generally conducted with the goal that the participants after being trained will translate the knowledge into action. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Patiala has imparted seven vocational training programmes (5 days duration) on mushroom cultivation to 146 participants from 2005-06 to 2009-2010. With a view to assess the effectiveness of such training programmes, the present study was conducted to assess the knowledge gain of the participants, adoption status of the enterprise and suggestions of the mushroom growers for enhancing entrepreneurship in mushroom cultivation. A maximum adoption of 40.91 per cent was observed in the year 2008-09. Among the various practices of mushroom cultivation, maximum knowledge gain (52.20 per cent) was observed in compost preparation. Aspect of diseases and pest management was least understood by the participants (23.39 per cent) followed by filling and spawning (37.29 per cent). So, more emphasis should be given to these practices during training courses conducted by KVKs. As perceived by 100 mushroom growers, quality/certified spawn (62 per cent), insurance of crop (53 per cent) and reducing the cost of inputs (45 per cent) are the three major suggestions for successful development of mushroom entrepreneurship.
114.
Framework for mushroom information dissemination through ICT in India

Y Gautam1* and Satish Kumar2
1 Scientist, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 2 Pr. Scientist, Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan HP *email: ygautam@iasri.res.in
Communication plays an important role in taking the results of an organization to its stakeholders for ensuring intended impact in knowledge, attitude and actions and the potential of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to contribute to agriculture and rural development has been well recognized. A study by APAARI (Asian Pacific Association for Agricultural Research Institutions) has shown that in most developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the mechanisms for Transfer of Technology and implementation of extension programs, usually government administered, are either slow or ineffective in connecting the resource-poor farmers with up-to-date knowledge from researchers and markets for their produce. This is primarily due to rising costs of such interventions, insufficient public funds for rural
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extension, and inadequate exploitation of new means of knowledge and information dissemination by responsible government agencies. The farm marginalization (repeated divisions) problem could be taken care by virtually integrating these small farms while keeping their financial independency. An Expert System for Mushroom has been developed with the collaboration of Scientists of IASRI, New Delhi and DMR, Solan. The system contains information related to the knowledge of mushroom varieties, diseases, insects-pests, cultural practices and post harvest processing of mushrooms. AgriDaksh, a tool which has been developed at IASRI for building Expert Systems on various crops, has been used to develop the Expert System for mushroom cultivation. The system has a farmers window which provides a two way interaction to the users, wherein the users can post a query to the experts and the experts would reply the query which would be accessible in the mailbox of the user. In future this system would allow the desired information and services to be available to users in bilingual form (English and Hindi), 24 hours a day via multiple access devices.
115.
Quality standards for mushroom production and processing industry

K Manikandan*, OP Ahlawat, B Vijay, VP Sharma, Satish Kumar and Mahantesh Shirur
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, HP-173 213 *email: kavi.k.mani@gmail.com
Food standards ensure the safety of food for consumption and its quality for consumer preference. This helps to regulate production, processing, storage, distribution and sale of food. In addition, it imposes restrictions on use of food additives and prescribes tolerance limits for pesticide residues, toxic substances and heavy metals in food besides controlling packaging and labelling. Food laws and standards vary with countries. In India Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 prescribes the standards under Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. Mushroom falls under vegetable category in agricultural produces. There is no quality standard for mushroom in specific but the standards applicable for vegetables are also applicable to mushrooms. The processing industries and marketing of processed products also fall under this regulation. All processing units are required to obtain a license under this act and subjected to periodic inspections. The guidelines are available for production limits for effluents, their composition and their management by food processing industries. The boiler usage is subjected to pollution control norms if particulate matters emission is more than 1200 mg/Nm3. Composting process in button mushroom production emits ammonia and sulphur compounds which can be regulated by ambient air quality standards rules. This prescribes maximum emission limits for ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter besides certain other heavy metals and organic gaseous. Further food quality standards restrict use of pesticides in mushroom production process considering pesticide residues problem. This paper prescribes standards for the total quality mushroom production and processing system towards quality mushroom production with least pollution hazard to environment.
116.
Standardization of value added products of Tricholoma giganteum

