WINDSURF & KITESURF AS KEY FACTORS IN THE ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES: Practical case of Tarifa (Andalusia, Spain)

by Marina de Miguel Garca

MA European Tourism Management Bournemouth University NHTV Breda Fachhochschule Heilbronn

Declaration of Authorship

I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work. I have not included any material or data from other authors or sources which are not acknowledged and identified in the prescribed manner. I have read the section in the Student Handbook on Assessment Offences and understand that such offences may lead the Examinations Board to withhold or withdraw the award of Master of Arts.

Sevilla, August 18th 2007 Marina de Miguel Garca

Abstract
This dissertation is an explorative research in the world of surfing, windsurfing and kite surfing and the relation with local communities with the aim to analyse the economic development in the recent years. More and more local communities look for ways to be economically developed in line with the sustainability and protection of the environment.

All the agents involved in this development, such as local communities, stakeholders, tourists, institutions and sportsmen play an important role in order to achieve positive results for each area, keeping the authentic cultural legacy and natural values which will make the community special and unique.

In this context, the case of Tarifa (Andalusia), the most southern point in Europe, has been studied due to its worldwide importance in the practice of windsurfing and kitesurfing.

An extensive bibliographical research has provided valued information about Tarifa and surroundings. In addition, direct information from primary data, for example questionnaires and interviews, helped to give a wider real point of view of the situation.

The results and findings came to the conclusion that Tarifa still has a lot of work to do in terms of helping and recognising windsurfing and kitesurfing, on the part of the City Hall, Local Government and Junta de Andaluca.

No less important is Mundaka, situated in Biscay in the region of the Basque Country in the north of Spain, so different to Tarifa but no less special and interesting to analyze since it is a surfing hotspot. Furthermore, sport mentality is more consolidated in this municipality among the City Hall, surfers, organisations, local institutions and regional government.

Table of Contents

Declaration of Authorship --------------------------------------------------------------------2 Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 List of Tables --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 List of Figures -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 List of Abbreviations----------------------------------------------------------------------------10 Acknowledgments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Background------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 1.2. The choice of the research area ---------------------------------------------------------14 1.3. Research aim, objectives and hypothesis ---------------------------------------------14 1.4. Structure of the dissertation ---------------------------------------------------------------15

Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1. Sport and Economy -------------------------------------------------------------------------17 2.1.1. Sport, economic activity and employment ------------------------------------17 2.1.2. Sport and tourism-------------------------------------------------------------------18 2.1.3. The analysis cost-benefit applied to the celebration of large sports events ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 2.1.4. Governments, sport and environment ----------------------------------------21 2.2. Surfing sports ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 2.2.1. Surfing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 2.2.2. Windsurfing---------------------------------------------------------------------------23 2.2.3. Kitesurfing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------24 2.2.4. Climatic conditions. The wind----------------------------------------------------25 2.2.5. Conditions of the sea --------------------------------------------------------------26 2.3. Andalusia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 2.3.1. General Aspects ------------------------------------------------------------------26 2.3.2. Climatology-------------------------------------------------------------------------27

2.3.3. Communications ------------------------------------------------------------------28 2.3.4. Economic development of Andalusia ----------------------------------------28 2.4. Littoral of Cadiz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------31 2.4.1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------31 2.4.2. Climatology-------------------------------------------------------------------------32 2.4.3. Natural Park of the Strait--------------------------------------------------------32 2.5. Practical case: Tarifa --------------------------------------------------------------------33 2.5.1. Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------33 2.5.2. History-------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 2.5.3. Historic and artistic monuments ----------------------------------------------36 2.5.4. Folklore and typical shows -----------------------------------------------------38 2.5.5. The giants of the Straits---------------------------------------------------------38 2.5.6. Tarifa: Ornithological paradise ------------------------------------------------39 2.5.7. La Isla of Tarifa--------------------------------------------------------------------39 2.5.8. Diving in Tarifa --------------------------------------------------------------------39 2.5.9. Natural resources in Tarifa ----------------------------------------------------39 2.5.10. Type of visitor in Tarifa --------------------------------------------------------40 2.5.11. Windsurfing in Tarifa -----------------------------------------------------------49 2.5.12. Kitesurfing in Tarifa -------------------------------------------------------------49

Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 3.2. Secondary data-------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 3.3. Primary data-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 3.3.1. Quantitative and Qualitative Research --------------------------------------51 3.3.2. Sample Size -----------------------------------------------------------------------53

Chapter 4: Main Findings 4.1. Interviews in Tarifa --------------------------------------------------------------------------55 4.2. Another example of interview about surfing in Mundaka (Biscay, Basque Country) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64 4.3. Questionnaires in Tarifa--------------------------------------------------------------------67

4.4. SWOT: Analysis of Tarifa as spot for windsurf and kitesurf -----------------------78 4.5. Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80

Chapter 5: Recommendations and Conclusions 5.1. Recommendations---------------------------------------------------------------------------82 5.2. Conclusions -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------84

Appendices ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88 Bibliography ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------139

List of Tables
Table 1. Official surf calendar in Mundaka. Source: EHSF Basque Surf

Federation, 2007 Table 2: List of Sportsmen in EFPT - Toro Andaluz Windsurf championship

celebrated in Tarifa last 2006 Table 3. Terrestrial and Marine environment divided into zones in the Natural

Park of the Strait. Source: P.O.R.N. Natural Park of the Strait, 2004 Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table 10. Table 11. Table 12. Table 13. Table 14. Table 15. Table 16. Table 17. Table 18. Table 19. Table 20. Table 21. Wind conditions in Arte Vida beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Balneario beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Bolonia beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Campo de Ftbol beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Caos de Meca beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in El Palmar beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Hotel Hurricane beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in La Charca beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Las Dunas beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Los Lances beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Punta Paloma beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Playa Chica beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Ro Jara beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Tarifa beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Tore de la Pea beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Valdevaqueros beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007) Wind conditions in Laidatxu beach (Mundaka) (17.07.2007) Meteorological conditions in Tarifa (28.07.2007)

List of Figures

Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 29. Figure 30.

Tourists in Tarifa on January 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on February 2006 (City hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on March 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on April 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on May 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on June 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on July 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on August 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on September 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on October 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourist in Tarifa on November 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourist in Tarifa on December 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on January 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on February 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourist in Tarifa on March 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on April 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa) Tourists in Tarifa on May 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa) Sex of the sportsmen in Tarifa Age of the sportsmen in Tarifa Familiar situation of the sportsmen in Tarifa Origin of the sportsmen in Tarifa Type of sport: windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa Frequency to practice windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa Audience to competitions in Tarifa Period of time/year to practice windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa Good Promotion in windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa Windsurf/Kitesurf: Expensive sports in Tarifa or not? How much money spent in windsurf/ kitesurf in Tarifa Type of accommodation in Tarifa Is Tarifa spoilt in a sport way?

Figure 31. Figure 32. Figure 33. Figure 34. Figure 35. Figure 36.

Tarifa: Spot for windsurf/ kitesurf or not? Type of material for windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa How to get to Tarifa? Other tourist resources in Tarifa Favourite beach for sportsmen in Tarifa Average of hours per day doing windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa

List of Abbreviations
AEK B&W CEES CIS CITN CNIG CSD EHSF EIKT EFPT GDP INE INM ISA KTS KWPT MITYC OECD PEDT PGOU PKRA PORN PRUG PYME RFEV SWOT WCT WTO Asociacin Espaola de Kitesurf Bet and Win Centro de Estudios Europeos Superiores Centro de Investigaciones Sociolgicas Centro de Inters Turstico Nacional Centro Nacional de Informacin Geogrfica Consejo Superior de Deportes Euskal Herriko Surf Federazioa-Federacin Vasca de Surf Escuela Internacional de Kitesurf de Tarifa European Freestyle Pro Tour Gross Domestic Product Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas Instituto Nacional de Meteorologa International Surfing Association Kite Tarifa School Kite World Pro Tour Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio. Organisation for economic co-operation and development Plan Estratgico de Desarrollo Turstico Plan General de Ordenacin Urbanstica Professional Kiteboarding Rider Association Plan de Ordenacin de Recursos Naturales Plan Rector de Uso y Gestin Pequeas y Medianas Empresas Real Federacin Espaola de Vela Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats World Championship Tour World Tourism Organisation

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Acknowledgments
This is the final project of the master European Tourism Management in the NHTV (Breda) and Fachhochschule (Heilbronn) during this year.

I hope the outcome of this thesis helps to encourage surf, windsurf and kitesurf as key factors in the economic development in local communities.

This dissertation became an interesting and challenging opportunity to increase my knowledge of the phenomenon of these sports in Tarifa and Mundaka, both in Spain.

I really could not have done it without the help of many people. I would like to thank Nuria Morre for being my supervisor, helping me with her critical and professional point of view of this topic as well as my teachers in Breda and Heilbronn for teaching me everyday in this academic year.

I also want to thank all the public institutions in Andalusia and Basque Country who provided me with useful information.

As well, I can not forget the surf family in Tarifa and Mundaka. Thank you to all the people in both municipalities who made this experience special.

Thank you so much to all the unselfish people who have helped me somehow during this whole year.

Thank you especially to all my friends, wherever fate brings you. Thank you for belonging to my life.

But my real acknowledgment goes from my heart to all my family, for being unique, especially my parents, who have done a lot for me during my whole life in bad and good moments and specially during this hard year; Yago, my brother, for supporting,

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helping and making me a better person and the sweetie Crystele for being a ray of light in the family.

To all the people I really love in my lifethis thesis goes to you.

Thank you

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. GENERAL ASPECTS Surf, Windsurf and Kitesurf sports are a great phenomenon that can be presently seen in many destinations all over the world. Surfers are always looking for better locations with wind, waves and warm water. Local communities which have these characteristics in their area try to take advantage of these sports as a main key factor in the economy. The aim these local economies look for is creating benefits with a good organisation and management in line with the environment, without losing the authentic cultural values. This dissertation will analyze a local community, Tarifa, situated in Andalusia in the south of Spain taking windsurf and kitesurf as main economical factors and studying how the local and regional governments of Andalusia, institutions, stakeholders, surfer community, tourists etc. contribute in such an evolution of the municipality. Another opposite example will also be included in the dissertation which is the surf spot of Mundaka, in the Basque Country in the north of Spain. In the case of Tarifa, windsurf and kitesurf sports and the economic development originated thanks to them will be analyzed but in the case of Mundaka surf will be the only element taken into account, offering a wide view of these sports as main ingredients in the evolution and development in both places. Questionnaires made in Tarifa and interviews elaborated in Tarifa and other parts of Andalusia will be added to my research. No less important for my research will be an interview made via telephone and via mail with the municipality of Mundaka in the north of Spain, giving another point of view about the economic development in this community thanks to surf. Reports, journals, books, bulletins, studies and general published information will also be explained in order to give theoretical and practical information. Other vital information with comments obtained from the surfer community in Tarifa will be included, which will give details not found in the written literature but really useful in my research, helping to understand the actual situation of this municipality with its advantages and disadvantages.

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Due to the amount of Spanish names shown in this dissertation, an appendix has been added with the translation in English. (see appendix 21)

1.2. THE CHOICE OF THE RESEARCH AREA The main reason which made me choose this topic for my dissertation was that I have been interested all my life in these kinds of sports: surf, windsurf, kitesurf etc. I had always had the idea to research these sports and the final stage of this masters seemed the perfect opportunity to elaborate on my interest.

I really found it interesting to analyze how local communities and municipalities in the entire world develop themselves thanks to key factor like these. Analyzing the possible areas to study in the world and in Europe, I focused on Andalusia, one of the most beautiful regions in Spain, and more specifically the spot of Tarifa, where windsurf and kitesurf are authentic symbols thanks to the climatic and sea conditions, combining all of them with environmental attractive and cultural values, all of them shaping the whole local community of Tarifa.

1.3. RESEARCH AIM, OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS Research Aim To analyze the sports of windsurf and kitesurf as key factors in the economic development in local communities. Practical case: Tarifa (Cdiz, Andalusia).

Objectives This thesis has basically two objectives. The first objective is to explore the phenomenon of surf, windsurf and kitesurf in local communities. The second objective is to analyze the economic development in the municipality of Tarifa thanks to windsurf and kitesurf. These two objectives lead to the following research questions which function as the backbone of the thesis: a) What are the sports of surf, windsurf and kitesurf? b) Which are the impacts of these sports in local communities? c) What is surfing tourism for these communities?

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d) What are the possible economical impacts in Tarifa thanks to windsurf and kitesurf tourism? e) How can stakeholders, local population, sportsmen, Government, citizens etc. manage these impacts to create economical development in a sustainable way with the environmental, natural and cultural values in Tarifa?

Hypothesis Is it possible that local communities like Tarifa are sports resources by themselves or do they depend on other cultural and environmental values for their economic development?

1.4. STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION This paper contains five chapters including the bibliography and 21 appendices at the end. The dissertation start with the declaration of authorship, abstract, list of tables, list of figures and list of abbreviations and acknowledgements. After these important elements, follows a short description of the contents of each chapter:

Chapter I

The introduction of the dissertation, with the background, the

presentation of the aim and objectives of the study as well as the research question or hypothesis constitute the features of this first chapter.

Chapter II

This chapter covers the literature review part of the study. The main

issues studied are the sport and economy, surfing sports, Andalusia, Littoral of Cadiz and finally the practical case of Tarifa.

Chapter III

The methodological approach of both secondary and primary research

of the study is discussed in that chapter including also the quantitative and qualitative research and the sample size.

Chapter IV

The main findings are shown with the explanation of the interviews in

Andalusia and Mundaka, the questionnaires made in Tarifa as well as a SWOT

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analysing the sports of windsurf and kitesurf in Tarifa finishing with the limitations found during the whole process of the dissertation.

Chapter V

This is the chapter of the final recommendations and conclusions to

conclude this study.

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Chapter 2: Literature review

2.1. SPORT AND ECONOMY It is important to start this chapter 2.1 by taking into account some steps to manage a region, province or local community in terms of sport economy, studying all the factors which play a roll in it. These steps are: (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002):

a) Economic decisions and action All the subjects who take the decisions are: Consumers, Associates of the club, Producing, Investors, Commercial and Governments, Regions and Provinces, Officials. The meaning of the decisions can have relation with: Private expenses, Employment of the time, Financing, Private/Public Investments, Structure and economic politics.

b) Socio-economic Aspects The economic situation has a repercussion in: Product, Growth, foreign trade. The Socio-Economic Effects can affect: Redistribution, Town Planning, Infrastructures, Ecology, Health, Social Integration. Employment, gross national

c) Institutional Elements As institutional elements can be divided in three categories: Organizing Agents who are: Homes, Clubs and confederacies, Bidders and State. Mechanisms of Coordination: Market, Democratic Voting, Planning. Other structures: Right of property, Tax System, Legal Security. Source: Based on Heinemann, 1984

2.1.1. Sport, economic activity and employment In line with the ideas explained in the previous point 2.1., it can be confirmed that the economic importance of the sport has been on the rise thanks to the active practice

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and growing interest that embrace the large sports events that have become one of the businesses with a clear future. (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002). Sports events, for example, are a great opportunity to bring prospective to a city and highlight things accomplished with the private sector (Sandy et al. 2004). This great idea to exploit the sport supply in cities can improve the area economically, bringing benefits offering the participation of a wider profile of citizens in the activities included with the events and encouraging more and more the healthy practice of different sports.

2.1.2. Sport and Tourism In the case of Andalusia (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002) the weight of the tourist sector on the economy is notably significant in recent years. The celebration of large sports events constitutes for the region always an important tool of broadcast of the image of the geographical environment, city, localities, landscapes, environment, etc. in which these competitions take place, owed not only the people that visit or attend the celebration, but also to the extensive data processing cover, especially by TV, media, sponsoring, giving the interest that these events awake.

The promotion of the sport tourism can mean a new way of development from the tourist point of view in those zones that initially do not have sufficient tourist resources. Andalusia presents all the qualities and attractions to become a tourist destination, thanks to the good climatic conditions, the progressive increase in the supply of sports facilities, and the knowledge of one autonomous region as a region with numerous tourist resources.

2.1.3. The analysis cost-benefit applied to the celebration of large sports events Linking this new chapter with the previous ideas about sport, tourism and economy one can also analyse the socioeconomic implications of the sports events (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002), from the perspective of the organizing locality, something that has acquired a greater importance in recent years in societies. The organization and

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celebration of sports competitions involves beneficial effects which will affect positively the economic balance of the area.

2.1.3.1 Costs of the celebration of large sports events Prices (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002) will have a great importance in the organization and execution of sports event in the following issues: a) Investments in sports infrastructures: The volume of these expenses depends always on the type of sports event to carry out and the possibility to increase and enlarge facilities although in some cases installations already exist, and then smaller investments for its adaptation are needed. b) Prices of organization: Inside the prices of organization the prices of

personnel are included. Prices will vary depending on the type and length in terms of the event celebrated, since some sports are more expensive than others. c) Upkeep costs: Some facilities are built only to be used during the events and others are used during the celebration of the event and stay after it to be used for other reasons. d) Other works of infrastructure: It is necessary to guarantee enough infrastructures of communications with the locality. Although an event is celebrated in a place far away from the main city, if there are good facilities (transports, stations, roads) to get there, the event place will receive good opinions on the part of the organisation and sportsmen e) External Prices: In some cases, the celebration of large sports events generates some concrete external prices, for example conglomerations or difficulties of the traffic. With a good organisation and planning tools on the part of the event organisation or local municipality, this handicap can be overcome.

2.1.3.2. Benefits of the celebration of large sports events According to the benefits related to the organization and celebration of a sports event of high level, one can distinguish chiefly three large categories (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002):

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a) Direct private Benefits: This category understands the benefits channelled through the market as a consequence of the celebration of a sports event. The most important are: -Incomes by the organization of a sports event of high level, like the rights of radio television, sponsorship, commercialization and sale of entrances. -Incomes by the use of the new sports facilities, that would permit to obtain some annual incomes during the useful life of the same by the sale of entrances and loaded prices by other services offered.

b) Indirect private benefits: -The indirect private benefits which are generated for the celebration of large sports events

c) External Benefits of the celebration of large sports events: The organization and celebration of a sports event of certain level creates benefits that themselves are not channelled through the market, but nevertheless have a notable importance for the organizing locality.

These last external benefits can be divided at the same time in three different categories: of economic character, by-products of the promotion of the sports practice and other external benefits (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002): C.1 Economic character: The celebration of a sport event of certain

importance will bring important effects on the supply of the economy on its technological possibilities.

C.2 By-products of the promotion of the sports practice: The organization of large sports competitions is susceptible to promote the sports practice in the organizing locality and expect an improvement of the sports facilities which are more accessible for the sport since: -More citizens will be benefited thanks the sport as a development mechanism of the psychological and emotional equilibrium.

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-The increase of the interest in the sport and its practice would act like the agent of socialization and social integration in cases of criminal and anti-social habit (including alcohol, drugs, violence.)

C.3 Other external benefits: The organization of large competitions supposes to combine the efforts of the citizens of the locality. The organization of sports events of these prompts a high level of activity and employment.

Tourism is considered as the first world industry (Antn et al. 2004); in a popular study the WTO argued that the importance of the tourism is expected to continue growing during the next decade. In Spain its contribution to the GDP figures around 11-12%; sport, on the other hand, as an economic factor, contributes an added value in the majority of countries between 2% and the 3%, and volume of employment adds 2%.

2.1.4. Governments, sport and environment An important contribution to sport management is the role that all kind of Governments, from a regional to a local level, play with different effective actions and plans (Sandy et al. 2004).

Governments should plan and maintain the space for recreational activities in different sport categories. These activities fall under responsibility for land use and zoning: the representation of the balance between the use of land for economic development and the preservation of open spaces. Good marketing tools, sponsoring, promotion and professional strategies in sport issues are tasks for the regional and local institutions.

In conclusion it can be added that Governments (CSD 2002) must be responsible for environmental protection, through the appropriate planning of sports facilities and activities, a proper environmental use of sports practice and an adequate control in a

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sustainable equilibrium with the nature, using the adequate actions to guarantee the future to next generations.

