Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Because ordinal numbers (i.e., first, second, third, fourth, etc.) function as both adjectives and adverbs, the -ly adverbs firstly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, and so on are superfluous. But despite the longstanding superstition against using them, these words are common in all types of writing, and theres no need to avoid them. Where they become troublesome, however, is when the numbers get bove fourthly or fifthly (seventhly? eleventhly? sixteenthly?). In the first place, in the second place, etc. are unnecessarily wordy. One, two, three, etc. are even more informal than first, second, third, etc.
Examples
The slightly formal-sounding -ly adverbs appear oftenfor example: Secondly, it cited strains in bank funding markets; thirdly, the economic slowdown, and its ability to cause further losses at banks, restricting their ability to give new loans . . . Thirdly, it is important to understand all the features of a particular preferred issue Thirdly, there is the worry that Col Gaddafi will defeat the rebellion or remain in power in Tripoli in a divided Libya. But the shorter and less formal ordinal numbers work just as wellfor example: And third, he doesnt account for greater or lesser degrees of liberalism or conservatism Fourth, we urgently need to reform the Leaving Certificate and the CAO points system. And fifth, the easiest and most effective way to speculate on the price of oil is to leave the stuff in the ground, and theres not a thing the American government can do about that.
Ordinal numbers
Cardinal Numbers
Singular or Plural?
Numbers are usually written in singular.
Phone Numbers
The Figure 0
irregular Ram is my elder brother. regular Your teacher is older than my teacher.
Irregular Comparison
Some adjectives are compared irregularly. The following list contains most of those thus compared: Positive. Comparative.Superlative. worst farthest foremost, or first furthest best bad, ill, or evilworse far fore farther former further good better
older, elder oldest, eldest outer utter upper outmost, outermost utmost, uttermost upmost, uppermost
An older brother, an older horse. Older and oldest are used in speaking of both persons and things. My elder brother, my eldest sister. Elder and eldest are used in speaking of persons only. Minor, major, junior, senior, interior, exterior, posterior, superior, inferior, ulterior, prior. Some adjectives are used in the comparative only. These adjectives are from the Latin and are in the comparative degree in that language. 1. My horse is less valuable than yours. 2. John's book is the least soiled of any in the class. These sentences show that degrees below the positive may be expressed by prefixing less or least to the positive. 1. James is the taller of the two brothers. 2. Mary is less able than her sister. 3. Mr. Peters is the tallest man in town. 4. John is the most diligent boy in the school. It is seen by these sentences that the comparative degree of an adjective is used when only two persons or things are compared, and the superlative is used when more than two persons or things are compared.
Everlasting, eternal, immortal, supreme, extreme, perpendicular. Adjectives that express the highest degree of a quality are not compared. Write sentences using the following adjectives in the positive, comparative and superlative degrees: bright, late, early, wet, hot, friendly, capable, active, many, good. Write sentences using these adjectives to express degrees below the positive: rough, restless, civil, picturesque, little. Write five sentences comparing one thing with one other, or comparing only two things. Write five sentences comparing more than two things.
Regular Comparison
Observe these adjectives: Positive. Comparative. small bright fast slow able dry happy costly big red smaller brighter faster slower abler drier happier costlier bigger redder Superlative. smallest brightest fastest slowest ablest driest happiest costliest biggest reddest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful cheerful more cheerful most cheerful
bounteousmore bounteousmost bounteous We see that to express qualities above the positive degree the forms of the adjectives are changed in several ways: Small, smaller, smallest; dry, drier, driest; slow, slower, slowest. 1. Adjectives of one syllable generally add er to form the comparative, and est to form the superlative. Able, abler, ablest; happy, happier, happiest; polite, politer, politest.
2. Adjectives of two syllables that end in le or y, or that are accented on the second syllable, annex er to form the comparative, and est to form the superlative. Loyal, more loyal, most loyal; important, more important, most important. 3. Most other adjectives of two syllables and adjectives of more than two syllables prefix more to form the comparative, and most to form the superlative.
