TRANSMISSION LINE 2

CALCULATION
1. Calculating ABCD parameters and compare practical values and theoretical values in tabular
form.

Theoretical values calculation

Transmission line model
R = 0.316 /km
L = 2.0 mH/km
C = 0.26 F/km
G = 0 (negligible)

Total resistance of the transmission line R

T
R = = O 23.7

Total induction of the transmission line L
L
T
= 2.075 mH
= 150 mH

Total capacitance of the transmission line C
C
T
= 0.2675 F
= 19.5 F
Equivalent model

















Y
a
Y
b
Y
c


V
1
V
2


Zc = 23.7 + j (250) 0.15
= 23.7 + j 47.124

Yc = 1/ ZC
= 1/ (23.7 + j 47.124)
= (0.00852 - j 0.0169) S

Za = Zb = 1/ j (250) (19.510-6)(1/2)
= (-j 331.565)

Ya = Yb = 1/ (-j 331.565)
= j 0.003016 S



c
c b
Y
Y Y
A
+
=


( ) | | ( )
Z =
+ =
+ =
763 . 4 861 . 0
07148 . 0 85787 . 0
0169 . 0 00852 . 0 0169 . 0 00852 . 0 003016 . 0
A
j A
j j j A



c
Y
1
B =

( ) | |
Z =
=
3 . 63 748 . 52
0169 . 0 00852 . 0 1
B
j B



c
a c c b b a
Y
Y Y Y Y Y Y
C
+ +
=


( ) ( ) | |
( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )
20 . 92 00561 . 0
0002156 . 0 0056 . 0
003016 . 0 2 0169 . 0 00852 . 0 003016 . 0 003016 . 0
, 003016 . 0 ,
2 .
Z =
=
+ =
= =
+ =
+ + =
C
j C
j j j j C
j Yb Ya But
Ya Yc Ya Ya C
Yc Yc Ya Ya Ya Ya C



And also due to the symmetry of the system,
A = D

Z = 763 . 4 861 . 0 D



( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
00037 . 1
20 . 92 00561 . 0 3 . 63 748 . 52 763 . 4 861 . 0 763 . 4 861 . 0
~
=
Z Z Z Z =
C B D A
C B D A
C B D A

The circuit is a passive circuit.



Theoretical values of the parameters,
A =
Z 763 . 4 861 . 0

B =
Z 3 . 63 748 . 52

C =
Z 20 . 92 00561 . 0

D =
Z 763 . 4 861 . 0


Practical value calculation

From open circuit test
0 I
S
S
O/C
R
I
V
Z
=
=


Z =
Z

=
90 130
90
200 5 . 2
1000 65


From short circuit test

| VICos P =
=
=
=
69 . 52
6061 . 0
1 . 1 15 10
|
|
|
Cos
Cos



I
V
Z
0 V
S
S
S/C
R
=
=

Z =
Z

=
99 . 52 18 . 68
99 . 52
200 1 . 1
1000 15



( )
c Zs c Zo
c Zo
A
c Zs c Zo
c Zo
A A
D A
c Zo
c Zs c Zo
D c Zo A
c Zs c Zo
D C
C B D A
c Zs c Zo
D
B
C
A
c Zs c Zo
/ /
/
/ /
/
/
/ /
/
1
/ /
/ /
/ /

=

=

=


=
=


Substituting values for
O/C
Z and
S/C
Z
Z =
Z Z
Z
=
54 . 12 6880 . 0
99 . 52 18 . 68 90 130
90 130
A
A


Also A = D due to the symmetry of the system,
Z = = 54 . 12 6880 . 0 D A

From short circuit test
D
B

I
V
Z
0 V
S
S
S/C
R
= =
=

S/C
Z D B =
Z =
Z Z =
53 . 65 91 . 46
99 . 52 18 . 68 54 . 12 6880 . 0
B
B


From open circuit test
C
A

I
V
Z
0 I
S
S
O/C
R
= =
=

Z =
Z
Z
=
=
54 . 102 00529 . 0
90 130
54 . 12 6880 . 0
/
C
C
c Zo
A
C



( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
1
54 . 12 6879 . 0
54 . 102 00529 . 0 53 . 65 91 . 46 54 . 12 6880 . 0 54 . 12 6880 . 0
~
Z =
Z Z Z Z =
C B D A
C B D A
C B D A

The given circuit is passive.