2.2. SURFING SPORTS 2.2.1. Surf This new chapter will start talking about Surf which can be considered as the mother sport in sailing history. The modern epoch of the surf goes back to 1900 in Hawaii (Du Maroc, 2004). Little by little the surf acquired more supporters. In 1911 the first club of surf in history - Hui Nalu - was founded, which still functions today. Surf jumped from the islands of Hawaii to the western coast of the United States, concretely in Malibu in 1927. The boards continued to evolve little by little and in 1935 Tom Blake put a keel to a board, facilitating turns. At the end of the 60s, California was the main centre of surfing in the whole world. The leap of the surf to Europe occured in the year 1959, concretely in Biarritz. After the leap to Europe, surf spread around all the coast of the Cantabrico and the Atlantic, one of the main spots being Mundaka with its unique waves in the beaches of Laidatxu and Ondartzape. (see appendices 16 and 17) The king sport in this area is surf. The wave of Mundaka is considered one of the better left of the world, with a length that can reach the 400 m. The locality receives in the months of autumn and winter the visit of numerous surfers of this sport coming from the most remote places of the world. Since 1998 the locality has celebrated the championship Billabong-For, a countable test for the championship of the world. The table 1 added in the appendices shows the official surf calendar elaborated by the EHSF - Basque Surf Federation for 2007. (see table 1 in the appendix 8)

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2.2.2. Windsurf No less important than 2.2.1 is this new chapter with windsurfing, interesting to analyze due to its evolution in the sport history thanks to facts and people that will be explained in this chapter.

Hnscheid and Winner (1985) have said that windsurfing is possibly the sport that has experienced a faster development and the decision will be seen to be influenced by the possibilities and the conditions that are given in the zones of navigation, as well as the time and money that surfers need.

Since the beginning of time, man has used the wind as a driving force to be moved on the water. (Prade 1982). The system of the direction and the displacement of an embarkation has been stable up to now in which was born the windsurfing and with him a different way from directing the embarkation: the direction without rudder.

In 1964 Newman Darby created a dirigible and quite useful board, which seemed more a boat than a surfboard (Prade 1982). To sail, Newman Darby was placed standing in front of the mast supporting his body against the pressure of the wind. The direction was performed by inclination towards behind and front.

Hoyle Schweitzer and Jimmy Drake, two sportsmen of California, set the sport of the windsurfing. (Prade 1982). He and his friend Jimmy practiced for many years surfing in the waves off the coasts of California. In 1969, Hoyle Schweitzer presented its first surfboard with sail, the "windsurfer original" that consisted of a plate of current and normal surfing as was utilized for the high waves of the coasts of Hawaii and in a triangular sail held to a mast and unfolded by a boom, began the world development of the windsurfing. In a few years, more than 100 different models invaded the market, which should be considered all copies of the windsurfer original. The surfing with sail is the largest invention in the sport of the sailing.

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With a good instructor, windsurfing is learned in few hours and only turns out to be dangerous and uncomfortable when is practiced for no professionals and in a wrong way, for example in bath areas or entrances to ports.

2.2.3. Kitesurf In this third chapter, kitesurf is going to be analyze since it has been the new boom in the water sports explained in the points 2.2.1 and 2.2.2,using a sail and kite as main elements.

Kitesurfing (Lieben 2006) is also known as kiteboarding and as flysurfing, although the most common name used is Kitesurfing.

Kitesurfing catches the wind in a kite instead of a sail as in windsurfing; the main power-source of kitesurfing is the kite. Kitesurfing is a non aggressive sport and kitesurfers do not pursue in bodily contact and try to stay out of each others way as it is very dangers if kites get caught up. Risk and danger are definitely present with Kitesurfing as speeds are reached up to 70 km/h and jumps of 25 meters high with such actions is a definite risk of getting hurt Kitesurfing is a globally fast growing and professional sport that can no longer be eliminated from the minds of water sports all over the world and therefore not from the global tourism industry either (Takens 2006). In October 1977 Gijsbertus Adrianus Panhuise (Netherlands) got the first patent for the sport and could be considered as the originator of kitesurfing.

The first Kitesurfing World Cup was held in 1991 in San Francisco, which was televised and shown extensively on sports channels.

In 2006, it is estimated that there are approximately 200.000 Kitesurfers in the World.

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2.2.4 Climatic conditions. The wind Taking about the wind as main element in the climatic conditions which have an influence in the practice of surf, windsurf and kitesurf expalained in the points 2.2.1, 2.2.2 and 2.2.3, one cannot forget to focus somehow this chapter in the region of our study. If some sign exists in the identity of the nature reserve of the Straits, it is the intense force that blows the wind (Pardo de Donlebn Quijano 2003).

Tarifa is another beneficiary of the power of the wind, since it has stopped the urban development overflow during years, ensuring that the locality remained relatively cleared and as destination of a great proportion of surfers from all parts of Spain and the world. The Tables 4 to 19 added in the appendix 18, show the wind conditions in some beaches of the municipality of Tarifa the last July 17th on 2007 as well as the table 20 in the same appendix 18, which show the wind conditions in one of the main beaches of Mundaka in the same day.

Tarifa is famous for two prevailing winds that blow from the Straits of Gibraltar (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologa 2007). The Levante from the East (slightly cross-offshore, left to right, looking out to sea) is most common in summer, when it can blow for weeks, both day and night. It is generally stronger, warmer and produces flatter conditions.

The westerly Poniente comes from the Atlantic (nearly direct onshore from the right, looking out to sea), is cooler and can bring waves, Los Lances white sand beach is generally 100m wide, making launching and landing easy and is zoned to keep everybody happy.

The dependence of windsurf and kitesurf sports on time are a problem: for many people this means hours of waiting and days of frustration caused by the lack of wind and swell. It is recommend to know something about the wind and the places where there exist greater possibilities to find it.

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2.2.5. Conditions of the sea It is also relevant to take in account in the practice of surfing sports the conditions of the sea, no less important than the conditions of the winds explained in the point 2.2.4. Hnscheid and Winner (1985) have proposed that even when the wind is a very important factor, the conditions of the water is relevant as well. That means the ascents and descended, hollow, pending and surfaces in movement of the ocean have a vital influence in the sports of surf, windsurf and kitesurf and more concrete in the area or our research: the Straits and the beaches of Tarifa.

2.3. ANDALUSIA 2.3.1. General aspects Andalusia, the region which is the protagonist of the research, is situated on the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004); it is the most southern point of Europe and is the bridge between Europe and Africa. It is one of the autonomous regions of Spain and it has an area of 87,268 km2, or 17.3% of the Spanish territory. Andalusia has 8.039.399 citizens, within this number 6,6% foreign people (595.942 citizens): Sevilla(1.835.077), Mlaga ( 1.491.287), Crdoba (788.287), Granada (882.184), Almera ( 635.850), Huelva ( 492.174), Jaen ( 662.751) and Cdiz (1.194.062). It is located between the northern latitudes of 360 and 3844 and 24 degrees eastern longitude and 350 western longitudes with respect to the Madrid meridian. It has 8 provinces and 5 of them are situated in more than 900 km of coast. The names are: Huelva, Cdiz, Mlaga, Granada and Almera. The others are: Huelva, Sevilla which is the capital, Crdoba and finally Jaen. (see appendix 14)

It is bounded on the north by the Sierra Morena. The western boundary is defined by the Guadiana River, which separates the province of Huelva from Portugal. The Atlantic Ocean bathes the coastlines of Huelva and Cdiz in the south west. The Mediterranean Sea does the same for the coasts of Cdiz, Mlaga, Granada, and

26

Almera situated in the south east. The frontier between the west and the east coast of Andalusia is marked with the Strait of Gibraltar, situated only 14km from Africa.

The Guadalquivir (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004) is the most representative river of Andalusia passing through important cities like Crdoba and Sevilla.

2.3.2. Climatology Another important element in this chapter 2.3 about Andalusia is its climatology. Andalusia is situated in the temperature zone of the northern hemisphere (Andalusia Tourism Manual 2004) near the tropic of Cancer and as such it has a mild and warm climate characteristic of the Mediterranean. The major part of its surface has temperatures ranging from 15 to 18C, while the precipitations measure 300 to 600 mm.

The air masses circulating in the Andalusia climate are the anticyclone from the Azores, the Atlantic depressions, the continental anticyclone, subtropical continental air masses, and the subtropical Mediterranean air. The succession of the different air masses depends on the season and hence the type of climate.

Regarding the temperatures, it is necessary to distinguish the coastal zone that is affected by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and a nucleus of interior lands whose thermal amplitude is greater.

As the Guadalquivir valley flows into the Atlantic it makes the maritime climate penetrate and softens the temperatures; summer however registers the maximum temperatures.

The rainfalls in Andalusia (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004) are situated between 300 and 1100mm by annual square meter depending on the climatic seasons, with an average of 700mm. Two periods of rains are clearly differentiated: one in autumn and winter, and another of drought in the summer period which has been many times

27

a big problem for some cities and villages. The most abundant precipitations are originated in Sierra Grazalema (Cdiz) being the maximum rainfall geographical point on the Peninsula (2500mm).

2.3.3 Communications No less important is to talk about how the net of communications has grown in this chapter 2.3. In Andalusia, two important components from the road system: The Main Network and the Secondary Network (Andalusia Tourism Manual 2004). The railway network in Andalusia is made up of a) High Speed Corridor SevilleCrdoba-Madrid with international access and which connects to the rest of the network; b) A combination of corridors of conventional width that link together the main cities of Andalusia as well as serving for connecting to the exterior; c)A series of corridors for traffic from suburban areas in some metropolitan zones and d) Corridors linked to the transport of merchandise.

The Andalusian Ports occupy a strategic position in the world maritime traffic, based on their central geographic location and their character as a crossroad between seas and continents.

In Andalusia there are five airports: Mlaga, Sevilla, Jerez de la Frontera, Almera, Granada and Crdoba. However the average volume of passengers handled by European airports is only bettered or equalled by those of Malaga, Jerez and Sevilla. They concentrate the 78% of national air traffic and more than 95% of international air traffic in Andalusia.

2.3.4. Economic development of Andalusia The economic politics of the andalusian economy are focused in the binomial growth / employment that permit a better creation and growth of employment, decreasing the rate of unemployment.

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In line with this, (Junta de Andaluca 1996) the politics of support to the business net in Andalusia are focused in the following objectives: a) b) c) Enlargement and consolidation of the business net Improvement of the competitive level of the Andalusian business net The creation and consolidation of infrastructures and equipment of

support to the business activity d) e) f) Encouragement of Andalusian businesses internationally Development of the social economy Promotion of the contribution to an economic development of the

Andalusian financial system

The development and consolidation of the business net in Andalusia needs politics to push the Pyme and its modernization (Junta de Andaluca 1996).

The panorama of the tourist sector for 2006 was presented as stable (Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte 2005). The forecasts of the department of Tourism, Trade and Sport were of moderate growth in the tourist activity presenting a similar evolution in the year 2005. Once more it was the Spanish market that presented better results in arrivals of tourists toward Andalusia.

During 2006 (Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte 2005), 24 million tourists were registered and the Spanish market continued registering a great arrival of tourists toward Andalusia. The economic growth of Andalusia was reckoned

according to the Quarterly Accounting that publishes the Instituto de Estadsticas of Andalusia, as 3, 5 %.

The services continue presenting an intense growth (Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte 2005). The year 2005 closed with a total of 23, 6 million tourists that supposed an increment of 7, 4% in the arrivals, the sector services attending most of this demand. This affluence of tourists contributed during 2005 to the entering into Andalusia around 14.460 million euros that supposed a nominal

29

increment of 1, 3%. The Andalusian economy had to produce a value of 12.500 million euros, supposing for 2005 a participation of 11% of the GDP.

During 2005 (Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte 2005), hotel establishments of Cdiz registered a total of 6.332.961 overnight stays, that supposed a growth of the 7.2% with respect to the previous year, 2004. The average stay in the hotel establishments of Cdiz, for example in 2005, was situated as 3, 2 days, emphasizing the continuance of the foreign tourist. The variable employment closed the year with very positive results and registered an average of 6,427 employed people, that supposed a growth of 18,3%, in absolute terms a total of 993 jobs more than in 2004. .

The improvement of the works of the road N-340 in the province of Cdiz served of improvement in municipalities as Chiclana, Conil, Vejer, Barbate or Tarifa as main municipalities. The provincial tourism continued having in the beach its basic sector, although wanted to be completed with the golf, the artistic patrimony and the rural tourism, among other activities.

Also the execution of sports events supposes a motor of development of the Andalusian economy with the construction of necessary infrastructures to carry out these activities. (Junta de Andaluca 1996).

On the other hand, these aspirations of the Andalusian cities are going to need of a narrow cooperation among the administrations to bring to good term these projects.

This cooperation among the administrations needs to reach some objectives. As objectives of the politics of sport are established: a) Order, promote and coordinate the sport b) Enlargement and diversification of the supply of sports activities c) Development of the competitive sport d) Planning, construction, enlargement and diversification of sports infrastructures.

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2.4. LITTORAL OF CADIZ 2.4.1. Introduction This new chapter is one of the most important areas included in Andalusia explained previously in the chapter 2.3. This chapter 2.4 holds the area of our research. The following most important municipalities make up Costa de la Luz in Cdiz, with more than 200km situated in the south of Andalusia: Sanlucar de Barrameda, Chipiona, Rota, El Puerto de Santa Maria, Puerto Real, Cdiz, San Fernando, Chiclana de la Frontera, Conil de la Frontera, Vejer de la Frontera, Barbate and finally Tarifa. The Costa de la Luz looks to the Atlantic Ocean and the frontier with the Mediterranean Sea is the Straits of Gibraltar. (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004)

The littoral of the Costa de la Luz in Andalusia (Daz Snchez et al. 1987) from Sancti Petri to Tarifa can be divided in 5 areas of 130 km of sandy and plains beaches but also some cliffs with different characteristics in the morphology, which are: - From Sancti Petri to Torre del Puerco the beaches are sandy and plains - From Torre del Puerco to Castilobo exist rocky coves like Cala del Aceite and Cala de Roche. Subsequently the coast forms again extensive sandy beaches. - From Castilobo to Trafalgar exists a prolonged sandy beach that arrives to Cabo Trafalgar - Between Trafalgar and Zahara, the sandy and low coast is elevated to form Caos de Meca (enormous cliffs with rocky beaches) - Between Zahara and Tarifa there is a great change. The extensive sandy beaches become small rocky beaches in Cabo de la Plata to appear again as sandy beaches until Torre del Cabo (in Cabo de Gracia), where a sandy inlet is formed and prolonged to Bolonia and then Punta Paloma, where again another sandy inlet is formed: Valdevaqueros. This great sandy extension continues and finishes in the singular peninsula of the Isla de Las Palomas (Tarifa) or Punta Marroqu, which is the best watchtower of the Straits. From this point, in days with good weather

31

conditions it is possible to see Africa. While in the Atlantic littoral dominate the deep sandy beaches, the coast of the Straits is more abrupt and full of difficult access.

2.4.2. Climatology The Littoral of Cdiz (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologa 2007) enjoys the winds which blow in the Straits of Gibraltar during the entire year. These winds have helped to develop a huge amount of activities related with the winds, environment and the morphology of the littoral, such as Windsurf and Kitesurf, production of wind power energy, sighting of birds

The climate is excellent with daytime air temperatures averaging from 14C in the winter (with some heavy rain) up to 28C in the summer (with welcome cooling winds).

The summer temperatures of the air are between 23-30C and the temperatures in the water are between 18-24C. In winter, the air temperatures go among 14 and 23C and the water temperatures from 10 to 18 C.

2.4.3. Natural Park of the Strait of Gibraltar The Straits of Gibraltar (Silva Lpez 2004) is the point between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the place where Europe and Africa are closer. It is located in the south of the Andalucia. It is a unique space by its rich and various natures as well as by the attraction that has had historically in the Atlantic and Mediterranean cultures. The nature reserve of the Straits has been created to protect some exceptional cultural and natural values, and also for prompting the local economy and improving the quality of life of its inhabitants. It is a maritimeterrestrial space, with equivalent surfaces of sea and land that extend along 54 km of coast, between the Cabo de Gracia (western limit) and the Cabo de San Garcia (extreme oriental). The Natural Monument of Dunes of Bolonia (13ha) was declared previously in October of the 2001, maintaining its private protection integrated in the nature reserve of the Straits. Baelo Claudia is National Historic Monument since

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1921 and Archaeological Group since 1989. The Spot Natural Beach de Los Lances (226ha) was declared in 1989. The 76% of the terrestrial zone of the park belongs to Tarifa and the 24% belongs to Algeciras. The area of the Cerro Tambor (606ha) belonged previously to the natural reserve The Alcornocales. The surface of the nature reserve is divided into:

terrestrial environment with 9653ha, marine environment with 9247ha which does a total of 18900ha. The ownership of the terrestrial zone is divided into Public with 4503 ha (46, 6%) and also Private with 5150 ha (53, 4%). (see table 3 in the appendix 10)

2.5 PRACTICAL CASE: TARIFA 2.5.1. Introduction This chapter 2.5 is one of the backbones in this dissertation and it is one of the most important municipalities included in the points 2.3 and 2.4. Tarifa represents one of the best places characterized of all the peninsular territory and more concretely of Andalusia (Corzo Snchez 1984). Is the most extreme southern point of the Iberian Peninsula, as well as of the entire west European being also the closer point to Africa, so its maritime position between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic is so vital in its geography as in its history. (see appendix 15)

Milln Senz and Perea Trujillo (1988) have proposed that Tarifa is defined by characteristics linked to the environment like climate, floor, relief, coastal and other cultural, social or sport values, making this zone a certainly open and very private place to many possibilities of future development. The habitual presence of one of the elements that better characterize this zone, the wind, has been the main responsible factor for a booming tourist development based on the suitability of its beaches for the practice of a sport that conjugates sea and wind, the windsurfing and kitesurfing. But the development of Tarifa goes beyond the tourist sector linked to windsurfing and kitesurfing. Therefore it is necessary to carry out a correct planning

33

that will take advantage and uitilise all the resources of the municipal term, that permit an integral development in which there are not negative interferences in a sector or in another. This difficult municipal management needs a base and some instruments that make possible a good process of management.

Its limits in the large part are within the Natural Park Los Alcornocales (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004), a fact that makes Tarifa richer in environmental and nature values with a wider range and variety of endemic species of flora and fauna.

In the municipality of Tarifa ten beaches exist (Daz Snchez et al. 1987). Most of them are situated from Punta Camarinal toward the municipal nucleus. Emphasizing the Ensenada of Bolonia, it can be offered a beach of about 2 kms of length. Another of the main beaches of Tarifa is Baja Paloma, with more than four km of very fine sand with the beach of Valdevaqueros, situated in the Inlet of the same name, a zone of great tourist attraction with the practice of windsurf and kitesurf. The main beach of Tarifa and the most important tourist zone is the Beach of Los Lances, with more than 8km of length and normally good sufficient equipment of sanitary services, becoming this zone one of the main tourist potentials of the littoral; Although the wind constitutes an important barrier for its tourist development, on the other hand, is consider this beach of Los Lances as one of the best of Europe for the sports practice of windsurfing and kitesurfing. To make easier the distinction of the beaches in Tarifa, the follow list show all the beaches of the municipality, which are: - Balneario - Pueblo - Campo de Ftbol - Ro Jara (Area for surf schools with the possibility to do Kitesurf) -Los Lances o Dos Mares (Large channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations) - Arte Vida (Small channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations)

34

- Camping Tarifa (Small channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations. Area for the practice of windsurf) - Hurricane (Small channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations. Area for the practice of windsurf) - El Chozo (Small channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations. Area for the practice of windsurf) - El Bunquer - Valdevaqueros or Club Mistral (Area for surf school with the possibility to do Kitesurf) - Spin out (Large channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations. Area for the practice of Windsurf) - La Dunas o Punta Paloma - Benavides (see appendix 18)

Other no less important beaches of the municipality are found under the names of: Caos de Meca El Palmar La Charca Playa Chica Torre de la Pea Pueblo

In Tarifa can be found two areas for Kitesurf and four areas for Windsurf (including Bolonia) The rest of the areas are channels marked with beacons that are not bad but the navigation is to 200 metres from the border. Actually the channel must be used to enter and leave.

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2.5.2. History Following the general aspects explained in the chapter 2.5.1, this new point 2.5.2. points out Tarifa in history. Tarifa was founded in the year 711 (Departamento Tcnico del Escudo de Oro, S.A 1984) by Tariq and conquered by Sancho IV in 1292. The history of the municipality relates that Guzman, the governor on the castle handed over his son to the Moors to save the fortress. Tarifa is a city with a strong Moorish flavour and lies open to the east winds through the arches of its gates. But historically, the most important place in this region is Bolonia, the old roman colony Baelo Claudia. The base of the wealth of the city of Baelo Claudia was found in the fishing and above all in the industry of seasoned (Fernndez Barrera 1982). The factories were situated in front of the sea, on the beach, and the tuna were thrown since the ships anchored and transfer to the factory.

2.5.3 Historic and artistic monuments In the municipality of Tarifa there can be found some interesting historic and artistic monuments, which are the main elements in the cultural legacy. The most important are the following: * Church of Holy Mara: Nothing remains today of the one that was parish church from the city at the beginning of century (Corzo Snchez 1984). It was built on the remainders of an old mosque.