Lulu Das* and PR Prathibha
College of Agriculture Vellayani, Trivandrum, Kerala *email: luludaspavi@yahoo.co.uk
Tricholoma giganteum is a new edible mushroom pure white in colour resembling Calocybe indica and growing widely in summer. The non resinous taste and good aroma of this mushroom claims superiority over Calocybe. The simple production techniques, high yield, increased shelf life, attractive color, flavor and shape are the attractive features of this edible mushroom. This mushroom contains the essential macro, and micronutrients, carbohydrates, protein, and fiber content and also possess antioxidant activity. Taste of the mushroom is excellent, with good odour and aroma and has shelf life of 3-4 days under room temperature and 5-6 days under refrigerated conditions. Nutritional composition of Tricholoma giganteum
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has been studied in detail. No significant difference was observed between immature and mature stages. The mushroom preparations like soup, cutlets, pickle, wine, payasam and masala were standardized in the AICRP Mushrooms Vellayani centre and subjected to sensory evaluation studies. The ingredients and method of preparation of the above products of Tricholoma will be discussed.
117.
Mushroom cultivation for self-employment and rural food security among Adi tribal farmers of Arunachal Pradesh in India
P Raja1*, J Mohanty1 and R Saravanan2
College of Horticulture and Forestry, CAU, Pasighat, India College of post graduate studies, CAU, Barapani, India *email: prajachf@gmail.com
Mushroom cultivation offer off seasonal income after paddy cultivation to the tribal farmers and their food and nutritional security among tribal people. The wild edible Oyster (Pleurotus sp), Gill fungi (Shizophyllum communae), Tuber (Tuber sp), Shiitake (Lentinus edodus) and Jews ear (Auricularia sp) mushrooms were brought into commercial cultivation. By participatory approach program, the farmers are selected for the oyster mushroom cultivation and the cultivation techniques are demonstrated. Low cost model unit was constructed in the campus and the poor farmers, unemployed youth and women were converted into mushroom growers. A total of 339 farmers are benefitted by the pathology extension programme. Four farmers are having their own commercial production unit and the adoption rate was 1.17 per cent. From this programme, two self help groups have been created and actively involved in further dissemination of technology through participatory approach. We monitor the progressive farmers production unit regularly and solve the practical problems in achieving high production in addition to recording the pest and diseases. We have succeeded in conversion of wildly available edible mushroom into commercial cultivation and facilitated to enhance substantial contributions to food security and rural development. With limited income generating possibilities, average income was increased (to INR 4,430.00) per family.
118.
Intellectual property management in mushroom research and present status of patents available in open access resources
Rajender Singh*, VP Sharma and Raj Kumar
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan -173213 (HP) India *email: rsprashar82@gmail.com
The concept of intellectual property (IP) allows people to own creativity and innovations in the same way as physical property. Patents are the main and important component of intellectual property and excellent source of technical information. India is one of the richest reservoirs of different edible mushrooms due to varied agro-climatic zones. Mushrooms are currently being utilized and exploited by the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, food, enzyme, chemical, and waste-treatment industries. On the other side, development of new spawn preparation techniques, methods in compost preparation, development of new mushroom strains and post harvest products and processes generates appreciable novel work for protection under intellectual property right. Several mushroom like Lentinula sp., Ganoderma sp., Pleurotus sp., and Cordyceps sp., have medicinal application due to beneficial polysaccharides and medicinal active compounds. New and effective processes for their extraction and purification can be protected by patenting in India under the Indian Patent Act. 1970. Patent Searching is becoming one of the most important and familiar requirement in determining the prior art. Patent searching can quickly uncover the newer areas of research and can help avoid the duplication of efforts in a given area of technology. There are several known patent databases reflecting information related to bibliographic information and full text of patents. The present abstract is based on the comparative analysis of data related to patents on mushroom research which are available in open access databases like Indian patent information Retrieval system (iPAIRS), United State patent and Trademark office (USPTO), European patent office (EPO), Google patent, Patent lens and Patent scope. Today, the new challenge for mushroom scientists and technologists is to realize that IP should no longer be considered as an inert legal title, but as an economical asset that can realize the potential of knowledge and creativity.
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Medicinal and Mycorrhizal Mushrooms
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Lead lecture-1
119. The enigmatic morels: Status of research and development
TN Lakhanpal
Ex- Director, Integrated Institute of Himalayan Environment Studies Centre, H.P. University, Summer Hill, Shimla-5, H.P email: tezlakhanpal@rediffmail.com
Morel research has been a search continuously for achieving artificial cultivation; all other aspects have been incidental to this aspect. Still they remain enigmatic, though they have been gourmets delight science very early times. Systematically they are represented by 6-8 species the world over and morph anatomical features stand corroborated by molecular characterisation. They are also grouped as black and brown morels and rainy and winter season mushrooms. Almost all aspects of their biology, physiology, cultural characteristics, associations with microbiota and macrobiota, preferences of substrates, association with forests and forest trees, mycorrhizal association, cytogenetically behaviour, have been investigated repeatedly and thoroughly at global level. The species, the use by ethnic people, myths and taboos, trade, socio biology, altitudinal distribution pattern and nutritive components all have received sufficient inputs at global level. That they form seclerotia in culture and in nature is well documented. How the seclerotia should trigger fruit body development remains elusive and challenging. The seclerotia of some mushrooms have found use in functional foods. Morel fruit bodies also have good nutraceutical potential and shosw both antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The morel biology now can proceed along these lines, till artificial cultivation is developed.
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Lead lecture-2
120. Biological synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using endophytes, plants & mushrooms and their applications
Absar Ahmed
Biochemical Science division National Chemical Laboratory, Pune (Maharashtra) email: a.ahmad@ncl.res.in
Nanotechnology, in a very short period of time has emerged as one of the most important areas of research and development and shows considerable promise with regards to biomedical, chemical, electronics, energy and drug delivery applications. It dwells upon the changes in properties of bulk materials when at the nanoscale and is used to design different structures, geometries and devices for a wide range of applications. The nanoparticles so far being used in biomedical research are being synthesized by physical and chemical routes. The chemical routes are toxic and require extremes of temperature while the physical ones are expensive and laborious. Unlike these, biological routes for the synthesis of nanoparticles have recently been developed and yield nanoparticles at room temperature and physiological pH with properties such as high stability, water dispersal, fluorescence, etc. which are very difficult to achieve by chemical and physical routes. Moreover, biologically synthesized nanoparticles are naturally protein capped, which prevents their flocculation, thus eliminating the need of any external capping agent which are usually toxic as is seen in chemical routes. Thus, the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is in complete synchronization with the environment and should be further developed in order to obtain nanoparticles of variable sizes, shapes and chemical compositions which will find major applications in cancer research, treatment of cardiovascular disorders, targeted drug delivery systems, etc. In this talk, we describe our research into the use of endophytes, mushrooms and plants in the synthesis of biocompatible, water soluble, fluorescent and protein capped metal, metal sulfide, quantum dots and oxide nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. We have shown that endophytes such as fungi and actinomycetes when challenged with aqueous metal ions are capable of reducing the ions both intra and extra-cellularly resulting in the formation of stable metal nanoparticles. It has been confirmed by us very recently that the enzymes such as sulphite reductase, nitrate reductase and hydrolyzing proteins secreted by the fungus in response to the stress induced by the metal ions are responsible for the synthesis of nanoscaled particles. The biosynthesis of nano-oxides using fungi is exciting since the synthesis occurs at room temperature and thus could be of considerable commercial value. Fungi enjoy a close symbiotic relationship with plants and hence, it is quite likely that plant extracts may also possess useful biomolecules which not only carry out the range of biotransformations listed above but also control the shape of nanoparticles. We have studied a number of plant extracts for realizing metal nanoparticles and have observed that the Geranium and Lemongrass extracts result in shape modulated gold nanoparticles. In particular, the reaction of aqueous gold ions with Lemongrass extract resulted in the large-scale synthesis of gold nanotriangles with interesting near infrared absorption. Potential application of the gold nanotriangles, magnetite and other inorganic nanoparticles in hyperthermia of cancer cells, diagnosis, imaging and therapeutic are being investigated. Recently, we have also started exploring the possibilities of nanoparticle synthesis employing various genera of mushrooms owing to the innumerable bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities present within them. A vast variety of proteins and polysaccharides found in the mushrooms have been utilized in the synthesis of both intracellular and extracellular gold & silver nanoparticles. The compounds secreted by the mushrooms provides the nanoparticles so formed with high stability, extended shelf-life, water solubility and well dispersion properties. Our experiments with mushrooms so far seem to be very promising and open up a new area of green-chemical approach for synthesis of eco-friendly, non-toxic and stable nanomaterials.
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Lead lecture-3
121. Immunomodulatory and antitumor nature of mushroom derived glucans
K Sanjana P Devi, Tapas Kumar Maiti*
Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Indi *email: tkmaiti@hijli.iitkgp.ernet.in
Ethnic mushrooms have been from time immemorial regarded as a potential source of medicine. They are the source of different molecules (-D glucans, heteropolysaccharides and glycoproteins, dietary fiber, lectins, terpenoids) with therapeutic potential. The difference in activities of the glucans are correlated with the water solubility, high molecular weight of the molecule, high branching [(16)-branched (13)-glucans] and helical conformation. However, the potential of BRM (Biological response modifiers such as glucans) in cancer therapy also depends on the species of mushroom, source of mushrooms with respect to geographical distribution and the type of cancer. A sincere research efforts are going on Korea, Japan, China and Russia (where different species of mushrooms are available) to establish mushroom glucan as an adjunct in treatment of cancer. Some mushroom glucans such as those derived from Calocybe indica have also been noted to exhibit direct antitumor activity apart from its immunomodulatory potential suggesting a dual role in cancer therapy. Variations in structure may be one of the parameters responsible for differences in the degree of biological activity of glucans. Till now only six mushroom derived polysaccharides lentinan, schizophyllan, active hexose correlated compounds (AHCC), Maitake-D fraction, polysaccharide K and Polysaccaharide P from Lentinus edodes , Schizophyllum commune, mixture of mushroom, Grifola frondosa respectively, are investigated in human cancer and these are now manufactured and sold as drugs. In our present investigation, we have examined the functional property of glucans isolated from two types of cultivated edible mushrooms i) oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), ii) paddy mushroom (Volvariella volvacia) and one non cultivated mushroom (Astraeus hygrometricus). In vitro and in vivo experiments performed showed higher proliferation and activation of immune cells on treatment with the isolated glucan. Hype in secretion of cytokines as well as other factors was also associated with immunoactivation. Mushroom derived glucans basically elucidated Th1 type immune response. Molecular mechanisms involved in cell activation on glucan treatment were mediated mostly through signalling molecules such as NF- and MAP kinase pathway. Cell surface molecules such as Dectin-1, TLR2, 4 and 6 are the key mediators of downstream signalling for immune cell activation on binding firmly with glucan molecules. The strength and efficiency of glucan for exhibiting immune cell activation may be related to its structural backbone. A definite size, structure as well as primary composition and linkage exhibiting maximum effectiveness may be accounted as the basic functional unit in the glucan molecule. Futuristically, attempts of designing tailor made molecules whereby many functional glucan units may be conjoined to generate bigger molecules with multiple glucan binding sites may increase their sum functional effect rather than single glucan molecules. Hence, deeper understanding as well as investigation in the biology of glucan molecules and their structure-function relationship may probe out newer ideas to utilize their immune regulatory potency in therapeutic fields.
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Oral presentations
122. Characterization of the worlds precious medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.)Sacc.
Rupesh Kumar Arora1* and RP Singh2
KVK, Tepla, Ambala (Haryana), Pin Code -133104 2 Former Emeritus Scientist, MRTC, G.B.P.U.A & T., Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, Pin -263145 *email: arorarkmrtc@gmail.com
Cordyceps is an entomogenous fungus belonging to class ascomycetes and family Clavicipitaceae of the order Hypocreales and are known to parasitize the larvae, pupae or adults of insects. Of the 300 species reported, so far no other species is considered as medicinally important and costly as Cordyceps sinensis. The fungus C. sinensis is native of high Himalayan mountains in Tibet, Nepal, India and Bhutan, at an altitude ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 m and are commonly known as yartsa-gunbu in Tibet and as Keera ghas or Keera jhar (insect herb) in Indian mountains. In nature, it is parasitic on the larvae of a small moth, (Hepialus armoricanus family Hepialidae, order Lepidoptera). The C. sinensis is used to treat respiratory and immune disorders, pulmonary diseases, renal, liver and cardiovascular diseases, hyposexuality and hyperlipidema.The pharmacological and medicinal significance of c.sinensis mainly due to its bioactive ingredients i.e. Cordycepin,Adenosine, ergosterol etc. The cultural and morphological characteristics showed that the fungus collected from 11 different locations and isolated from a village Laspa at an altitude of more than 3000m in district Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand was C. sinensis. Of five different synthetic media viz. SDAY, PDA, CDA, OMA and MEA the SDAY medium gave maximum growth of the test fungus and used in further studies maintaining the stock culture.Temperature 150C and pH 6 were found optimum for the growth of C. sinensis. Wheat and rice grains supported the maximum mycelial growth when used for the multiplication of mycelium in bulk. The larvae of silkworm feeding on mulberry leaves which were pretreated with the mycelial suspension of C.sinensis resulted in mortality of larvae. The cross section of the larvae did not show the presence of mycelium. Presence of adenosine and ergosterol was confirmed in the fruiting bodies and in the mycelium of C. sinensis by HPLC. However, cordycepin was present only in the fruiting bodies and required more sophisticated and sensitive method (HPLC-MS, GCMS, HELP etc) to detect it.
123.
Immunopotentiating properties of extracellular -glucans from Trametes hirsuta strain VKESR

