: GREEN BUILDINGS:

(Source:Govt. of India,Ministry of Renewable Energy,Indian Renewable energy development agency Ltd. )

Hot and Humid Climate In hot and humid climatic regions, high temperatures are accompanied by very high humidity levels leading to immense discomfort. Cross ventilation is hence very essential here. Adequate shading measures are also necessary to protect the building from direct solar radiation. The main design objectives should be: (A) Resisting heat gain Measures that are convenient to resist unwanted heat gain are: (a) Decreasing surface area of the building exposed to the outside. (b) Using materials that take a longer time to heat up. (c) Providing buffer spaces between the outside and the inside. (d) Increasing shading of the building in general. (e) Using materials that reflect heat. (B) Promoting heat loss To promote heat lost it is essential to ensure: (a) Appliances used are well ventilated. (b) Proper ventilation occurs throughout the day. (c) Humidity levels are reduced as much as possible. General recommendations for building design in warm and humid climate are: (1) Site (a) Landform For flat sites, design considerations for the landform is immaterial. Incase of slopes and depressions, the building should be located on the windward side or crest to take advantage of cool breezes. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (b) Water bodies

Water bodies are not essential as they would tend to further increase the humidity.

(c) Open spaces and built form Buildings should be spread out with large open spaces in between for unrestricted air movement.

In cities, buildings on stilts can promote ventilation and cause cooling at the ground level.

(d) Street orientation

width

and

Major streets should be oriented parallel to or within 30 of the prevailing wind direction during summer months to encourage ventilation in warm and humid regions. A north-south direction is ideal from the point of view of blocking solar radiation. The width of the streets should be such that the intense solar radiation during late morning and early afternoon is avoided during the summers. (2) Orientation and Planform As temperatures are not very high, free plans can be evolved as long as the house is under protective shade. An unobstructed air path through the interiors is important to ensure proper ventilation. The buildings could be long and narrow to allow cross-ventilation. For example, a singly loaded corridor plan (i.e. one with rooms on one side only) is preferable over a doubly loaded one. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Heat and moisture

producing areas like toilets and kitchens must be ventilated and separated from the rest of the structure. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Semiopen spaces such as

balconies, verandahs and porches can be used advantageously for

daytime activities as well as give protection from rainfall. In multistoreyed buildings a central courtyard can be provided with vents at higher levels to draw away the rising hot air.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (3) Building Envelope (a) Roof
In addition to providing

shelter from rain and heat, the form of the roof should

be planned to promote air flow. Vents at the rooftop effectively induce ventilation and draw hot air out.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Insulation does not

provide any additional benefit for a normal RCC roof in a non-conditioned building. However, very thin roofs having low thermal mass, such as AC sheet roofing, require insulation as they tend to rapidly radiate heat into the interiors during daytime. A double roof with a ventilated space in between can also be used to promote air flow. The space in between can also act as a heat buffer. (b) Walls: The walls must also be designed to promote air flow so as to counter the prevalent humidity. Baffle walls, both inside and outside the building can help to divert the flow of wind inside. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

They should be protected

from the heavy rainfall

prevalent in such areas. If adequately sheltered, exposed brick walls and mud plastered walls work very well by absorbing the humidity and helping the building to breathe.

(c) Fenestration Cross-ventilation is of utmost importance in warm and humid climatic regions. All doors and windows should preferably be kept open for maximum ventilation for most of the year. These must be provided with venetian blinds or louvers to shelter the rooms from the sun and rain, as well as for the control of air movement. Openings of a comparatively smaller size can be placed on the windward side, while the corresponding openings on the leeward side should be bigger for facilitating a plume effect for natural ventilation. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

The openings should be

shaded by external overhangs. Outlets at higher levels serve to vent hot air.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings Examples illustrating how the air movement within a room can be better distributed

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (d) Colour and texture The walls should be painted with light pastel shades or whitewashed, while the surface of the roof can be of broken glazed tile (china mosaic flooring) to reflect the sunlight back to the environment, and hence reduce heat gain of the building. The use of appropriate colours and surface finishes is a cheap and very effective technique to lower indoor temperatures. The surface finish should be protected from/ resistant to the effects of moisture. Remarks Ceiling fans are effective in reducing the level of discomfort in this type of climate. Desiccant cooling techniques can also be employed as they reduce the humidity level. Careful water proofing and drainage of water are essential considerations of building design due to heavy rainfall. In case of airconditioned buildings, dehumidification plays a significant role in the design of the plant. Hot and Dry Climate Hot and dry climatic regions are characterised by very high radiation levels, ambient temperatures and relatively low humidity.

The design objectives in such a climate should be aimed at: (A) Resisting heat gain: Heat gain can be resisted by: Decreasing the surface of the building exposed to the outside. Using materials that take a longer time to heat up. Providing buffer spaces between the living areas and the outside. Decreasing ventilation during daytime in the summers. Providing adequate shading devices. (B) Promoting heat loss: Some measures to promote heat loss are: Providing for ventilation of various appliances used. Increasing ventilation during cooler parts of the day or night time. Providing for evaporative cooling (e.g. roof surface evaporative cooling). Using earth coupling systems like earth-air pipes. General recommendations for the climate are:

(1) Site (a) Landform: Regions in this zone are generally flat and heat up uniformly. In case of an undulating site, constructing on the leeward side of the slope is preferred. This protects the building from direct impact of hot winds which can be quite uncomfortable.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Building in a depression is preferable in cases where ventilation is assured.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (b) Water bodies

Waterbodies like ponds

and lakes act as heat sinks and can also be used for evaporative cooling. They humidify the air and make it comfortable inside.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Fountains and water

cascades in the vicinity of a building also aid in cooling.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (c) Street width and orientation Streets must be narrow so that they cause mutually shade the buildings. Streets need to be oriented in the north-south direction to block solar radiation.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (d) Open spaces and built form:
Open spaces such as

courtyards and atria promote ventilation. They can be provided with ponds and fountains for evaporative cooling. Courtyards act as heat sinks during the day and radiate the heat back at night. Grass can be used as ground cover to absorb solar radiation and aid evaporative cooling. Earth berming can help lower the temperature and also deflect hot summer winds. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (2) Orientation and planform
An east-west orientation

is preferred in hot and dry climatic regions. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

South and north facing walls are easier to shade than east and west walls. During summer, the south wall with significant exposure

to solar radiation in most parts of India, leads to very high temperatures in southwest rooms. Hence, shading of the south wall is imperative. The surface to volume (S/V) ratio should be kept as minimum as possible to reduce heat gains. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Cross-ventilation must be

ensured at night as ambient temperatures during this period are low. (3) Building Envelope (a) Roof Flat roofs or vaulted roofs are ideal in this climate. Nonetheless, a vaulted roof provides a larger surface area for heat loss compared to a flat roof.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

The material of the roof

should be massive; a reinforced cement concrete (RCC) slab is preferred to asbestos cement (AC) sheet roof. External insulation in the form of mud phuska with inverted earthen pots is also suitable. A false ceiling in rooms having exposed roofs is favourable as the space between the two acts as a heat buffer. Thermal insulation over false ceiling further increases the buffer action. Insulation of roofs makes the buildings more energy efficient than insulating the walls. Evaporative cooling of the roof surface and night time radiative cooling can also be employed. Incase of evaporative cooling, it is better to use a roof having high thermal transmittance. (b) Walls In multi-storeyed buildings, walls and glazing account for most of the heat

gain. The control of heat gain through the walls by shading, thus, becomes an important design consideration. A wall that transmits less heat is hence feasible.