* Church of San Mateo: It is the most important church of the city being built in the old church of Holy Mara (Corzo Snchez 1984). It was built at the beginning of the s. XVI, according to existing data in its parochial file. It possesses a good collection of paintings, as well as some polychrome statues of the s. XVII. Examples of them can be found in the figures of Sancho IV and another of Enrique II.

* Sanctuary de Nuestra Sra. De la Luz: situated to 8km of the city of Tarifa, arriving through a road that starts from the main road Seville- Mlaga (Corzo Snchez 1984). The Sanctuary is formed by the chapel where is found the Virgen de

36

la Luz, This hermitage is built on the remainders of a building that goes back s. XIV. Through the centuries it has suffered constant restructurings that have hiden its primitive aspect.

*Church of Jesus: situated in a strategic place in the highest part of the city dominating the sea, only remains show the facade ruined and a cloth of wall of what was the monumental church (Corzo Snchez 1984). It was abandoned at the

beginning of century and since then it suffers a progressive deterioration with nothing being done to avoid it.

* Castle of Guzmn el Bueno: Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have explained that the Castle of Tarifa was declared historic landmark June 3, 1931. It was built in the year 960 by order of the caliph Abderramn III, being configured as the most strategic point of the Strait of Gibraltar. The history of this zone was seen marked by the continuous intents of the Moorish to possess the zone as a step to the peninsula. It was dominated by the Moslems since the year 711 until the year 1292 when it was conquered by the Christian troops. In 1340 passed finally to Christian hands who for years tried to avoid new Moslem intrusions. In 1295 the Moslems put a fence to the castle. They had besides in their possession the son of Mr. Alonso, explaining that if he did not give the castle this son would die. Mr. Alonso Prez of Guzman preferred to sacrifice their son before giving the castle, throwing even, from the octagonal tower, the own knife he used to kill him.

* Ruins of Bolonia (Baelo Claudia): They are situated about 12 kms.from Tarifa in the way to Cdiz, in the place known as Settlement of Bolonia (Daz Snchez et al. 1987). Between the years 1913 and 1921 some excavations were performed by foreign institutions and numerous pieces of art and fragments were found, some of them are kept in the National Archaeological Museum. These ruins, declared historic landmarks, have been in part buried or plundered.

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2.5.4 Folklore and typical shows No less important than the points explained previously and also typical to visit and enjoy in the municipality of Tarifa, are the religious activities which are celebrated around the Sanctuary de Nuestra Seora de La Luz and of the main saints of popular devotion: San Isidro Farming and San Juan Baptist (Corzo Snchez 1984). Around the hermitage the pilgrimage of San Juan is celebrated on June 25 and the religious festivities that are organized in honour of the Virgin de la Luz at the beginning of September. On 1st of September start the celebrations in honour of the Virgin de La Luz. Sports activities are organized, competitions, expositions and public actions with famous people. All these activities and events are a good way to attract the attraction of many visitors from many parts of Andalusia, Spain and rest of the world.

2.5.5 The giants of the Strait The cultural aspects of Tarifa explained in the points 2.5.2, 2.5.3 and 2.5.4 joint to the natural acpects which will be explained in the next 2.5.5, 2.5.6, 2.5.7, 2.5.8, 2.5.9 all of them shaping this municipality. This area is an important geographical point to enjoy the diversity of marine species. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have said that the water of Tarifa, thanks to their private characteristics, attracts a great diversity of marine life. The underwater environment is a point of attraction for innumerable aquatic species like whales or dolphins. Excursions organised from Tarifa to enjoy these spectacles in the sea can be another option of alternative leisure on the part of the tourist.

2.5.6 Tarifa: ornithological paradise Another characteristic of this area in the south of Spain is the paradise for some species of the nature. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have explained that the fauna of this zone is emphasized for the great number of the birds. The last studies count more than seven hundred thousand birds, belonging to thirty-four species. The Strait of Gibraltar is the route chosen by the majority of the species of migratory birds of the west and centre of Europe to reach the hot temperatures of the

38

African continent. Each year, more than 200 species of different birds use the area of Tarifa as stop in their migratory trip to Africa, making autumn a paradise for the fans of ornithology, with hundred of thousands of birds.

2.5.7 La Isla de Tarifa An emblematic symbol is the Isla de Tarifa. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have discussed that El Cabo o Punta de Tarifa serves of dividing line to the water of the Mediterranean Sea and of the Atlantic Ocean, whose waters are crossed just in front of the city. The island is a military fortress where is located the maritime lighthouse of Tarifa, whose extension is of various thousands of square meters. The majestic reefs and the innumerable rocky formations are under the Island and its geographical situation next to the influences of the Atlantic and Mediterranean sides has favoured the settlement of a multiple fauna and marine flora.

2.5.8 Diving in Tarifa Another of the natural resources in Tarifa is in relation to diving in its waters. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have said in the island we find two zones to dive, well differentiated from the Cala of the Tolmo to the Punta de Marruecos. Toward the west, we will dive in the Atlantic sector that extends from the Punta Marroqui to Zahara de los Atunes.

2.5.9 Natural resources in Tarifa It can be distinguished as an example masses of pine forests which arrive to the limit of the beaches (Daz Snchez et al. 1987). Most of the natural endemic species are under control to protect them and avoid their extinction or damage on the part of the human action. Routes and activities linked to the natural space can be organised to the visitor enjoying the different opportunities the landscape of the zone offers.

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2.5.10 Type of visitor in Tarifa As a last point in this 2.5 the type of visitor who arrives to Tarifa will be explained . Windsurf and kitesurf fans can travel here, one of the coastal zones of Cdiz adequate for this type of activity (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004). Tarifa (Daz Snchez et al. 1987) is the only municipality that has changed this tendency and has controlled the demand of the touristic user of beach. The bay of Tarifa receives a non stop flow of sportsmen, being one of the places of Europe and the entire world that better conditions gather for waves. The future of Tarifa is guaranteed somehow with the windsurfing and the kitesurf.

The good climate conditions (Sendn 2000) in all the stations of the year makes Tarifa an international centre, with the English as main language although more and more Spanish is learned by the sportsmen and owners of the establishments, windsurf and kitesurf schools.

The City hall of Tarifa counted the number of national and international tourists who came to the office during the months of 2006. Next the graphics show the average of tourists. Although there are tourists from the entire world who come to Tarifa, it will be detailed the most important nationalities.
Tourists January 2006

20% 31% Spain Germany France 23% 16% 10% UK Other

Figure 1. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

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In the Figure 1, among the 1.016 tourists from the entire world who came to Tarifa, the most relevant number of tourist is found in Germany with 166, Spain with 314, France with 102, UK with 234 and others with 200.

Tourists Febuary 2006

25%

25%

Spain Germany France

16% 16%

UK 18% Other

Figure 2. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

In the Figure 2, among the 1089 tourists, the most relevant number is found in Germany with 195, Spain with 281, France with 174, UK with 170 and others with 269.
Tourists March 2006

20%

27%

Germany Spain

3%

France UK

16% 21% 13%

USA Other

Figure 3. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

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The Figure 3 shows the highest number of tourists of the 2036 who visited Tarifa. This number belongs to Germany with 523, Spain with 437, France with 259, UK with 333, USA with 71 and other with 413.

Tourists April 2006

Germany 14% 12% 14% Spain USA France 3% 2% 11% 42% 2% Holland Italy UK Other

Figure 4. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

In the Figure 4 it is possible to analyze 3686 tourists from different nationalities which are: Germany with 519, Spain with 1518, USA with 90, France with 416, Holland with 81, Italy with 122, UK with 425 and other with 515.

Tourists May 2006

15%

Germany 18% 3% Australia Spain USA France

13%

5% 4% 14% 5%

Holland 23% Italy UK Other

Figure 5. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

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The Figure 5 shows 3045 tourists coming from different countries: Germany with 533, Australia with 80 Spain with 708, USA with 143, France with 428, Holland with 116, Italy with 166, UK with 405 and other with 466.

Tourists June 2006

15% 13%

14%

Germany Spain USA France Holland

5% 3% 7% 4%

39%

Italy UK Other

Figure 6. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

The number of tourist on June was: 379 from Germany, 1049 from Spain, 108 from USA, 198 from France, 79 from Holland, 149 from Italy, 353 from UK and others 415 shaping all of them 2730 tourists.
Tourists July 2006

13% 2% 7% 8% 2%

6%

Germany Spain USA France Holland Italy 51% UK Sw itzerland Other

8% 3%

Figure 7. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

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The number of tourists in the municipality was 4267, coming from Germany with 258, Spain with 2226, USA with 118, France with 335, Holland with 96, Italy with 321, UK with 299, Switzerland with 79 and others with 535.

Tourists August 2006

5% 4% 1% 16% 8% 1% Germany Austria Spain France Italy Portugal 8% 57% UK Other

Figure 8. Source: City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

7487 tourists are accounted this month in Tarifa coming from: Germany with 381, Austria with 78, Spain with 4217, France with 590, Italy with 1171, Portugal with 87, UK with 330 and finally others with 833.

Tourists September 2006

Germany 11% 13% 3% 7% 5% 2% 6% 2% 47% 2% 2% Argentina Austria Spain USA France Holland Italy UK Sw itzerland Other

Figure 9. Source: City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

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The following countries are relevant this month: Germany with 587 tourists, Argentina with 81, Austria with 74, Spain with 2207, USA with 95, France with 281, Holland with 105, Italy with 245, UK with 346, Switzerland with 122 and others with 496 shaping all 4639 tourists.

Tourists October 2006

Germany 18% 3% 11% 3% 3% 10% 4% 32% 16% Spain USA France Holland Italy UK Sw itzerland Other

Figure 10. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

It is accounted on October: 550 tourists from Germany, 1091 from Spain, 133 from USA, 329 from France, 109 from Holland, 85 from Italy, 358 from UK, 99 from Switzerland and others with 593. The total is 3347 tourists.

Tourists November 2006

13% 35% Germany Spain France 25% 10% UK Other 17%

Figure 11. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

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This month 1543 tourists are accounted in the municipality which means 194 from Germany, 385 from Spain, 269 from France, 162 from UK and others with 533.

Tourists December 2006

9% 31% Germany Spain France UK 42% 10% 8% Other

Figure 12. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

Concluding the year 2006, the nationalities were not really very special because they were from Germany with 100 tourists, Spain with 489, France with 87, UK with 114 and others with 355. A total of 1145 tourists.

The City Hall has published as well the number of national and international tourists who have came during the period between January and May on 2007.
Tourists January 2007

13% 29% Germany Spain 29% France UK 15% 14% Other

Figure 13. Source: City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

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The 1039 tourists have come from: Germany with 131, Spain with 297, France with 145, UK with 159 and others with 307.
Tourists February 2007

24%

16% Germany Spain France

19% 13%

28%

UK Other

Figure 14. Source: City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

The same nationalities than the figure 13 are repeated in the figure 14 with 980 tourists from: Germany with 160, Spain with 283, France with 124, UK with 182, and others with 231.

Tourists March 2007

21%

17% Germany Spain USA

17%

France 29% 11% UK Other 5%

Figure 15. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

This month with 1600 tourists, the nationalities come from: Germany with 276, Spain with 445, USA with 86, France with 173, UK with 279 and others with 341.

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Tourists April 2007

13% 2% 10% 3% 13% 3%

10%

Germany Spain USA France Italy 46% UK Sw itzerland Other

Figure 16. Source : City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

More variety of nationalities is included in the graphic until the number of 3484 tourists: 362 from Germany, 1570 from Spain, 107 from USA, 462 from France, 98 from Italy, 345 from UK, 73 from Switzerland and others with 467.

Tourists May 2007

Germany 11% 2% 13% 4% 4% 12% 5% 27% Australia 17% 2% 3% Canada Spain USA France Holland Italy UK Sw itzerland Other

Figure 17. Source: The City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

The Figure 17 is the last one to explain about the number of tourists who have come to Tarifa during the half 2007.This month of May, 3040 people came to Tarifa. It is observed a variety of nationalities with: 481 tourists from Germany, 73 from

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Australia, 95 from Canada, 790 from Spain, 152 from USA, 358 from France, 130 from Holland, 135 from Italy, 402 from UK, 75 from Switzerland and others with 349.

2.5.11. Windsurf in Tarifa It is not possible to conclude the chapter 2.5 without talking about this sport in this municipality. Windsurf sport was born in Tarifa about 25 years ago and it is still the main trick the area holds thanks to the good wind and waves conditions for the practice of this sport. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have explained the strong winds that whip the coast of Tarifa which instead of being a threat, passed quickly to be an advantage when they were discovered by the first group of fans to the aquatic sports, already more than 25 years ago. (see appendix 19). The amplitude, the beaches of white sand, the character of the environment, quickly reached the status of legend among the lovers of the waves.

2.5.12. Kitesurf in Tarifa The final point to explain after the interesting 2.5.11 is the new modality of Kitesurfing. Nowadays and more concretely in the last 5 or 6 years, to the traditional modalities of Windsurfing (Sendn 2000) has been united a new variant, more accessible for an extensive sector and with relative facility to learn the technique of management. It means the Kitesurf that combines the classical surfing board with linked to a kite that is moved by the wind. Not only has this enlarged the

possibilities of leisure, but it has given to the beaches of the Straits a new profile, since the small and colours kite dance in the sky a funny multicoloured dance while its users entertain from the water and the bathers contemplate the spectacle. More and more supporters are becoming fans from different parts of the world of this new modality of attractive in Tarifa.

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Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1. INTRODUCTION The information to elaborate this thesis has been collected from primary and secondary sources. The primary data was made with Interviews and Questionnaires, facts that provide a point of view of the reality in both local communities which was not found in the secondary sources. On the other hand, secondary sources have consisted of several materials like books, publications of corporate bodies, studies, journals, magazines, thesis, films and websites. Taking into account the valued information of these secondary sources, I could have penetrated the field deeply in a theoretical way.

3.2. SECONDARY DATA The secondary data collection aims to improve the understanding of the author concerning the topic investigated. Secondary data is the data that already exists and was collected for some other purpose. The secondary data in this research was used for choosing the topics and objectives, and building up the theoretical discussion for the whole study.

Information for the theoretical discussion was mainly collected from the following sources: Written Materials with books, journals, theses, organisations web sites; Non- written materials with films and television programs; Area based with Government publications like bulletins, articles and finally Ad hoc with Government and Organisations surveys.

Books, journals, bulletins and publications about windsurf and kitesurf as well as the economical development in Andalusia and Tarifa have been collected and analysed in order to create a background to the topic and provide a basis for the research conduction.

50

University theses, magazines and films were used in order to get more information about the situation and background of the windsurf and kitesurf in the world and articles; web sites and other sources have also been used in order to get a general overview on the topic, from an economical as well as from a sport and environmental point of view in the destination.

3.3. PRIMARY DATA Primary data was collected through some interviews with several professionals in Andalusia and Mundaka who have relation with tourism, sport and environment management. The way to contact with them in Andalusia was made via mail explaining the reason to meet with them. Finally they made an appointment with me in their workplaces. Due to the distance with Mundaka, I could not travel there and I got in contact with the person via telephone. He helped me and he also replied with an email in a short period of time with more information about my questions. On the other hand some questionnaires elaborated during the last weekend on June in the municipality of Tarifa with the surfer community gave me vital information as primary data.

3.3.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Research When the researcher is collecting primary data two different methods are used, namely the quantitative and qualitative research (Kolb, 1984). The quantitative research is more scientific and involves statistical analysis and most of the time concentrates itself on large sample sizes to confirm the reliability of the research. Computer programmes are generally used to decrypt this huge amount of data.

On one hand, Quantitative research includes numeric data through the use of questionnaires, since it symbolises intrinsically a descriptive research process (Moon, 1999). An advantage of the questionnaire is that it can be sent or given to as many respondents as possible and therefore gives the opportunity to compare the results from several interviewees.

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Questionnaires surveys (Veal 1997) usually involve only a proportion or sample of the population in which the researcher is interested. Although it is said (Bell 2001) that there are no set rules on how many questionnaires should be distributed or interviews given, the aim should be to acquire a range of responses that is as representative as possible to reach the objectives of the study presenting answers to key questions.

In questionnaires, structured interviews, sometimes known as interview schedules, refers to those questionnaires where interviewers physically meet respondents and ask the questions face to face. (Bryman, 1988)

On the other hand, Qualitative research is appropriate for getting in-depth information from individuals. In the context of the present study it is important how an individual sportsman perceives and experiences the destination. (Kolb, 1984)

Marshall and Rossman (1999) have proposed that qualitative research is concentrated on individual lived experiences. It implies the collection of a big amount of information about a relative small number of people. The qualitative approach utilizes flexible tools for research and is rarely concern with numbers. (Veal, 1997)

The interviews conducted were semi - structured, which means that specified as well as unspecified questions were asked. This allows more flexibility and more clarified answers than in structured interviews that are commonly used to obtain quantified data (Finn et al. 2000)

In semi-structured interviews (Moon, 1999) the researcher will have a list of themes and questions to be covered, although these may vary from interview to interview. This means that is possible to omit some questions in particular interviews given the specific organisational context that is encountered in relation to the research topic. Interviews may be conducted one to one basis between you and a single participant.

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Such interviews are most commonly conducted by meeting your participant face to face, but there may be some situations where we conduct an interview by telephone.

This way of semi-structured interviews (Finn et al. 2000) was chosen as a tool for this research because the purpose of the study is to uncover and analyze the current situation. An advantage of the chosen research method is that it combines the flexibility of the unstructured interview with comparability of key questions. Also it can be seen as a disadvantage since the interviewer selects questions, which can restrain the comparability of answer.

3.3.2. Sample Size On one hand, primary sources were interviews and self- administered questionnaires. 92 questionnaires were made in the centre of Tarifa (Cdiz) and its beaches with different kind of people: owners of surf shops, surfers in the beach and tourists in the municipality. Some interviews were elaborated with regional and sub-regional institutions: 5 interviews were made in Andalusia and 1 in Mundaka, in the Basque Country, located in the north of Spain to show another example of a surf spot in Spain; the first interview was with Marcos Mata, the Technician of the General Direction of Promotion and Tourist Commercialization, of the Department of Tourism, Trade and Sport, of the Junta de Andaluca; The second one was with Mari Carmen Snchez Martnez who is one of the members of the Technical Unit of Tourism of the Straits of Gibraltar, created to develop a Plan of Tourist Marketing in the zone. The third one was made thanks to Manuel Jess Cabello Medina, the General Keeper Director of the Natural Park of the Straits. The fourth one was with Mike Piechura, the tour manager of the windsurf championship EFPT - Toro Andaluz in Tarifa and the last one made in this region was with Mez Belouafa, responsible for the marketing of the brand Tarifa Smile. No less important was the interview elaborated with the president of the EHSF - Basque Surf Federation from Mundaka (Biscay, Basque Country), Jokin Arroyo Uriarte. Although Tarifa is the main element in my dissertation, this interview elaborated with an important member of the surf federation in Mundaka helped to give me a

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wider vision of this sport in the local community as key factor in its economy. This fact suggests me to add it in the appendices as complementary information in my research.

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Chapter 4: Main Findings

4.1. INTERVIEWS IN TARIFA After analyzing the point 3.3 and more concrete the 3.3.2, in this chapter the five interviews will be analyzed, showing the different opinions of the members interviewed inside different positions in regional and local institutions.

4.1.1. Interview with Marcos Mata Mora: Technician of the General Direction of Promotion and Tourist Commercialization, of the

Department of Tourism, Trade and Sport, of the Junta de Andaluca. Mr. Mata Mora explained in the interview held with him in the building of the Junta de Andaluca in Sevilla the aims of the General Direction of Promotion and Tourist Commercialization, of the Department of Tourism, Trade and Sport of the Junta de Andaluca. Some of the most important aims can be argued as: a) The promotion of the tourist economic activity, promoting its diversification and the tourist design of new products in a context of public-private contribution b) The interior and outside promotion of the tourist image of Andalusia and its tourist resources. c) The actions destined to promote the improvement of the infrastructures and tourist services. d) The establishment of guidelines and programs in the matter of the service of the tourist information lent by the offices of tourism and, particularly, regarding the Tourism Offices Network of Andalusia. e) The promotion of the direct tourist commercialization through the new technologies f) The others that the legislation attributes

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In line with these aims, he explained that one of the main actions of the department regarding to tourist promotion are the promotion of trades and national and international events as well as the concession of subsidies.