R Shenbhagaraman1*, K Saravanamurali2, K Kaveri 2and VKaviyarasan1
1. Centre for advanced studies in botany, University of Madras, Chennai-25. 2. Dept. of Virology, King institute of preventive medicine, Chennai-36. *email: shenbhagaraman@gmail.com
The effectiveness of extracellular glucans isolated from Trametes hirsuta strain VKESR on the immunostimulating properties was evaluated by in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, phagocytic assay, NK cell activity and cytokine quantification in this study. The Splenocyte Proliferation Assay showed that the extracellular glucans found to have good stimulation index and enhances the NK cell mediated tumor killing. Moreover, it also enhances the phagocytosis and it was evidenced from the increased phagocytic index in treated macrophages in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the polysaccharides showed a significant stimulatory effect on cytokines IL-2 and IFN-, whereas in case of TNF- a moderate stimulatory effect was observed. On the whole the results showed that the extracellular glucan has induced in vitro immunostimulating properties. This enhancement of immunostimulation will help in combating various diseases and could be a promising beginning for further research to study the role of extracellular polysaccharide on the host immune systems.
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124.
Diversity of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in Chhattisgarh

HK Singh1*, GK Awadhiya1, CS Shukla1 and MP Thakur1
1
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur *email: harry.0452@gmail.com
Mycorrhizas are symbiotic associations between specialized fungi and the fine roots of the majority of species of higher plants. By extending the absorptive area of the root system, mycorrhizas have their principal beneficial effect increasing plant uptake of nutrients, in particular phosphorus. In exchange, the host plant provides the generally obligate mycorrhizal fungus with carbohydrates and a place to live. The edible mycorrhizal mushrooms include some of the worlds most expensive foods and have a global market measured in US$ billions. In this backdrop, a systematic study was conducted across the vast stretches of Chhattisgarh forests for several years to benchmark the diversity of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi, their association in natural habitats particularly their relationships in the ecosystem with other flora and fauna. Repeated collections of fungal species predominantly belonging to genera viz. Amanita, Tricholoma, Boletus, Cortinarius, Russula, Gomphidius, Cantharellus, Suillus, Hebeloma, Laccaria, Lactarius, Rhizopogon, Scleroderma and Pisolithus were made and also preserved. Their cultivation was also pursued but without any degree of success. For successful cultivation they need to be associated with a host plant to successfully grow and fruit. Contamination with other ectomycorrhizal fungi both before and after the establishment of plantations, and a general lack of understanding of each mushrooms trophic relationships, and biotic, edaphic and climatic requirements are the other obstacles in their cultivation. Thus every effort should be made to save these species in their natural ecosystem. Also the use of molecular tools is almost essential to ensure that the inoculum used in attempts to cultivate while cultivating them is of the correct species. In the near future, accelerating the discovery and documentation of new taxa, genome-based analyses (ITS, 26S rDNA sequences, multilocus markers and mt-ssu rDNA) of phylogeny and functional evolution, biogeographic inference and studies on species complex and their interaction with rest of the biota will be a few focal points of research interests.
125.
Toxic and hallucinogenic mushrooms of Kerala

Shibu P Varghese
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala *email: pvarghese.shibu@gmail.com
A good number of wild mushrooms are collected and consumed by the tribal communities and poor villagers of Kerala. There are many poisonous look-alikes of edible mushrooms and nowadays mushroom poisoning is quite common in Kerala. Mistakes are made by those who cannot always differentiate between edible species and their poisonous look-alikes. There is no visible sign on any mushroom that indicates whether or not it is toxic. There are visible features that certain groups of poisonous mushrooms share, but no generalization can be applied to all poisonous mushrooms. The only foolproof way to avoid poisonous species is to be able to identify them on the basis of biological characteristics. As part of our investigations on toxic and hallucinogenic mushrooms of Kerala, 410 individual collections belonging to 17 genera representing 37 species were obtained from different forest localities of Kerala. Of these 4 species belonged to the lethal Group-1, causing Cyclopeptide poisoning. 2 species fitted in the Group-IV category of Muscarine poisoning and 2 in Group-V, causing Ibotenic acid-Musimol poisoning. 1 species contained both Group-IV and V toxins. 11 species belonged to Group-VI, causing hallucinogenic poisoning. Majority of the species studied (18) belonged to Group-VII, causing gastrointestinal irritations.
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126.
Effect of Pleurotus eous on haematology of male albino rats