Practical values of the parameters,
A = Z 54 . 12 6880 . 0

B = Z 53 . 65 91 . 46
C = Z 54 . 102 00529 . 0
D = Z 54 . 12 6880 . 0







Parameter Practical Theoretical
A Z 54 . 12 6880 . 0 Z 763 . 4 861 . 0
B Z 53 . 65 91 . 46 Z 3 . 63 748 . 52

C Z 54 . 102 00529 . 0 Z 20 . 92 00561 . 0

D Z 54 . 12 6880 . 0 Z 763 . 4 861 . 0

Receiving end circle diagram for the Resistive Load
A = Z 54 . 12 6880 . 0
B = Z 53 . 65 91 . 46
V
r
=76 Z0 , V
s
=|V
s
| u Z
a=12.54 b=65.53
b-a=52.99



Vr

V


Vs

V


Ir

A

B
Vs Vr



Ir Vr

|||

||



Pr

W

(
(

=

Ir Vr
Cos
Pr
1


degrees
76 64 0.16A 103.6879 12.16 84.71 15
76 65 0.33A 105.308 25.08 84.71 25
76 66 0.51A 106.9282 38.76 84.71 40
76 67 0.62A 108.5483 47.12 84.71 50
76 68 0.72A 110.1684 54.72 84.71 55
76 69 0.85A 111.7885 64.6 84.71 65
76 70 0.9 113.4087 68.4 84.71 70
Receiving end circle diagram for the Inductive Load


Vr

V


Vs

V


Ir

A

B
Vs Vr



Ir Vr


|||

||



Pr

W

(
(

=

Ir Vr
Cos
Pr
1

degrees
76 71 0.70 115.0288 49.7 84.71 25 59.80012
76 72 0.85 116.6489 61.2 84.71 30 60.64653
76 73 0.95 118.269 69.35 84.71 30 64.36807
76 74 1.05 119.8891 77.7 84.71 30 67.28793
76 75 1.15 121.5093 86.25 84.71 30 69.64559
76 76 1.10 123.1294 83.6 84.71 30 68.97031

Discussion
Reasons for values ABCD parameters changed from theoretical values.
- Reading errors during practical.
- The measuring equipment are not accurate and not identical so some errors can happen cause of this.
- Meters are not ideal ones, volt meters ,ammeters, watt meters have finite values of resistance and
inductance they are not included in the calculation also there effect is multiplied by large amount
when comparing the TX line.
- Resistance of wires may affect the readings and calculations.
- Conversion of transmission line to a model based on assumptions. So it is not accurate.
- The frequency of the supply may be deviate from the standard value.
- There is temperature rise in the variacs so resistance change during the practical this also can affect
the readings.
Reasons for deviations of diagrams & not being identical

- V
s
vs. P
r

- V
s
vs. Q
r

- V
r
vs. Q
s

Accuracy becomes less when rounding is done in the calculations.
Errors can happen in the converting to the scale for the graphing.
Inductance of equipment cause to extra inductance adding to the practical this cause to
change the ABCD values and cause to deviate the graph from the theoretical graph.
Importance of the power cycle diagrams.
- Power circle diagrams are based on analysis of power of transmission line under different transmission
line parameters using these diagrams we can find out the behaviour of the power.
- We can get idea of the voltage regulation of the transmission line using these diagrams.
- Active and reactive power at the receiving end can be found under different power factors at the
receiving end.
- Power factor correction is easier because the according to the graph we can find the suitable receiving
end voltage.
- The variance of the supply can be initiated under different types of loads at the receiving end. So it is
easy to the supply authorities to deliver power under different loading conditions to gain maximum
benefit of it.