He argued with all this that the tourist promotion to be carried out in destinies like Tarifa is working for the Junta de Andaluca. In concrete, and in the past in 2005, they signed the "Treaty of the Straits of Gibraltar", with an initial duration of 4 years to develop actions that collaborate with the tourist development of the municipalities that integrate the Association of Municipalities of the Straits of Gibraltar. It is necessary to take on board the part of the following public administrations, contributing the corresponding quantities: -Department of Tourism, Trade and Sport and the business public Andalusian Tourism: 120.000 (40%) -Patronato Provincial de Turismo of the Province of Cadiz: 35.000 (25%) -Confederacy of businessmen of the Straits of Gibraltar: 30.000 (10%) -Association of Municipalities of the Straits of Gibraltar: 35.000 (25%) The other great line of actions of the Department of Tourism, Trade and Sport in Andalusia is the concession of subsidies in terms of tourism. Their management and firm have provincial character; and the competence for the municipality of Tarifa belongs to the Delegacin Provincial de Turismo in Cdiz.

According to data contributed by the Delegation, in the past 2006 the Department of Tourism, Trade and Sport granted subsidies in terms of tourism by the following amounts: To City Hall of Tarifa 187.265 To Pymes 32.830 To the Delegacin Provincial in Cadiz 800.000

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Finally, he pointed out the importance of other actions that are carried out in terms of promotion for the municipality of Tarifa which can be followed from the Patronato de Turismo of Cadiz, from the area of tourism of the Association of municipalities of the Straits of Gibraltar or from the same City Hall of Tarifa. (see appendix 1) 4.1.2. Interview with Mari Carmen Sanchez: member of the Technical Unit of Tourism of the Straits of Gibraltar, created to develop a Plan of Tourist Marketing in the zone. Regarding to the roll that Andalusia plays in the promotion, publicity and marketing of Tarifa, Ms. Snchez explained in the interview held with her in the office in the area of the Straits of Gibraltar, that there is not a specific campaign directed to the municipality and it is included as ingredient in the Andalusian supply.

To my question about how the Junta de Andaluca or the local Government helps to promote Tarifa out of its borders, she pointed out that the promotion of Tarifa on the part of these Governments is through Trades of Tourism, Days, Promotions, commercial, Actions, Fam Trips, Press-Cripts, Actions directed al direct consumer

She argued Tarifa is a precious municipality situated in a magnificent natural environment that should be an object of protection and special attention at the moment to design its urban development plans and tourist politics.

As well she explained the boom the sports activities have generated with the creation of business and stores specialized and the consequent creation of jobs.

The importance of the Law of Coasts is followed by the Junta de Andaluca and local government; it has some measures and local control to build establishments, for example.

She mentioned as a handicap for the development of Tarifa, the lack of adequate accesses or tourist infrastructures to arrive to the zone. It could be a good solution to

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improve the access, keeping the sustainable atmosphere with the environment that exists in the area.

The City Hall and local government in Tarifa and the area of the Straits of Gibraltar take some measures in the economic development of the municipality like: 1) Measures against spoiling the area. 2) Promotion of the non-residential lodging 3) Enrichment of the offering of activities 4) Conditioning of public spaces 5) Improvement of the instruments of protection of the Cultural Patrimony.

The future of the zone is appreciated as positive if the growth is controlled. By the characteristics of the zone, configures itself as a singular destination with tourist potentialities by the municipality, like by the wealth of the supply the municipality offers.

Ending she found relevant to point out some aims the local government in Tarifa needs to improve like: emphasizing the negative weight of the seasonal epoch and the need to reinforce the articulated business of marked individualistic character and emphasizing to obtain a sustainable development of the municipality creating harmonious infrastructures with the characteristics of the natural environment and respecting its cultural and historic values (see appendix 2)

4.1.3. Interview with Manuel Jesus Cabello: the general keeper director of the natural Park of the Straits, dedicated to negotiate the space protected of the Natural Park.

Mr. Cabello met with me in his office in the Natural Park of the Straits (Cadiz) and he argued that the municipality of Tarifa has a privileged environment, with a great

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potentiality but also with many interests created that complicate the management of all the administrations.

His opinion about the wind is that this natural element was previously an impediment in Tarifa, due to being located in the strategic zone of the Straits; but somehow it has limited the uncontrolled urban development and now establishes different conditions for a new model tourist.

The Park of the Straits has an extension of 19.128 Ha which forms a wide extension with a wide variety of endemic species in flora and fauna.

The image created about the park in Andalusia and the rest of Spain is understood like a zone which has not been so transformed, ideal for sports of beach like windsurf and kitesurf, and very fashionable.

Mr. Cabello pointed out two important plans, The PORN and PRUG which try to change some models of management of the territory, keeping in mind that is complicated and needs the acceptance of the proprietary, development, administrations etc. (see appendices 10 and 11)

He added as well the Natural Park has a future as an important geographical point for the practice of sports, use of eolic energy of windmills, as well as activities related to the nature but the model must be arranged in order to be compatible with the conservation of the natural space.

The Junta de Andaluca helps to promote the Natural Reserve of the Straits out of its borders thanks to the brand nature reserve, announcements, etc. although there is still work to do and to improve.

The Province of Cadiz receives some type of aid or subsidy from the Junta de Andaluca in the development and conservation of the Natural Reserve of the Straits.

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A bad point of view for the park on the part of Mr. Cabello is the lack of adequate access of tourist infrastructures to get to the park; this is still work of the administrations to change this tendency, by creating the following: ways, parking, paths, water-treatment systems, windows, signposting, etc.

Nowadays magazines and other publications have been elaborated in recent years that indicate the progression in the development of the Nature Reserve and their environment.

Institutions like the Association Tourism, Foundation Andanatura, etc. work as agents to collaborate in the development and promotion of the natural space.

Mr. Cabello pointed out that links have often been made between tourism of sun and beach and related with large businesses or promotions the economic development in the recent years in the province of Cadiz where the Natural Park and the municipality of Tarifa are located.

A detail he added to conclude the interview is the existence of some areas of the park which are restricted to the public and controlled by the Civil or military Guard. These areas have still to be much discussed between the local Government and the municipality to see what to do with an area that is unspoilt since many years ago and impossible to be used for any activity in line with the environment. (see appendix 3)

4.1.4. Interview with Mike Piechura: Tourmanager of the windsurf championship EFPT - Toro Andaluz in Tarifa My encounter with Mr. Piechura was in Tarifa. He explained to me about the EFPT, a European Windsurf tour which gives away the EFPT Champion title and exists since 4 years and has grown from 3 to 11 events.

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He and his team support the sport by putting events all over Europe as one tour, which makes the single events more interesting for sponsors. Also they promote the places where the events are taking place in all windsurf magazines and media all over Europe.

As far as he knows, Andalusia supports the event and he as promoter of the events is named in every published report and after doing lot of events all over Europe he had to say that it is extremely important to have the support of the region.

He loves Spain and he had visited Madrid many times already and has to say that he loves to have an event like this in Spain. Tarifa is one of the nicest places he has ever been and just by the number of the surf shops one can tell how closely connected it is to the Boardriding community. People love Tarifa all over the world and the image is always nice. This fact makes the event great On the other hand, Mr. Piechura told me that Kitesurfing might be problem in a lot of areas. It must have strict rules and dedicated places where both sports are separated. It works well without in some places but mostly its better to separate them. Maui for example did this many years ago and there are no problems at all.

Tarifa being a place by the sea, that is mostly windy, has a great infrastructure that must be perfect for a competition and if this place is ready to invest some money in promoting such a competition it would surely be a success.

He pointed out he finds it interesting to promote these kinds of competitions in order to create economic development. To stay on the market, in the heads and minds of people you should show that the place is great and still works well.

Talking about windsurf events and championships, Mr. Piechura added that this fact depends on the event organizers to include more events or competitions in Tarifa. There is a lack of them during the whole year.

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Windsurf organisations do not work as travel agencies; this has to be done and promoted by the region or local agencies. Tarifa receives economic or promotional help from the local, Junta de Andaluca with every news article which is great help for the sport and the tour. Andalusia by giving a part of the prize money helps to keep the EFPT alive and if required a sponsor of the tour. Tarifa is a great place and has it fans all over the world and as long as they make clear that they stay in the minds of people, they will come!!! said Mr.Piechura.

He argued that Tarifa is known as one of the windsurf capitols of Europe. And people from all over the world love it. Whenever they speak about the competition, people get jealous and want to come to Tarifa from the entire world. The event celebrated in Russia had a lot of questions about Tarifa, windsurf, the events, the people, the area, the beaches etc. About the future of the area the general opinion of the riders is very positive, some are worried about the huge amount of Kiters but in general it is very good.

His personal opinion about Tarifa is: its one of the greatest places on the windsurfing map! The infrastructure is great and he wouldnt change a thing.

It would be great to know how Spanish people (in special Tarifa residents) see Windsurfing. The questions is to know if they like the EFPT and organizers and try to see which huge potential thanks to windsurf lies in their beautiful city. It could be interesting as well to try to inculcate the passion for the windsurf in the minds of the local citizens in order to encourage them and motivate them to practice it since they live the whole year in Tarifa and can enjoy the suitable climatic and sea conditions as well as an unspoilt landscape almost all 365 days. (see table 2 in the appendix 9) (see appendix 4)

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4.1.5. Interview with Moz Belouafa: Marketing responsible of the brand Tarifa Smile The interview with Mr. Belouafa was elaborated in his establishment, close to the main road that drives the visitor to Tarifa. He is the marketing head of the brand Tarifa Smile which is school of Kitesurf, windsurf and surf, bar, centre of high sport performance with professional training, shop and second hand market, material repairing, events and seminars etc.

He argued the world of windsurf and kitesurf is a world with a different mentality, world of relations, of contacts and helps to the othersSo cosmopolitan with a mixture of cultures.

In his point of view, Andalusia needs to improve a national and international development plan for Tarifa. It has to prepare Tarifa as a tourist city and not a fishermen place. There are lots of interest conflicts. There are so many marketing measures without adequate competences.

Tarifa suggests him some concepts like Natural Park. 14km from Morocco, huge beaches, nature, night life, sport activities

Talking about windsurf and kitesurf, there is still a lack of organisation on the part of the administration, businessmen of these activities and education of the tourist.

The area is still not prepared to have so many tourists like tourist information or ways to arrivethis fact reaches the maximum point in the month of august.

Tarifa Smile, he explained, is thinking to organise some competitions because Tarifa has wind, great beaches, and a spot of Valdevaqueros with security in competitions. Only wind and kite are possible due to the lack of waves during the whole year ideal for surf.

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Although Tarifa is known due to the wind and the practice of windsurf and kitesurf, if the conditions change, it will influence the economy in Tarifa, but Tarifa has other tourism alternatives. It is also necessary to take them in account.

The Junta de Andaluca and the local Government promotes Tarifa through Trades, TV commercials, InternetAbout this there is still much work to do.

Talking about if Tarifa suffer the influence of other destinies like Canarian Islands, North of Spain or other like Portugal, Mr. Belouafa added the regional, national and international duties exist in the entire world when we talk about a destination.

Regarding Tarifa, if she does not prepare herself to the tourist development, she will suffer more than other destinations, explained Mr. Belouafa. (see appendix 5)

4.2. ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF INTERVIEW ABOUT SURFING IN MUNDAKA(BISCAY, BASQUE COUNTRY) The reason to add in my research this interview made via mail with the municipality of Mundaka is in order to give another point of view of the situation and the economic development in another local community thanks this time to the surf. This interview made with the president of the Surf Basque Federation will give a different vision than the reality which exists in Tarifa with windsurf and kitesurf.

4.2.1. Interview with Jokin Arroyo: President of the EHSF-Basque Surf Federation My interview with Mr. Arroyo was via telephone and also via mail since I could not visit Mundaka, located in the north of Spain. Through Internet I found the telephone number of the Basque Surf Federation. I called them arguing the elaboration of a dissertation about windsurf and kitesurf in local communities with the example Tarifa and the idea to add this opinion about the surf in the municipality of Mundaka

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as a main key factor in the economic development of it. Then I spoke with Mr. Arroyo. He also e-mailed me adding more information about the questions.

Mr. Arroyo is responsible for promoting and developing the sport of surfing in the Basque Region, besides organizing the school and official competitions

Mundaka and its wave are a tourist attraction to add to the supply of the Basque Region, its image is utilized in promotional pamphlets, videos, placards and books.

Mundaka is one of the most beautiful of Biscay, the town and its natural environment, is unique, and it has the best wave of Europe. It is located in the region of Urdaibai, 40 minutes from Bilbao.

Mundaka suggests to him a natural and a typical Basque landscape, besides surfing.

He argued the Basque government promotes the municipality of Mundaka out of its borders through the department of tourism, with trades and publishing promotional material in various languages.

All the inhabitants like children, mothers, parents, know that surf is important and they support it. The wave of Mundaka is for experts, is a place with a lot of current and very varied. A club of surfing with local surfers exists. At this point, this explanation gave me the main difference between Tarifa and Mundaka since surf in Mundaka is supported by the entire municipality and windsurf and kitesurf in Tarifa has still lot of work to do, until local government and city hall above all work together with surfers in the promotion and encourage of both modalities of sports as key trick in the economical development (helps, better promotion, recognition) Mr. Arroyo added the most important event is the world circuit of surfing WCT. The club of local surfing organizes it with Billabong, counts on an approximate budget of 600.000 euros and is followed for more than 200 journalists of more than 50 countries. It is calculated that the number of assistant is accounted about 50.000. 300.000 cash dollars are distributed

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Talking about the establishments, there are, Australian, Italian and above all local, for example the owners of surfing business in Mundaka.

When I asked him about the secret of Mundaka, he pointed out that it is an estuary and its sedimentary evolution has formed a bar of sand that designs a powerful long wave and that forms pipes, something very valued by the surfers.

One of the most important questions came when I asked him about the problems three years ago with the disappearance of the famous wave and how was it caused. This problem had an international repercussion in the entire world. He answered to my question saying that the extractions of the sand were not in the harbour zone, they were in the Dune of Laida. At first time there was a feeling of indignation and impotence, a feeling of shame due to the fact of causing the disappearance of the wave of Mundaka. Also we were conscious of the negative repercussion in the local economy. When all returned, there was a relief generalized on the part of all, surfers, population, merchants, government, although the fear and the danger continue.

The charming Mundaka should be maintained. The championship of the world that is celebrated in Mundaka is a leading event that helps to promote the municipality. The wave of Mundaka is a resource consolidated of great value for the local economy and therefore there would be that to dictate a norm that protects it. The surfers who go to Mundaka know they surf in a wave that requires experience and respect in the water since normally there are many surfers or too many.

He pointed out although Mundaka is already a zone of great natural value and surfing spot, already other activities are carried out to guarantee the future of the area for many future generations. (see appendix 6)

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4.3. QUESTIONNAIRES IN TARIFA Secondly, the 92 questionnaires made in the municipality of Tarifa gave me another important point of view about the topic of my dissertation. All the questionnaires were made in the Batalla del Salado street in the town centre, where all the windsurf and kitesurf establishments are located, as well as in several beaches where the practice of these sports is possible like Arte Vida, Punta Paloma, Los Lances or Valdevaqueros. There is an authentic boom of establishments in Tarifa, owned by foreign people and local people who arrived many years ago and opened these shops which sell equipment and accessories and have the windsurf and kitesurf schools to teach these sports. Can be found as well a few establishments to repair the sails for windsurf and for kitesurf. Beside the results of the questionnaires about the sport of the windsurf and kitesurf which gave me important data to analyze, talking with the sportsmen, teachers and owners of the shops I could appreciate the lack of good relations between the surf community and the local Government and Town Hall. Examples of these facts were found in some comments like: -Tarifa is overcrowded in summer and could be great to create sustainable development on the part of the Local Government. - There is an area Las Caas close to the nearest beach of the village where waste enters the sea due to a leak in a tube and the local cleaning service is not doing so much to clean it. This can cause a problem in the beach damaging the environment. - Some beaches are bordered limiting the possibility to practice Kitesurf and Windsurf as happens in the beach close to the town centre. Surfers argue is possible to do with protection and security. - The local Government and the City Hall could make more efforts in the promotion of windsurf and kitesurf as well as other tourist resources. - In summer it is difficult to do wind and kitesurf because there are so many tourists. Most sportsmen prefer to do them in other seasons. - Tarifa is being aided by the private sector but not on the part of the City Hall - There is no official windsurf and kitesurf schools association. - The best promotion of these sports in Tarifa is mouth to mouth.

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- It is necessary to have more security on the beach like first aid stands during the whole year not only when windsurf and kitesurf take place. - Windsurf and Kitesurf is done on the part of foreign people and tourists from other geographical parts of Andalusia and Spain but not so much on the part of local citizens. - More people buy second hand material which affect in a negative way the windsurf and kitesurf business. It is necessary to encourage the purchasing of this professional stuff and avoid more and more the access to this second hand market - EFPT - Toro Andaluz. European windsurf championship: ends of April - KWPT Kitesurf championship: October - PKRA: International Kitesurfing Championship: 4,5,6,7 july - National Kitesurfing championship (before the PKRA) - B & W (Windsurf championship): October. - It is a shame the lack of windsurfs and also kitesurf events and championships in a European and international spot like Tarifa where the climatic conditions, wind and sea conditions are a great trick in the municipality. - Kitesurf is more difficult to learn than windsurf and it is necessary to do a course. - Last year 2006, promotion and sponsoring of the European Windsurf championship and world Kitesurf championship in Tarifa was carried out by the Spanish mobile phones company Movistar who made a lot of efforts and created important incomes thanks to these events. On the contrary, the town hall did not do many efforts. - If there is an event in relation with the windsurf or kitesurf to present or inaugurate, the local government and City hall are the first celebrities to open it and appear in the photo that will be shown in the first pages of the local and regional newspapers or magazines. On the other hand, in terms of helping to encourage these sports to be the image of Tarifa worldwide, there is still a lot of work to do.

Besides these comments of the surf family against the local Government, the answers in the questionnaires provided some important data. Although windsurfing is still the main sport and is consolidated in Tarifa, more and more in the last recent years Kitesurfing has become a new way of attraction and more supporters are being attracted thanks to this emerging modality of sport.

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The average of men is still higher than women in the practice of these sports

SEX

23% Male Female 77%

Figure 18.

The higher average of them is between 25 and 35 years old, most of them single than married or divorced.
AGE

10%

2%

21% 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 33%

34%

Figure 19.

FAMILIAR SITUATION

4%

4%

M arried Single Divorced

92%

Figure 20.

Some of the interviewed are living the entire year in the municipality of Tarifa, owners of windsurf and kitesurf establishments and some times teachers in windsurf and kitesurf schools. The other sportsmen who answered my questions come from

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different places, a fact that gave me a wider international perspective of the topic. These places were: Austria, England, other cities in Andalusia and the entire Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Argentina, Puerto Rico, Morocco, Brazil, Poland, South Africa, Switzerland and Russia.
ORIGIN

23% 28% Tarif a Nat ionals Internat ionals

49%

Figure 21.

Both modalities of Sports are practice in the beaches of the municipality of Tarifa
TYPE OF SPORT

48%

Windsurf 52% Kitesurf

Figure 22.

The frequency to practice windsurf or kitesurf is normally during the weekends although some sportsmen try to practice it everyday and most of them have not participated in competitions during the last year due to different personal reasons.

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FREQUENCY TO PRACTICE WINDSURF/KITESURF

40 N of Sporters 30 20 10 0 Every day Serie2 29 9 11 8 8 1 2/3 times per week 9 Weekends 26 Holidays 11 Average of Time Sometime s(time) 8 Depends on wind 8 Never or rarely 1 29 26

Figure 23.

ASSIST TO COMPETITIONS
45 40 N of SPORTERS 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 or more times per 1/3 times per month w eek sometimes in a year never or rarely alw ays I can 1 3 13 33 42

Figure 24

Although most of them do windsurf and kitesurf in summer, more and more prefer another season to practice them like winter.

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PERIOD OF TIM E
40 35 N OF SPORTERS 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Winter Summer Spring Autumn Always Depends on wind 5 3 5 21 20 38

Figure 25.

As was said previously, there is no good promotion on the part of the City Hall of these sports. The promotion means to export the image of Tarifa in the entire world as one of the most important spot for windsurf and now kitesurfing
GOOD PROMOTION

50 50 45 40 35 1 2 42 Yes No Yes No

Figure 26.

Some of the interviewed explained they try to go to other beaches during the year, not only to Tarifa. Examples of these other destinations are: Portugal, Greece, Mozambique, Maurice Islands, Brazil, Uruguay, Morocco, Hawaii, Argentina, USA, Egypt, and China.

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The common opinion as to whether windsurf and kitesurf are expensive or cheap sports was that it is an expensive sport although some of them spend almost 0 euros due to the fact that they are owners of establishments or they are sponsored by international surf brands in championships and all the equipment and accessories are free. As well, the average of money spend in windsurf and kitesurf varies depending on the times per year the material is renewed or the amount of material and accessories they have like neoprene dresses for summer and winter, kites, sails

ARE WINDSURF AND KITESURF EXPENSIVE SPORTS?

