886

Index Feedback: inner feedback loops, 645651 properties of, 384386 research on, 444 in tachometers, 404 Feedback compensation, 405406, 415 diagram of, 416 pseudoderivative, 418, 419 state-variable, 417, 418 Feedback control / controllers, 792 history of NNs in, 817819 linearization design of NN, 795800 multiloop NN, 800804 neural networks in, see Neural networks NN observers for output, 806808 Feedback linearization loop, 796 Feedback linearization NN controllers, 798799 Feedback loops, 384, 786787 Feedback systems: closed-loop frequency response for nonunity, 511, 512 Feedforward, 654657 Feedforward command compensation, 427, 428 Feedforward compensation, 415418, 427428 Feedforward control structures: for actuator compensation, 804806 Feed rate, 700 Feed-rate function, 702, 704 FFT, see Fast Fourier transform Fiber-optic blackbody-sensing systems, 168170 Fiber-optic cabling, 237 Field-controlled dc motors, 393 Field programmable gate array (FPGA), 239241 File storage, 224225 Filters / ltering: analog, 191198 data, 216218 Final control elements, 387 Final-value theorem, 326, 450, 463 Finite impulse response (FIR) lters, 197 design of, 198201 IIR vs., 206, 208 phase analysis of, 206 Finite-settling-time algorithm, 432433 Firestone analogy, 37, 38, 39n. FIR lters, see Finite impulse response lters First law of thermodynamics, 304 First-order decay, 835 First-order digital lters, 218 First-order hold, 467, 468 First-order lag, 625627 First-order lead compensators, 636, 639 First-order rise, 835 First-order systems: integral control of, 402 PI control of, 403 proportional control of, 400401 First-order transient response, 329333 Flexibility, 802803 Flexural devices in measurement system, 7073 Flip-ops (FFs), 243246 D, 244 JK, 246 RS, 244, 245 T, 245 Floating coordinate systems, 699 Floating-point numbers, 849850 Float position, 177 Flow control servovalves, 613, 614 Flow control valves, 398 Flow factor, 37, 38 Flowmeters: types of, 175176 Venturi-type, 396 Flow rate equation, 175 Flow rate measurement, 174185 instability, 180182 laminar, 179180 nomenclature of, 174175 orice / nozzle / Venturi meters, 176177 principles used in, 175176 ultrasonic, 181185 variable-area meters, 177179 Flow river, 132 Flow sources, 40, 44 Flow transducers, 391392 Flow variable, 119 FL systems, see Fuzzy logic systems Fluor-optic temperature sensing, 170 Fluxes, 38 Flyball governor, 395, 444 Foggy window, 9