(c) Fenestration In hot and dry climates, reducing the window area leads to lower indoor temperatures. More windows should be provided in the north facade of the building as compared to the east, west and south as it receives lesser radiation throughout the year All openings should be protected from the sun by using external shading devices such as chhajjas and fins. Source: Handb ook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Move able shading devices such as curtains

and venetian blinds can also be used. Ventilators are preferred at higher levels as they help in throwing out the hot air. Since daytime temperatures are high during summer, the windows should be kept closed to keep the hot air out and opened during night-time to admit cooler air. The use of 'jaalis'(lattice work) made of wood, stone or RCC may be considered as it they allow ventilation while blocking solar radiation. Scheduling air changes (i.e. high ventilation rate at night and during cooler periods of the day, and lower ones during daytime) can significantly help in reducing the discomfort. The heat gain through windows can be reduced by using glass with low transmissivity. (D) Colour and textures Change of colour is a cheap and effective technique for lowering indoor temperatures. Colours that absorb less heat should be used to paint the external surface. Darker shades should be avoided for surfaces exposed to direct solar radiation.

The surface of the roof can be of white broken glazed tiles. The surface of the wall should preferably be textured to facilitate self shading. Remarks As the winters in this region are uncomfortably cold, windows should be designed such that they encourage direct gain during this period. Deciduous trees can be used to shade the building during summer and admit sunlight during winter. Well-insulated and very thick walls give a good thermal performance if the glazing is kept to a minimum and windows are well-shaded. In case of non-conditioned buildings, a combination of insulated walls and high percentage of glazing will lead to very uncomfortable indoor conditions as the building will tend to act like a green house with the insulated walls preventing the radiation from the windows from escaping into the environment. Indoor plants can be provided near the window, as they help in evaporative cooling and in absorbing solar radiation. Evaporative cooling and earth air pipe systems can be used effectively in this climate. Desert coolers are extensively used in this climate, and if properly sized, they can help in achieving comfort levels Moderate Climate In regions with a moderate climate, prevalent temperatures are neither too high nor too low. Techniques such as shading, cross ventilation, orientation, reflective glazing, etc. need to be incorporated into buildings so as to maximise their energy efficiency. The thermal resistance and heat capacity of walls and roofs need not be very high as the prevalent temperatures are generally within human comfort levels.

The main objectives while designing buildings in this zone should be: (A) Resisting heat gain To resist heat gain the measures that can be adopted are: (a) The exposed surface area of the building be reduced. (b) Using materials that absorb heat slowly. (c) Adequately shading the building. (B) Promoting heat loss Heat loss can be promoted through (a) Proper ventilation of appliances used. (b) Increasing the rate of ventilation in the building. In this region, the general recommendations are: (1) Site (a) Landform Building the structure on the windward slopes is preferable for getting cool breeze

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (b) Open spaces and built form An open and free layout of the buildings is preferred. Large open spaces in the form of lawns can

be provided to reduce reflected radiation. (2) Orientation and Planform It is preferable to have a building oriented in the north-south direction. Living areas like bedrooms may be located on the eastern side to allow for heat penetration in the mornings, and an open porch on the south south east side allows heat gain in the winters while providing for shade in the summers. The western side should ideally be well-shaded. Humidity producing areas must be isolated. Sunlight is desirable except in summer, so the depth of the interiors need not be excessive. (3) Building Envelope (a) Roof Insulating the roof does not make much of a difference in the moderate climate. (b) Walls Insulation of walls does not give significant improvement in the thermal performance of a building. (c) Fenestration The arrangement of windows is important for reducing heat gain. Windows can be larger in the north, while those on the east, west and south should be smaller. All the windows should be shaded with chajjas of appropriate lengths. Glazing of low transmissivity should be used. (d) Colour and texture Pale colours are preferable; dark colours may be used only in recessed places protected from the summer sun. Cold Climate Regions that fall under the cold climate experience very cold winters. As such, trapping the suns heat whenever possible is a major design concern. At the same time, the buildings in such regions need to be properly insulated so that the internal heat is retained with minimum loss to the environment. Exposure to cold winds

should also be minimised. The main objectives of building design in these zones are: (A) Resisting heat loss To resist heat loss, the following measures may be taken into consideration:

(a) Decrease the exposed surface area of the building. (b) Using materials that heat up fast but release heat slowly. (c) Providing buffer spaces between the living area and the outside. (d) Decreasing the rate of ventilation inside the building. (B) Promoting heat gain Heat gain can be promoted by

(a) Avoiding excessive shading. (b) Utilising the heat from appliances. (c) Trapping the heat of the sun. The general recommendations for these climatic regions are (1) Site (a) Landform In cold climates, heat gain is desirable. Hence, buildings should be located on the south slope of a hill or mountain for better access to solar radiation.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Exposure to cold winds

can be minimised by locating the building on the leeward side. Incase the southern side is the windward side. The building should be glazed in such a manner that minimum wind enters the building. Parts of the site which offer natural wind barrier can be chosen for constructing a building. (b) Open spaces and built forms Buildings can be clustered together to minimise exposure to cold winds. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Open spaces between buildings must be such that they allow maximum solar rays to be incident on the building. They should be treated with a halt and reflective surface so that day reflect solar radiation onto the building.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (c) Street width and orientation
In cold climates, the

street orientation should be east-west to allow for maximum south sun to

enter the building. The street should be wide enough to ensure that the buildings on one side do not shade those on the other side (i.e. solar access should be ensured)

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (2) Orientation and Planform

Buildings must be compact with small surface to volume ratios to reduce heat loss.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Windows should face south to facilitate direct gain. The north side of the building should be well-insulated. Living areas can be located on the southern side while utility areas such as stores can be on the northern side. Air-lock lobbies at the entrance and exit points of the building reduce heat loss. Heat generated by appliances in rooms such as kitchens may be used to heat the other parts of the building. (3) Building Envelope (a) Roof False ceilings with internal insulation such as polyurethane foam (PUF), thermocol, wood wool, etc. are feasible for houses in cold climates.

Aluminium foil is generally used between the insulation layer and the roof to reduce heat loss to the exterior. A sufficiently sloping roof enables quick drainage of rain water and snow. A solar air collector can be incorporated on the south facing slope of the roof and hot air from it can be used for space heating purposes. Skylights on the roofs admit heat as well as light in winters.