10% 17% yes no Depends 73%

Figure 27.
EUROS SPENT IN MATERIAL (PER YEAR)
1% 4% 25% 3% 60.000 10.000-12.000 5.000-6.000 2.000-3.000 34% 11% 3.000-4.000 1.500-2.000 1.000 14% 4% 4% 500-1.000 0-500

Figure 28.

Most of them stay in owned or rent houses which keep the whole year or sometimes they stay in other type of accommodation like hostel, camping or friends houses.

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TYPE OF ACCOMM ODATION

35 30 Ow n Hause; 32

N of Sporters

25 20 15 10 5 0

Rent Hause; 24

Hotel/Hostal; 14 Friends Hause; 8 Appartment; 4

Camping; 7 Spend day; 3

Figure 29.

One of the general feelings was the idea that Tarifa is spoilt in a sport point of view.
IS TARIFA SPOILT IN AN SPORT WAY?

43% 57%

yes no

Figure 30.

That means for them the amount of establishments and sportsmen in the municipality and the need of them to look for new unspoilt places in other parts of the world. In the same line it was found other comments explaining that Tarifa still has a future and is one of the main windsurf and kitesurf spots in the entire world with lot of work still to do in a sustainable way.

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SPOT FOR WINDSURF OR KITESURF

100 80 60 N of Sporters 40 20 0 1

83

yes no 9

Figure 31.

Most of the material is owned although the sportsmen who begin to learn about the sports rent them. The course includes: the classes, teacher, material, security insurance

TYPE OF MATERIAL

27% Ow n Rent 73%

Figure 32.

The way to get to Tarifa was common. Most of them used the car although some of them had to use the plane to Madrid, Faro or Mlaga and then a train or rent car.

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WAY TO GET TO TARIFA

12%

2% Car Plane Train Bus 73%

13%

Figure 33.

To the question if they know about other tourist resources like monuments, sighting of whales and birds, ferry to Morocco, diving, traditions, folkloremost of the sportsmen answered they had a general idea about them but they normally did not participate in those tourist attractive since they visit Tarifa with the aim to practice windsurf and kitesurf.

ANOTHER TOURISTIC RESOURCES IN TARIFA

25%

yes no

75%

Figure 34.

The beaches more frequent were Valdevaqueros and Los lances although other beaches are not less important like: Punta Paloma, La Jaima, Dos Mares, Bolonia, Caos de Meca, Las Dunas or El Palmar An important detail was an answer

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depends on the wind which mean Sportsmen go to the beaches depending on the wind and climatic conditions, fact that will be different in one beach or another one day or another.

FAVOURITE BEACHES
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 40 30

N of Sportsmen

La nc Va es ld ev aq ue ro Pu s nt a Pa lo m a La Ja im a D os M ar es

Figure 35.

To finish the questionnaires, it was asked the average of hours they spend everyday sailing (doing windsurf or kitesurf) and the most common answer was between 2 and 4 hours. This average changes in the case of the beginners since they have to spend more hours learning the basic knowledge about the sports and then they can spend up to 8 hours every day, some days in the water and some days on the sand trying to take and learn about the control of the kite and sail in windsurf and kitesurf.
AVERAGE OF HOURS/DAY
8-9 hours 22% 15% 10% 3% 11% 13% 13% 13% 5 hours 4 hours 3-4 hours 2-3 hours 2 hours 1 hour Depends on w ind

Figure 36.

Bo lo ni a de M ec a La s D un as El D Pa ep lm en ar ds on w in d C a os

Lo s

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4.4. SWOT: ANALYSIS OF TARIFA AS SPOT FOR WINDSURF AND KITESURF The previous chapters and above all the chapter 4.3 provided with useful information to elaborate a SWOT analysis which enables the destination to make use of its strengths, to correct its weaknesses, to exploit its opportunities and threats. The following SWOT analysis of the destination of Tarifa related to the sports of windsurf and kitesurf presents a synopsis of the results of the conducted analyses displayed earlier in this research and form a foundation for the formulation of further actions.

STRENGTHS - The destination has a varied and unspoilt landscape with the combination of sea and mountains. This includes the variety of flora and fauna as well as other factors like windmills for the production of eolic energy, sighting of whales and birds or diving in the water of Tarifa. - The wind has create an unspoilt atmosphere avoiding the over exploitation - The destination offers a rich cultural legacy with a variety of monuments which can be also attractive to the eyes of the sportsmen who arrive to Tarifa. - The destination has an established sport and tourist infrastructure. The existing accommodation in the hotel sector has a good service level. The facilities function well and the destination is perceived as very clean. - Tarifa is situated in a geographical position in the Strait of Gibraltar where winds are very powerful in the practice of windsurf and kitesurf. -Along the coast of Tarifa exist suitable beaches for the practice of windsurf and kitesurf. The beaches are clean and have good access, showing an unspoilt state. - The destination has a good climate with mild winters and long summers. The temperatures, climate conditions and sea conditions are adequate and make Tarifa one of the most important spots for windsurf and kitesurf in Europe and the entire world. - There is a great sport industry.

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- The arrival of people from everywhere shows a variety of nationalities and project an international image of Tarifa combined with the local citizens.

WEAKNESSES - The competitions of other destination since Tarifa started to be somehow overcrowded in summer. - The lack of windsurf and kitesurf schools association - The bad relations with the City Hall and the surf community. - The local citizens who do not feel the attraction to do windsurf and kitesurf - The lack of first aid in the surf beaches, which are found only if there are championships. - The amount of surf establishments in the main street of the city. - The lack of windsurf and kitesurf championships and events during the year. - The lack of the image projection of Tarifa on an international level as kitesurf spot. - The price of the equipment which is most of the time expensive. - The access to get to Tarifa that need better roads without losing the sustainable and unspoilt image - Summers are overcrowded in comparison with winters. Sportsmen try to avoid them to do windsurf and kitesurf although many people depends on the working vacation to have free time.

OPPORTUNITIES - Tourists incline to combine their stay with different kind of activities in the municipality and they show an increasing interest in an unspoilt nature. - Improve the promotion and exhibition in trades markets and the internet. - Encourage the practice of those sports among the local citizens. - The celebration of more events and championships during the whole year. - Improve the relations of the Local Government and surfer community and work in the same line to encourage the windsurf and kitesurf as important key factors in the local economy as well as to carry the image of the municipality out of the borders as paradise and the most important spot.

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- Develop sustainable environmental plans and actions from the Local Government in relation with windsurf and kitesurf keeping in harmonic attitude local citizens, local Government, sportsmen offering helps and assistance to surfer community. - Elaborate and publish data about windsurf and kitesurf on the part of the Junta de Andaluca, Local Government and City Hall updating results of the championships and events organised in the municipality.

THREATS - The majority of surfers travel by car but due to the geographical situation of Tarifa, the access is relatively uncomfortable and distant to the main cities. From other countries, the need to take planes to Madrid, Mlaga or Faro and then a train or a rent car increases the price and accessibility. - The oversupply of establishments and people attract low demanding sportsmen to the destination in epochs like summer. - The increase more and more of the second hand market in equipment and accessories normally through Internet. - The high price of the private accommodation to rent. - The boundary of beaches to do kite or windsurf on the part of the City hall and local government can increase the feeling in sportsmen to stop coming to Tarifa - The idea to build a five star hotel Sol Melia with 500 rooms can change the sustainable environmental atmosphere in the area.

4.5. LIMITATIONS Along the elaboration of this dissertation I have found some limitations which have been a handicap for my research. I could not find any sport data published on the part of the Junta de Andaluca, public institutions or city Hall in Tarifa. Last data published about tourism were in the 2004 and 2005 with the Junta de Andaluca and Tarifa City Hall has elaborated some tourism data in 2006 and 2007 about the visitors in the municipality.

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I could not compare this data with Mundaka since the City Hall did not reply to my e-mails or phone calls and the information published was not useful. Thanks to the Surf Basque Federation I got some data about competitions. Rarely but sometimes Institutions did not give me the information sending me to other organisations or other colleagues to ask them for it. Another issue to take in account is the lack of surf school association in Tarifa as well as problems with the boundary mark and good facilities for surfers in the local beaches, a good recognition of these sports on the part of the municipality or the bad relations that surfer community has with the local Government and other Institutions. Otherwise the entire Mundaka supports surf as important key factor in the local economy, a fact that Tarifa has still a long way to go. With the wind as important trick, good climatic conditions, beautiful beaches and unique natural space more efforts to encourage these sports in Tarifa could be done.

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Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1. CONCLUSIONS The sports of windsurf and kitesurf have some characteristics that influence in the economical development in Tarifa.

Normally sportsmen show more interest in recreation and diversion than in the local culture. Due to this, the local Government and City Hall should encourage other cultural and environmental values of the municipality in line with the sports, improving the tourist supply and making Tarifa more attractive.

Popular windsurf and kitesurf destinations or hot spots like Tarifa are often exotic destinations that have ideal environmental and climatic conditions as well as infrastructures for the practice of these sports.

Surf tourism can bring benefits to the host community and can influence positively the economic development. Mainly the accommodation sector, windsurf and kitesurf centres, establishments and the services industry for example are benefits thanks to the surf tourism. Local ownership of these facilities, celebration and sponsoring of championships and events, good promotion on the part of the local Government, direct bookings from agencies and tour operators preparing pauschal packages as well as individual sportsmen who arrive to Tarifa looking for waves and a sport paradise, can all increase the economic benefits for the local community.

Windsurf and kitesurf tourism has a social function in Tarifa. This type of tourism can stimulate the sporting activity of the local community, supporting local initiatives like encouraging local windsurf and kitesurf teams. Consequently this fact could improve the interaction between the tourist, the sportsmen and the locals as the sport reunites them.

The tourism generated thanks to these sports are key factors in the economical development of the city of Tarifa whenever the whole municipality work together in

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a sustainable and friendly respect with the environment powering as well other cultural and social values and projecting all of them out of the andalusian borders as an image of encounter between cultures and paradise of the nature and practice of these sports.

These sports are very environmentally friendly and they can be developed in harmony with other types of tourism in Tarifa especially with other sort of recreational tourism (visiting cultural legacy, enjoying the gastronomy and folklore, walking in the nature of the Natural Park of the Straits, diving in its clean waters, sighting whales and birds or using the ferry that goes to Morocco for example).

No less important is for Tarifa to manage always windsurf and kitesurf by means of zoning regulations in the different beaches in order to prevent the sportsmen from damaging nature separating windsurfers and kitesurfers from the other recreational users. It has to be taken into account that these sportsmen need a lot of space in the water. Besides zoning regulations one could separate different levels of windsurfers and kitesurfers to prevent confrontations between them and other bathers providing always adequate surf facilities.

Windsurf and kitesurf give to Tarifa a European and international publicity thanks to some factors like sportsmen who arrive to Tarifa looking for waves and good conditions to do these sports, tourists who come to visit the municipality, well managed events and championship celebrated during the entire year and the communication mouth to mouth that happens in so many situations.

Before concluding, we can not forget the roll that surf plays in the local municipality of Mundaka, studied previously. This small surf paradise located in the north of Spain has created a unique industry thanks to this sport and is the main incomes source involving different agents in the economic development of the community such as agents, surfer community, tourist establishment, regional Government and local government, championship organisationworking all together with the same

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aimsThis fact makes Mundaka different than Tarifa where there is still work to do in the sport field management.

5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS Before putting an end to my study about windsurf and kitesurf as key factors in the economical development in local communities like Tarifa, some recommendations can be useful to improve the actual situation in view of a better future on the part of the Local Government, City Hall, Stakeholders, Sportsmen and why not citizens, since all of them shape this beautiful andalusian geographical point (Timmer 2005). There are six main recommendations taken in account.

1) In order to maximise the economical benefits from windsurf and kitesurf tourism in Tarifa one should: - Establish relations with other windsurf and kitesurf organisations and encourage the surf federation to collect sport data as well as develop and coordinate a wide professional surf market - Establish a national windsurf and kitesurf tourism organisation that represents the interests of the local actors making promotional strategies to attract surf tourism. - Establish one local tourism intermediary. This intermediary should be part of the national windsurf and kitesurf tourism organisation and develop packages and deal with the bookings. - Offer alternative tourism segments. When a destination offers other types of tourism it will have a diverse supply which should attract more tourism markets. Consequently the destination is not dependent on one type of tourism and is able to spread tourism pressure more evenly. - Encourage more and more other nationalities not so much common, analyzed previously in the point 2.5.10, to come to Tarifa using adequate promotion and marketing tools. In line with this, look for alternative markets besides German, France, UK, Italy, Switzerland or USA since there are at least 60 surf countries in the world which are potential surfing markets.

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- Attract high quality tourism. Tarifa is a good example for this. They have a limit on the expansion of accommodation but as it offers quality it attracts a type of tourist that is willing to spend more. - Ensuring cheap access to windsurf and kitesurf equipment for the local population - Improving transport possibilities (such as the current local bus system or a bicycle rental) to all the surf beaches in Tarifa.

2) In order to optimise the social impacts of windsurf and kitesurf tourism in Tarifa one should: - Communicate its cultural richness to the surf tourist. This could be done by means of promotion. Surf centres should stimulate the cultural interest of the surf tourists in an entertaining way taking into account that these tourists rather stay near the shore. In addition it is possible to sell local merchandising at the surf shop or to sell surf clothing of local brands with the flag of the destination. - Support local initiatives. The incomes from surf tourism should be used in the promotion of surf tourism as surf tourists to see that their expenditure is used in a good way and they can see this with their own eyes. - Take caution with the demonstration effect. Destinations like Tarifa that are somehow dependent on surf tourism, young people easily take over the lifestyle of the surfers.

3) In order to enhance the image of the destination, Tarifa should: - Host at least one international windsurf and kitesurf event. The destination should invest in at least one annual international surf event since these events give the destination international publicity and attract potential surf tourists. The event organisation should manage the event properly and conduct an economical impact. The organisation of the event should collect data on the visitors of the events as these visitors are potential surf tourists. - Decide whether or not to use surfing in the promotion of the destination. When a destination only attracts surf tourism it is recommended to use this advantage in the promotion of the destination. It has to be considered here whether or not the

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destination wants a sporting image. Besides it is up to the destination to decide whether or not it wants to attract other types of tourism. - Ensuring that local influence stays in all new developments in Tarifa, preventing leakage and maximizing the profit for the local community - Educating residents about all aspects of tourism and their possible impacts, and also why tourist currently come to Tarifa and how to ensure that these tourists keep returning. - Educating tourists who come to Tarifa about the local values. - Establishing a local information point like the tourist information office where tourists can get information about accommodation and facilities which ensures less hassling and more direct profit to the local population

4) In order to minimise the negative environmental impacts from windsurf and kitesurf tourism in Tarifa one should: - Establish a nature organisation that deals with the management and exploitation of the natural resources. This public body should investigate the exact impacts of surf tourism - Supply adequate facilities. In order to cope with the tourism flow, Tarifa should supply adequate facilities in line with the carrying capacity of the area. These facilities should fit into the existing landscape. - Educate host community on respect for environment in order to keep the country clean.

5) In order to minimise the negative impacts on other types of recreation and between sportsmen the public body for nature protection in Tarifa one should: - Separate different levels by means of zoning of windsurfers, kitesurfers and bathers; this could be done by means of floating lines. - Determine the current magnitude of the tourist demand of Tarifa with the windsurfing & kitesurfing - Evaluate the incident of the tourism on the environment - Detect, define and characterize elements that permit to analyze the environmental quality of the zone

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6) In order to increase the environmental friendliness of the production of windsurfs and kitesurf equipment the surf branch should: - Develop a plan for the collection and recycling of windsurf and kitesurf equipment. - Have government taxes on the rent of equipment and surf lessons in order to increase government revenues.

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Appendices

APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEW WITH MARCOS MATA MORA Buenos das, Mi nombre es Marcos Mata. Soy tcnico de la Direccin General de Promocin y Comercializacin Turstica, de la Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte, de la Junta de Andaluca. A nuestra Direccin General, como el nombre indica, le corresponden competencias en las siguientes materias: a) El fomento de la actividad econmica turstica, potenciando su diversificacin y el diseo de nuevos productos tursticos en un contexto de colaboracin pblicoprivada. b) La promocin interior y exterior de la imagen turstica de Andaluca y de sus recursos tursticos. c) Las actuaciones destinadas a promover la mejora de las infraestructuras y servicios tursticos. d) El establecimiento de directrices y programas en materia del servicio de informacin turstica prestado por las oficinas de turismo y, en particular, respecto de la Red de Oficinas de Turismo de Andaluca. e) La potenciacin de la comercializacin turstica directa a travs de las nuevas tecnologas. f) Las dems que le atribuya la legislacin vigente. Las principales actuaciones de la Consejera, en materia de promocin turstica, son la promocin en ferias y eventos nacionales e internacionales, y la concesin de subvenciones. La Ley 12/99, del 15 de diciembre, del turismo, establece las directrices sobre la promocin turstica de Andaluca: "1. A los efectos de esta Ley, y por razones de eficacia promocional, Andaluca en su conjunto se considera como destino turstico integral, con tratamiento unitario en su promocin fuera de su territorio y previo acuerdo de las distintas Administraciones implicadas, Comunidad Autnoma, Ayuntamientos y Diputaciones, en la consecucin de la integralidad turstica. 2. La Consejera competente en materia turstica programar y ejecutar campaas de promocin para fomentar y mantener la imagen de calidad de Andaluca como

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destino turstico en los mercados que lo requieran. La promocin de esta imagen de calidad deber integrar la diversidad de destinos tursticos de Andaluca." Con todo esto, le informamos de que la promocin turstica que la Junta de Andaluca realiza sobre destinos concretos como Tarifa, se limita a la posible firma de algn convenio de colaboracin, pero no hace promocin exclusiva de ningn municipio. En concreto, y en el pasado 2005, se firm el "Convenio del Campo de Gibraltar", con una duracin inicial de 4 aos y cuyo "leit-motiv" es desarrollar actuaciones que colaboren con el desarrollo turstico de los municipios que integran la Mancomunidad de Municipios del Campo de Gibraltar. En este convenio toman parte las siguientes administraciones pblicas, aportando las correspondientes cantidades

Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte y la empresa pblica Turismo Andaluz: 120.000(40%) Patronato de Turismo de la Provincia de Cdiz: 35.000(25%) Federacin de empresarios del Campo de Gibraltar: 30.000(10%) Mancomunidad de Municipios del Campo de Gibraltar: 35.000(25%)

La otra gran lnea de actuaciones de la Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte es la concesin de subvenciones en materia de turismo. Su gestin y firma tiene carcter provincial, con lo que las competencias para el municipio de Tarifa corresponden a la Delegacin Provincial de Turismo de Cdiz. Segn datos aportado por la Delegacin, en el pasado 2006 la Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte concedi subvenciones en materia de turismo por los siguientes importes:

Al ayuntamiento de Tarifa A Pymes A la Diputacin de Cdiz

187.265 32.830 800.000

El resto de actuaciones que se llevan a cabo en materia de promocin para el municipio de Tarifa son llevadas a cabo o bien desde el Patronato de Turismo de Cdiz, o desde el rea de turismo de la Mancomunidad de municipios del Campo de Gibraltar o desde el mismo ayuntamiento de Tarifa. Para obtener informacin relativa a esto deber ponerse en contacto con ellos. Patronato de Turismo de Cdiz: promocion@cadizturismo.com Mancomunidad de Municipios del Campo de Gibraltar: Myriam_Jimenez_Ramos/turismo/MMCG%MMCG@mancomunidadcg.com

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APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEW WITH M CARMEN SNCHEZ Mi nombre es Marina de Miguel Garca y soy estudiante de ETM, Master de European Tourism Management por la universidad rey Juan Carlos (Madrid). Necesito elaborar una tesis final sobre el desarrollo econmico que ha experimentado en los ltimos aos el municipio gaditano de Tarifa gracias a factores como el Windsurf. La idea del proyecto es estudiar dicho factor y su influencia en este desarrollo, analizndolo desde diferentes puntos de vista segn su grado de participacin en la zona.

1) Preguntas de Apertura - Nombre y Apellidos Mari Carmen Snchez Martnez - Puede comentarme algo de su organizacin? A qu se dedica? Formo parte de la Unidad Tcnica de Turismo del Campo de Gibraltar, creada para desarrollar un Plan de Marketing Turstico en la zona. - Cmo eligi entrar a formar parte del mundo de la Administracin Pblica? Me pareci interesante el reto. 2) Preguntas de Introduccin - Qu sabe del papel que Andaluca juega en la promocin, publicidad y marketing del municipio de Tarifa? Pienso que no hay una campaa especfica dirigida al municipio y es parte de la oferta general andaluza, sin tener ningn protagonismo especial. - Qu opina sobre el municipio de Tarifa? Es un municipio precioso situado en un magnfico entorno natural, que debe ser objeto de proteccin (de hecho lo es), y de una atencin especial a la hora de disear sus planes urbansticos y polticas tursticas.