A Eswaran*, L Darwin Christdhas Henry and C Kannan
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University *email: eswaranayyathurai@yahoo.co.in
The present investigations were carried out at the Department of Plant Pathology, Annamalai University, to evaluate the medicinal values including hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic properties of dietary supplement of Pleurotus eous in white albino rats with mild to moderate induced hypercholesterolemia. The dietary supplements of P.eous recorded significant improvement in the general physical condition and blood profile of the tested white albino rats. The total cholesterol level in both the serum and liver of the male Wistar rats recorded a significant decline with an increase in the level of P.eous and increase in the duration of administration when compared to their respective controls. Co-administration of P.eous with cholesterol rich feed increased the level of HDL and an appreciable decrease in the level of LDL during all the periods of observation. Rats fed with normal feed plus P.eous at various conc. recorded a significant reduction in the TGL level and total lipid level. The level of albumin, globulin and total protein showed a steady increase in rats co-administered with various levels of P.eous. The Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) level was very much reduced due to administration of the mushroom diet when compared to the control. Also, the higher rate of mushroom diet viz., five per cent level recorded the maximum reduction of lipid peroxidation. Administration of various level of the mushroom feed in combination with normal feed significantly increased the levels of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). Co-administration of mushroom diet along with cholesterol rich feed showed a considerable decline in the activities of catalase, super oxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione when compared with their respective controls. The liver cells of rats fed with high cholesterol feed revealed extensive damage, whereas the high cholesterol feed when supplemented with five per cent mushroom, revealed only minimal disruption of the hepatic cellular structure. Further, due to the effect of feeding mushroom, the disrupted cells were found reviving back to normal appearance.
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127. Effect of various substrates on growth behaviors and yield potential of medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) (Karst, Fr.)
Hetram Meena and Ram Chandra*
Deptt of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 (U.P.) *email: rcrbhumpp@yahoo.com
Eight substrates were evaluated and three flushes of mushroom were harvested during total cropping period by observing the parameters like growth behaviour, spawn run period, initiation of pin heads, and yield potential. After measuring these parameters, soybean straw was found most profitable substrate for mushroom growing followed by wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse and rice straw showing the biological efficiency 68%, 27%, 20%and 15% respectively, while the substrates of tamarind leaves, mixed substrate and the saw dust of Delbergia sisso showed very poor performance. It can be concluded that soyabean straw was the best substrate for cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum.
128.
Pathogenicity of reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) and isolates of G. lucidum on coconut seedlings
C Yunus
College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, K.A.U (PO) Thrissur-District, Kerala- 680 656 email: yunuschokli@gmail.com
Coconut (Cocos nuifera) is an important oil seed as well as plantation crop in India. Coconut palm, in spite of its hardiness is affected by a large number of diseases of which BSR disease caused by G. lucidum (Leys) Karst is one of the most destructive diseases and is the major limiting factor in coconut production especially in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and other coconut growing states of India. Even though this disease in coconut was reported as early as 1913, the isolation of pathogen and establishing pathogenicity continued to remain as an unsolved problem. Purposive sampling surveys were conducted in coconut gardens of northern, central and southern parts of Kerala for the occurrence of BSR disease and for the collection of diseased samples and basidiocarps of the pathogen. After isolation, those isolates which produced fruiting body in saw dust rice bran medium were selected and named as GT-DMR (G. lucidum strain from Directorate of Mushroom Research), GV (Ganoderma from Vellayani), GM (Ganoderma from Mannuthy), GVe (Ganoderma from Vettikal), GC (Ganoderma from Chirakakode), GMa (Ganoderma from Madakathara), GK (Ganoderma from Kannnur) and GKa (Ganoderma from Kasargod) based on the name of location from where it was isolated. Pathogenicity of these eight isolates of Ganoderma sp. was tested by artificial inoculation on one year old healthy coconut seedlings under in planta conditions. Two types of inocula viz., mycelial growth of the different isolates of pathogen on PDA medium and spawn of Ganoderma sp. on saw dust rice bran substrate were used for the inoculation. The inoculation was done at the basal part of stem and in soil with actively growing mycelium of the pathogen and with spawn of the pathogen multiplied on saw dust rice bran substrate respectively. Four replications were maintained for each inoculum. Among these isolates, the pathogen obtained from Trivandrum (GT-DMR strain) did not cause infection on seedlings and symptom expression was not observed. Where as in all other seven isolates, yellowing of outer leaves of the seedlings was observed from two month after inoculation and by the end of six months, wilting and drying up of the leaves were observed. Basidiocarp formation was noticed in one seedling inoculated with the isolate from Vellayani (GV). The important symptom of the disease like stem bleeding was not seen, but symptoms on the leaves like yellowing, drying and drooping of leaves were observed at least in one seedling inoculated with each isolate. Pathogen was reisolated from the basidiocarp developed on seedling inoculated with GV and proved the pathogenicity.
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129.
Eating mushrooms - boon or bane! : know health benefits of edible mushrooms

HG Ramya*, Satish Kumar, S Kapoor
Department of Processing and Food Engineering, COAE&T, PAU, Ludhiana, India Department of Microbiology, COBS&H, PAU, Ludhiana, India *email: ramyarinda@gmail.com
Mushrooms are the distinctive and visible fruiting bodies of macroscopic filamentous fungi that grow above or below ground. Mushrooms have been a part of the human diet as a source of both food and medicine for centuries. Worldwide, over 30 species are cultivated or sold commercially, although about 2000 species are regarded as edible. Edible mushrooms are a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds in addition to a growing appeal for humans by their flavours and culinary features. Recently, they have become increasingly attractive as functional foods for their potential beneficial effects on human health. They are believed to have therapeutic properties in relation to cancer, heart disease, viral infection, cholesterol levels and hypertension. Relevant nutritional aspects of mushrooms include a high fiber supply, a low fat content with low trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids and a low concentration of sodium as well as the occurrence of components such as eritadenine, phenolic compounds, sterols (such as ergosterol), chitosan, triterpenes, etc., which are considered as important responsible agents for some hitherto healthy properties.
130.
Uses of wild mushrooms in traditional system of medicine: A much needed perspective towards sustainable exploitation-A case study in Kashmir Valley
Shauket Ahmed Pala*, Abdul Hamid Wani and Riyaz Ahmed Mir
Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190 006 (India) *email: sapala29@gmail.com
Mushrooms have been appraised as sources of dietary nutrients and pharmacologically vital compounds useful in medicine since times immemorial. But all the medicinal attributes of mushrooms have not been exploited as yet. There are wide lacunae regarding the sustainable exploitation of medicinal properties of wild mushrooms that needs to be filled. In essence, pharmacological potentials of about 90% of mushrooms on earth are yet to be exploited. In Kashmir a wide variety of mushroom species has been used for the treatment of different ailments since ancient times. A survey was conducted to document the conventional uses of various wild mushrooms growing in Kashmir valley by consulting people from tribal communities inhabiting in these forests and herbal healers (practioners) of catchment areas, which in turn resulted the compilation of 20 different genera of macrofungi for their ethnomycological use. Most of the species besides consumed as food were used for the treatment a broad spectrum of ailments like scalds, burns, cold, leucoderma, headache, fever, abdominal pain, eczema, constipation, hypertension, leucorrhoea, baldness, mumps, diabetes, arthritis, liver diseases, rheumatism, asthma, respiratory infections etc. The information obtained from these conservative traditional herbalists has not been subjected to scientific scrutiny and sustainable exploitation as yet. It is therefore pertinent that well structured studies on their medicinal uses will make the full exploitation of the medicinal potentials of these wild mushrooms of Kashmir.
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131.
South Indian medicinal mushrooms a potential source for anticancer drugs