Source: Handbook on Conscious Buildings

Energy

Skylights can be provided with shutters to avoid over

heating in summers. (b) Walls Walls should be made of materials that lose heat slowly. The south-facing walls (exposed to solar radiation) could be of high thermal capacity (such as Trombe wall) to store day time heat for later used. The walls should also be insulated. The insulation should have sufficient vapour barrier (such as two coats of bitumen, 300 to 600 gauge polyethylene sheet or aluminium foil) on the warm side to avoid condensation. Hollow and lightweight concrete blocks are also quite suitable. Skylights can be provided with shutters to avoid over heating in summers. On the windward or north side, a cavity wall type of construction may be adopted. (c) Fenestration It is advisable to have the maximum window area on the southern side of the building to facilitate direct heat gain. They should be sealed and preferably double glazed to avoid heat losses during winter nights. Condensation in the air space between the panes should be prevented, Movable shades should be provided to prevent overheating in summers. (d) Colour and texture The external surfaces of the walls should be dark in colour so that day absorb heat from the sun. Composite Climate Regions having a composite climate display characteristics of hot and dry, warm and humid as well as cold climates. Design of buildings here should be guided by longer prevailing climatic conditions. Uncomfortable periods in each season need to be prioritised to generate the necessary guidelines for design. The objectives of building design should be: (A) Resisting heat gain

Unwanted heat gain can be reduced by Decreasing the surface area of the building exposed to the outside. Using materials that absorb heat slowly. Providing buffer spaces. Providing adequate shading devices. (B) Promoting heat loss To promote heat loss, the following measures need to be undertaken: Ventilating appliances used. Providing evaporative cooling systems like roof surface evaporative cooling. Using earth coupling systems like earth air pipe system. (C) Promoting ventilation Increasing the rate of ventilation during cooler parts of the day or night-time and during the humid periods is a necessity in composite climatic areas. General recommendations for the climate are: (1) Site (a) Landform Regions in this zone are generally flat and heat up uniformly. (b) Waterbodies Waterbodies like ponds and lakes act as heat sinks and can also be used for evaporative cooling.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Fountains and water

cascades in the vicinity of a building also aid in cooling.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

However, it has to be

ensured that these water bodies do not increase the relative humidity during the humid seasons. (c) Street width and orientation Streets must be narrow so that buildings mutually shade each other. They need to be oriented in the north-south direction to block solar radiation.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (d) Open spaces and built form
Open spaces such as

courtyards and atria promote ventilation. They can be provided with ponds and fountains for evaporative cooling. Courtyards act as heat sinks during the day and radiate the heat back at night. Grass can be used as ground cover to absorb solar radiation and aid evaporative cooling. Earth berming can help lower the temperature and also deflect hot summer winds. Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings (2) Orientation and Planform
An east-west orientation

is preferred as northern and southern walls are easier to shade.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

During summer, the

south wall which gets significant exposure to solar radiation in most parts of India, leads to very high temperatures in south-west rooms. Hence, shading of the south wall is imperative. The surface to volume ratio should be kept as minimum as possible to reduce heat gains.

Source: Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Cross-ventilation must be ensured at night as ambient temperatures during this period are low. (3) Building Envelope (a) Roof Flat roofs may be used in this climate. A massive roof structure like a reinforced cement concrete RCC slab is preferrable over an asbestos cement AC sheet roof. External insulation in the form of mud phuska with inverted earthen pots is quite suitable. A false ceiling in rooms having exposed roofs can help in reducing the discomfort level. Provision of roof insulation yields greater lifecycle savings compared to walls in this climate. Evaporative cooling of the roof surface and night-time radiative cooling are measures that can also be employed to improve comfort levels. Incase the former is used, it is better to have a roof that will cool down fast. (b) Walls In multi-storeyed buildings, walls and glazing account for most of the heat gain. So, the control of heat gain through the walls by shading is an important consideration in building design. A wall that takes a longer time to heat up reduces the heat gain. (c) Fenestration Minimising the window area leads to lower indoor temperatures. More windows should be provided in the north facade of the building as compared to the east, west and south as it receives lesser radiation during the year. All openings should be protected from the sun by using external shading devices such as chhajjas and fins.

Source: Handb ook on Energy Conscious Buildings

Move able shading devices such as curtains

and venetian blinds can also be used. Since daytime temperatures are high during summer, the windows should be

kept closed to keep the hot air out and opened during night time to admit cooler air. The use of 'jaalis'(lattice work) made of wood, stone or RCC may be considered as they allow ventilation while blocking solar radiation. Measures to control ventilation of the building as and when required makes it more comfortable indoors. The heat gain through windows can be reduced by using glass with low transmissivity. (d) Colour and texture Change of colour is a cheap and effective technique for lowering indoor temperatures. Colours having low absorptivity should be used to paint the external surface. Darker shades should be avoided for surfaces exposed to direct solar radiation. The surface of the roof can be of white broken glazed tiles. The surface of the wall should preferably be textured to facilitate self shading. Remarks As the winters in this region are uncomfortably cold, windows should be designed such that they encourage direct gain of solar heat during this period. Deciduous trees can be used to shade the building during summer and admit sunlight during winter. Well-insulated and very thick walls give a good thermal performance if the glazing is kept to a minimum and windows are well shaded. In case of non-conditioned buildings, a combination of insulated walls and high percentage of glazing will lead to very uncomfortable indoor conditions. Indoor plants can be provided near the window, as they help in evaporative cooling and in absorbing solar radiation. Evaporative cooling and earth air pipe systems can be used effectively in this climate. Desert coolers are extensively used in this climate, and if properly sized, they can help in achieving comfort levels. Introduction The CII Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is the first LEED Platinum rated building in India. Locally available materials and sustainable energy sources have been used extensively in the building. Natural lighting and ventilation enhance the energy-efficiency of the building. Adequate green spaces help in controlling the micro-climate providing visual delight at the same time.

Aerial view of CII-Godrej GBC, Hyderabad showing wind towers, solar photovoltaic panels and green roofs. (Sourced) Location, Orientation & Climate It is located in HITEC City, a major technology township in Hyderabad. Use of vehicles that run on alternative sources of energy is encouraged. Use of such vehicles helps in saving energy.

There is a vast difference in the amount of glazed areas on the northern and western sides of the building. Such features prevent unwanted heat gain. Natural Features Existing features in the landform have been integrated into the design without causing much harm to the local eco-system.

Rocks existing on site have been retained and integrated in the building design (Sourced) Architectural Design The building is designed to maximise usage of natural light for day-lighting without getting unwanted heat inside. The ground surface covered by the building is replaced through roof gardens which play a major role in insulating the building.

Roof gardens insulate the building from solar heat (Sourced) Unwanted gain of heat is reduced through simple design principles like earth berming. Heat gain through openings is also reduced through intelligent design of windows.

Intelligent design of windows allow in light but keep the heat away An effective combination of closed and open spaces help in modulating the micro-climate so that it keeps the building cool and well-ventilated. There is ease of access throughout the site.

A combination of open and closed spaces keep the building cool and well-ventilated

(Sourced) Materials & Appliances Use of local materials and materials with low-embodied energy is visible at various places. For instance, local stone and waste construction materials are used for external cladding.

Locally available materials like stone and wood are used in the school

Old furniture has been used in different parts of the building.

Old furniture used in the cafeteria negates the energy consumed in making new furniture (Sourced) Daylighting Emphasis is laid on providing adequate day-lighting. Intelligent design of windows such as different windows for views and for light reduce the heat gain.

Abundant natural light is available in office spaces (Sourced)

Ventilation Effective measures are taken to properly ventilate the building while saving energy at the same time. Air caught by the wind towers is carried through an earth-air tunnel which pre- cools the air entering into the AHUs. This saves energy required in the cooling process.