3) Preguntas de Transicin - Si hablamos de Tarifa en el sur, donde est el Estrecho de Gibraltar, Qu le sugiere? Naturaleza salvaje, encuentro de culturas, exotismo, mar, viento, riqueza, singularidad - Piense en el viento como factor medioambiental y natural Cree que es un impedimento al desarrollo de Tarifa y su entorno o por el contrario es un elemento clave en dicho desarrollo? Considero que es un elemento clave en la conservacin del municipio. Si no, ya se habra convertido en otra Costa del Sol.

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- Qu profesionales conoce Ud. dentro de la Administracin Pblica Andaluza, tanto a nivel de comunidad como a nivel ms provincial y local? Tcnicos de Turismo de Patronatos de Turismo, de Ayuntamientos, de Mancomunidades, Jefes de Departamento de Turismo Andaluz, Tcnicos de Turismo Andaluz

4) Preguntas Clave - Cul es la imagen creada sobre Tarifa en Andaluca? y En el resto de Espaa? Turismo deportivo, cosmopolita, juvenil, ocio. En el resto de Espaa imagino que la misma aproximadamente. - Cmo ayuda a promocionar la Junta de Andaluca o el Gobierno Local el municipio de Tarifa fuera de sus fronteras? A travs de Ferias de Turismo, Jornadas, Promociones, Acciones comerciales, Fam Trips, Press-Cripts, Acciones dirigidas al consumidor directo - Hay algn efecto negativo sobre Tarifa debido al problema de la inmigracin? No, mnimo, teniendo en cuenta que la incidencia de este problema actualmente es prcticamente inexistente, puesto que ahora azota sobre todo a las costas canarias. - Qu influencia tiene en la promocin del municipio factores como el Windsurf, los molinos de viento, el avistamiento de aves, la existencia de cetceos, las influencias militares en la zona, la declaracin del Parque natural del Estrecho...? Estos son los actractivos lgicamente de Tarifa ( exceptuando lo de las zonas militares) que se argumentan para promocionar Tarifa. - Recibe la Provincia de Cdiz algn tipo de ayuda o subvencin de la Junta de Andaluca para el desarrollo local del Municipio de Tarifa? Puede ser, no estoy al corriente ( ver con su Ayuntamiento) - Es Tarifa un municipio que conserve sus costumbres y legado cultural y lo emplee en su desarrollo local? Se pretende que as sea, pero la vocacin turstica pone en peligro esta conservacin. - Ha influido el desarrollo econmico en la poblacin local? (establecimientos, instalaciones, servicios, afluencia de turistas...) S. - El Boom de actividades deportivas o la construccin de molinos de viento para el aprovechamiento de energa elica, Han influido positivamente en el desarrollo local del municipio? El boom de las actividades deportivas por supuesto, ha generado la creacin de negocios y tiendas especializadas, con la consiguiente creacin de puestos de trabajo. - En cuanto a la oferta hotelera Se encuentra Tarifa sobre explotada o se ha sabido controlar la oferta de establecimientos hoteleros? Se ha sabido controlar bajo mi punto de vista. Incluso los hoteles existentes son de poca capacidad en comparacin a los turistas que recibe.

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- Se sigue unas medidas y control local a la hora de construir establecimientos hoteleros? Qu normas /publicaciones existen que afecten a las diferentes tipologas de establecimientos hoteleros? La Ley de Costas. - Qu gasto medio emplea aproximadamente por da la persona que acude a Tarifa? Alrededor de unos 55. - Es un impedimento para el desarrollo de Tarifa, la falta de adecuados accesos o infraestructuras tursticas para llegar a la zona? En parte, s. - Qu tipo de demanda posee Tarifa Qu tipo de clientela acude a la zona? Gente joven de todo el mundo que viene a practicar deportes de viento o a disfrutar de la playa. - Se han elaborado en los ltimos aos boletines o publicaciones que indiquen la progresin en el desarrollo del municipio de Tarifa y su entorno? Hay estudios elaborados por consultoras a peticin del Ayuntamiento o Mancomunidades de Municipios. - Qu medidas se toman? Medidas contra la desestacionalizacin Potenciacin del alojamiento no residencial Enriquecimiento de la oferta de actividades Acondicionamiento de espacios pblicos Mejora de los instrumentos de proteccin del Patrimonio Cultural. - Qu agentes colaboran en el desarrollo y promocin de dicho municipio? Agentes locales, provinciales y autonmicos. - En lneas generales, Cmo se valora la progresin que ha sufrido la provincia de Cdiz y el municipio de tarifa en su desarrollo econmico en los ltimos aos? Positivamente, puesto que la demanda turstica va incrementndose cada ao. - Se estn llevando a cabo por parte de la Junta de Andaluca o del gobierno local, medidas o planes de proteccin y conservacin del entorno del Parque Natural del Estrecho, para que el desarrollo de esta zona sea en lneas de sostenibilidad y conservacin del medio natural? Aparte de la declaracin de Parque Natural y de las protecciones que esto implica, desconozco las medidas que estn llevando a cabo.

5) Preguntas para concluir - Cmo se aprecia el futuro en la zona?De manera positiva o negativa? Positiva si el crecimiento es controlado. - Est de acuerdo en que Tarifa tiene futuro como importante punto geogrfico para la prctica de deportes, aprovechamiento energtico del viento, as como de actividades relacionadas con la naturaleza? O Est ya basada en modelos consolidados? Por las caractersticas de la zona, se configura como un destino singular con grandes potencialidades tursticas, tanto por el municipio en s, como por la riqueza de la oferta circundante.

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- Encuentra importante aadir algn otro tipo de informacin relacionada con este tema? Destacar el peso negativo de la estacionalidad y la necesidad de reforzar el articulado empresarial de marcado carcter individualista, pues normalmente hablamos de empresarios no autctonos. Y para concluir, recalcar que para conseguir un desarrollo sostenible del municipio, es necesario crear infraestructuras acordes con las caractersticas del entorno natural que respetando sus valores culturales e histricos.

APPENDIX 3: INTERVIEW WITH MANUEL JESUS CABELLO

Mi nombre es Marina de Miguel Garca y soy estudiante de ETM, Master de European Tourism Management por la universidad rey Juan Carlos (Madrid). Necesito elaborar una tesis final sobre el desarrollo econmico que ha experimentado en los ltimos aos el municipio gaditano de Tarifa gracias a factores como el Windsurf. La idea del proyecto es estudiar dicho factor y su influencia en este desarrollo, analizndolo desde diferentes puntos de vista segn su grado de participacin en la zona. *1) **_Preguntas de Apertura_* - Nombre y Apellidos Manuel Jess Cabello Medina - Puede comentarme algo de su organizacin? A qu se dedica? Se dedica a gestionar el espacio protegido del P.N. desde la ptica de la conservacin y el desarrollo sostenible

- Cmo eligi entrar a formar parte del mundo de la Administracin Pblica? Tena otras inquietudes como muchos, distintas a ganar dinero, la proteccin del medio ambiente y buscar soluciones para la integracin de la poblacin en los espacios protegidos.

*2) **_Preguntas de Introduccin_* - Qu sabe del papel que Andaluca juega en la promocin, publicidad y marketing del Parque Natural de Estrecho?

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Es un marchamo de calidad como las ISOs, se reconoce la labor del gobierno en la proteccin y la concienciacin de la poblacin de la necesidad de conservar - Qu opina sobre el municipio de Tarifa en dicho entorno? Es un entorno privilegiado, con una gran potencialidad pero tambin con muchos intereses creados que dificulta la gestin de todas las administraciones. *3) **_Preguntas de Transicin_* - Si hablamos del Parque Natural del Estrecho en el sur, donde est el Estrecho de Gibraltar, Qu le sugiere? Paisaje, frontera, diversidad, contrastes. - Piense en el viento como factor medioambiental y natural Cree que es un impedimento al desarrollo de Tarifa y su entorno o por el contrario es un elemento clave en dicho desarrollo? Anteriormente era un impedimento, y unido a la zona estratgica del Estrecho, limitaron el desarrollo urbanstico incontrolado, ahora establece una condiciones distinta para un nuevo modelo turstico. S es cierto que establece estacionalidad para un determinado sector pero lo importante en buscar actuaciones compatibles y alternativas de negocio que tengan en cuenta el nivel de aceptacin y distintas a la actividad residencial. - Qu profesionales conoce Ud. dentro de la Administracin Pblica Andaluza, tanto a nivel de comunidad como a nivel ms provincial y local? Muchos, labor de gestin aunque se tengan competencias exclusivas es buscar la mxima colaboracin y consenso entre administraciones y otros grupos (gobernanza) *4) **_Preguntas Clave _* - Cul es la imagen creada sobre el parque en Andaluca? y En el resto de Espaa? Se entiende como zona poco transformada, ideal para deportes de playa, efecto llamada para gente joven, muchas veces demasiado fashion - Qu extensin posee? 19.128 ha. - Cmo ayuda a promocionar la Junta de Andaluca o el Gobierno Local el Parque Natural del Estrecho fuera de sus fronteras? Marca parque Natural, anuncios, etc.

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- Qu podra decirme sobre el PORN y del PRUG? (valoracin general, objetivos, planes de desarrollo y puesta en marcha...) Intenta cambiar algunos modelos de gestin del territorio, teniendo en cuenta que es complicado y necesita la aceptacin del propietarios, promotores, administraciones etc. - Recibe la Provincia de Cdiz algn tipo de ayuda o subvencin de la Junta de Andaluca para el desarrollo del Parque Natural del Estrecho? Se reciben ayudas, inversiones para depuradores, infraestructuras de uso pblico etc. - El Boom de actividades deportivas o la construccin de molinos de viento para el aprovechamiento de energa elica, Han influido positiva o negativamente en el desarrollo del Parque? Los parque elicos se ha limitado a los que hay ahora, solo uno y cuando acabe la concesin se debe eliminar, la masificacin de los deportes de playa pueden ocasionar el deterioro de hbitat como el algodon de los lances. - Es un impedimento la falta de adecuados accesos o infraestructuras tursticas para llegar a la zona? Si es labor de las administraciones cambiar esta tendencia y se est haciendo (pasarelas, aparcamientos, senderos, depuradoras, miradores, sealizacin, etc) - Se han elaborado en los ltimos aos boletines o publicaciones que indiquen la progresin en el desarrollo del Parque Natural y su entorno? Si revistas, folletos etc. - Qu medidas se toman? No interesa muchsimo promocionar publicaciones de gente del lugar e incluir el carcter cultural del espacio. - Qu agentes colaboran en el desarrollo y promocin de dicho espacio natural? GDR, Mancomunidad, Turismo, Fundacin Andanatura, etc. - En lneas generales, Cmo se valora la progresin que ha sufrido la provincia de Cdiz y el municipio de tarifa en su desarrollo econmico en los ltimos aos? Se ha vinculado demasiado al turismo de sol y playa y relacionado con grandes empresas o promociones.

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- Se estn llevando a cabo por parte de la Junta de Andaluca o del Gobierno local, medidas o planes de proteccin y conservacin del entorno del Parque Natural del Estrecho, para que el desarrollo de esta zona sea en lneas de sostenibilidad y conservacin del medio natural? Si, seguimiento del medio marino, plan de conservacin del enebro martimo, seguimiento de la migracin etc. - Est el acceso restringido al pblico en algunas zonas del parque?Hace falta alguna autorizacin para acceder al mismo? Si zona controladas por la Guardia Civil o militares. - Qu grado de conservacin posee el Parque en relacin a su fauna y flora?Hay especies endmicas en peligro de extincin? Si zona especial para la Patella ferruginea, enebro martimo, alimoche, etc. *5) **_Preguntas para concluir_* - Cmo se aprecia el futuro en la zona? De manera positiva o negativa? Creo que el futuro est por decidir todava, no solo se protege y desarrolla con normativas, hay que convencer. - Est de acuerdo en que el Parque Natural y su entorno tiene futuro como importante punto geogrfico para la prctica de deportes, aprovechamiento energtico del viento, as como de actividades relacionadas con la naturaleza? o Est ya basada en modelos consolidados? Si, pero el modelo hay que ordenarlo para que sea compatible con la conservacin del espacio - Encuentra importante aadir algn otro tipo de informacin relacionada con este tema?

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APPENDIX 4: INTERVIEW WITH MIKE PIECHURA My name is Marina de Miguel Garca and I am student of ETM, Master of European Tourism Management with the Rey Juan Carlos University(Madrid). I need to elaborate a final dissertation about the Windsurfing as key factor in the economic local development of Tarifa(Spain). The idea of the project is study this factor and the influence in the development, analysing it from different points of view depending on the level of participation in the area. 1) Opening Questions - Name and Lastname Mike Piechura - Can you tell me about your organization? What do you do? The EFPT is a European Windsurf tour which gives away the EFPT Champion title. We have existed for 4 years and have grown from 3 to 11 events. We support the sport by putting events all over Europe into one tour, which makes the single events more interesting for sponsors. Also we promote the places were the events are taking place in all windsurf magazines and media all over Europe. - How did you choose to enter in the world of the Windsurf? Once you start to windsurf, you want do nothing else then as a boy you find out about girls and that they like windsurfers too. So you keep on windsurfing and once given the chance to do windsurfing for a living you wake up every morning with a smile on your face 2) Introductory Questions - What do you know about the roll that Andaluca plays in the promotion, publicity and marketing of Tarifa? So far I know that Andalusia supports our event and in my part as promoter of the events is named in every published report. I have seen a lot of promotion that Andalusia was doing for the event. and after doing lot of events all over Europe I have to say that its extremely important to have the support of the region. - What is your opinion about Tarifa? As I love Spain and have visited Madrid many times already I have to say that I love to have an event in Spain. Tarifa is one of the nicest places Ive ever been and just by the number of the surfshops you can tell how closely connected it is to the Boardriding community.

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3) Transition Questions - If we talk about Tarifa in the south, where the Strait of Gibraltar is situated. What does it suggest to you? Its the entrance to Europe. It is windy. You can see Morocco. - Think about the wind as environmental and natural factor. Do you think is a handicap and problem to the development of Tarifa and surroundings or is a key factor in the development? Not necessarily. You can find the same things in Greece, in Rhodes for example where the buildings that heat up in the sun create a thermical factor which makes the wind go stronger - How important and good for the region is I dont know. But I have to say that for a foreigner it seems that you Spanish like to build a lot. Last time I was in Fuerteventura I saw only new buildingssome ready most not - Which professionals do you know in the world of the Windsurf in a local, provincial, national or international level? As I work very closely with the windsurf industry, I know most of the brand managers of every company. Michi Schweiger taught me how to windsurf when I was 16. Whenever Im on maui we go out with Robby Naish. Every Freestyle windsurfer on the EFPT I will call as a good friend like : Kevin Mevissen, Andre Paskowski, Tine Slabe, Tom Hartmann, Alex Humpel to mention a few. 4) Key Questions - Which is the image created about Tarifa in Andalusia? and in the rest of Spain? and in the rest of the world? People love Tarifa all over the world. The image that there is always a nice event is great. - Which relation does the Windsurf have in the economic development in a local, provincial or national level? This depends what you make out of it. - What do you think about the world of windsurf in Tarifa? and about the kitesurf? Kitesurfing might be problem in a lot of areas. You need strict rules and dedicated places where you separate this two sports. It works well without in some places but mostly its better to separate them. Maui for example did this many years ago and there are no problems at all. - Why has Tarifa been chosen to be a spot in the itinerary of competitions? A place by the sea, that is mostly windy, has a great infrastructure must be perfect for a competition, and if this place is ready to invest some money in promoting itself its a sure thing - Could you give me information about competitions, events, prizes, organization, sponsoring, publicity, marketing... in Tarifa? This I will send in an extra mail.

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- Why is Tarifa included in the tour of EFPT-Toro Andaluz? Because Miguel and Panxo asked us if they could have the EFPT status and we were happy to have Tarifa onboard. -Do you find interesting to promote this kind of competitions in order to create economic development? Or has Tarifa enough cultural legacy to be promoted without any sport competition? You see this is a great question. Think about it after my question: - How important is it for Red Bull to invest money in promotion as they are selling already more than they can produce? My opinion is: to stay on the market, in the heads and minds of people you should show that the place is great and works still fantastic!!! - Do you organise the EFPT in situe in Tarifa or in Austria? in situe what do you mean???? -Does the windsurf organization have the idea to include more events or competitions in Tarifa? This depends on Tarifa and Event organizers. -Do the windsurf enterprises and associations organize every year different attractive pauschal package in order to offer to different kind of clients who assist to the EFPT? Or is it already organizes year by year with the same elements? The windsurf organisations dont work as travel agencies; this has to be done and promoted by the region or local agencies. - Do you receive any economic or promotional help from the local, regional or andalusian Government? Of course, every news article (and thereve been a lot) is a great help for the sport and the tour. Andalusia by giving a part of the prize money helps to keep the EFPT alive and is, if you want it that way, a sponsor of the tour. -What kind of average of participants can assist to the EFPT? How much money does it cost? Which nationalities? As participants you mean athletes? We have more than 400 riders in our database. On an event we have an average of 30 competitors. If you mean how many people work for the efpt its 2. - Are the people afraid if the climate change could have a negative effect in the change of the winds? Some are, some not. Last year it was the bird flu, 5 years ago it was too cold, the last 2 years it gets warmer lets see what the media will tell us next year we as windsurfers who are so connected to the nature do our best to keep this planet healthy. But there are some things that unfortunately only bigheaded politicians can change - Does Tarifa suffer the influence of others destinies as competitors like Canarian Islands, North of Spain, Portugal, other countries...? I think so for sure. But tarifa is a great place and has it fans all over the world. So dont worryand as is said: as long as you make clear that you stay in the minds of people, they will come visiting!!! - Has the economic development an influence in the local community? (Establishments, facilities, services...) A huge one. The infrastructure, the community and especially economics. It is always about the money, so if the economy is doing good, everyone is doing good.

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- Has Tarifa an extra offer in hotels, services, restaurants, shops, windsurf schools...? or is there a control in this offer? You mean for the EFPT??? - How much money does the consumer spend approximately per day windsurf services? This you would have to ask someone who runs a windsurf centre. But I guess its something about 15 -25 Euro - Is a handicap or problem the lack of facilities or access to get to Tarifa? How is the fastest way to arrive there? NO. Keep it simple. I heard about the highway and I am not quite sure if it is always good for the sporty part of the region. But for sure it is good for the economy. Whenever we go to Tarifa we fly to Malaga, rent a car and then we go - What kind of clients use services and facilities which have a relation with the windsurf? Where are they from? When we talk about the typical surf guest, they like nice hotels, a windsurf station with rigged equipment and boards ready to go. You find these guys all over the world but my experience says this are most: French, German, Italian and Polish customers. Guys like us, just go where it is windy, check a room thats close by the sea and thats it. - How is the level of languages in the local people to assist the different clients who go to Tarifa? I had the feeling that it is quite good. The people are really friendly and that makes Spain and Tarifa so special. But our: HOLA and GRACIAS is also getting better - What is your opinion about the environment and local municipality of Tarifa? Is it interesting to attract different kind of guest? Absolutely. The more different kind of guests you have, the more interesting it gets for everyone. I hate to be in places where you meet only us surf heads. There is only thing you speak abouthow was the last day? No, in my opinion you need a lot of different groups of people also for the reason that you dont have to rely on them. If the wind stops tomorrow and youre only specialized to wind and Kitesurfers youre screwed - Do the windsurfer find interesting to know about the cultural legacy of Tarifa as well as traditions? Or do they only go to surf and go? You have this one and other ones. I think it is great to know about the history and the culture of the country I am travelling to - Do you think the windmills to create renewal wind power energy have changed the beautiful view of the landscape? Or is it something unusual that makes Tarifa being different and unique? Its great to see that people and countries are investing in this sort of power supply. It doesnt affect the landscape at all. They look great and give you the feeling: THIS IS A WINDY PLACE - In which sense is known Tarifa abroad? In which countries? As one of the windsurf capitols of Europe. And people from all over the world love it. Whenever we speak about the competition people get jealous and want to come there as well. All European countries and also worldwide. On our event in Russia we had a lot of questions about Tarifa

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5) Conclusin Questions - What is the opinion about the future in the area? In a positive or negative way? The general opinion of the riders is very positive, some are worried about the huge amount of Kiters but in general it is very good. - Are you agreeing Tarifa has future as important geographical place to practice windsurf and kitesurf? Or is it already consolidated? My personal opinion about Tarifa is: its one of the greatest places on the windsurfing map!!! The infrastructure is great and I wouldnt change a thing. - Do you find important to add another kind of information regarding this topic? For me it would be great to know how Spanish people (in special Tarifa residents) see Windsurfing. If they like us and see which huge potential lies in their beautiful city.

