presents

Pavement Design
Materials Characterisation

Austroads Material Types

Unbound Granular Bound Materials - Cement bound - Bitumen bound Subgrade (UB Gr) (CT) (AC) (SG)

Characteristics?
Modulus (E) Poisson Poissons ratio () Isotropy (EV=EH) Performance Relationship

Unbound Granular Materials

Factors affecting stiffness (Modulus) 1. Particle interlock & Friction 2. Density & Water content

Unbound Granular Materials

Factors affecting stiffness (Modulus) 3. Confinement & Stress Level

2 1

UB Granular NonNon-linear

E2

E1

EGR is Stress Dependent The greater the confining stress, the greater is EGR

Implication of Stress Dependency

EGR varies with location in the pavement
Chipseal E = 500 MPa Unbound Granular E = 100 MPa Asphaltic Concrete E = 200 MPa

E = 70 MPa

Subgrade

Subgrade

Modelling for stress dependancy

Sublayering
EBT = 467 500 MPa 370 Check EBT achievability: EBT(max) = ESGx2hgr/125 = 60 x 2370/125 = 467 MPa Calculate modular ratio: R = (EBT/ESG)1/5

ESG= 60 MPa

= (467/60)1/5 = 1.507

Sublayering (cont.) EBT = 1.507 x 309 = 467 E4 = 1.507 x 205 = 309

370

74mm 74mm 74mm 74mm 74mm

E3 = 1.507 x 136 = 205 E2 = 1.507 x 90 = 136 E2 = 1.507 x 60 = 90

ESG= 60 MPa

APPENDIX C: Circly output for Example 2.1 Note: Sign convention for strains output: Positive output ==> Compressive strain Negative output ==> Tensile strain L TYPE ELASTIC CONSTANTS 1 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.2334E+03 EV=0.4669E+03 F=0.3459E+03 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 2 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.1549E+03 EV=0.3097E+03 F=0.2295E+03 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 3 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.1027E+03 EV=0.2055E+03 F=0.1522E+03 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 4 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.6816E+02 EV=0.1363E+03 F=0.1010E+03 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 5 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.4522E+02 EV=0.9044E+02 F=0.6700E+02 VVH= 0.3500E+00 VH = 0.3500E+00 6 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC EH=0.3000E+02 EV=0.6000E+02 F=0.4140E+02 VVH= 0.4500E+00 VH = 0.4500E+00 ESA750-Full POINT C O O R D I N A T E S --------------------------------X Y Z 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 2 0.3300E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 3 0.6600E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 4 0.9900E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 5 0.1320E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 6 0.1650E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 7 0.1980E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 8 0.2310E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 9 0.2640E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 10 0.2970E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 11 0.3300E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 POINT C O O R D I N A T E S ---------------------------------X Y Z 1 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 2 0.3300E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 3 0.6600E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 4 0.9900E+02 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 5 0.1320E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 6 0.1650E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 7 0.1980E+03 0.0000E+00 0.3700E+03 D I S P L A C E M E N T S ---------------------------------L UX UY UZ 6 -0.3619E-03 0.4935E-08 -0.7868E+00 6 -0.1287E-01 0.4308E-08 -0.7876E+00 6 -0.2543E-01 0.3487E-08 -0.7855E+00 6 -0.3805E-01 0.2498E-08 -0.7806E+00 6 -0.5058E-01 0.1383E-08 -0.7730E+00 6 -0.6267E-01 0.2043E-09 -0.7627E+00 6 -0.7389E-01 0.2628E-09 -0.7499E+00 6 -0.8371E-01 0.3259E-09 -0.7347E+00 6 -0.9166E-01 0.3939E-09 -0.7176E+00 6 -0.9740E-01 0.4672E-09 -0.6989E+00 6 -0.1008E+00 0.5464E-09 -0.6792E+00 N O R M A L S T R A I N S ---------------------------------L XX YY ZZ 6 -0.3789E-03 -0.6886E-03 0.1129E-02 6 -0.3795E-03 -0.6866E-03 0.1126E-02 6 -0.3820E-03 -0.6801E-03 0.1118E-02 6 -0.3822E-03 -0.6688E-03 0.1101E-02 6 -0.3751E-03 -0.6522E-03 0.1074E-02 6 -0.3557E-03 -0.6302E-03 0.1032E-02 6 -0.3213E-03 -0.6025E-03 0.9761E-03