Comparison Of Adjectives
Chalk is white, milk is whiter, snow is the whitest. It will be noticed in the above statements that the whiteness of chalk, milk, and snow are compared; that the milk has a greater degree of whiteness than the chalk, and that the snow has the greatest degree of whiteness. Here the adjectives white, whiter, and whitest vary in form to express different degrees of the quality of white ness. These three degrees are the positive, white; the comparative, whiter; and the superlative, whitest. Tell the three degrees of comparison in the adjectives in the following sentences: 1. My apple is large, Jane's is larger, and Mary's is the largest. 2. The sky in France is blue, ours is bluer, and Italy's is the bluest of all. 3. This book is pretty, yours is prettier, but my mother's is the prettiest. Comparison of adjectives is their use to express quality in different degrees. 1. He is a wise man. 2. This is a sharp knife. 3. This is a large apple. The positive degree of an adjective is its form to express a quality without indicating the degree of the quality. 1. He is a wiser man than his friend. 2. He is less prosperous than his neighbor. 3. That is a sharper knife than mine. The comparative degree of an adjective is its form to express a higher or a lower degree of a quality than is expressed by the positive. 1. He is the wisest man in the country. 2. This is the sharpest knife in the room. 3. You have the largest apple.
4. You should not be the least studious boy in the class. The superlative degree of an adjective is its form to express the highest or lowest degree of a quality. There are three degrees of comparison, - the positive, the comparative and the superlative.
Comparatives of Adjectives
Examples: Misty Blue is a stronger horse on the flat. (stronger: comparative of strong) The band must be made from a more precious metal than silver. (more precious: comparative of precious) Peter is far clumsier. (clumsier: comparative of clumsy) Try this question. It is less difficult. (Less difficult is a comparative of difficult. However, it is common practice to choose a word with the opposite meaning rather than use the less form. (e.g., less difficult = easier / less strong = weaker) The pansies here seem less dainty than the ones at home. (less dainty: comparative of dainty)
Superlatives of Adjectives
Geoff is now officially the strongest man in the world. (strongest: superlative of strong) The bill is extortionate, and this is the noisiest place I have ever stayed. (noisiest: superlative of noisy) It is the least attractive offer, but we are obliged to take it. (least attractive: superlative of attractive) He ranks as one of the most silly people on the planet. (silliest: superlative of silly) Last week, I stated that this woman was the ugliest woman I had ever seen. I have since been visited by her sister and now wish to withdraw that statement. (ugliest: superlative of ugly) (Mark Twain)
Type of Adjective
One Syllable
strong
big thin
double consonant and add er double consonant and bigger thinner add est biggest thinnest
famous
add most or least least famous remove y add iest silliest for least least silly no rules worst best most
silly
Irregular
Comparatives of Adverbs
Examples: The goat can see better than you think. (better: comparative of well) Try to paint the edges more carefully; it will save time later. (more carefully: comparative of carefully) He tries harder than most, but he has no aptitude for languages. (harder: comparative of hard) The engine operates less efficiently with alcohol. (less efficiently: comparative of efficiently)
Superlatives of Adverbs
I have found that the office runs best with the radio on and the heating down. (best: superlative of well) The gift is most gratefully received. (most gratefully: superlative of gratefully) It was obvious that they were not used to high heels, but Karen moved least gracefully of all. (least gracefully: superlative of gracefully) She answered most abruptly. (most abruptly: superlative of abruptly) In general, comparatives and superlatives of adverbs do not cause difficulties for native English speakers. However, the mistake of using a double comparative or a double superlative is fairly common in speech. This error is more common with the comparatives and superlatives of adjectives, but is occasionally seen with adverbs too.
Example of Type of Adverb How to Form the Comparative How to Form the Superlative add er fast hard faster harder add less or more more carefully add est fastest hardest add most or least most carefully no rules worst best
Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions: as as
not as as / not so as
positive form
comparative form
superlative form
clean
cleaner
(the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est silent e is dropped Example: late-later-latest final y after a consonant becomes i Example: easy-easier-easiest final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled Example: hot-hotter-hottest
positive form
comparative form
superlative form
difficult
more difficult
most difficult
good
better
best
bad / ill
worse
worst
little (amount)
less
least
little (size)
smaller
smallest
much / many
more
most
further
furthest
far (place)
farther
farthest
late (time)
later
latest
late (order)
latter
last
near (place)
nearer
nearest
near (order)
next
oldest
old (people)
elder
eldest
Superlative Adverbs
Of all the girls at the ball, Priscilla was dressed most beautifully. In the above sentence, most beautifully is an adverb form that describes the verb dressed. I could have simply stated that Priscilla was beautifully dressed or that she was dressed more beautifully than Erica. But since I wanted readers to know that her manner of dress far exceeded any other, I used a special type of adverb called a superlative adverb.