V Kaviyarasan
C.A.S.in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai 600 025 email: manikavi53@gmail.com
Mushroom biodiversity study was initiated four decades ago and more than seven hundred species were described by Natarajan et.al (1975-2008) from South India. But the bio-documentation of many medicinal mushrooms were initiated a decade ago by Vaidya et al (1995-2008) from Western India, Janardhanan et.al (2003) from Kerala and Kaviyarasan et al. (2008,2009,2010,2011 and 2012) from South India. Lentinus tuberregium, Neolentinus kauffmanii, and Agaricus heterocystis, were studied for their medicinal properties such as antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These indigenous mushrooms are effective against many cancer lines and induce apoptosis and results in tumor cell death. Antiangioenesis effect of Trametes hirsuta extract was well established with fertilized hen eggs. These results, clearly established their candidature for drug formulations. Two novel anticancer compounds extracted from Lentinus tuberregium were filed for patent for their anticancer properties. Polysaccharides from Tramates hirusuta, an indigenous isolate was also very effective against many cancer lines. Currently few more edible mushrooms are being studied for their medicinal properties.
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Yadvindra Young Scientist Award
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132.
Separation and determination of antimicrobial activities of targeted ganoderic acids from Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi)
Shveta1, Anil Sindhu,1 Ashok K Rohilla, 1 Ritika1 and Ajay Singh2*
1
Department of Biotechnology, DCR University of Science & Technology, Murthal (Snp) Haryana 2 HAIC Agro Research & Development Centre, Murthal (Sonepat) Haryana *email: haicrnd@gmail.com
Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed for separation of targeted ganoderic acids of Ganoderma lucidum used in herbal formulations for control of various diseases. The samples were collected from various agro-climatic zones of Haryana. The methanol mobile phase for isocratic elution was used and the sample showed two single compound peaks which were subsequently identified as ganoderic acid-T (GA-T) and ganoderic acid Me (GA-Me) respectively, based on their retention time using diode array UV peak purity scans at ^ max 245 nm. The retention time for GA-T was 3 min and for GA-ME was 7 minutes. These ganoderic acids were subjected for antibacterial and antifungal activities against indigenous populations of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor and Plaster mould. The minimum inhibitory counteraction was found to be 150 ug/ml for bacterial cultures with maximum inhibitory days varying between 10-14 days. The same was 100 ug/ml and 18-31 days, respectively, for fungal cultures. The study indicates that the concentration of triterpenoids of G lucidum is necessary for quality control when it is used as herbal medicine.
133.
Studies on genetic diversity and Lentinan production among Lentinula edodes strains
Shivani Sharma and PK Khanna*
Department of Microbiology, PAU, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab *email: shivaniattri@gmail.com
Seven strains of Lentinula edodes (LeC, LeI, LeS, OE-38, OE-142, OE-329 and OE-388) were molecularly characterized using RAPD, ITS sequencing, SDS-PAGE and isozyme analysis. In RAPD-PCR, twenty primers were used for the seven strains of Lentinula edodes viz; LeC, LeI, LeS, OE-38, OE-142, OE-329, OE-388 using RAPD-PCR. Fifteen primers gave distinct amplification products and yielded 465 scorable bands ranging from less than 100bp to more than 1000bp for all the genotypes. Maximum similarity coefficient (0.716) was obtained between LeC and LeI while minimum similarly coefficient (0.503) was found between LeI and OE 142. ITS sequencing indicated that LeC strain was highly divergent from all the other strains in ITS 1 to 2 and ITS 1 to 4 while LeI strain showed high degree of divergence in ITS 1 to 4 region only. SDS-PAGE indicated maximum similarity in three strains OE-38, OE-142 and OE-388 with the three bands formed at Rm of 0.02, 0.36 and 0.78 with molecular weight of > 97kDa ,44kDa and 18.7kDa respectively. Isozyme analysis of L. edodes strains gave two bands for alcohol dehydrogenase, two for malate dehydrogenase and three for peroxidase. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to identify the interactions between the operational variables such as pH, temperature (0C), incubation period (days) and agitation (rpm) for the production of maximum biomass, exopolysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS).The conditions for biomass and polysaccharide production were optimized using Design Expert 8.0 (Stat Ease, Minneapolis, MN) and regression equations were developed with R2 value ranging between 0.7204 to 0.9669 indicating high degree of fitness. The cultivation trials of five strains were carried out on wheat straw and saw dust based formulations with supplementation of wheat bran @ 5-20 per cent on dry wt. basis. Wheat straw substrate produced maximum biological efficiency at 10 per cent level of wheat bran supplementation in OE-388 (66.8%) and OE-329 (46.2%). In case of sawdust substrate, maximum biological efficiency was obtained at 5 per cent level of wheat bran supplementation in LeS, OE-142, OE- 388 strains. The qualitative and quantification estimation of lentinan was carried out by FTIR spectroscopy. Lentinan showed a prominent band at around 1650cm-1 in all the strains. The approximate estimation of lentinan revealed that samples under study contained 0.9mg/mL in the fruiting bodies of OE-388 to 5.4mg/mL in the biomass of OE-142 strain. The crude lentinan, methanolic, aqueous and crude extracts of biomass and fruiting bodies of different strains were evaluated for their
99
antimicrobial potential against five pathogenic bacterial cultures. Crude lentinan extracts of biomass and fruiting bodies exhibited highest antibacterial effects against pathogenic bacteria. The results of the study revealed divergent nature of LeI and LeC strain as compared to other strains as seen by RAPD, ITS sequencing and Protein profiling using SDS- PAGE and isozymes. The optimized conditions (pH, temperature, incubation period and agitation) for biomass, EPS and IPS production were obtained using RSM for all the seven strains. Moreover, LeC and LeI strain produced maximum biomass while no fruiting bodies were observed in these strains. Cultivation trials indicated that Le-S, OE-38, OE-142, OE-329 and OE-388 were the fruiting cultures. The polysaccharides and extracts prepared from all the strains indicate the potential biomolecules present in these strains which could be further purified for the development of neutriceuticals and commercial exploitation.
134.
Development of intraspecific and interspecific hybrids of Pleurotus spp. by protoplast fusion

Loveleen Kaur* and S Kapoor
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab *email: loveleensays@gmail.com
Mushrooms have been a part of fungal diversity for around 300 million years and represent a highly specialized group of fungi endowed with the ability to degrade and bioconvert a spectrum of inedible plant wastes into useful form of food. But quality traits within the gene pool of any one particular edible mushroom species are limited. Somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion can be one of the techniques to combine genetic characters across species barriers. In the present studies, intraspecific and interspecific hybrids of two recommended species of Pleurotus namely P. florida and P. sajor-caju with improved desirable traits like total yield, temperature tolerance, sporelessness/less spore producing and shorter cropping cycle through protoplast fusion were developed. Ten strains of P. florida and thirteen strains of P. sajor-caju were screened on the basis of radial growth and yield potential. A concentration of 2mM vanillin and 1000ppm carbendazim were selected as screening markers for the hybrids of the two Pleurotus spp. Based on selection markers and preliminary cultivation trial, P. florida PF-5 and P. sajor-caju PSC-3 were selected for optimization of protoplast isolation and fusion for interspecific fusion while four monospore isolates were selected for intraspecific fusion. It was found that for both PF-5 and PSC-3, an incubation temperature of 25C, 3-4 days old mycelial culture, 0.6M MgSO4.7H2O prepared in 0.2 M phosphate buffer gave the maximum protoplast yield (1.62 x 107 and 1.67 x 107 protoplasts/ml) after 6-12 hours of incubation when 0.1% Chitinase, 0.1% Lyticase and 0.5% Driselase were used. The protoplasts were subjected to both Polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated fusion and electrofusion and regeneration was carried out on three regeneration media by applying selection pressure. The electrofusion parameters found best were 2 pulses at 1000V (at a pulse interval of 5 sec), 2 pulses at 400V (at a pulse interval of 5 sec) and 2 pulses at 200V (at an interval of 60 sec). With square wave discharge, regenerants were obtained with 2 pulses at a pulse voltage of 300V at an interval of 30 seconds and 4 pulses of 200V at intervals of 5 sec each. Maximum regeneration efficiency of hybrids after PEG-mediated fusion was 9.5 per cent and for electrofusion it was 14.2 per cent. A total of 200 colonies of presumptive hybrids were randomly picked up and 15 hybrids were selected by screening on the basis of radial growth on PDA medium, colony morphology on PDA medium and extracellular endoglucanase enzyme activity in case of interspecific hybrids and presence of clamp connections in case of intraspecific hybrids. Isozyme analysis of parents and hybrids gave a single band for alcohol dehydrogenase, none for esterase, one for malate dehydrogenase, two for peroxidase and one for superoxide dismutase while the hybrids gave two, none, eight, three and two bands, respectively for different enzymes. A set of 15 primers were used for molecular characterization of hybrids along with the parents using RAPD-PCR. Out of these 13 primers gave distinct amplification products. These 13 primers yielded 207 scorable bands ranging from less than 100 bp to more than 1000 bp for all the genotypes. Maximum similarity coefficient of value 0.821 was obtained between PSPF-3 and PSPF-32 while minimum similarity coefficient (0.429) was found between PSPF-3 and FPF-116. Cultivation
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of all the fifteen strains developed by protoplast fusion along with the parent strains PSC-3 and PF-5 was carried out on wheat straw. Spawn run period varied from 19 days (PFPS-131) to 42 days (PSPF-95). Two hybrids, PSPF-47 and PSPF-101 were found to give significantly higher yield (88.8% and 82.2% respectively) than the parent strains PSC-3 (34.5%) and PF-5 (68.7%). PFPS-54 and PFPS-168 gave considerably lower spore mass and lower spore count as compared to parent strains while PFPS-90 and PFPS-131 also showed higher radial growth at 30OC and 35OC.
135.
Screening of mycelia and spent substrate of edible mushroom species for their dyes decolorization potential
Rajender Singh1*, O.P. Ahlawat1 and Anita Rajor2
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173213, (HP), India *email: rsprashar82@gmail.com
Eleven indigenous edible mushrooms spp. viz., Pleurotus ostreatus, P. flabellatus, P. florida, P. fossulatus, P. sapidus, P. eryngii, P. sajor-caju, Lentinula edodes, Auricularia polytricha and Agaricus bisporus (strain U3 and S11) were screened for their mycelial growth in presence of nine structurally different dyes and their decolorization potential. Decolorization of Rhodamine B, Methyl violet 2B, Starch Azure, Reactive blue, Quinaldine Red, Chicago sky blue, Azure B, Orange II sodium salt & Methylene blue was studied on solid agar plates supplemented with dyes. Under liquid culture conditions using SMS of P. sajor-caju, highest decolorization of Methyl violet 2B (96.30%), Chicago sky blue (96.00%) and Quinaldine Red (90.17%) was recorded at pH 4.0, While that of Methylene blue (80.17%), Rhodamine B (74.44%) and Azure B (100%) at pH 7.0. For rest dyes it was at pH 10.0. Almost similar trend was with SMS of P. flabellatus, however out of two SMSs, SMS of P. sajor-caju was more preferable out of 15oC, 25oC and 35oC in SMS of two species. Only exception was with Orange II sodium salt, where 35oC was preferred temperature than other two. Under different cultural conditions , near 100% decolorization after 72 h of incubation could be obtained for Methyl violet 2B, Azure B, Starch Azure, Quinaldine Red, Reactive blue and Chicago sky blue. Even for rest of the dyes it was in the range of 70 to 90%. The present study elucidates the potential of Pleurotus spp. and their SMS in dye decolorization and has the potential to achieve 100% decolorization potential with improvement culture conditions and technological improvement.
136.
Development and molecular characterization of hybrids from Ganoderma lucidum strains