THICKNESS INTERFACE 0.7400E+02 ROUGH 0.7400E+02 0.7400E+02 0.7400E+02 0.7400E+02 INFINITE ROUGH ROUGH ROUGH ROUGH

Sublayering (cont.) What No ifsublayering Eunderlying>EBT ?

EGR = 500 EGR = 500 Cemented Layer ECT = 2000 MPa

ESG= 60 MPa

Self Evaluation Exercise 2

SE Exercise 2.1
450 290
600 300

264 189 136 97 70 SG = 50

187 120 78 SG = 50

Ev(lim it ) = 50 x 2
450 R= 50
0.2

600

125

= 1392 Ev(lim it ) = 50 x 2
264 R= 50
0.2

300

125

= 264

= 1.55

= 1.39

50 x 1.55 = 78

50 x 1.39 = 70

Determination of EGR
1. Presumptive Values (Normal Standard)
Cover (mm) 40 &< 75 100 125 150 175 200 >250 Modulus of cover material (MPa) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 350 350 350 330 280 350 350 340 260 210 350 350 290 220 160 350 340 240 160 150 350 290 190 150 150 350 240 150 150 150 350 190 150 150 150 310 150 150 150 150

Determination of EGR
1. Presumptive Values (High Standard)
Cover 40 &< 75 100 125 150 175 200 >250 Modulus of cover material (MPa) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 500 500 500 480 400 500 500 480 380 300 500 500 410 310 230 500 480 340 240 210 500 410 270 210 210 500 340 210 210 210 500 270 210 210 210 450 210 210 210 210

2. Repeated Load Triaxial (RLT) test

Vert. Stress Deviator Stress T 3 R

3 R T Long. Strain

Resilient Modulus =

Deviator Stress Resilient Strain

Deviator Stress

Repeated Load Triaxial (RLT) test apparatus

- obtain resilient moduli for design but later discuss a more important use to ensure materials will resist rutting

RLT Outputs
Current draft TNZ T/15 test - 6 stage permanent deformation test
1 Permanent strain [%] 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 A 0 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 Number of load cycles [-] 250,000 300,000 B C D F

RLT Outputs Resilient Modulus

Show outputs in spreadsheet Exercise 1 Determine Relationship between resilient modulus and bulk stress

Concepts (cont.)
Vert. Stress Deviator Stress T 3 R Deviator Stress R T Long. Strain

Resilient Modulus =

Deviator Stress Resilient Strain

Pass 1 Stress

Pass 2

Pass 3

Pass 4

Pass 5

Pass 6
Element axial

Wheel load Overburden Time (t)

radial

Axial deformation

Compressive Resilient deformation Permanent deformation Time (t) Time (t)

Radial deformation

Permanent deformation Resilient deformation Expansive

Stresses on an Element in the Pavement

d 3
where: 1 3 = major principal stress [kPa] ] = minor principal (confining) stress [kPa

d = cyclic deviator stress [kPa]

2
1

3
1 = d+ 3

Bulk _ Stress = 1 + 3 + 2 3 = 2 = cell _ pressure

10

Stresses on an Element in the Pavement

Deviator Stress (q)

q = 1 3

p=

1 ( 1 + 2 3 ) 3
s re St ath p s

(pmax, qmax)

(pmin, qmin)

Bulk _ Stress = 1 + 3 + 2

Mean Normal Stress (p)

Repeated Load Triaxial Testing

11

RLT Outputs Resilient Modulus

Show outputs in spreadsheet Exercise 1 Determine Relationship between resilient modulus and bulk stress

