MECH 260, Section 101

Introduction to Mechanics of Materials

Presentation Part 1
Clarence W. de Silva, Ph.D., P.Eng. Professor of Mechanical Engineering The University of British Columbia e-mail: desilva@mech.ubc.ca http:// www.mech.ubc.ca/~ial
C.W.

de Silva

Announcements

Tutorial Sessions
Objectives of Tutorial Sessions: 1. Assist the students in problem solution and homework assignments. 2. Conduct quizzes Note 1: Tutorial sessions will start on September 11th. Note 2: Assignment 1 and Assignment 2 have been posted on the web site. Please see the following web site for further details:
http://www.mech.ubc.ca/~ial/MECH260/

Tutorial Schedule and Location: Tuesdays 13:00 to 14:00 Room MCLD 202 Teaching Assistants: Mr. Muhammad Tufail (engrtufailkhan@gmail.com) and Mr. Edward Wang (yjwong08@gmail.com) Teaching Assistant Office: ICICS 065 (Robotics Lab), Tel: 604-822-4850 Office Hours of Instructor and TAs: Please see the web site.

MECH 260, Section 101, Introduction to Mechanics of Materials 3 Credits, 1st Semester 2012/13 (Tuesdays and Thursdays, 8:00-9:30 a.m.); Room: MCLD 202 Course Web Site: www.mech.ubc.ca/~ial The course material including the lecture presentations, homework assignments, and the solutions to homework problems and exams will be posted at this web site. Instructor: Dr. Clarence de Silva, Professor Office: CEME 2071; Tel: 604-822-6291; e-mail: desilva@mech.ubc.ca Course Objectives This course deals with the internal effects (primarily stresses and strains) in a deformable solid boy due to external loads acting on it. The subject is also known as Strength of Materials or Solid Mechanics. It is useful in a variety of engineering areas including mechanical, civil, and mining engineering and biomechanics. It provides theory and formulas that are directly applicable in the modeling, analysis, design, and testing of engineering devices and structures such as automobiles, airplanes, robots, machine tools, engines, bridges, elevated guideways, and buildings. Stresses in an object are governed by the internal loading, which are determined from equilibrium equations with external loading. Stresses are a determining factor of the strength of the object. Strains caused by loading are directly related to the deflection or deformation or compatibility of the object. The stress-strains relations (or constitutive relations) determine the stiffness of an object are governed by the physics of the object. In addition to strength, deformation, and stiffness, the subject of Mechanics of Materials also concerns stability which studies the possibility of deformations that can grow suddenly without limit (in theory). The course consists of lectures, tutorials, homework assignments, quizzes, an intermediate examination, and a final examination. Textbook: Philpot, T.A., Mechanics of Materials, 3rd Edition, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2013.

MECH 260101 COURSE LAYOUT

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Starts Sept 06 Sept 11 Sept 18 Sept 25 Oct 02 Oct 09 Oct 16 Oct 23 Oct 30 Nov 06 Tuesday, Nov 06: Nov 13 Nov 20 Nov 27 Topic Introduction, Statics Stress Strain Mechanical Properties of Materials Design Considerations Axial Load and Deformation Torsion Bending Bending Shear Stress in Bending of Beams Intermediate Exam (In Class) Deflection of Beams Statically Indeterminate Beams Stress/Strain Transformations Read Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapters 7 and 8 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapters 12 and 13

Note: The student must pass the final examination in order to pass the course. Grade Composition Homework Assignments 10% Quizzes 10% Intermediate Examination 30% Final Examination 50%_ Total 100%

MECH 260 Road Map

Design Considerations Examples

Course Objectives Importance Plan Review of Statics

Stress Strain

Mechanical Properties of Materials

Axial Loading Torsion

Bending

Design Considerations Applications Revision

Mohrs Circle: Stress Transformation Strain Transformation

Beam Bending: Shear Stress Deflection Statically Indeterminate Beams

Examples

Examples Applications

Importance of Mechanics of Materials

What is Mechanics of Materials?

Study of internal effects (stresses and strains) caused by external loads (forces and moments) acting on a deformable body/structure Also known as: Strength of Materials or Mechanics of Solids or Mechanics of Deformable Bodies Determines: 1. Strength (determined by stress at failure) 2. Deformation (determined by strain) 3. Stiffness (ability to resist deformation; load needed to cause a specific deformation; determined by the stressstrain constitutive relationship) 4. Stability (ability to avoid rapidly growing deformations caused by an initial disturbance; e.g., buckling)

An Example (Aircraft)
External Loading on the Aircraft
Dynamic Loads Control Surface Forces

Engine Thrust

Aerodynamic Forces

Gravity

Wing Joint (Attachment)

Small Internal Element of the Joint

(Stresses and Strains)

An Example (Aircraft Disaster)

Aloha Airlines Boeing 737 Flight 243 on April 28, 1988 with 95 passengers and crew Mid-air structural damage and component loss, with one fatality (a crew member was sucked out) The aircraft landed at Maui airport, Hawaii, without further loss of human life (8 serious injuries)