Wind towers carry air through an earth air tunnel to cool it before being supplied to the AHUs (Sourced) Jaalis on the outer faade of the building also help in cooling, shading and ventilation of the building.

Jaalis help in cooling and shading the building and inducing ventilation Renewable Energy Solar energy is used to generate electricity that is used in the building.

Solar photovoltaic panels on the roof generate electricity for the building (Sourced)

Use of vehicles that run on alternative sources of energy is encouraged.

Use of battery operated vehicles is encouraged (Sourced) Water Management Rain water is recharged into the ground. The landscaped garden has a variety of local plants and trees which require less water for irrigation. The garden has been designed such that all rainwater is retained.

Rain-water is harvested in the landscaped garden All waste water is treated in a root zone treatment facility. The treated water is used for flushing toilets and irrigating the garden.

Waste water is treated in the root zone treatment facility (Sourced) Introduction The Druk Padma Karpo School near Leh is a Buddhist school under the patronage of the Dalai Lama, and founded by His Holiness the 12th Gyalwang Drukpa in 1992. Designed by international architects Arup Associates, the school building combines the best of traditional Ladakhi architecture with cutting-edge engineering excellence to act as a model for appropriate, cost effective and sustainable development. The innovative architecture of the school has won several international design awards, including the 2002 World Architecture Awards for Best Education Building, Best Building in Asia, joint winner for Best Green Building, an award for Inspiring Design from the British Council of School Environments and a Design for Asia Grand Award.

The secondary school block Location, Orientation & Climate The Druk School is located at Shey, about 15 kms to the south-east of Leh. Around 60 % of the students and the teachers come from nearby towns and villages using public transport or school buses while the remaining students are accommodated in the residential facilities. Overall, there is minimal usage of personal vehicles by the teachers or students while commuting to the school. All these combined result in a lot of energy savings. The classrooms are oriented 30 degrees east of south to utilise the morning sun for natural lighting and space-heating.

Natural lighting and heating of classrooms are optimised by their orientation

The residential blocks are oriented in the east-west axis with the living quarters facing south to facilitate solar heat gain. Circulation areas are placed on the colder north side. The natural slope of the site provides for universal access.

South facing residential blocks utilise the suns heat to generate warmth inside while the natural slope provides universal access

Natural Features The natural soil condition aids water from melting snow or rain to seep into the ground thus recharging the ground water. The negligible amount of hard paving in the site ensures that almost all snow or rain falling on it is recharged into the ground.

Open grounds of the school aid ground water recharge

Willow trees found on the site are pruned to maximise heat and light gain in the winters. The waste wood is then used as fuel for the bukharas for space heating purposes.

Waste wood from willow trees found in abundance in Leh are used as fuel for the Bukhara. Architectural Design The school has been designed such that all natural and renewable sources of energy are utilized to the maximum possible extent without causing any disturbance to the environment. At the same time adequate measures have been taken to insulate the building so as to reduce loss of heat. The 700 mm external walls are made of 150 mm thick mud bricks on the inside and 450 mm thick granite blocks on the outside with a 100 mm air gap in between. These walls insulate the building from the cold and windy conditions outside.

Mud-brick walls are clad with granite on the outside

The southern side of all the buildings are provided with windows which allow natural light inside. These are opened during the summers for ventilation and are shaded with removable wooden shades.

Glazed southern side of classrooms provide light, ventilation and warmth

Roofs are insulated with a 50 mm thick layer of grass topped with a 300 mm thick layer of mud and clay. Skylights are provided in the roof to supplement light coming in from the windows.

Light coming in from the skylights Materials & Appliances Almost all the materials used in the complex have been sourced locally. Wood from willow and poplar trees are used for the structure, roofs, floors and windows. Granite blocks and mud-bricks are used for the external walls. All internal walls are also made of mud-bricks. Concrete used is limited to the foundations of the wooden columns, as mortar and for the floor below the Bukhara.

Locally available materials like stone and wood are used in the school

Artificial lighting is not required in the classrooms most of the time due to the abundant natural light available. Electricity usage during the day-time is limited mainly to computers and other such peripherals. Energy saving lighting fixtures like CFL lights are used.

CFL Lamps are used wherever artificial lighting may be required Daylighting
The abundant

sunlight available has been used to maximise natural light in the academic section. Light from the windows and skylights eradicate the need for artificial lighting. The windows are shaded in the summers so as to allow light in but keep the heat away. All blocks are wellseparated so that there is no mutual shading.

Abundant natural light is available in the classrooms Ventilation High level openings work in conjunction with the south facing windows to provide ventilation required in the building. In the residential areas, the Trombe walls are provided internal dampers and also with such openings in the internal walls and . Together, they ensure an effective ventilation system where wind drafts do not cause inconvenience to the children sleeping inside. Dampers placed above and below

windows are part of the ventilation mechanism in the residential areas Renewable Energy Solar Energy is used for a number of purposes like day-lighting, direct heat gain through the windows and to induce ventilation through the Trombe walls. Solar water heaters are used to heat the water required for washing purposes.

Solar water heaters are placed near wash areas and provide the required hot water Solar electricity is generated and used for a number of purposes. Besides providing electricity for general lighting at night, computers also run on solar electricity. The latter is also used to run the water pump that pumps water from a depth of about 30 metres.

Solar Photovoltaic Panels which generate all the electricity required in the school Water Management All snow and water is recharged into the ground. Dry toilets eradicate the need of water for flushing purposes. Waste water from bathrooms and the dining hall kitchen is used to irrigate the vegetable gardens.

The soft ground surface facilitates all the snow and water to seep into the ground

Waste Management Traditional dry latrines have been improved and problems of fly and odour eliminated in the Ventilation Improved Pit (VIP) toilets. A double chamber system with a Tin sheet facing the south acts as a flue carrying the odours out. A mesh at the top of the flue prevents flies and insects from coming in. The VIP toilets act as composting toilets and produces humus that can be used as fertiliser. Moreover, they do not need water.

The Ventilation Improved Pit Toilet which is an improvement of the traditional Ladakhi dry toilets Construction Controls The use of local materials which are abundantly available ensures minimal damage to the environment during construction. As most of the construction workers were locals, little energy was spent for their accommodation and travel.

Materials used in construction have mostly been sourced locally Post Construction The school is being built in phases and the entire complex of the school is scheduled to be completed in 2011. This has helped in learning from the first phases and using this experience in optimizing the usage of materials in the later phases. Introduction The Energy and Resources Institute, Bangalore is among South Indias first energyefficient and environmentally sustainable campuses. It houses work spaces for the staff, conference rooms, a library, a laboratory and a guest house. Dining and recreation facilities are shared between the offices and the guest house. It has the potential to serve as a model for future development in similar geographical and climatic conditions.

TERI campus at Bangalore (Source TERI Bangalore) Location, Orientation & Climate The site is located at Domlur, about 3 km from the Bangalore airport. It is a long and narrow site with roads on the eastern and northern sides, the former being the major road. The western side has an open ground and on the southern side is an open drain about 9 m wide. The buildings are aligned along the east-west axis and entry into the site is from the road on the northern side which is relatively less busier.