APENDIX 5: INTERVIEW WITH MOZ BELOUAFA Mi nombre es Marina de Miguel Garca y soy estudiante de ETM, master de European Tourism Management por la universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Madrid). Necesito elaborar una tesis final sobre el desarrollo econmico que ha experimentado en los ltimos aos el Municipio de Tarifa (Cdiz) gracias al windsurf y kitesurf. La idea del proyecto es estudiar los diferentes factores que influyen en este desarrollo, analizndolos desde distintos puntos de vista segn su grado de participacin en la zona.

1) Preguntas de apertura - Puede comentarme algo de su organizacin? A qu se dedica? Tarifa smile es una esuela de kitesurf, windsurf y surf, chiringuito, centro de alto rendimiento, dentro de formacin profesional, tienda y mercadillo de segunda mano, reparaciones de material, guarda tabla, agencia de eventos y seminarios. - Como eligi entrar en el mundo del Surf? Un pasado de deportista y una vida cerca del mar y el amor por la mar.

2)Preguntas de Introduccin - Qu opina sobre el mundo del Surf en Tarifa? Es un mundo a parte con una mentalidad diferente, mundo de relaciones, de contactos cuotidianos, ayuda al vecino, al amigo. Bastante cosmopolita con mezclas de culturas.

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- Si compara ud. Tarifa con una marca. Cual? ??????? - Qu sabe del papel que Andaluca juega en la promocin, publicidad y marketing de Tarifa? Plan de desarrollo importante nacional e internacional. Preparar tarifa para ser una ciudad turistica y no un pueblo de pescadores. Muchos conflictos de interes. Muchos medios de marketing sin competencias adecuada.

3)Preguntas de Transicin - Si hablamos de Tarifa en el sur donde est el Estrecho de Gibraltar.Qu le sugiere? Parque natural, 14km de marueco, playas largas, naturaleza, vida nocturna, multi-actividades deportiva - Si hago hacemos mencin de los deportes de agua como el surf, el windsurf o el kitesurf. Qu puede decirme sobre ellos? Los encuentra atractivos para practicarlos? A parte del surf, si. El surf necesita un spot con olas suficiente todo el ao y esto tarifa no lo tiene bastante. Por el resto, falta mucha organizacin de parte de las administraciones, los empresarios de estas actividades y del turista (educacin) - Qu profesionales conoce Ud. dentro de la industria del Surf? Muchos. 4)Preguntas clave - Podra Ud. facilitarme informacin sobre Tarifa como lugar de competiciones de estos deportes de agua? Nosotros mismos estamos planificando organizar algunas competiciones porque tarifa tiene el viento, grande playas, un spot de Valdevaqueros muy recogido por el tema de seguridad durante las competiciones. Solo kite y windsurf - Cual es la imagen creada sobre Tarifa en Andaluca? Y En el resto de Espaa? Y En el resto del mundo? Ciudad del viento y de la fiesta de regional hasta internacional - Qu opina la poblacin local sobre promocionar Tarifa como destino de surf? - Se promociona tarifa como destino de kitesurf y de windsurf. Tarifa no presenta bastante condiciones para el surf. EL SURF NO ES EL DEPORTE DE TARIFA!!!!!!!! - Se observa algn impacto negativo en al afluencia de turistas que acuden a esta zona? Los turistas nacionales o extranjeros no acuden bastante el parque natural (mas los espaoles). Hay un efecto de masa importante en agosto que te sufoca. La comarca no esta preparada todava (ayuntamiento, vas de acceso, alojamiento, informacin turstica...) para tener tantos turistas

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- Siente la gente miedo si el cambio climtico puede tener una repercusin negativa en la modificacin del curso de los vientos? Aun que Tarifa es conocido por el viento entonces por el windsurf y el kite. Si las condiciones cambien, seguro que influir la economa de tarifa pero, tarifa tiene otras alternativas de turismo, hace falta saber aprovecharla. - Ha sido Tarifa explotada desde los inicios para esta atraccin deportiva? El termino explotada no esta adecuado. Cada persona, empresa, municipio, gente encuentra su propio inters - La influencia del deporte en Tarifa Cambia las tradiciones de la zona y el legado cultural? o Ayuda el deporte a crear nuevas perspectivas de promocin? ayuda - Qu opina sobre el verdadero surfero y el falsosurfero? Como UD podis definir un verdadero Y un falso surfero??? No veo la comparacin - Cmo ayuda a promocionar la Junta de Andaluca o el gobierno local Tarifa fuera de sus fronteras? Ferias, anuncios TV, Internet - Hay algn efecto negativo sobre Tarifa debido al problema de la inmigracin? Ninguno. Solo adaptacin de la mentalidad de los locales - Sufre Tarifa la influencia de otros destinos como competidores: por ejemplo Islas Canarias, Norte de Espaa, Portugal Las competencias regionales, nacionales e internacionales existen en todo el mundo cuando hablamos de un destino. Respecto a la especificacin del viento, si tarifa no se prepara bastante al desarrollo turstico, si que va sufrir mas de los otros destinos. - Cmo se promociona Tarifa en otro sentido distinto al deportivo y de aprovechamiento de energa? Qu influencia tienen otros factores como avistamiento de aves, existencia de cetceos, influencias militares en la zona, declaracin del Parque Natural del Estrecho? Todos son complementos a la base de Tarifa que es el deporte nutico.

5) Preguntas para concluir - Est de acuerdo en que Tarifa tiene futuro como importante punto geogrfico para la prctica de deportes as como de otras actividades relacionadas con la naturaleza? o Est basada en modelos ya consolidados? - Encuentra importante aadir algn otro tipo de informacin relacionada con este tema?

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APPENDIX 6: INTERVIEW WITH JOKIN ARROYO URIARTE Mi nombre es Marina de Miguel Garca y soy estudiante de ETM, Master de European Tourism Management por la universidad rey Juan Carlos (Madrid). Necesito elaborar una tesis final sobre el desarrollo econmico que ha experimentado en los ltimos aos el municipio de Mundaka en la provincia de Vizcaya, gracias a factores como el surf. La idea del proyecto es estudiar dicho factor y su influencia en este desarrollo, analizndolo desde diferentes puntos de vista segn su grado de participacin en la zona. 1) Preguntas de Apertura - Nombre y Apellidos Jokin Arroyo Uriarte - Puede comentarme algo de su organizacin? A qu se dedica? Euskal Herriko Surf Federazioa-Federacin Vasca de Surf. Es la encargada de promover y desarrollar el deporte del surf en Euskadi, adems de organizar las competiciones oficiales y escolares. - Cmo eligi entrar a formar parte del mundo del surf ? Desde pequeo he vivido en el entorno del surf, no fue una eleccin. Tengo la suerte de trabajar en lo que me gusta, y mucho. 2) Preguntas de Introduccin - Qu sabe del papel que el Pas Vasco juega en la promocin, publicidad y marketing del municipio de Mundaka? Mundaka y su ola son un atractivo turstico a sumar a la oferta de Euskadi, su imagen es utilizada en folletos promocionales, videos, carteles y libros. - Qu opina sobre el municipio de Mundaka? Que es uno de los ms bellos de Bizkaia, el pueblo en si y su entorno natural, es impresionante, a esto le unimos que cuenta con la mejor ola de Europa..... 3) Preguntas de Transicin - Si hablamos de Mundaka en el norte, donde est la desembocadura de la ra de Mundaka, Qu le sugiere? Esta ubicada en la comarca de Urdaibai, a 40 minutos de Bilbao. Me sugiere naturaleza y un tipico paisaje vasco, adems de surf. - Qu profesionales conoce Ud. dentro del mundo del surf y su gestin, tanto a nivel de comunidad como a nivel ms provincial y local? Conozco a profesionales de todo tipo, comerciantes, fabricantes, surfistas profesionales, monitores, organizadores, comerciales, periodistas.....

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4) Preguntas Clave - Cul es la imagen creada sobre Mundaka en Vizcaya? yen el Pas Vasco? y En el resto de Espaa? Esta asociada indisolublemente a su ola y al entorno natural en el que se ubica, la reserva de la biosfera de Urdaibai. - Cmo ayuda a promocionar el gobierno vasco el municipio de Mundaka fuera de sus fronteras? Lo hace a travs del departamento de turismo, asintiendo a ferias y editando material promocional en varios idiomas, adems financia parte de la prueba mundial de surf que se celebra anualmente. - Qu relacin posee el surf con el desarrollo econmico a nivel autnomo, provincial y local? Cada vez mayor, actualmente existen muchos negocios ligados al surf en toda Euskadi. Hay ms tiendas de surf y ms escuelas que hace 5aos, este es el sector que ms se ha desarrollado. A nivel local y comarcal lo que ms se nota es la visita de surfistas venidos de todo el mundo que consumen en Mundaka y alrededores. - Qu opina sobre el mundo del surf en Mundaka? Que todos los habitantes lo conocen, nios, madres, padres, la gente mayor, saben que es importante y lo apoyan. La ola de Mundaka es para expertos, es un lugar con mucha corriente y muy cambiante. Existe un club de surf con surfistas locales. - Podra Ud. facilitarme informacin sobre Mundaka como lugar de competiciones de estos deportes de agua?(eventos, competiciones, premios, rganizacin , sponsoring, publicidad, marketing...) El evento ms importante es el circuito mundial de surf WCT. Lo organiza el club de surf local junto con Billabong, cuenta con un presupuesto aproximado de 600.000 euros y es seguido por ms de 200 periodistas de ms de 50 pases. Se calcula que el nmero de asistentes uede rondar los 50.000. Se reparten 300.000 dlares en metlico. - Qu repercusin meditica tiene la celebracin de campeonatos como ProBillabong acudiendo deportistas de tan renombre internacional? Mundaka es conocida en todo el mundo gracias al mundial, la repercusin meditica aumenta ao tras ao. - Qu beneficios aporta a la localidad dicho evento? Muchos, es conocida y a nivel econmico ayuda a alargar el verano y desestazionalizar la demanda turstica, es un segundo verano para los comerciantes. - Qu opina la poblacin local sobre promocionar Mundaka como destino de surf? Se observa algn impacto negativo en la afluencia de turistas que acuden a esta zona? A nivel general se ve bien y se asume. Mundaka es tan conocida que no se puede impedir de ninguna manera su promocin. Donde si se puede incidir es en que los y las surfistas que se acerquen sean respetuosos educados con los surfistas locales y el pueblo en general. - Siente la gente miedo si el cambio climtico pudiera tener una repercusin negativa en la modificacin del curso de los vientos y dejara Mundaka de ser paraso de esta modalidad deportiva?

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Se tiene miedo a las acciones que realiza l hombre en la ria de Urdaibai que influyen en la formacin de la barra de arena que da lugar a la ola. Hablamos sobretodo de los dragados que se realizan en la ria, las acciones urbansticas.... - Sufre Mundaka la influencia de otros destinos como competidores, pro ejemplo: Andaluca, Islas Canarias, otros lugares del norte de Espaa, Portugal, Francia, Inglaterra...? No, ms bien diria que entre todos formamos la oferta surf en Europa. - Son slo vascos los propietarios de negocios relacionados con el surf o abarca tambin otros rincones de la geografa espaola e internacional? Hay de todo, Australianos, Italianos y sobre todo locales. - Recibe la Provincia de Vizcaya algn tipo de ayuda o subvencin del Gobierno Vasco para el desarrollo local del Municipio de Mundaka en el campo deportivo? Mejor se lo dicen en el ayuntamiento, me imagino que si recibe ayudas, pero no se si son suficientes. - Es Mundaka un municipio que conserve sus costumbres y legado cultural y lo emplee en su desarrollo local? o depende del deporte para su desarrollo? Mundaka es muy autctono, se respira la cultura vasca en todo momento. - Ha influido el desarrollo econmico en la poblacin local? (establecimientos, instalaciones, servicios, afluencia de turistas...) Si. - En cuanto a la oferta (hotelera, servicios, restaurantes, tiendas, escuelas de surf... Se encuentra Mundaka sobre explotada o se ha sabido controlar la oferta de estos establecimientos? Creo que esta muy equilibrada, hay una tienda de Surf, suficientes restaurantes y hoteles, aunque en determinadas epocas del ao se vean desbordados. - Qu gasto medio emplea aproximadamente por da la persona que acude a Mundaka? Un turista tipo puede gastar en torno a los 100 euros de media al da. - Es un impedimento para el desarrollo de Mundaka, la falta de adecuados accesos o infraestructuras tursticas para llegar a la zona? No creo, esta equilibrado. - Qu acciones se estn llevando a cabo por parte de los organismos autnomos, provinciales y locales para promocionar adecuadamente Mundaka ms all de la idea de paraso del surf y sin perder sus races? Las anteriormente mencionadas con un mensaje de lugar con una naturaleza presente y ligada a la imagen de pas que tiene Euskadi, gastronomia, cultura y lengua propia..... - Qu tipo de demanda posee Mundaka Qu tipo de clientela acude a la zona? Acude principalmente un turismo local, de la propia Bizkaia y Euskadi. Luego comunidades limtrofes y turistas extranjeros. Los que son surfistas, vienen por la ola y para conocer la mitica Mundaka, los que no, buscan un lugar tranquilo y bello donde descansar con la familia, los amigos o la pareja. - Se han elaborado en los ltimos aos boletines o publicaciones que indiquen la progresin en el desarrollo del municipio de Mundaka y sus entorno en su relacin con el surf? No lo se, en el ayuntamiento o la oficina de turismo puede ser.

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- Qu condiciones naturales tiene Mundaka para ser paraso del surf?Cul es su secreto? La ra y su evolucin sedimentaria hacen que se forme una barra de arena que disea una ola larga potente y que forma tubos, algo muy valorado por los y las surfistas. - Es posible practicar windsurf o kitesurf? Si, de echo cada vez son ms los practicantes que visitan la ra de Urdaibai. - Que repercusiones tuvieron en el municipio las extracciones de arena de la zona portuaria y su consiguiente desaparicin de la famosa ola izquierda? Qu reaccin general hubo cuando reapareci de nuevo( empresarios, hoteleros, asociacin de surf, habitantes...)? Las extracciones no fueron en la zona portuaria, fueron en la Duna de Laida. En un principio hubo un sentimiento de indignacin e impotencia. De vergenza por haber sido capaces de hacer desaparecer la ola de Mundaka. Tambin fuimos conscientes de la repercusin negativa en l economa local. Cuando todo volvi a su ser, hubo un alivio generalizado por parte de todos, surfistas, poblacin, comerciantes, gobierno....aunque el temor y el peligro continan.

5) Preguntas para concluir - Cmo se aprecia el futuro en la zona?De manera positiva o negativa? Positiva. - Est de acuerdo en que Mundaka tiene futuro como importante punto geogrfico para la prctica de deportes as como de actividades relacionadas con la naturaleza? o Est ya basada en modelos consolidados? Ya es una zona de gran valor natural y adems de surf, ya se realizan otras actividades. - Encuentra importante aadir algn otro tipo de informacin relacionada con este tema? Que se ha de mantener el encanto de Mundaka, eso la hace singular. Que el campeonato del mundo que se celebra en Mundaka es un evento de primer orden que ayuda a promocionar el municipio y a singularizarlo ms si cabe con el surf. Que la ola de Mundaka es un recurso consolidado de gran valor para la economa local y por tanto habra que dictar una norma que la proteja. Que los y las surfistas que acudan a Mundaka, sepan que van a surfera en una ola que requiere de experiencia. Y que sean respetuosos en el agua ya que normalmente hay muchos surfistas o demasiados.

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APPENDIX 7: MODEL OF QUESTIONNAIRE ABOUT WINDSURF AND KITESURF IN TARIFA

1-Sex 2- Age 3- Familiar Situation 4- Origin 5- Do you do windsurf? 6- Do you do Kite surf?

Male/ Female 15-20/20-25/25-30/30-35/35-40 Married/Single/Divorced

Yes/No Yes/no times per

7When do you practice? Everyday/2-3 week/Weekends/Holidays/When I have time/Never or rarely

8- When do you assist to competitions? 1 or more times per week/1-3 times every month/ a few times per year/never or rarely 9- When do you prefer to do Wind/Kite? 10- Does it exist good promotion of this sport from the Municipality, Town hall, Government? Yes/No 11- Do you come always to Tarifa to do Wind/Kite? 12- Other places you have been to do Wind/Kite 13- Do you think is an expensive sport? 14- How much money do you spend per year in wind/kite?(Euros) 15- Do you stay in Tarifa in?: Own hause, rent house, friends house, hotel/hostel, camping, others 16- Do you think Tarifa is enough spoilt like sport destiny? 17- Do you consider Tarifa one of the spot for Wind/Kite? 18- Material 19- Way of Transport to arrive to Tarifa Car/Plane/Train/Bus/Other Yes/No Yes/No Own / Rent Yes/No Yes/No

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20Do you know other tourist resources in Tarifa?: Monuments/Traditions/Fest/Whales and Birds sighting/Ferry to Morocco. 21- Which is your favourite beach in Tarifa? 22- How many hours (average) do you do wind/Kite everyday?

Thank you so much for your help

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APPENDIX 8: OFFICIAL SURF CALENDAR MUNDAKA 2007 OF THE EHSF BASQUE SURF FEDERATION.

ehsf@euskalsurf.com

www.euskalsurf.com

2007

MAILA / CATEGORIA DATA / FECHA

EHSF EGUTEGI OFIZIALA / CALENDARIO OFICIAL DE LA FEDERACION VASCA DE SURF Euskal Zirkuitoa / Circuito Vasco Berezia / Especial Mundu mailakoa / Mundial Europa mailakoa / Europeo IZENA / NOMBRE MAIATZA / MAYO

2007

HONDARTZA / PLAYA

SARIA

BSF EHSF JUNIOR EHSF BODY EHSF NESKAK ACL VANS TOUR EHSF SURF EHSF JUNIOR GSF EHSB EHSF NESKAK INTERCELTICOS KOTG-Sub 16 EHSF SURF ASP 1* PRO JUNIOR EHSF BODY IBA TOUR M&W INTERCLUBES NESKAK TXIKI SURF WQS 3* EHSF JUNIOR NIXON EHSF BODY WCT AIR BODYBOARD EHSF SURF EUSKADI EHSF BODY EHSF SURF

May 12-13 May 19-20 May 26-27

Campeonato de Bizkaia Circuito Superjunior Circuito El Diario Vasco de Bodyboard EKAINA / JUNIO Circuito Billabong Solo Chicas ACL DONOSTIA Circuito El Diario Vasco de Surf Circuito Superjunior Campeonato de Gipuzkoa Euskal Herriko Surf Biltzarra UZTAILA / JULIO Circuito Billabong Solo Chicas 13 Juegos Nauticos Intercelticos Quiksilver King of the Groms Series Circuito El Diario Vasco de Surf ABUZTUA / AGOSTO Islan Style Pro Junior M&F Circuito El Diario Vasco de Bodyboard Sopelana Movistar Pro Interclubes Billabong Nesken Surf Biltzarra Txiki Surf ZSE 2006 IRAILA / SEPTIEMBRE Zarautz Pro Circuito Superjunior Nixon Surf Challenge Circuito El Diario Vasco de Bodyboard URRIA / OCTUBRE Billabong Pro Donosti Bodyboard Air Show Circuito El Diario Vasco de Surf AZAROA / NOVIEMBRE Campeonato de Euskadi Circuito El Diario Vasco de Bodyboard ABENDUA / DICIEMBRE Circuito El Diario Vasco de Surf

La Arena Zarautz Zumaia

2.000 500 2.000

Jun 2-3 Jun 9-10

Jun 9-10 Jun 16-17 Jun 23-24 Jun 30-Jul 1 Jul 7-8 Jul 14-21 Jul 28-29 Jul 28-29 Ago 3-5 Ago 11-12 Ago 15-19 Ago 18-19 Ago 25-26 Ago 31-2 Sept 13-16 Sept 22-23 Sept 21-23 Sept 29-30 Oct 2-14 Oct 20-21 Oct 27-28 Nov 1-4 Nov 10-25 Dic 1-16

Bakio Donostia
Barinatxe / Sopelana Barinatxe / Getxo Donostia Bidart Laga Bretaa Arrietara Donostia Atxabiribil Donostia Arrietara Atxabiribil Zarautz Zarautz Zarautz Bakio Donostia Atxabiribil Mundaka-Bakio Donostia Getaria-Orrua Zarautz Lemoiz Mundaka

3.000 500

2.000 6.500 $ 2.000 30.000 $ 2.000 3.000

50.000 $ 3.000 2.000 300.000 $ 2.000

2.000 2.000

Table 1. Source: EHSF - Basque Surf Federation 2007

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APPENDIX 9: LIST OF SPORTSMEN IN TORO ANDALUZ WINDSURF CHAMPIONSHIP CELEBRATED IN TARIFA LAST 2006.