Subject Definition
Statics

External Forces/ Moments

Reactions, Internal Forces/Moments

Stresses (Normal, Shear) Constitutive (Physical) Relations

Modeling Analysis Computer Simulation Design Testing/Diagnosis Operation

Deflections Deformations (Rectilinear, Angular)

Strains (Normal, Shear)

Mechanics of Materials

Engineering

Application of the Subject

Useful in modeling, analysis, simulation, design, and testing of engineering systems (e.g., automobiles, airplanes, robots, machine tools, engines, bridges, elevated guideways, and buildings) Modeling: Determine equations governing stress-strain (or, loaddeflection) behavior of an object Analysis: Determine stresses, strains (internal loads and deformations) due to external loading Simulation: Program a model of the system (using both analytical and experimental equations and parameter values. Run the program under specified loading conditions. Determine stresses, strains (internal loads, deformations). Design: Select materials, dimensions, and structure of a device to meet a set of performance specifications (related to strength, size, cost, safety, etc.) Testing: Apply a specified regime of loading (single or repetitive) and measure resulting deformations or determine loading that causes failure

Importance of the Subject

Material optimization, energy efficiency, and compact (light-weight) modern designs of machinery and structures Thin members; high flexibility; complex geometry Large deformations can mean poor vehicle ride quality (over guideways, bridges, etc.), undesirable contact between components causing wear, noise, sparks, hazard, etc. Increased power levels and longer and varied operating conditions of modern machinery larger loading; need for higher strengths More stringent regulatory requirements on safety, architecture, and esthetics complex and more rigorous analysis, design, and testing

Applicable Engineering Fields

Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering: Design and development of aircraft and space craft Civil Engineering: Design and evaluation of bridges and buildings Electrical Engineering: Electronic hardware structural design, product qualification testing for specialized applications (e.g., nuclear power plants) Manufacturing Engineering: machine component failure, tool wear and breakage reduced productivity and product quality, increased costs of operation and maintenance Proper design of machine tools and components Mechanical Engineering: Design and testing of engines, vehicles, aircraft, robots, ships, etc. Mining and Mineral Engineering: Design, development, and testing of mining machinery that operate under severe and risky conditions

Some Useful Terms

Force: A rectilinear load; has a magnitude and a direction (i.e., vector); Units: newton (N), 1 kN = 1000 N Normal Force: Force normal (perpendicular) to a considered area; tends to push/pull the body Shear Force: Force along the plane of a considered area; causes a shearing (or sliding deformation along the plane) Torque: A rotational (angular) load; torsional moment; tends to twist the object to which it is applied; has a magnitude and a direction (i.e., a vector); Units: newtonmeter (N.m) Bending Moment: A bending load; tends to bend the object to which it is applied; has a magnitude and a direction (i.e., a vector); Units: newton-meter (N.m) Stress: Force per unit area; not a vector but a tensor (because same force will cause different stresses at a point depending on the area element that is considered)it is a tensor; Units: N/m2 (= pascal or Pa), 1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa; normal stress is caused by a normal force component, shear stress is caused by a shear force component Strain: Deflection per unit length (normal strain) or angle of deformation (shear strain); dimensionless Free-Body Diagram: Virtually separate the part of interest from the rest of the object and mark the loads at the interface Homogeneous: Properties are uniform (do not change from point to point in the body) Isotropic: Properties are non-directional (do not vary with the direction)

History

History of Mechanics of Materials

Archimedes (287-212 B.C.): Statics, equilibrium of a lever da Vinci (1452-1519): Concept of moments Galileo (1564-1642): Effects of loads on beams and rods, virtual displacement Newton (1642-1727): Foundation of mechanics Bernoulli (1667-1748): Virtual displacement/work, beam bending Hooke (1635-1703): Hookes law of stress-strain, Hookes joint Euler (1707-1793): Moment of inertia, beam bending, instability, column buckling, rigid body dynamics dAlembert (1717-1783): Inertia force (converts dynamics to statics) Lagrange (1736-1813): Mechanics, energy methods Coulomb (1736-1806): Friction (static and dynamic) Laplace (1749-1827): Mechanics, etc. Poisson (1781-1840): Lateral strain, Poissons ratio Saint-Venant (1797-1886): Strain distribution at abrupt changes in section, strain tensor, torsion Castigliano (1847-1884): Structural loads and deflections by energy method Galerkin (1871-1945): Elastic plates, stresses in dams and retaining walls Timoshenko (1878-1972): Theory of thick beams

Applications

High-Speed Ground Transit

(Vehicle/Guideway Design, Material Optimization, Cost, etc.)

The Sky Train Vancouver, Canada A Modern Automated Transit System

Torsional Guideway Transit System (TGT)

Guideway Car

Pier

Seismic Design (Safety, etc.)

Earthquake in Kobe, Japan (Magnitude 7.2) on January 17, 1995 (Collapse of a Bank Building)

Building Design
(Design of Members, Joints, Configuration, etc. for Structural Integrity, Safety, etc.)

Joints/Connectors of Machinery
(Under Dynamic Loading Conditions)