Neeraj Shrivastava
Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida (UP) India email: neersar@gmail.com
Ganoderma lucidum is a polypore fungus with more 200 medicinally important biomolecules having plethora of medicinal properties. The industrial use of Ganoderma requires the initial selection of the strain of interest, and the subsequent breeding of the selected strain to improve its yield in terms of secondary metabolite production or biomass yield. For the study two genetically most diverse parents SK-4 and SK5 (G. lucidum strains) were selected and assessed via Biomass (fruit body) yield analysis, their pharmacological properties (antioxidant, free radical scavenging and reducing properties) and lignolytic and cellulosic enzyme activity for better substrate utilization. After selecting suitable parents, monospores were selected for breeding and developing new strain. G. lucidum spores have two hard sporoderms and spore germination is difficult. Several media were tested and SDWA (Sawdust Water Agar Media) with 1% absolute ethyl alcohol was found to be best for induced germination (17%) of Ganoderma spores in lab conditions. Genetic diversity was assessed among different strains using RAPD. In the present study nine monospores from two each strain (SK-4 and SK-5) were used. Their identity was confirmed by ITS 5.8S rDNA sequencing. To determine mating types, intermating experiments between and amongst the monokaryons of two selected parental (SK-4 and SK-5) strains were carried out and were mated in all
101
possible combinations. Inter and intra-strainal crosses were made amongst monokaryons of two selected parental strains. On the basis of compatible reactions and clamp formation, 13 hybrids were confirmed. The hybrids were assessed on the parameters of yield, antioxidant, reducing and free radical scavenging properties. Three hybrids were found superior in some properties and at par with parents in other properties. All the three hybrids showed superiority at least over one parents in all the parameters studied.
137.
Marketing practices of mushrooom growers in Punjab

Gagandeep Banga*, Babita Kumar and Ramandeep Singh
School of Business Studies, PAU, Ludhiana *emai: gbanga@pau.edu
Mushrooms are consumed by humans for their nutritional and medicinal value. When in season they can be purchased fresh, and many species are sold dried as well. It is used in soups, pizzas, pastas, etc. it can be added in any Indian dish to make it healthy. It is especially liked by vegetarian due to its nutritious and health benefits. Many species of medicinal mushrooms have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years. Marketing of mushrooms assume a great importance due to their perishable nature, consumer resistance to their high price, lack of organized marketing and inadequate promotion. Although mushroom has many benefits but it is still not consumed as a meal on regular basis. Companies are not putting in enough efforts to promote the product. There is no ready market for mushrooms at present and the prices fluctuate very much from day to day. Enhanced and improved marketing practices can not only increase productivity but also sales of mushrooms. The present research was under taken with the objectives of analyzing the marketing practices of the selected mushroom growers in Punjab and identifying the problems involved in marketing of mushroom. A sample of 50 mushroom growers was selected from list of mushroom growers taken from directorate of horticulture, Punjab and Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Punjab. None of the mushroom growers were using promotional elements for marketing their produce. All the mushroom growers were selling their produce in packaged form but without any brand name. The major problems faced by mushroom growers in marketing the produce were non-popularity of the produce, high perishability of the produce, low demand due to high prices, lack of local processing facilities, and inadequate transportation facility from farm to market. Non-availability of sufficient market information also affects operational efficiency of the mushroom growers.
138.
Zero energy polytunnel: a rapid composting method for Agaricus bisporus cultivation
GC Wakchaure
National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, ICAR, Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, India-413 115 email: goraksha.wakchaure@gmail.com
The zero energy polytunnel a novel composting method was developed for rapid substrate preparation for Agaricus bisporus cultivation using perforated HDPE pipes (10% perforations), iron frame and HDPE sheet (100-150 GSM). The ingredients mixture wheat straw (60%), wheat bran (5.5%), chicken manure (31%), urea (0.5%) and gypsum (3%) with initial moisture 75% (wb) used for composting. The process of composting was evaluated and standardized in terms of compost quality, numbers of turning, composting period and Agaricus bisporus yield and tested at seasonal/commercial growers farms. The study reveals the design of the polytunnel was based on basic ingredients/compost bioengineering characteristics, principle of natural passive aeration and heat-mass transfer of composted substrate. This is natural environment friendly 14-16 days compost process requires only two manual turning without additional infrastructure i.e. tunnel, boiler, blowers and compost yard. The result shows zero energy polytunnel method reduces 60%, 40% composting period and 37%, 50% compost production cost as compared to long and short methods, respectively. The current study suggest the possibility to cultivate Agaricus bisporus on a lingo-cellulosic, naturally pasteurized and conditioned composted substrate and significantly improves
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compost production (3-3.5 times of compost ingredients) and mushroom yield upto 22-27% with minimum energy, labor and infrastructure.
139.
Significance of nitrogen in button mushroom cultivation

K Manikandan*, OP Ahlawat and B Vijay
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, HP - 173 213. *email: kmanikandan@icar.org.in
Crop yield is proportional to the quantum of nutrients applied within the defined limit. The under and over use of nutrients results in low productivity linked to associated nutrient toxicity or deficiency. Toxicity and deficiency limits for major and micronutrients are well defined in commercial horticultural crops. However it is missing in mushroom science. Considering the importance of nitrogen in button mushroom cultivation, studies on significance of nitrogen in button mushroom composting was carried out at DMR between 2012-13. In preliminary studies, nitrogen dynamics at different stages of button mushroom cultivation was assessed including losses of ammonia due to volatilisation from compost. Based on preliminary studies, initial trial on nitrogen gradation was conducted with three doses of chicken manure viz., 500 kg of chicken manure/1000 kg straw, 250 kg of chicken manure/1000 kg straw and complete absence of chicken manure in compost preparation. The mushroom yield was highest in treatment I (17.2 kg per 100 kg compost) and lowest in control (13.11 kg per 100 kg compost). The results highlighted the importance of chicken manure as organic nitrogen supplement and possibility to increase chicken manure addition in compost formulation for button mushroom. Accordingly, subsequent trial was laid out with four treatments including chicken manure @ 75% of wheat straw application in compost formulation. In this trial, control without chicken manure gave lowest yield of 11.14 kg mushroom per 100 kg compost, whereas treatment IV receiving highest chicken manure recorded highest yield of 15.27 kg mushroom per 100 kg compost in 30 days cropping. Considering farmers viewpoint, compost formulation without chicken manure and wheat bran was attempted by adopting long method of composting which yielded 10.46 kg mushroom per 100 kg compost in 25 days. These studies clearly indicated that mushroom yield was proportional to the quantity of organics rather than inorganics applied and gave scope for redefining the compost formulation for button compost production. Further compost can be prepared using wheat straw and urea alone for button mushroom production using both short and long methods of composting but the yield reduction from this formulation needs to be compensated through suitable, cost effective post composting supplementation process. This can help in reducing the cost of mushroom cultivation by decreasing quantity of inputs, labour and transport cost and relieves chicken manure and wheat bran for other uses.
140.
Modified total Indoor composting techniques using thermophilic fungi

