EE4072 - Computer Aided Design & Simulation

MATLAB Basics
Assignment 1

Name: S. B. Nawarathne
Index No: 090594D

Part A
Q1.
>> x = 4
x =
4
>> A = [x 2.*x 3.*x 4.*x 5.*x; 2.*x x.*x 1 1 1; 3.*x 1 x.*x 1 1; 4.*x 1 1 x.*x 1;
5.*x 1 1 1 x]
A =
4

12

16

20

16

12

16

16

16

20

a. >> A.*(A + A')

ans =
32

128

288

512

800

128

512

288

512

512

512

800

32

>> det(A)
ans =
-1.6558e+06
>> inv(A)
ans =
-0.0094

0.0013

0.0038

0.0063

0.0440

0.0013

0.0636

-0.0034

-0.0038

-0.0206

0.0038

-0.0034

0.0622

-0.0055

-0.0324

0.0063

-0.0038

-0.0055

0.0595

-0.0441

0.0440

-0.0206

-0.0324

-0.0441

0.0541

b. >> [A A+1; A+1 2.*A]

ans =
4

12

16

20

13

17

21

16

17

12

16

13

17

16

16

17

17

20

21

13

17

21

16

24

32

40

17

16

32

13

17

24

32

17

17

32

32

21

40

Q2.
>> syms z1 z2 z3 z4 z5
>> X = [z1; z2; z3; z4; z5]
X =
z1
z2
z3
z4
z5
>> b = [1; 1; 1; 1; 1]
b =
1
1
1
1
1

>> linsolve(a,-b)
ans =
-0.0461
-0.0371
-0.0248
-0.0125
-0.0011

Q3.
a.

Assuming H refers to the Hilbert matrix

>> H = hilb(5)
H =
1.0000

0.5000

0.3333

0.2500

0.2000

0.5000

0.3333

0.2500

0.2000

0.1667

0.3333

0.2500

0.2000

0.1667

0.1429

0.2500

0.2000

0.1667

0.1429

0.1250

0.2000

0.1667

0.1429

0.1250

0.1111

>> Y = [1 2 2 2 2; 0 1 2 2 2; 0 0 1 2 2; 0 0 0 1 2; 0 0 0 0 1] + H^5 + H^4 + ...

H^3 + H^2 + H
Y =
14.8635

9.9475

7.6982

6.4745

5.6955

7.9475

5.6666

5.3793

4.6678

4.2107

5.6982

3.3793

3.4626

3.9524

3.6227

4.4745

2.6678

1.9524

2.5529

3.2939

3.6955

2.2107

1.6227

1.2939

2.0803

b.
i. >> Y(5,4)
ans =
0.1429
ii. >> Y(8,9)
Index exceeds matrix dimensions.

Part B
Q4.
k=5;
n=2^k -1;

% give variable k, a value of 5

% n = 31

theta=pi*(-n:2:n)/n;
3.1416 to 3.1416
phi=(pi/2)*(-n:2:n)/n;
to 1.5708

% creates 32 values for variable theta ranging from -

% creates 32 values for variable phi ranging from -1.5708

X=[cos(phi)]'*[cos(theta)]; %transpose of cos(phi) array multiplied with

cos(theta), creates 1024(32x32) values and assigns to X
Y=[cos(phi)]'*[sin(theta)]; %transpose of cos(phi) array multiplied with
sin(theta), creates 1024(32x32) values and assigns to Y
Z=[sin(phi)]'*ones(size(theta)); % ones(size(theta)) creates an array of 1s of
size 32, and multiplies it with transpose of sin(phi) to assign to variable Z
colormap([0 0 0;1 1 1]); %colours the surface based on a 3x2 matrix, the values
for each row define the intensity of colours; red, green and blue. In this case
first row defines black and second row defines white
C=hadamard(2^k); % creates a 32x32 matrix of 1s and -1s whose columns are
orthogonal
surf(X,Y,Z,C); % draws a surface based on the values of X,Y,Z, colours the surface
based on a linear transformation of the matrix, C and the colormap, for this
reason there is a unique shaded pattern on the surface.
axis square; % arranges all 3 axes in equal length, gives cube like structure to
the plot region.

Q5.
>> x = [0 0.8 1.4 1.8 2.0]'
x =
0
0.8000
1.4000
1.8000
2.0000

>> polar(sin(x),cos(x),'r'); hold on; title('S. B. Nawarathne 090594D');

The output is shown below:

Q6.
th=(0:127)/128*2*pi; % creates 128 values ranging from 0 to 6.234 at regular
intervals
x=cos(th); % creates array of 128 values for cos(th)
y=sin(th); % creates array 128 values for sin(th)
f=abs(fft(ones(5,1),128)); % assigns absolute value of the fast fourier transform
of a 1x5 matrix of 1s to variable f
stem3(x,y,f','d','fill'); % plots discrete values of f according to values of x
and y, , displays as stems from (x,y) points. Plots 128 points, points are diamond
shaped due to d and filled with colour due to fill
view([-65 30]) %sets the viewing angle, i.e. 60 degrees about the z-axis measured
from the negative y-axis and an elevation of 30 degrees about the xy plane.