Table 2. Source: EFPT Toro Andaluz 2007

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APPENDIX 10: P.O.R.N (Plan de Ordenacin de los Recursos Naturales del Parque Natural de Estrecho en el area del litoral Algeciras Cdiz):
Plan for the Regulation of the Natural Resources in the Natural Reserve of the Strait in the area of the littoral Algeciras-Tarifa

They are introduced in the Spanish legal code in 1989 with the Law of Conservation of the Natural Spaces and the Flora and Wild Fauna. For the statement of a new nature reserve is requirement a subject to the elaboration and approval of a natural resources ordering plan of the zone. The Coastal Area Algeciras-Tarifa, includes so many current nature reserve of the Strait as the Natural Spot Beach of Los Lances and it was approved for Decree the 308/2002, of 23 of December, with the Consejera de la Junta de Andaluca. In March of 2003, by means of a new decree, the nature reserve of the Strait was declared, according to the indications of the Plan.

The P.O.R.N understands: - Natural Spot Beach of Los Lances - Natural Monument Dunes of Bolonia - Archaeological group of Baelo Claudia (Bolonia) (National Historic Monument) - Creation of the P.O.R.N through the agreement of the 09.02.1999 with previous character to its statement as Natural Space Protected. - The Future of the nature reserve in the coastal area Algeciras-Tarifa is included in the proposal of Andalusia of Places of Common Importance

The aims of the P.O.R.N are: - Conserving and recovering the ecological wealth of the marine and the terrestrial life - Promote a sustainable cultural, economic, and social development - Break the processes of deterioration and destruction of resources - to Protect and to recover the cultural patrimony. - Facilitate the access, knowledge and enjoyment of the cultural and natural values, with a program and adequate equipment

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- Promote the investigation, training and educational activities related to the nature and the patrimony - Guarantee the participation of the population in the planning and management - Contribute to international programs of protection of the nature and sustainable development, and especially to the creation of the network ecological European Nature 2000

The P. O. R. N foresees a growth of the tourism, and therefore of the sector services, favoured by the protection of the landscape, cultural, and natural values. The tourist model dispenses with large residential or commercial centres, betting on the development of already existing supplies that show a great revitalizing capacity. Thus the active tourism connected with sports activities, of adventure, scientific, cultural or agrarian they will see enlarged their possibilities. The new tourist

facilities will be adjusted, not only to the sectorial and urban development legality, but also to the landscape environment, taking advantage of pre-existents buildings and initiatives predicted in the Plan on public use of the nature reserve which will impact for the benefit of the tourist activities.

The ordering of uses in the territory and the regulation of activities that carries out the Plan is concrete itself in a general regulation, of application in the entire environment of the same one, and another for specific zones. Different zones have been established: Zones of Reserve, Zones of Special Regulation and Zones of Common Regulation:

The terrestrial environment is divided into: Zones of Reserve (A1: Coastal Natural spaces of extraordinary interest and A2: Coastal Cultural spaces of extraordinary interest), Zones of special regulation (B1: Spaces coastal of interest and landscape, B2: Mountain spaces of interest in nature and landscape and Hills of the Strait and B3: Coastal and mountain spaces with installations for the National Defence), Zones of common regulation (C. zones of common regulation)

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The marine environment is divided into: Zones of reserve (A: Marine spaces of extraordinary interest) and Zones of special regulation (B: Marine spaces of restricted use).

Terrestrial Environment Reserve Zones (A)

Subzones

Superf.(ha)

%over terrestrial environm.

A1 A2

54.12 134,73 1.484,80 4.241,37 256, 66 3.707,97

9.879,65 Superf.(ha) 2.004,77 7.242,39 9.247,16

0,5% 1,4% 15,0% 42, 9% 2,6% 37, 5%

100,0% % sobre marine environm. 21,7% 78,3% 100%

Special regulation Zones. (B)

B1 B2 B3

Common Regulation Zones(C)

Total terrestrial and inter marine area Marine Environment Reserve Zones (A) Special Regulation Zones (B) Total marine area

Table 3. Source: P.O.R.N, 2004. Parque Natural del Estrecho.

a) Zones of Reserve: They hold an environmental and cultural value where the norms of protection are more exacting. They mean the 1, 9% of the terrestrial surface of the park and the 22% of the navy. Natural or cultural spaces of value are included. Among the first are the small Islands of Cabrita and Paloma, the Island of Tarifa between Tarifa and The Parentones and between the Ensenada del Tolmo and Punta Carnero. Among the seconds is located the Archaeological Group of Baelo Claudia. In the marine zone, the area southeast of the Island of Tarifa, the zone of the Island de las Palomas, Island Cabrita and Punta Carnero, the inlets of Bolonia and Valdevaqueros and Punta of San Garcia. The regulations limit all the uses and activities that mean an alteration in the environmental conditions.

b) Zones of Special Regulation: Also they are delimited by the singularity of their natural and/or cultural values, although they have a smaller fragility than the zones of Reserve. The zones of Special Regulation are cliffs, rocky, beaches, banks

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and coastal gaps of all the coastal of the park that means a 15% of their terrestrial surface. Besides is included the Natural Beach of Los Lances. The area that covers the Sierra de la Plata, San Bartolom and Cerros Del Estrecho is the most extensive, occupying a 43%.

c) Zones of Common regulation: surface.

They mean the 37% of their terrestrial

It includes areas of Sierra de la Plata, Sierra de La Higuera y San

Bartolom. Source: P.O.R.N., 2002. Plan de Ordenacin de los Recursos Naturales del Estrecho. Consejera de Medioambiente. Junta de Andaluca

APPENDIX 11:PRUG (Plan Rector de Uso y Gestin): Guiding Plan of

Administration of the Natural Reserve of the Strait in the area of the littoral Algeciras Tarifa)

Project of Decree that manage the nature reserve of the Strait.

Resolution of

December 12, 2005, of the General Direction of the Network of Natural Spaces Protected and Environmental Services.

- The Straits of Gibraltar constitutes a terrestrial maritime space of great ecological wealth, bio geographic, landscape, archaeological and fishing ground. There is existence of 3 natural spaces protected: The nature reserve of the Strait, The Natural Spot of the Beach of Los Lances and the Monument natural Dune of Bolonia. - Is one of the most important zones of intercontinental migration. In the 2003 it is declared "Zone of Special Protection for the Birds of the Strait" - The nature reserve of the Strait is declared by decree 57/2003, of 4 of March - PRUG has been elaborated by the Department of Environment, approved provisionally by the governing body of the cited nature reserve, reported by the Andalusian Ministry of Biodiversity and the Committee of Actions for the sustainable development and submitted to the procedures of audience. Then it has been sent to the Ministry of Government for its approval.

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- Evaluation of the PORN of the coastal area Algeciras Tarifa will be carried out each 10 years - The PRUG of the nature reserve of the Strait is edited in the framework of the measures established in the PORN. - In the framework of the measures established in the PORN, the objectives are constitute - Last updating: 17/1/2006 - The nature reserve of the Strait was declared by decree 57/2003 of 4 of March, what supposed the culmination of a process that was started in the year 1999 when the Minsitry of Government agreed the formulation of the PORN of the Coastal area Algeciras-Tarifa, through the agreement of February 9, 1999, with prior character to its statement as nature reserve. Source: P.R.U.G., 2005. Plan Rector de Uso y Gestin del Estrecho. Consejera de Medioambiente. Junta de Andaluca.

APPENDIX 12: P.G.O.U( Plan General de Ordenacin Urbanstica):

General Plan of Town Planning

The six tourist sectors that the P.G.O.U proposes are: a) Cabo de Plata b) El Lentiscal c) El Valle d) Valdevaqueros e) Ro Jara f) La Vega g) El Cuarton

Of all them, qualified as C.I.T.N: Atlanterra belongs to the Cabo de Plata and El Cuarton in the Mediterranean side and in the interior. Aims: a) Reorganize the zone, adequate the road one to the topography, improving the environmental protection, through the General System of Spaces

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b) Conservation and protection of the beach, guarantee its environmental integration, ordering the existing buildings and controlling the area with a nature protection. Source: P.G.O.U.,2005 Plan General de Ordenacin Urbanstica. Junta de Andalucia

APPENDIX 13: P.E.D.T. (Plan Estratgico de Desarrollo Turstico de Tarifa): Strategic Plan of Tourist Development in Tarifa.

Las lneas que guiarn el desarrollo turstico de Tarifa hasta el ao 2015 plasmadas en el Plan Estratgico de Desarrollo Turstico han sido presentadas en la jornada inaugural de las dos que el Ayuntamiento dedica a su difusin. Ante una nutrida representacin de los empresarios, trabajadores, asociaciones y administraciones con intereses en el sector, el presidente de la Mancomunidad de Municipios, Juan Montesdeoca, abri la presentacin con unas palabras de elogio hacia los esfuerzos municipales a favor de la sostenibilidad. La vicepresidenta del ente mancomunado, Paola Moreno, que intervino a continuacin, tambin hizo hincapi en los valores naturales del municipio como base de su desarrollo turstico. Por su parte, el alcalde de Tarifa, Miguel Manella, destac que el plan estratgico es fruto de las excelentes relaciones que el Ayuntamiento mantiene con la Mancomunidad, adems de poner de relieve que para la elaboracin de dicho plan la consultora Clave adjudicataria del proyecto ha tenido muy en cuenta la opinin y las sugerencias de todos los implicados en el sector. Manella insisti en plantear el modelo sostenible de Tarifa como la nica va posible para un desarrollo turstico de calidad, por oposicin a otros modelos que el alcalde calific como agotados. El Plan Estratgico de Desarrollo Turstico parte de un anlisis en profundidad de la actividad turstica en Tarifa, de los recursos, servicios, y ordenacin del territorio, para a continuacin estudiar las tendencias del mercado turstico como base para sugerir objetivos y medidas. As, entre los objetivos operativos que se proponen se incluye el desarrollo de frmulas de desestacionalizacin, otorgar prioridad al alojamiento no residencial, concentrar el esfuerzo de promocin en las actividades nuticas, culturales y de la naturaleza, o el enriquecimiento de la oferta de actividades, entre otros. Para cada uno de estos objetivos se proponen, a su vez, medidas concretas como el diseo y puesta en marcha del Centro de Regulacin de la Vivienda Vacacional, el

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fomento de la implantacin de actividades de talasoterapia, la creacin de un nuevo espacio escenogrfico, el uso y aprovechamiento de la isla de Las Palomas, o la creacin de un espacio recreativo dedicado al viento, entre otras muchas. El presupuesto estimado de todas las actuaciones sugeridas es de 24 millones de euros.
Source: http://www.reporterodigital.com/campogibraltar/post.php/2007/02/20/p11279/07.07.07

The lines that will guide the tourist development of Tarifa to the year 2015 argued in the P.E.D.T have been presented in the inaugural day of the two that the City Hall dedicates to its diffusion.

With a huge representation of the businessmen, industry, associations and administrations with interests in the sector, the president of the Association of Municipalities, Juan Montesdeoca, opened the presentation with some words of praise toward the municipal efforts in favour of the sustainability. The vice-president of the entity joined, Paola Moreno who intervened subsequently, also did emphasis in the natural values of the municipality as base of its tourist development. The mayor of Tarifa, Miguel Manella, emphasized that the strategic plan is a result of the excellent relations that the City Hall maintains with the Association and he has had the opinion and the suggestions of all the stakeholders in the sector. Manella insisted on presenting the sustainable model of Tarifa as the possible only way for a tourist development of quality, contrary to other models that the mayor qualified as exhausted. The P.E.D.T splits of an analysis in depth of the tourist activity in Tarifa, of the resources, services, and ordering of the territory, for subsequently studies in the tendencies of the tourist market as base to suggest objectives and measures. Thus, among the operating objectives that are proposed in the development of measures, there are efforts to offer priority to not residential lodging, to concentrate the effort of promotion in the cultural, nautical activities and the nature, among others. For each one of these objectives proposed, at the same time, concrete

measures are established like the design and set of the Centre of Regulation of the Vacation Dwelling, the promotion of the thalassotherapy activities establishment, the creation of a new space oceanographic, the use of the Isla de Las Palomas, or the

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creation of a recreational space dedicated to the wind, among others. The budget reckoned of all the actions suggested is about 24 million euros.

APPENDIX 14: MAP OF ANDALUSIA

Source: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaluc%C3%ADa

APPENDIX 15: MAP OF TARIFA

Source: http://www.windtarifa.com/hoteltarifa/imagenes/mapaandalucia.jpg

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APPENDIX 16: MAP OF BASQUE COUNTRY

Source: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_Vasco

APPENDIX 17 : MAP OF MUNDAKA

Source: http://www.campingportuondo.com/camping/al/img/mapa.gif

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APPENDIX 18: WIND CONDITIONS AND PHOTOS OF BEACHES IN TARIFA AND MUNDAKA

Table 4. Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Table 5. Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

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Table 6.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Source: http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2006/10/space_atlas_for_goog.html

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Table 7.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Table 8. Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Table 9.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

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Table 10.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Table 11.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Table 12.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

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Table 13.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Source: http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2006/10/space_atlas_for_goog.html

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Table 14.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Source: http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2006/10/space_atlas_for_goog.html

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Table 15.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Table 16.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Table 17.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

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Table 18.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

Table 19.Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

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Source: http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2006/10/space_atlas_for_goog.html

Table 20. Source: http://www.windguru.com/es

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Source: http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2006/10/space_atlas_for_goog.html

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Source: http://www.gearthblog.com/blog/archives/2006/10/space_atlas_for_goog.html

APPENDIX 19: METEREOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN TARIFA, LAST JULY 28th 2007

Table 21. Source: http: www.ozu-tarifa.com/images/weather/broadcast.jpg

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APPENDIX 20: LIST OF CONTACTS WHO HELPED AND PROVIDED INFORMATION IN THIS DISSERTATION.

General contacts AEK ( Asociacin Espaola de Kitesurf)

ANGELINA AND SILVIA: Ayuntamiento de Tarifa (Cdiz)

ATADEN KITESURF CLUB (Tarifa)

CABELLO MEDINA, MANUEL JESUS: Director General Conservador del Parque Natural del Estrecho (Cdiz)

CABRA MORALES, PURI: Patronato Provincial de Turismo de Cdiz (Cdiz).

CANO; CRISTINA: Oficina del Gobierno Local de Conil, Cmara de Comercio de Cdiz (Cdiz)

CONSEJERA DE MEDIOAMBIENTE DE ANDALUCA (Sevilla)

CSD (Consejo Superior de Deportes)

DE LA VARGA, MANUEL: Gabinete de Comunicacin del Patronato Provincial de Turismo de Cdiz(Cdiz).

DIPUTACIN PROVINCIAL DE CDIZ (Cdiz)

EFPT (European Freestyle Pro Tour-Toro Andaluz)

FEDERACIN ESPAOLA DE SURF (El Ferrol, La Corua)

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ISA (Internacional Surfing Association (USA)

JIMENEZ, M SERENA: Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte. Junta de Andaluca. (Sevilla)

MATA MORA, MARCOS: Tcnico de la Direccin General de Promocin y Comercializacin Turstica, del departamento de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte de la Junta de Andaluca. (Sevilla).

SNCHEZ, M CARMEN: Turismo de Cdiz del rea del Estrecho de Gibraltar. (Cdiz)

RIVERA, CELIA: RFEV (Federacin Real Espaola de Vela) (Madrid)

TURISMO ANDALUZ (Mlaga)

VAN DER POEL, HUGO: NHTV (Breda, Holland)

VLEZ, IRENE: Departamento de Contenidos de la Gua de Cdiz.

Tarifa contacts

ALONSO MINUTH, SERGIO: Sailboardstarifa

ARREDONDO, FRANCISCO: Asesor medioambiental y presidente de las empresas de turismo activo.

BELOUAFA, MOZ AND MOREAU, SYLVAIN: Tarifasmile

FIGUEROA, MICHEL: Windsurf and Kitesurf Championships Manager

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GARCIA, HECTOR: Centre Manager Starprocenter

GUERRERO, PALOMA: KTS

GUYON, MATHIEU AND RACHEL: Tarifa Max Kitesurfing

MANRIQUE, CARLOS: Art of Surfing

MIRI: Dragonkiteschool

PIECHURA, MIKE: Tour manager EFPT

TERN, SHUS: Redactor-Jefe del peridico local El Duende

YUSTE, NACHO: Kiteobsession

Mundaka contacts ARROYO, JOKIN: Presidente de la Federacin Surf Vasca.

MARCOS AND MARISA: Hotel Mundaka

LAURIZIKA, AITZIBER: EHSF (Federacin Surf Vasca)

LEKUMBERRI, GUILLERMO: Surfero Local

SAGE, CRAIG: Manager del campeonato del mundo y propietario de un establecimiento surf.

TXENTE: Presidente de un club local de surf.

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APPENDIX 21: TRANSLATION OF THE SPANISH NAMES IN THIS THESIS - AEK: - CEES: - CIG: - CIS: - CITN: - CNIG: - CSD: - EIKT: - EHSF: - INE: - INM: - MITYC: - P.E.D.T: - P.G.O.U: - P.O.R.N: - P.R.U.G: - PyME: - RFEV: Spanish Kitesurf Association Superior European Studies Center Geographic Information Center Center for Sociological Research National Center of Touristic Interest National Center of Geographical Investigation Superior Sporting Council International Kitesurf School of Tarifa Basque Surf Federation National Statistics Institute National Meteorological Institute Industry, Tourism and Trade Ministry Strategic Plan of Tourist Development of Tarifa. General Plan of Town Planning Plan for the Regulation of the Natural Resources Guiding Plan of Administration Small and Medium Enterprises Spanish Royal Sailing Federation

- Archivo Provincial de Cadiz: File of the province of Cadiz. - Asesor medioambiental y Presidente de las empresas de turismo activo: Environmental Consultant and President of the Active Tourism Enterprises. - Ayuntamiento de Tarifa: City Hall of Tarifa - Centro de Investigaciones Sociolgicas: Center for Sociological Research - Consejera de Cultura: Culture Ministry

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- Consejera de Economa y Hacienda: Finance and Treasury Ministry - Consejera de Economa y Promocin: Finance and Promotion Ministry - Consejera de Gobernacin: Regional Government Ministry of the Interior. - Consejera de Medioambiente: Regional Ministry of the Environment. - Consejera de la Junta de Andaluca: Andalusian Ministry - Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte: Tourism, Trade and Sport Ministry - Delegacin Provincial de Turismo: Provincial Tourism Office - Departamento de Contenidos de la Gua de Cdiz: Department of Contents of the Guide of Cadiz - Diputacin Provincial de Cdiz: County Council of Cadiz - Direccin General de Administracin Local: General Management of the Local Government - Direccin General de la Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos y Servicios Ambientales: General Management of the Protected Open Spaces Network and Environment Services. - Direccin General de Turismo: General Management of Tourism - Director General Conservador del Parque Natural del Estrecho: General Keeper Director of the Natural Park of the Straits. - Federacin Espaola de Surf: Spanish Surf Federation - Gabinete de Comunicacin Medioambiental: Environmental Communication Office

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- Gabinete de comunicacin del Patronato Provincial de Turismo de Cadiz: Press Office of the County Board of Tourism.

- Instituto Andaluz del Deporte: Andalusian Sporting Institute - Junta de Andalucia: Regional Government of Andaluca Manager del campeonato del mundo y propietario de un establecimiento hotelero: World championship manager and owner of a surf establishment. - Oficina del Gobierno Local de Conil, Cmara de Comercio de Cdiz: Office of the Local Government in Conil, Trade Chamber of Cadiz. - Patronato de Turismo: Tourist Board - Patronato Provincial de Turismo: County Board of Tourism - Presidente de la Federacin Surf Vasca: President of the Basque Surf Federation. - Presidente de un club local de surf: President of a local surf club. - Redactor Jefe del peridico local El Duende: Editor-Manager in the local newspaper El Duende - Subdireccin General de Medio de Promocin de la Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte: General Deputy Manager of the Means of Promotion of the Tourism, Trade and Sport Ministry - Tcnico de la Direccin General de Promocin y Comercializacin Turstica, del departamento de turismo, comercio y deporte de la Junta de Andaluca: Technician of the General Management of Touristic Promotion and Marketing in the department of Tourism, Trade and Sport of the Regional Government of Andaluca.

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Turespaa Secretaria General de Turismo: Turespaa General Tourism Secretary.

Turismo Andaluz: Andalusian Tourism

Turismo de Cadiz del rea del Estrecho de Gibraltar: Tourism of Cadiz in the area of the Straits of Gibraltar.

138

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