Also, just as with forming superlative adjectives, if the adverb ends with a y then change the y to i and then add est. Like this: Kyle and Lindsey arrived early but Luke arrived the earliest. However, sometimes adding an est isnt appropriate. The vast majority of adverbs end in the suffix ly and to add another suffix isnt grammatically correct. Plus, it sounds funny. You wouldnt say dressed beautifullyest would you? Thankfully, there is a much easier way to show the superlative form of these adverbs. All you have to do to form the superlative of adverbs that end in ly is precede them with most or least. This computer model operates least efficiently. Examples of Superlative Adverbs Its often helpful to see adverbs in all their forms in order to get a clear idea of the degrees of comparison. Here is a list of several common adverbs in the positive, comparative, and superlative form. Positive soon loud quick fast long hard sweetly angrily brightly abruptly frequently quietly carefully happily anxiously Comparative sooner louder quicker faster longer harder more sweetly more angrily more brightly more abruptly more frequently more quietly more carefully more happily more anxiously Superlative soonest loudest quickest fastest longest hardest most sweetly most angrily most brightly most abruptly most frequently most quietly most carefully most happily most anxiously
Sentence examples containing superlative adverbs: Next Friday is the soonest we can arrive. Josh is the fastest runner on the team. Caroline smiles the most sweetly. Stars shine most brightly on a clear night. Our rotary telephone is the least frequently used device in our house. Ben moved most quietly as the boys walked down the darkened ally. The last remark was the least clearly stated. Karen accepted the award most graciously. The accident occurred most abruptly. Lisa drives most carefully in heavy traffic. I most anxiously await your arrival. Kerri most assuredly did not do what you accused her of!
Irregular Forms
Some adverbs have irregular forms, which means the superlative cant be created by adding the suffix est or by using most or least. Here are some examples: Many most Much most Well best Bad worst Far farthest/furthest Little least Use these rules and examples to help you with your understanding of the superlative form of adverbs. Just remember that superlatives compare three or more people, places, or things and they are created with the suffix est or the use of the words most or least. Then, once youve memorized a few irregular forms, youll quickly find superlative adverbs are a breeze.
What is a syllable? A syllable is the sound of a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) that's created when pronouncing a
word. The number of times that you hear the sound of a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) in a word is equal to the number of syllables the word has. For Example:
cake - has 1 syllable eat - has 1 syllable cheese - has 1 syllable eating - has 2 syllables (eat - ing) chicken - has 2 syllables (chick - en) worrying - has 3 syllables (wor - ry - ing)
Short adjectives
old, fast happy, easy old older late later big bigger happy happier
Normal rule: add "-er" Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -r Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, double the last consonant Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i
Long adjectives
modern, pleasant expensive, intellectual modern more modern expensive more expensive
quiet quieter/more quiet clever cleverer/more clever narrow narrower/more narrow simple simpler/more simple
John is 1m80. He is tall. But Chris is 1m85. He is taller than John. America is big. But Russia is bigger. I want to have a more powerful computer. Is French more difficult than English?
If we talk about the two planets Earth and Mars, we can compare them as shown in the table below: Earth Diameter (km) Distance from Sun (million km) Length of day (hours) Moons Surface temperature (degrees Celcius) Mars
12,760 6,790 Mars is smaller than Earth. 150 24 1 22 228 25 2 -23 Mars is more distant from the Sun. A day on Mars is slightly longer than a day on Earth. Mars has more moons than Earth. Mars is colder than Earth.
Although we use comparative adjectives when talking about two things (not three or more things), in fact one or both of the things may be a group of things.
Here, we are talking about hundreds of mountains, but we are still comparing one thing (Mt Everest) to one other thing (all other mountains).
uperlative Adjectives
A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things. In the example below, "biggest" is the superlative form of the adjective "big":
AB
A is the biggest. In this lesson we will look first at how we make superlative adjectives, and then at how we use them:
We can use superlative adjectives when talking about three or more things (not two things).