Schematic layout of TERI Bangalore showing the surrounding roads and the

drain (Source TERI Bangalore) The office block is kept towards the east, close to the main road for high visibility and the guest house is located towards the quieter western side. In a moderate climatic zone like Bangalore where temperatures are not very high, a good ventilation system can easily provide comfortable living conditions.

The office blocks are placed towards the main road while the guest house is located on the quieter west side (Source TERI Bangalore) Natural Features The drain on the southern side is a major feature which influences the design. Wind coming from the south over the drain brings in the foul smell into the site.

Open drain on the southern edge of TERI Bangalore Architectural Design This energy - efficient complex is designed to provide all round comfort for the users. Comfort requirements are met through dexterous use of the five basic natural elements sun, air, earth, water and sky to ensure natural lighting, ventilation and space conditioning. The building opens to the north to take maximum advantage of glare-free light. Continuations of skylit spaces carry natural light into the building.

vvAbundant natural light is available in the work spaces (Source TERI Bangalore) Adequate natural lighting and ventilation is provided through an optimized combination of solar passive design, energy-efficient equipment, renewable sources of energy and materials with low embodied energy. The condition of the drain is proposed to be improved into a pleasant landscaped element by using plants that absorb impurities as well as with the help of basic filtration and aeration. This being an ideal long-term solution would be a major civic project. The architecture responds to the present site conditions but the building can eventually open up towards the drain when it turns clean

A fresh environment is maintained inside the building A cavity wall on the southern side insulates the building from solar heat gain. The ground disturbed due to the building is replaced on the rooftop to form terrace gardens at various levels. These gardens along with earth berms provides good heat insulation and moderates fluctuations in temperature.

Trombe walls help in insulating the hostels Materials & Appliances As use of local materials reduces the energy consumed in their transportation, local materials and materials with low-embodied energy have been used wherever possible The southern wall, for instance, is clad in local kadappa stone. Energy-efficient lighting devices like CFL lights have also been used.

Locally available kadappa stone used to clad the southern wall Daylighting Openings have been designed such that requirement of artificial lighting is minimal throughout the day when the building is under maximum usage.

Abundant natural light inside due to intelligently designed fenestrations

By creating atrium spaces with skylights, the section of the building is such that natural light enters into the interiors of the building, considerably reducing the dependence on artificial lighting.

Section showing natural light penetrating deep into the building through skylights and fenestrations (Source TERI Bangalore) Ventilation A blank wall towards the south (facing the drain) allows the breeze to flow over the building. This creates a negative pressure which pulls fresh air from the north into the building. The sections are designed such that hot air rises to the top and make the building breathe. Air in the cavity in the south wall on the south creates negative pressure, thereby enhancing the convection currents in the building.

Sections showing induced ventilation created in the building through an effective design of sections and the cavity wall on the south creating convection currents (Source TERI Bangalore) Renewable Energy A 5-kW peak solar photovoltaic system integrated with the roof skylights provides day-light and also generates electricity.

Solar Photovoltaics integrated with the roof provide natural light and electricity

A solar water heating system meets the hot water requirements of the kitchen and the guest rooms. Other energy conservation systems include an effective waste and water management system, a centralized uninterrupted power supply, and a kitchen that reduces internal heat.

Solar water heaters which meet the hot-water requirements of the campus Water Management An efficient rainwater harvesting system preserves water to the maximum possible extent. Water run-off from the roofs and from the paved area is collected and stored in a collection sump below the amphitheatre. This water is used for various purposes including landscaping and flushing toilets.

Schematic section of the building showing the rain water harvesting system (Source TERI Bangalore)

Post Construction The monthly energy consumption is about Rs. 30,000 for the entire complex. This works out to be around Rs. 1.12 per square foot which is about one-tenth of a conventional building with air conditioning in Bangalore, thus proving the energy-efficiency of the complex. As and when the drain to the south gets cleaned, the complex can also open out towards it. This would provide the complex with its own water-front. Introduction The office building of the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency at Kolkata built in 2000 is one of the first consolidated attempts at green building practices in the eastern part of the country. Kolkata lies in the Hot & Humid climatic zone and induced ventilation to counter the high humidity is essential here. Simple energy efficient measures taken at the design stage have resulted in a micro-climate quite suitable for dayto-day office work.

The WBREDA building shows how simple design features can increase the energy efficiency of an office building. Location, Orientation & Climate The office building of WBREDA is located on a rectangular plot of land with

the longer sides facing the North and the South. Windows on the north and south sides provide for day-lighting in all the office areas. Ventilation required in the prevailing hot and humid climate is also provided for .

Windows provide for day-lighting as well as ventilation Architectural Design The building has been designed such that all air conditioned spaces are located on the northern side so as to cut down on the air-conditioning load.

Air conditioned areas are kept on the northern side to reduce the load on the airconditioners

A combination of deep sunshades, recessed windows and vertical and horizontal louvers modulates the sun-light coming in from the south allowing only diffused light to enter during the summers. The horizontal louvers act as light shades. The windows provide natural ventilation at the same time. To reduce heat gain from the west, the western faade is a blank wall with the stair-well and lift-lobby acting as an immediate buffer inside.

A combination of horizontal and vertical louvers on the southern side allow light in but cut down on solar heat

Trees on the southern and south-western sides of the plot shade the building from the afternoon sun.

Landscaping is used to reduce heat gain

A water body on the south-western corner of the ground floor helps regulate the micro-climate of the site.

Water body on the south-western corner helps modulate the micro-climate

On the western side, a blank wall with the staircase and lift lobby behind it acts as a major heat buffer.

The blank western wall cuts down heat gain in the afternoon Materials & Appliances All masonry work has been done with locally available bricks. WBREDA encourages the use of pollution free vehicles by staff for commuting.

Pollution free vehicles used by staff of WBREDA Daylighting Daylight penetrates the building through the openings that run along the northern and southern sides of the building. Unlike, the southern side, there are no horizontal louvers on the northern side so as to maximise natural light inside.

The northern side is devoid of any horizontal louvers to maximise natural light inside the building Ventilation Breeze coming from the south blows over the water-body and is taken into the building through a small cut-out that divides the building into two through its length. This vents out the hot air from the non air-conditioned areas. The cut-out also acts as a light shaft.

Cut-out over the water body draws in fresh air and vents it out through the roof. It also provides natural light inside Renewable Energy The building has a grid-interactive solar photo-voltaic system with a maximum capacity of 25 Kilo Watts and is supported by a 100 Ampere battery bank. The building transfers to the grid all excess solar electricity generated and switches over to the grid supply when adequate electricity cannot be generated by the system, mainly at night and during day cloudy days.

Solar Photovoltaic panels on the roof generate electricity Post Construction Regular maintainence checks have ensured a good life-time for the solar photovoltaic system put in place in the WBREDA building. The battery bank used has been replaced for the first time after 9 years of functioning. Revenue generated by the solar electricity produced is more than the electricity bill of the building. Introduction Mr. Atam Kumars residence in Delhi is an example of an economically viable method to build a house that consumes less energy. Mr. Atam Kumar, a solar energy device manufacturer and consultant, was also the energy consultant of the house. This is a three bedroom house with an outhouse. The office and servant s unit are located in the outhouse.