The output of the program is shown below:

Q7.

Now using Matlab, we the graph and find the points where the praph intersects the x-axis.
>> x=-30:0.01:30;
z = 94.*(x.^3).*sin(x) + x.^2 + 94;
y = zeros(1,length(x));
plot(x,y,x,z);
grid on;

The above code gives rise to the following graph shown below:

As it can be seen, there are infinitely many solutions to this equation, but the graph is symmetrical about x =0,
therefore all corresponding negative and positive roots are equal in magnitude.
Since we need a more accurate way of finding the roots, a separate function was created in a separate file
called f.m:
function y = f(x)
y = 94.*(x.^3).*sin(x) + x.^2 +94;

By examining the graph (zoom in), there are roots near x= 3.18, 6.25, 9.43, 12.57, 15.71, 18.85, 21.98, 25.15,
28.28.
fun = @f;
>> p = fzero(fun,3.18)
p =
3.176158927086919
>> p = fzero(fun,6.15)
p =
6.277448085165116
>> p = fzero(fun,9.43)
p =
9.427100062077138
>> p = fzero(fun,12.57)
p =
12.565019861333038
>> p = fzero(fun,15.71)
p =
15.708898449042263
>> p = fzero(fun,18.85)
p =
18.848842191254882
>> p = fzero(fun,21.98)
p =
21.991726336464605
>> p = fzero(fun,25.15)
p =
25.132254941151132
>> p = fzero(fun,28.28)
p =
28.274754368359893

So for -30 <= x <= 30, the roots of the equation are:
x = 3.176158927086919, -3.176158927086919
x = 6.277448085165116, -6.277448085165116
x = 9.427100062077138, -9.427100062077138
x = 12.565019861333038, -12.565019861333038
x = 15.708898449042263, -15.708898449042263
x = 18.848842191254882, -18.848842191254882
x = 21.991726336464605, -21.991726336464605
x = 25.132254941151132, -25.132254941151132
x = 28.274754368359893, -28.274754368359893

Part C
Q8.
>> fun = @(x) ((cos(10.*x)).^2).*exp(-x.^2);
>> q = integral(fun,-2.5,2.5);
>> q;
q =
0.885820145396710

By using changing as AbsTol and RelTol, we can change the absolute error and relative error of the
numerical computation as desired. AbsTol = |q-Q| and RelTol = |q-Q|/|Q| where q is the computed
value and Q is the actual value, for example:
q = integral(fun,-2.5,2.5,'RelTol',1e-8,'AbsTol',1e-12);

Q9.
First to create a file:
>> fid=fopen('SajithN_090594D.dat','w');
>> x = -5:0.01:5;
>> y =(((cos(10.*x)).^2).*exp(-x.^2));
for i = 1:1000

%because there are 1000 steps between -5 and 5

fprintf(fid,'%4.0f %4.4f %4.12f \n ',i,x(i),y(i));

end
>> fclose(fid);

10

Now to plot the graph:

>> load SajithN_090594D.dat;
>> z=SajithN_090594D;
>> i = 201:801 % for values of -3 to 3 only
>> plot (z(i,2),z(i,3));

The plot generated is shown below:

Q10.
Plotting Rastrigins function
>> x = -1:0.01:1;
y = -1:0.01:1;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = 20 + X.^2 + Y.^2 - 10.* (cos(2.*pi.*X) + cos(2.*pi.*Y));
mesh(X,Y,Z);

11

The code yields:

Now to find the global minima:

>> for i = 1:10000000 %make 10 million random calculations between -1 and 1
x(i) = -1 + 2.*rand(1);

% stores random x, y and z values in arrays

y(i) = -1 + 2.*rand(1);
z(i) = 20 + x(i).^2 + y(i).^2 - 10.* (cos(2.*pi.*x(i)) + cos(2.*pi.*y(i)));
end
>> min(z) % this gives global minimum
ans =
4.971059407665734e-06
>> [n,m] = min(z) %returns the value of the minimum and the array index
n =
4.971059407665734e-06
m =
9875713 % array index
>> x(m),y(m)

%returns the corresponding x and y values for the minimum

12

ans =
-1.513995608313223e-04

ans =
-4.620516111453199e-05

Therefore,
Global minima = 4.971059407665734e-06
Corresponding x and y values; x = -1.513995608313223e-04 and y = -4.620516111453199e-05

Q11.
The output of the code is shown below:

r = zeros(1,32); % returns a 1x32 matrix of zeros

for n = 3:32
% for n equal 3(must be 3 or greater for magic(n)) to 32
r(n) = rank(magic(n)); % returns rank of magic(n), magic(n) creates a matrix of
size nxn with values ranging from 1 to n^2 whose row and column sums are equal.
end
bar(r); %plots a bar graph of rank vs n

13

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