Adjectives make their comparative and superlative forms in different ways, depending on the base adjective itself. Heres a quick-reference guide to the spelling of comparative and superlative adjectives:
In general, if the adjective has one syllable, then the letters -er or -est are added:
If the adjective has one syllable and ends in e, just add -r or -st:
feeble
feebler
feeblest
Some use the words more for the comparative and most for the superlative:
famous
more famous
most famous
clever
cleverer/more clever
cleverest/most clever
If the adjective has three syllables or more, then the words more and most are used:
interesting attractive
Some adjectives change their spelling when forming the comparative and superlative:
Some one-syllable adjectives that end with a single consonant (e.g., big, wet, sad, fat) double this consonant before adding -er or -est:
If the adjective ends in y (e.g., happy, greedy, or tidy), change the y to an i and add -er or -est:
Some common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms that you just have to learn:
ending in "e"
large strange wise big fat red sad thin dry spry wry fast great quick short tall fickle handsome polite bumpy heavy icy shiny tiny able gentle hollow narrow shallow simple
larger stranger wiser bigger fatter redder sadder thinner drier sprier/spryer wrier/wryer faster greater quicker shorter taller fickler handsomer politer bumpier heavier icier shinier tinier abler gentler hollower narrower shallower simpler more beautiful more colorful more complete more delicious more generous more important worse farther
larger strangest wisest biggest fattest reddest saddest thinnest driest spriest/spryest wriest/wryest fastest greatest quickest shortest tallest ficklest handsomest politest bumpiest heaviest iciest shiniest tiniest ablest gentlest hollowest narrowest shallowest simplest most beautiful most colorful most complete most delicious most generous most important worst farthest
beautiful colorful
other cases
far (place or time) good late (time) late (order) little (size) little (amount) many/much/some old (people or things) old (people)
A abandoned able absolute adorable adventurous academic acceptable acclaimed accomplished accurate aching acidic acrobatic active actual adept admirable admired adolescent adorable adored advanced afraid affectionate aged aggravating aggressive agile agitated agonizing agreeable ajar alarmed alarming alert alienated alive all altruistic amazing ambitious ample amused amusing anchored ancient angelic angry anguished animated annual another antique B babyish bad back baggy bare beneficial better best bewitched big black-and-white bland blank blaring bleak bogus boiling bold bony boring brave breakable brief bright brilliant bubbly bulky bumpy buoyant burdensome anxious any apprehensive appropriate apt arctic arid aromatic artistic ashamed assured astonishing athletic attached attentive attractive austere authentic authorized automatic avaricious average aware awesome awful awkward
barren basic beautiful belated beloved C calculating calm candid canine capital carefree careful careless caring cautious cavernous celebrated charming
cheap cheerful cheery chief chilly chubby circular classic clean clear clear-cut clever close closed
cloudy clueless clumsy cluttered coarse cold colorful colorless colossal comfortable common compassionate competent complete
complex complicated composed concerned concrete confused conscious considerate constant content conventional cooked cool cooperative
coordinated corny corrupt costly courageous courteous crafty crazy creamy creative creepy criminal crisp
critical crooked crowded cruel crushing cuddly cultivated cultured cumbersome curly curvy cute cylindrical
D damaged damp dangerous dapper daring darling dark dazzling dead deadly deafening dear dearest decent decimal decisive deep defenseless defensive defiant deficient definite definitive delayed delectable delicious delightful delirious demanding dense dental dependable dependent descriptive deserted detailed determined devoted different difficult digital diligent dim dimpled dimwitted direct disastrous discrete disfigured disgusting disloyal dismal distant downright dreary dirty disguised dishonest dismal distant distinct distorted dizzy dopey doting double downright drab drafty dramatic dreary droopy dry dual dull dutiful
E each eager earnest early easy easy-going ecstatic edible educated elaborate elastic elated elderly electric elegant elementary elliptical embarrassed embellished eminent emotional empty enchanted enchanting energetic enlightened enormous enraged entire envious equal equatorial essential esteemed ethical euphoric even evergreen everlasting every evil exalted excellent exemplary exhausted excitable F fabulous failing faint fair faithful fake FALSE familiar famous fancy fantastic far faraway far-flung far-off G gargantuan gaseous general generous gentle gifted giving glamorous glaring glass gloomy glorious glossy glum golden gracious grand grandiose granular grateful gregarious grim grimy gripping grizzled growing growling grown grubby gruesome fast fat fatal fatherly favorable favorite fearful fearless feisty feline female feminine few fickle filthy fine finished firm first firsthand fitting fixed flaky flamboyant flashy flat flawed flawless flickering flimsy flippant flowery fluffy fluid flustered focused fond foolhardy foolish forceful forked formal forsaken forthright fortunate fragrant frail frank frayed free French fresh frequent friendly frightened frightening frigid frilly frizzy frivolous front frosty frozen frugal fruitful full fumbling functional funny fussy fuzzy excited exciting exotic expensive experienced expert extraneous extroverted extra-large extra-small