Natural light entering through the sky-light above the stairwell Location, Orientation & Climate The house is in Chattarpur Extension near Mehrauli. Comfort levels are maintained throughout the year without using much electricity Creepers on the southern boundary wall of the plot allow ventilation during the summers. Recently, more trees and creepers have been planted on the western side also. A tree planted on the western side around the time of

construction of the house now provides shade.

Boundary wall on the south western corner of the plot allows ventilation during the summers. A road on the southern side allows light to come. The house is designed as a duplex to reduce the environmental foot-print. All living areas open to the southern side, a large portion of which is glazed to allow natural light and heat. Creepers on the boundary wall and seasonal trees outside it can be used to control light, ventilation and privacy in the lawn.

The southern side gets abundant sun-light during the winters. The windows are designed such that maximum solar heat can be captured in the winters.

The outhouse on the north-eastern corner of the plot contains an office space and the servants quarters. Windows on the eastern wall provide diffused light without much glare.

Outhouse located on the north-eastern corner allow natural light into the building from the east.

The south-western and western sides of the house are well-shaded by trees inside and outside the plot.

Trees on the western and south-western sides of the building provide shade thus reducing energy consumed in cooling the house Architectural Design The building has been designed so as to reduce thermal heat gain. Walls clad in white sand-stone and painted white reflect heat. A two inch thick thermocol layer between the masonry walls and the sand-stone cladding further insulates the building.

The western wall is shaded and devoid of openings to minimise heat gain

Openings on the northern side are lesser in size to cut down on heat gain in the summers and reduce loss of heat in the winters.

Windows on the northern side are designed to provide optimum light to service and storage areas

Windows on the south side are designed such that when the two layers of curtains are drawn, an air gap is formed between the curtains and the glass which insulates the building.

Windows are provided with indented lintel, sill and jamb to make space for the curtains A sky-light at the top of the stair-well throws light into it.

Natural lighting filtering down through the skylights in the stair-well

High openings provide ambient light throughout the day to the dressing areas on the eastern side.

Ambient light in the dressing areas Materials & Appliances CFLs have been used through out the house. Good thermal insulation of the building reduces the use of the air-conditioner to about two weeks when there is

high humidity..

Air conditioners have been fitted after the house was 14 years old and are used for not more than two weeks a year The roofs are finished in white terrazzo finish, which reflects sunlight. A three inch thick layer of asbestos powder insulates the roof from solar heat gain.

Reflective surface of the roof Daylighting Ambient light is available in most of the spaces all through the year.

Windows at varying heights on the eastern side provide light inside without much glare

All living spaces are on the southern side and get adequate natural light throughout the year.

The living room has subdued natural light when the curtains are drawn. This reduces heat gain. Ventilation A pair of desert coolers in the stair-well blow cool air into the house during the summers. Shutters above the doors allow cool air to flow into the bedrooms and living room even if the doors are closed

Cool air from the desert coolers in the stairwell falls down by its own weight. It enters into the living and bedrooms through ventilation openings above the doors. These can be closed with shutters.

Vents on the corners of all the living areas are connected to south facing, thin-walled and dark colored solar chimneys that induce ventilation during the summers. These vents can be closed in the winters with shutters.

Cool air from the desert coolers in the stairwell falls down by its own weight. It enters into the living and bedrooms through ventilation openings above the doors. These can be closed with shutters.

The ventilation shafts are covered with a fibre-glass top. A wire mesh has been fixed to the top of the chimney to stop birds from entering.

Fibre-glass top above the solar chimney Renewable Energy

A 200 litre-per-day solar water heater meets the daily hot water requirements of the house.

Solar water heaters placed on the terrace

A solar cooker is built into the southern wall of the kitchen. It can be accesses from inside the kitchen at counter level. This reduces the amount of conventional fuel used for cooking.

Solar cookers in the kitchen reduce usage of conventional fuel for cooking Water Management Rain-water from the site and nearby areas is harvested into the ground through water harvesting trenches located immediately outside the boundary walls on the northern and southern sides.

Rain water trenches outside the boundary walls harvest the rain water from the site and neighboring areas. Waste Management Grey water from the kitchen and toilets, which has soap content in it, is used to irrigate the flowers grown in the soak pit. As no soapy water enters the septic tank, it has not required any maintenance for the 15 years that the building has been used so far.

Flowers in the soak pit area on the south eastern corner of the house Post Construction Creepers have been planted outside the boundary wall on the western side of the plot. The living boundary wall shades the plot while providing for ventilation and privacy at the same time.

Screen on the western wall of the plot will be removed as soon as the newly planted creepers are high enough Quick Tips How to reduce heat gain in the day time Reducing heat gain through the roof Insulate the roof. Cover the roof with reflective surfaces like broken ceramic tiles. Provide a roof garden. Reducing heat gain through the walls and windows Insulate the walls. Paint external surfaces of walls in light colour to reduce absorption of heat. Shade walls and windows. Use double-glazed windows. How to reduce energy consumption Lighting Use light-colored, loose-weave curtains on windows to maximise daylight inside. Compact fluorescent bulbs use four times less energy as compared to incandescent bulbs and provide the same lighting. T5 lights can be used in place of conventional tube-lights to save energy. Fans Electronic regulators for ceiling fans use less energy. Exhaust fans should be installed at a higher elevation than ceiling fans. Kitchen Appliances Dry grinding of food in mixers and grinders takes longer time than liquid grinding. Microwaves ovens consume 50 % less energy than conventional electric / gas stoves. Electric stoves can be turned off several minutes before the specified cooking time. Flat-bottomed pans that make full contact with the cooking coil reduce loss of heat. Pressure cookers should be used as much as possible Refrigerated items like vegetables, milk, meat etc. should be brought to room temperature before heating / cooking. Solar Water Heaters can be used to replace electric water heaters / fuel based heating systems. Electronic Devices When devices like TV, Computers and Audio Systems are not in use, the

power should be switched off. If computers have to be left on, the monitor should be turned off. Screen savers on computer screens are not energy efficient. Shutting computers down when not using them reduces system wear and saves energy. Regularly defrosting manual-defrost refrigerators and freezers makes them more energy efficient. There should be enough space left between a refrigerator and the walls so that air can easily circulate between them. Refrigerator door seals should be airtight. Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the refrigrator. Washing machines should be used only with full loads. Air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off should be preferred. The ceiling fan should be operated in conjunction with the air conditioner to spread the cooled air more effectively throughout the room. The air conditioner can then be operated at a higher temperature. Doors and windows should be sealed properly. Planting trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning units makes them use less electricity than the same one operating in the sun.