Ashutosh Pathak1*, B Vijay1 and RM Agarwal2
Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan *email: ashu_hm@rediffmail.com
Laws governing pollution are becofming stringent day by day in the country and many of the units even producing compost by indoor method ( bunker technology) are facing environmental issues as short period of phase-I in bunkers also pollutes the atmosphere and creates nuisance nearby to the residents. In the course of investigations on thermophilic fungi we have short listed one strain each of Scytalidium thermopnilum ( strain X-21) and Humicola insolens (I-33) which assist appreciably in compost production as evidenced by their extracellular enzyme profile and also their ability to convert agriculture residues in to compost in as less as 6-7 days time under laboratory conditions. These two fungi were further exploited under field conditions to produce compost under total indoor conditions in phase II tunnel escaping phase I altogether by a modified technique. In this technique compost ingredients after their thorough wetting ( moisture 70%) were directly transferred to phase -II tunnel and steam injected to bring the compost temperature to 70C and such temperature maintained up to 6 hours so that ingredients are sterilized to a large extent. On the following day treated ingredients were then taken out of the tunnel and
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divided into 5 equal parts. They were than individually inoculated with: S.thermophilium (X-21), H.insolens (I-33), consortium and pasteurized compost. One set was kept as control where no inoculation was done. Next day these five lots were again transferred to phase II tunnel and standard phase-II operation followed thereafter. Entire composting operation lasted for 8 days. Required conditioning and pasteurization temperature was achieved through self generation of heat due to rapid multiplication of test fungi in the inoculated piles as evidenced by their huge count in respective piles at the time of spawning. Ironically though control set was kept uninoculated but still it showed population of S. thermphilum as this lot also got inoculated with it during the phase II operation in the tunnel by recirculating air which obviously had large spores of thermophilic fungi. Excellent compost was produced by this technique. Spawn run was excellent for all the treatments, which were completed in 12 days time. Wheat straw to final compost output was in the range of 2.87 to 3.36, highest being in H. insolens treatment and lowest in S. thermophilum. Highest yield of 19.06 kg/ 100kg compost (27 days cropping) was achieved in consortium treatment (S. thermophilum + H. insolens) followed by H. insolens treatment (18.94 kg). Control yielded 16.13 kg of mushrooms. Comparative results of each treatment were also analyzed by measuring various physiochemical factors as pH, temperature, moisture, NDF, ADF, ADL, C:N ratio and population dynamics of thermophilic fungi at various stages of compost preparation and at the time of spawning. Data obtained indicated that highest reduction in C:N ratio, hemicellulose and cellulose was observed in consortium which corroborated well with higher yield obtained in this treatment. Least reduction of cellulose, hemicellulose and C:N ratio was noted in control which results in lowest yield. This technique is an improvement over the existing total indoor composting technology developed and confirmed at this Directorate several times and presently being evaluated at selected AICRP centres. New technique improved the consistency of compost quality, more compost per unit wt. of ingredients taken, higher yields with no or minimum environment pollution. Such technique will be a boon for those who are facing environment related issues and they will be able to produce productive compost in eight days time.
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Author
Abstract No
Page No
Author BC Suman BK Mehta
Abstract No 36, 74 91 97, 107 52 46 49
Page No 29, 56 71 74, 78 46 38 44
A
A Doshi A Eswaran Abdul Hamid Wani Abdul Rehman Absar Ahmed Ajay Singh AK Bordoloi Alpana Sharma AM Tirmali Amandeep Kaur Amanpreet Kaur Amarjeet Kaur Anil Sindhu Anila Doshi Anita Rajor Anjana Rai Anjum Varshney Anna Goyal Anu Kalla Aparna Sabharwal Archana Pandey Arthur Jacob AS Dahiya Asha Mane Ashok K. Rohilla Ashutosh Pathak Ashwani Kumar 91 126 13, 130 73 120 112, 132 80 111 15, 78 12 71 99, 102 132 5 135 25 76 22 19 82, 87 111 60 49 29 132 50, 79, 140 62, 63 71 92 8, 94 55 88 81, 99 58 80 9, 57 8 54 75, 76 99 5 101 20 56 19 17 62, 64 80 50 44 22 99 45, 58, 103 51, 51
BK Mishra BK Pani BL Dhar BP Rana
C
C Kannan C Yunus CK Pradeep CK Shukla 126 128 4, 10 124 92 93 5, 7 91
D
D Geetha DB Shinde Deepa Verma Deepika Sud Devina Vaidya Dharmesh Gupta Dimple Gupta Dinesh Rattan DS Deore 60 15, 58, 64, 78 56 109 23, 89, 101, 103, 105 74 98 67 64 50 9, 49, 52, 57 48 79 20, 69, 76, 77, 78 56 75 53 52
G
G Baruah G Kalaiselvi G Senthil Kumaran G Thirbhuvanamala Gagandeep Banga Gagandeep Kaur 80 21 96 21, 53 110, 137 19 138 28, 75, 76 105 124 91 113 58 19 73 19, 46 80, 102 17 102 22, 56 78 91 71 81
B
B Behera B Vijay Babita Kumar Baljit Singh BC Mallesha 59, 72 48, 50, 57, 79, 115, 139, 140 110, 137 102 34 50, 55 44, 45, 49, 58, 82, 103 80, 102 76 24
GC Wakchaure Geeta Sharma Ghanshyam Abrol GK Awadhiya GP Sharma GPS Sodhi 105
Author GS Kocher Gunjan Sood Abstract No 106 31 Page No 78 23 Author KB Vrinda KC Sharma KK Mishra Konchok Dorjey 81 9 7 54 127 129 98, 108 91 124 49 93 14, 19, 22, 24, 25, 30, 35, 38, 40, 71, 87, 94, 106 61 7 6 47 93 94 75,79 71 91 44 72 9, 17, 19, 20, 23, 27, 30, 31, 54, 64, 73, 78 Abstract No 4, 10 97, 107 55 8, 28, 70, 75, 76 Page No 5, 7 74, 78 47 7, 22, 54, 56
H
Harish K Bajaj Harpreet Kaur Harwinder Kaur HB Singh Hetram Meena HG Ramya Himali Kotwal HK Jain HK Singh HR Malik HS Gill HS Sodhi
L
L Darwin Christdhas Henry L Garg Loveleen Kaur LP Awasthi Lulu Das 93 42, 134 11 33, 77, 116 126 92 72 32, 100 8 24, 57, 82
M
M Asif Ali M Sufian Amjad Mahantesh Shirur Mandeep Kaur Manjit Singh Manju Sharma MC Ganavi 73 73 115 65 18, 39 74 41 17 96 73 26 94, 106 3 20 47, 124 96 94 34 2, 7, 12 55 55 82 52 17, 30 56 31 14 73 55 21 73, 78 4 18 42, 91 73 73 24 4, 6, 8
I
IJ Elizabeth IO Omomowo 68 80 53 58
MC Yadav Meera Pandey Mehmood Ahmad Randhawa
J
J Mohanty Jatinder Kaur JC Bhatt Jitendra Singh JJ Kadam JP Sharma 117 38 55 112 51 85 83 30 47 81 45 63
Mohan Sahu Mohini Prabha Singh Monika Kotwal Monika Thakur MP Thakur MR Hegde MS Alam MS Dinesha
K
K Kaveri K Manikandan K Nandini K Sanjana K Saravanamurali Karuna Singh KB Mohapatra 123 18, 48, 50, 57, 115, 139 41, 68 121 123 104 47, 59, 72 90 17, 44, 45, 49, 82, 103 31, 53 89 90 77 42, 50, 55
Munruchi Kaur
N
N Dayananda N Earanna N Tejo Prakash Namrata Premji Naresh Kumar 34 41 30 95 44 24 31 23 73 33
106
Author Narinderjit Kaur Nasir Ahmed Khan Nataraja Karaba Neelam Neelu Vishwakarma Neeraj Shrivastava Neerja Rana Neha Neha Sharma Nilakshi Chauhan Nita Khandekar NK Jain NS Atri Abstract No 2 73 41 70 111 136 23, 101 24 104 23, 103, 105 96 97, 107 1, 7, 12 Page No 4 55 31 54 80 101 20, 76 20 77 20, 77, 78 73, 74 74, 78 3, 6, 8 Author Preeti Ahluwalia PS Ranote Abstract No 102 106 Page No 76 78
R
R Saravanan R Shenbhagaraman Rachna Radhna Gupta Raj Kumar Rajbir Garg Rajender Singh Rajesh Kumar Rajni Goel Ram Chandra 117 123 113 109 56, 84, 118 49 56, 84, 118, 135 14 113 54, 127 92, 110, 137 30 40 44 65 83 16 32 104 132 13, 130 79, 140 45, 122 61, 88, 122 83 90 81 79 48, 63, 83 44 48, 63, 83, 101 9 81 47, 93 71, 80, 102 23 31 33 52 62 13 24 77 99 8, 94 58, 103 37, 90 51, 64, 90
O
OP Ahlawat 103 18, 48, 50, 57, 115, 135, 139 17, 44, 45, 49, 82, 101,
Ramandeep Singh Ranjana Prakash Ravinder K Jaswal Ravinder Kumar
P
P Ahila Devi P Boruah P Devi P Raja Pankaj Baiswar PG Borkar PK Khanna 53 80 121 117 37 51 19, 22, 24, 27, 31, 38, 40, 43, 66, 133 69 102 99 30 14, 44, 67, 71 80 77, 116 92 28 11 74 46 58 89 83 30 45 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 30, 31, 32, 53, 99 54 76 75 23 9, 33, 53, 54 58 57, 82 71 22 8 56 107
Ravneet Kaur RC Upadhyay RD Rai Reeny Mary Zacharia Renu D Khedkar Ritika Riyaz Ahmed Mir RM Agarwal RP Singh Rupesh Kumar Arora
PK Shukla Poonam A. Sachdev Poonam Aggarwal Poonam Bhatia PP Johl PR Bhattacharyya PR Prathibha Prabhjot Kaur Prachi Mishra Pradip Kumar Praneet Chauhan
S
S Beena S Dhanda S Kapoor 68 65, 67, 71, 87 19, 22, 24, 27, 31, 38, 42, 43, 82, 90, 129, 134 85 32 67, 94 53 52, 53, 54, 64 17, 21, 32, 70, 63 24 53, 73 19, 20, 23, 30, 32, 62, 94, 100
S Kumar S Leelakumary Sabhjeet Kaur
Author Sajeevan Sameera Pothukattil Sandeep Kaur Sanjeev Kumar Santosh Kumar Sahu Sanyogita Deshmukh Sashi Dhanda Satish Chandra Satish Kumar Abstract No 41 86 87 3, 6, 8, 9 26 100 40 37 33, 56, 83, 84, 114, 115, 129 49 58 80 73 13 130 4, 10, 125 24 29 27, 31, 42, 43, 66, 133 22, 25 132 33, 39 66 91 68 28, 76 103 85 Page No 31 64 64 4, 5, 7 21 76 31 30 24, 48, 62, 63, 81, 82, 94 44 49 58 55 8 94 5, 7, 91 20 22 21, 23, 32, 53, 99 19, 20 99 24, 30 53 71 53 22, 56 77 63 Y Gautam YP Sharma 114 3, 6, 8, 9, 98, 108 81 4, 5, 7, 75, 79 Author Sudhir Navathe Sukhpal Kang Sukhpreet Kaur Suma Divakar Sumedha Sharma Sunil Kumar Surabhi Sharma Surjeet Kumar SV Ngachan Abstract No 51 14 99 32 108 97, 107 23, 101, 103 61, 62, 63 37 Page No 45 9 75 24 79 74, 78 20, 76, 77 51 30
T
Tapas Kumar Maiti TN Lakhanpal TS Paul 121 20, 119 68 89 18, 87 53
Satpal Singh SB Nadre SG Jonathan Shahbaz Talib Sahi Shauket Ahmed Pala Shauket Ahmed Pala Shibu P Varghese Shikha Sethi Shilpa Bhaise Shivani Sharma Shiveta Raina Shveta Shwet Kamal Simranjeet Kaur SK Jain SK Mathew SK Mishra Suchita Patyal Sudarshan Maurya
U
Upasana Singh 88 64
V
V Kaviyarasan V Prakasam V. Kaviyarasan Vigya Mishra VK Bhalerao VN Pandey VP Sharma 62, 63, 82, 83 VR Deshmukh 123 21, 53 131 101 15, 58, 64, 78 54 90 19, 46 95 76 9, 49, 52, 57 47 24, 48,
33, 56, 83, 84, 115, 118 100 76
108
With Best Compliments From