H hairy half handmade handsome handy happy happy-go-lucky hard I icky icy ideal idealistic identical idle idiotic idolized ignorant ill illegal ill-fated ill-informed illiterate illustrious imaginary imaginative immaculate immaterial immediate immense impassioned impeccable impartial imperfect imperturbable impish impolite important impossible impractical impressionable impressive improbable J jaded jagged jam-packed K jaunty jealous jittery joint jolly jovial joyful joyous jubilant judicious juicy jumbo junior jumpy juvenile impure inborn incomparable incompatible incomplete inconsequential incredible indelible inexperienced indolent infamous infantile infatuated inferior infinite informal innocent insecure insidious insignificant insistent instructive insubstantial intelligent intent intentional interesting internal international intrepid ironclad irresponsible irritating itchy hard-to-find harmful harmless harmonious harsh hasty hateful haunting healthy heartfelt hearty heavenly heavy hefty helpful helpless hidden hideous high high-level hilarious hoarse hollow homely honest honorable honored hopeful horrible hospitable hot huge humble humiliating humming humongous hungry hurtful husky
kaleidoscopic keen
key kind
kindhearted kindly
klutzy knobby
L lame lanky large last lasting late lavish lawful lazy leading lean leafy left legal legitimate light lighthearted likable likely limited limp limping linear lined liquid M mad made-up magnificent majestic major male mammoth married marvelous masculine massive mature meager mealy mean measly meaty medical mediocre N naive narrow nasty natural naughty nautical near neat necessary needy negative neglected negligible neighboring nervous new O next nice nifty nimble nippy nocturnal noisy nonstop normal notable noted noteworthy novel noxious numb nutritious nutty medium meek mellow melodic memorable menacing merry messy metallic mild milky mindless miniature minor minty miserable miserly misguided misty mixed modern modest moist monstrous monthly monumental moral mortified motherly motionless mountainous muddy muffled multicolored mundane murky mushy musty muted mysterious little live lively livid loathsome lone lonely long long-term loose lopsided lost loud lovable lovely loving low loyal lucky lumbering luminous lumpy lustrous luxurious
obedient obese oblong oily oblong obvious occasional P palatable pale paltry parallel parched partial passionate past pastel peaceful peppery perfect perfumed
periodic perky personal pertinent pesky pessimistic petty phony physical piercing pink pitiful plain
plaintive plastic playful pleasant pleased pleasing plump plush polished polite political pointed pointless poised
poor popular portly posh positive possible potable powerful powerless practical precious present prestigious
pretty precious previous pricey prickly primary prime pristine private prize probable productive profitable
profuse proper proud prudent punctual pungent puny pure purple pushy putrid puzzled puzzling
Q quaint qualified quarrelsome quarterly queasy querulous questionable quick quick-witted quiet quintessential R radiant ragged rapid rare rash raw ready real realistic reasonable red reflecting reliable relieved remarkable remorseful remote repentant repulsive revolving rewarding rich rigid right roasted robust rosy rotating rotten rough royal rubbery rundown ruddy rude runny quirky quixotic quizzical
recent reckless rectangular S sad safe salty same sandy sane sarcastic sardonic satisfied scaly scarce scared scary scented scholarly scientific scornful scratchy scrawny second secondary second-hand secret self-assured self-reliant selfish sentimental T tall talkative
regal regular
ringed ripe
round rowdy
rural rusty
separate serene serious serpentine several severe shabby shadowy shady shallow shameful shameless sharp shimmering shiny shocked shocking shoddy short short-term showy shrill shy sick silent silky
silly silver similar simple simplistic sinful single sizzling skeletal skinny sleepy slight slim slimy slippery slow slushy small smart smoggy smooth smug snappy snarling sneaky sniveling snoopy
sociable soft soggy solid somber some spherical sophisticated sore sorrowful soulful soupy sour Spanish sparkling sparse specific spectacular speedy spicy spiffy spirited spiteful splendid spotless spotted spry
square squeaky squiggly stable staid stained stale standard starchy stark starry steep sticky stiff stimulating stingy stormy straight strange steel strict strident striking striped strong studious stunning
stupendous stupid sturdy stylish subdued submissive substantial subtle suburban sudden sugary sunny super superb superficial superior supportive sure-footed surprised suspicious svelte sweaty sweet sweltering swift sympathetic
tempting tender
thick thin
thrifty thunderous
tough traumatic
trivial troubled
tame tan tangible tart tasty tattered taut tedious teeming U ugly ultimate unacceptable unaware uncomfortable uncommon unconscious understated unequaled
uneven unfinished unfit unfolded unfortunate unhappy unhealthy uniform unimportant unique
V vacant vague vain valid valuable vapid variable vast velvety W wan warlike warm warmhearted warped wary wealthy weak weary webbed wee weekly well-groomed well-informed well-lit well-made well-off well-to-do white whole whopping wicked wide wide-eyed winged wiry wise witty wobbly woeful worried worrisome worse worst worthless worthwhile venerated vengeful verifiable vibrant vicious victorious vigilant vigorous villainous violet violent virtual virtuous visible vital vivacious vivid voluminous
Y yawning yearly Z zany zealous zesty zigzag yellow yellowish young youthful yummy