How to reduce water consumption Starting a compost pile as an alternate method of disposing of food waste instead of using a garbage disposal reduces water requirement. Installing an instant water heater on your kitchen sink reduces water heating costs for your household. Water usage should be minimized while washing dishes by hand. Air-to-air air-conditioning systems should be preferred. Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Lawns and other landscape features should be water using waste water. Besides cutting down on water requirements, this also recharges the ground water. Watering lawns during the early morning hours when temperatures and wind speed are the lowest reduces loss due to evaporation. Faulty faucets should be repaired immediately. Planting local shrubs and trees while landscaping reduces water required for landscaping. Harvesting rainwater for day to day use as well as to recharge ground water is a good measure to reduce dependency on the municipal water supply while conserving water at the same time. List of State Nodal Agencies for new and renewable energy

Andhra Pradesh The Vice Chairman & Managing Director,

Non Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NEDCAP) Ltd 5 8 207/2 Pisgah Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad 500 001 Tel. 040 23201172 (O); Fax. 040 23201666 Andaman & Nicobar Islands The Superintending Engineer, Electricity Department Govt. of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Port Blair 744 101 Tel. 03192 232404; Fax. 233365 Arunachal Pradesh The Director, Arunachal Pradesh Energy Development Agency Urja Bhawan Tadar Tang Marg, Post Box No. 141, Itanagar 791 111 Tel. 0360 211160 / 216937 (O); Fax. 0360 214426 Assam The Director, Assam Energy Development Agency And Assam Science Technology & Environment Council Co Operative City Bank Building, U.N.B. Road, Silpukhuri Guwahati 781 003. Tel. 0361 2662232,2664415; Fax. 0361 2668475 Bihar The Director, Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency 1st Floor, Sone Bhawan, Virchand Patel Marg, Patna 800 001 Tel. 0612 2233572; Fax. 0612 2228734 Chandigarh The Director (Science & Technology), Chandigarh Administration Additional Town Hall Building, 2nd Floor, Sector 17 C, Chandigarh Tel. 0172 2745502, 2744235; Fax. 2740005

Chhattisgarh The Director, Chhattisgarh State Renewable Energy Development Agency MIG/A 20/1 Sector 1, Shankar Nagar, Raipur Tel. 0771 2426446; Fax. 5066770 Dadra & Nagar Haveli The Development and Planning Officer Administration of Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Silvassa. Tel. 0260 642070 Delhi The Executive Officer, EE & REM Centre, Delhi Transco Ltd 2nd floor, SLDC Building, Minto Road, New Delhi 110 002 Tel. 011 23234994; Fax. 23231886 Goa The Director, Goa Energy Development Agency DST&E Building, 1st Floor, Saligo Plateau, Opp. Seminary, Saligao, Bardez, Goa 403 511. Tel. 0832 271194 Gujarat The Director, Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GEDA) 4th Floor, Block No. 11 & 12, Udyog Bhawan, Sector 11 Gandhi Nagar 382 017. Tel. 079 23247086, 89, 90; Fax. 079 23247097, Haryana The Director, Haryana Renewal Energy Development Agency (HAREDA), SCO 48, Sector 26, Chandigarh 160 019 Tel. 0172 2791917, 2790918, 2790911; Fax. 0172 2790928 Himachal Pradesh The Director,

HIMURJA SDA Complex, Kasumpti, Shimla 171 009 Tel. 0177 2620365; Fax. 0177 2620365 Jammu and Kashmir The Chief Executive Officer, Jammu & Kashmir Energy Development Agency (JAKEDA) 12 BC Road, Jammu 180001. Tel. 0191 546495; Fax. 2546495 The Chief Executive Officer, Jammu & Kashmir Energy Development Agency (JAKEDA) Dharrilla, Raj Bagh, Srinagar. Telefax. 0194 2479791 JHARKHAND The Director, Jharkhand Renewable Energy Development Agency 328 B, Road No.4, Ashok Nagar, Ranchi 834 002 Tel. 0651 2246970; Fax. 0651 2240665 Karnataka The Managing Director, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd 19, Maj. Gen. A. D. Loganadan, INA Cross, Queens Road Bangalore 560 052. Tel. 080 22282220(O); Fax. 080 22257399 Kerala The Director, Agency for Non Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT) Pattom P.O., PB No.1094, Kesavadasapuram Thiruvananthapuram 695 004 Tel. 0471 2440121, 2440122, 2440124 Fax. 2449853 Lakshadweep The Executive Engineer, Electricity Department

Lakshadweep Administration, Kavaratti 682 555 Tel. 04896 262363; Fax. 262936 Leh Ladakh The Project Director, Ladakh Renewable Energy Development Agency Dak Bungalow, Leh, Ladakh 194 101. Tel. 01982 255733, 252010 Madhya Pradesh The Managing Director, MP Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd Urja Bhawan, Main Road NO.2, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal 462 016 Tel. 0755 2556245; 2553595; Fax. 0755 2556245 Maharashtra The Director General, Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA) S.No. 191/A, Phase1, 2nd Floor, MHADA Commercial Complex Opp. Tridal Nagar, Yerawada, Pune 411 006, Tel. 020 26615354;, Fax. 020 26615031 Manipur The Director, Manipur Renewable Energy Development Agency (MANIREDA) Department of Science, Technology, Minuthong Hafiz Hatta, Imphal 795 001. Tel. 385 441086; Fax. 91 385 224930 Meghalaya The Director, Meghalaya Non conventional & Rural Energy Development Agency Lower Lachaumiere, Opp. P&T Dispensary, Near BSF Camp (Mawpat) Shillong 793 012. Telefax. 0364 2537343 Mizoram The Director, Zoram Energy Development Agency

H/No.A/4, Muol Veng, CHALTLANG, Aizawl, Mizoram 796 007 Tel. 0389 2350664; 2350665; Fax. 323185 Nagaland The Project Director, Nagaland Renewable Energy Development Agency (NREDA) NRSE Cell Rural Development Department, Nagaland Secretariat Kohima, Nagaland. Telefax. 0370 241408 Orissa The Chief Executive Officer, Orissa Renewable Energy Development Agency S 59, Mancheswar Industrial Estate, Bhubaneswar 751 010 Tel. 0674 2580660 (O); Fax. 2586368 Pondicherry The Project Director, Renewable Energy Agency of Pondicherry No. 10, Second Main Road, Elango Nagar, Pondicherry 605 011 Tel. 0413 2244219 Punjab The Chief Executive, Punjab Energy Development Agency Plot No. 1 2, Sector 33 D, Chandigarh 160 036 Tel. 0172 663392, 663328, 663382; Fax. 0172 2646384, 2662865 Rajsthan The Chairman & Managing Director, Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited E 166, Yudhister Marg, C Scheme, Jaipur 302 001 Tel. 0141 2225898, 2228198; Fax. 0141 2226028 Sikkim The Director, Sikkim Renewable Energy Development Agency Department of New and Renewable Energy Sources,

Government of Sikkim, Tashiling Secretariat, Annexe I, Gangtok 737 101 Tel. 03592 22659; Fax. 03592 22245 Tamil Nadu The Chairman & Managing Director, Tamilnadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA) EVK Sampath Building, Maaligal, 5th Floor, Chennai 600 006 Tel. 044 28224832; Fax. 044 28236592, 28222971 Tripura The Chief Executive Officer, Tripura Renewable Energy Development Agency Vigyan Bhawan, 2nd Floor, Pandit Nehru Complex, West Tripura, Agartala &ndash 799 006. Tel. 0381&ndash225421 (O); Fax. 0381&ndash225900 Uttar Pradesh The Director, Non conventional Energy Development Agency (NEDA) U.P. Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow 226 010 Tel. 0522 2720652 Fax. 0522 2720779, 2720829 Uttarakhand The Director, Uttarakhand Renewable Energy (UREDA) Development Agency Energy Park Campus, Industrial Area, Patel Nagar, Dehradun 248 001 Tel. 0135 2521387, 2521386; Fax. 0135 2521553 West Bengal The Director, West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency Bikalap Shakti Bhawan, Plot J 1/10, EP & GP Block, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700 091 Tel. 033 3575038, 3575348 (O); Fax. 3575037, 3575347 Architect/Consultant