Vijay Mann
Consultant Cell: 9350109613 Email: akhilmannmushroom@gmail.com
Supplier of quality spawn of all mushrooms
Akhil Mann Spawn Lab

V.P.O. Holambi Khurd, Delhi - 110082

Arun Bahl
Munish Garg
Cell: 92155-60173 98962-60173 92553-85424 0171-6536042
Supplier of Wheat straw/paddy straw/chicken manure/ wheat bran/Rotten cow dung/coirpith and other compost material
Munish Garg and Company

Near Old Ghas Mandi, Ambala City

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Indian Mushroom Conference-2013

Copyright 2013 Mushroom Society of India, DMR Campus, Solan

(NK Krishna Kumar) DDG (Hort.), ICAR

(Manjit Singh) Director, DMR & President, MSI

2.00 2.20 PM 2.00 2.20 2.20 3.00 PM

Monika Thakur and TN Lakhanpal 20

3.00 to 3.15 PM 3.15 4.45 PM

3.15 3.55 PM 3.15 3.35 3.35 3.55 3.55 4.15 PM

Keynote Lectures Mating barriers and allelic polymorphism in mushrooms H S Sodhi 35 36

10.50 11.30 AM 10.50 11.10 11.10 11.30 11.30 12.00 PM

Morchellaceae from Jammu region of North-West Himalaya

Genus Pluteus (Agaricales) in Kerala State

An update of wild mushroom in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Diversity of potentially edible Agarics from Punjab

Systematic studies on some Boletes from Jammu and Kashmir

Studies on biodiversity of wild edible mushroom of eastern Uttar Pradesh

Coprophilous mushrooms of Punjab: the genus Bolbitius

Collection of wild mushrooms from forest regions of Punjab

Wild fleshy fungi flora of mushroom of Western Maharashtra

Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology

Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology

Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology

Molecular markers for phylogeny reconstruction and DNA barcoding:

Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology

Scanning electron microscopy of Pleurotus ostreatus in response to inorganic Selenium

Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology

Estimation of Ergosterol at developmental stages of Ganoderma lucidum

Nutritional status of Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead

Selection of medium for optimum growth of basidiomycetes fungi

Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology

Estimation of protein and phenol from sporocarps of Flammulina velutipes

Essential amino acids of oyster mushroom

Chemistry, Nutrition and Molecular Biology

Nutritional analysis of mushroom types commonly cultivated in Kuttanad

Effect of microorganisms enriched mushroom spent coir pith on growth of tomato

Genetics and Breeding

Genetics and Breeding

Genetics and Breeding

High yielding mutants of Calocybe indica induced through protoplast mutagenesis

Genetic variability in single spore isolates and hybridization in Agaricus bisporus

Genetics and Breeding

Genetics and Breeding

Characterization of Volvariella volvacea strains

Mushroom Production Technology

Mushroom Production Technology

Mushroom Production Technology

Mushroom Production Technology

Mushroom Production Technology

Mushroom Production Technology

Cultivation of Calocybe indica (P & C) in Konkan region of Maharashtra

Out door cultivation of oyster mushrooms in bamboo plantations

Mushroom Production Technology

Mushroom Production Technology

Mushroom Production Technology

Cultivation of white button mushroom on different compost formulation

Studies on spawn production technology of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing

Mushroom Production Technology

Effect of supplements on yield of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing

Importance of casing quality and thickness in milky mushroom production

Morphological and yield attributes of different strains of Lentinula edodes

Evaluation of casing variables for cultivation of Agaricus bisporus strain U3

Mushroom Production Technology

Performance of black poplar mushroom on different substrates

Yield performance of Calocybe indica