880

Index Closed-loop characteristic equation (CLCE), 469471, 481, 517526 Closed-loop control system(s), 385 with disturbance, 468 open-loop control vs., 445, 446 servoactuators for, see Servoactuators Closed-loop control system analysis, 443 501 block diagrams of, 456460 characteristic equation, 469471 closed-loop transfer function, 468, 469 direct digital control, 446, 447 effects of additional zero / pole, 474 477 hierarchical control computers, 445 447 hybrid control, 446, 447 Laplace transforms, 448456 open-loop transfer function, 469 real systems with digital control, 447, 448 representation of, 468477 simulation for, 490501 stability, 475486 standard second-order transfer function, 471472 steady-state performance, 482, 483, 487493 step input response of standard secondorder transfer function, 472474 supervisory control computers, 445447 z-transforms, 459, 461468 Closed-loop frequency response, 627629 for nonunity feedback systems, 511, 512 from that of open loop, 514516 Closed-loop step responses, 627, 630632 Closed-loop transfer function, 468, 469 CMAC (cerebellar model articulation controller), 794 CMOS, see Complementary metaloxide semiconductor CNC, see Computer numerical control Coatings, temperature-sensitive, 173174 Cognitive illusions, 282 Collective-inquiry methods, 270 Command transfer function, 388 Common mode rejection, 103 Communications, data, 231234 Communications processors, 681 Comparators, 497, 498 Compatibility, 46, 313314 Compensation, 414419 feedback, 415 feedforward, 415418 series, 415, 416 Compensators, 414 Complementary metaloxide semiconductor (CMOS), 870872 Complete response of system, 328, 329 Completing the square, 325326 Complex poles, 325326 Complex s-plane, 335, 336 Complex translation theorem, 463 Compliance, 121, 123 Compound motors, 548 Compression techniques, 218222 Computed torque method, 427, 428 Computer-aided control system design (CACSD), 759 Computer-aided design (CAD), 709710, 869870 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 709710 Computer-assisted programming, 706709 Computer-based digital controllers, 673 677 Computer control systems, 444 Computer numerical control (CNC), 697, 698 Conduction angle, 552 Condence limits: determination of, 1718 on regression lines, 1822 Connectors, thermocouple, 142143 Conservation-based owmeters, 175 Conservatism, 280 Constant- method, 158 Constantan, 75 Constant-magnitude circles, 510, 511 Constant-phase circles, 510512 Constant reference, modication for, 761 763 Constitutive relationship, 304 Constraints (term), 269 Consumer products, 444 Continuity, 46, 313, 314 Continuous-path machines, 701 Continuous-rotation rotary-vane servomotors, 575, 576