Amit Kembhavi DSP Design Associates Pvt. Ltd Architects Interior Designers 5th Floor, Rahimtoola House 7, Homji Street, Fort Mumbai 400 001 Anamika Prasad Environmental Design Solutions 522 Pocket C, Sector A Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110 070 e-mail: eds@edsglobal.com Anant Mann and Siddhartha Wig The Elements 279 Sector 6, Panchkula 134 101 Anurag Roy Roy and Partners D* /8184, Vasant Kunj New Delhi 110 070 e-mail: anuragroy@vsnl.com Arvind Krishan Former Head - Deptt of Architecture, SPA Centre for Architectural Systems Alternatives B-4/103 Safdurjung Enclave, New Delhi 110 029 Ashok B Lall 2B , Ramkishore Road, Civil Lines New Delhi 110 054 Ashutosh Kr Agarwal 202, 2nd floor, A-2 Acharya Niketan, Mayur Vihar, Phase I New Delhi 110 091 B K Tanuja Partner, Kanvinde Rai & Chowdhury 14-F Middle Circle, Connaught Place New Delhi 110 001 Balakrishna Doshi Vastu-shilpa Foundation for Studies & Research in Environmental Design, Sangath, Thaltej Road Ahmedabad 380 054 C N Raghavendran Partner C R Narayana Rao 5 Karpagambal Nagar Chennai 600 004 e-mail: crn@crn.co.in

Christopher Charles Benninger Architects Pvt. Ltd Shraddha 1 Samata Society, Ashok Nagar Near Bhosale Nagar Gate, Off University Road Pune 411 007, Maharastra India DSP Design Associates Pvt. Ltd No. 60, 2nd lane Anand Park, Aundh Pune 411 007 Gerard Da Cunha Architecture Autonomous House No. 674, Torda, Salvador do-Mundo Bardez, Goa 403 101; E-mail- archauto@goa1.doc.net.in Harish Ganeriwala Glaze Architecture Pvt. Ltd. 591, Block O New Alipore Kolkata 700 053 e-mail: glazeonline@gmail.com Phone: 24005255 Indranil Roy Architects I Roy & Associates K 1/80 Basement, CR Park New Delhi 110 019 e-mail: iroy_arch@rediffmail.com Jaisim Fountainhead 175/1, Pavilion Road, 1 Block East Jayanagar Bangalore 560 011 Jayprakash Agrawal Agrawal & Agrawal 98 Beltala Road, 1st Floor, Kolkata Mani Chowfla Architects D 374 Defence Colony New Delhi 110 024 Mr Manmohan Dayal D-3/3552 Vasant Kunj New Delhi 110030 N K Bansal Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016

Nalini Kembhavi Kembhavi Architecture Foundation August House, Plot No. 40, Behind Pai Hotel Bailappanavar Nagar, Hubli 580 029 e-mail: kembhaviarchitects@yahoo.com Nimish Patel Abhikram, 15 Laxmi Niwas Society, Paldi Ahmedabad 380 007 Nisha Mathew, Soumitro Ghosh Mathew & Ghosh Architects, 2 Temple Trees Row, Vivek Nagar P.O. Bangalore 560 047 Pankaj Jain M/s Jain & Associates S-13/21, DLF-111 Gurgaon Phone: 0124-4605318,2352829 Prasoon Shrivastava Architect, R K & Associates 1846/1 Silver Oak Compound, Napier Town, Jabalpur Pravin Patel A-13, Aditya Complex, Opp. Television Station Off Drive in Cinema Road Ahmedabad 380 054 Prof. C.L.Gupta Solar Energy Unit Sri Aurobindo Ashram Podicherry 605002 e-mail: solagni@auroville.org.in Prof. J.K. Nayak Energy System Engineering Deptt. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay-400076 Rahul Kumar Rajinder Kumar and Associates B-6/17, Shopping Centre Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi e-mail: rkark@giasdl01.vsnl.net.in Roopmathi Anand Rajendran Associates 58 SS Road, Alwarpet Chennai 600 018

e-mail: Rajendran_b@satyam.net.in Sabu Francis & Associates A-104, Shiv Chamber Sector 11, CBD-Belapur Navi Mumbai MAHARASHTRA e-mail: chief@archsfa.com Sanjay Mohe Director, MINDSPACE, 408 12th Main RMV Extension Sadashivnagar Bangalore 560 080 Sanjay Prakash Sanjay Prakash & Associates R1/301 Hauz Khas Enclave New Delhi 110 016 Sen Kapadia 104, Oyster Shell, Juhu Beach Mumbai 400 049 Sharukh Mistry Mistry Architects, 444 13th Cross, 5th Main, 2nd Stage Indiranagar, Bangalore 560 038 e-mail: sharukh@mistrys.com Shubhendu Kaushik C-404, Som Vihar Apartments Rama Krishna Puram New Delhi 110022 Stephan Paumier & Associates 1043/D6, Ward No. 8 Mehrauli, New Delhi. Synthesis Design Studio 9812, Sector C, Pocket 9, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110070 Suhasini Ayer Guigan New Delhi 110048, Phone: 011-26411741 Upendra Kachru C-47, Pamposh Enclave, Auroshilpam, Auroville 605 101 e-mail: tams.soc@gmail.com Vinod Gupta Space Design Consultants

K-38, Jungpura Extension, New Delhi 110 014 Vidur Bhardwaj Consultant Architect Design & Development Architects Engineers & Interior Designers C 58 Defence Colony, New Delhi 110 024 e-mail: vidurb@vsnl.com / rakheja@hotmail.com Vineeta Badawe 6 Kilpauk Garden Road, 1st Street , Kilpauk Chennai 600 010 e-mail: vva@badawegroup.com Institutes/Organizations Anna University of Technology College of Engineering, Guindy, Chennai 600025 Building Technology Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian institute of Technology, Chennai 600036 Central Building Research Institute Roorkee - 247672 Centre for the Application of Science and technology to Rural Areas Indian Institute of Science, Malleshwaram, Bangalore - 560012 Centre of Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016. Development Alternatives B 32, Institutional Area, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110016. Energy systems Engineering IIT Bombay, Mumbai - 400076 Gherzi Eastern Ltd 16, Mahanirban Road, Kolkata 700 029 Ghosh Bose and Associates Pvt. Ltd 8, Harrington Mansion, 8, Ho Chi Minh Sarani Kolkata 700 071 Himachal Pradesh State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, B - 34, SDA Complex, Kasumpti, Shimla - 171009 Housing and Settlements Management Institute

HUDCO House, Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110003 HUDCO India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003 Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Group Devi Ahilya University, Indore. Solar Energy Centre Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Gual Pahari Gurgaon District, Haryana TERI Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi 110 003 University of Roorkee Department of Architecture and Planning, Roorkee 247667