Determination of EGR (cont.) 3. Back-calculation from FWD test

Measure actual deflection bowl under applied load

AC GR SG

1500 2135 1840 215 300 273 60 50 68

Model pavement in CIRCLY with seed moduli CIRCLY calculates theoretical deflection bowl Compares theoreticalwith actual bowl Ajust E and Repeat until satisfactory agreement is achieved

12

Eiso vs Eaniso
When using back-calculated moduli from FWD results FWD ELMOD Isotropic moduli (Eiso) CIRCLY requires Anisotropic moduli (Eaniso) Single relationship not possible. Depends on materials and stress environment Tonkin & Taylor suggest: For SG materials ( =0.45): Eiso = 0.67 Eaniso(V) For GR materials ( =0.35): Eiso = 0.75 Eaniso(V)

FWD Outputs
Refer to spreadsheet Determine an appropriate model for CIRCLY from FWD data

13

Performance Relationship
No Performance Relationship for UB currently in Austroads

K N=

exp

Current approach is to control deformation by means of: - good quality materials and - sound construction specs

Summary: Austroads Characterisation of UB Gr.

E-range Poisson Poissons Ratio Anisotropic Performance Rel: Rel: Stress Dependent: 350 500 MPa = 0.35 EV = 2EH None Sublayered

14

Austroads Material Types

Unbound Granular Bound Materials - Cement bound - Bitumen bound Subgrade (UB Gr) (CT) (AC) (SG)

Cemented Materials
Cemented Modified

3-5%

1-3%

Subgrade
Cementation (3-5%) Hard, rigid, inflexible Failure mode: Cracking

Subgrade
Modification (1-3%) Stiffer than UB, flexible Behaves like UB

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Determination of ECT
1. Presumptive Values
Base Quality crushed rock 4-5% cement Typical ECT (MPa) MPa) Crushed Rock 2-4% cement Subbase quality natural gravel 4-5% cement

5000

3500

2000

Performance Relationship
NL (CT ) K CT = RF
exp 12

N = Number of load repetitions to failure = critical horizontal tensile strain in the bottom of the layer

K CT =

113000 + 191 E0.804

exp =12

RF = Reliability Factor

16

Reliability Factor
Allows for different project reliabilities Project reliability is the probability that the constructed pavement will perform as predicted Possible reasons for nonnon-compliance: compliance: Material characterisation Design model vs. constructed reality Limitation of performance prediction models

APPENDIX B : PROJECT RELIABILITY

Table 6.7 Suggested Reliability Factors (RF) for Cemented Materials Fatigue

Desired Project Reliability 80% 4.7 85% 3.3 90% 2.0 95% 1.0 97.5% 0.5

Table 2.1 Typical Project Reliability Levels

Road Class Motorway Urban arterial > 7,000 vpd Rural strategic > 2,500 vpd Urban other Rural other

Project Reliability (%) 95 97.5

Table 6.13 Suggested Reliability Factors (RF) for Asphalt Fatigue

90 97.5 85 95 80 - 90

Desired Project Reliability 80% 2.5 85% 2.0 90% 1.5 95% 1.0 97.5% 0.67

17

Life Phases of CT materials

Pre-cracking phase Post-cracking phase

Cover: 175mm AC Cemented

Subgrade

or 230mm UB Gr. Cracked

Subgrade

Modelled as Cemented E=2000-5000MPa, = 0.2 Unsublayered Life 1 governed by CT strain criterion

Modelled as Unbound E=500MPa, = 0.35 Unsublayered Life 2 governed by SG strain criterion

Summary: Austroads Characterisation of CT

E-range Poisson Poissons Ratio Isotropic Performance relationship 2000 -5000 = 0.2 EV = EH

NL( CT )

K CT = RF

12

18

Austroads Material Types

Unbound Granular Bound Materials - Cement bound - Bitumen bound Subgrade (UB Gr) (CT) (AC) (SG)

Factors affecting AC modulus

Increase in: - Temperature - Binder viscosity - Loading rate - Air voids - Aggregate angularity - Age of AC - Cracking - Binder content - Stress level Effect on EAC decrease increase increase decrease increase increase decrease In. then dec. No change

19

Determination of EAC
Presumptive Values Lab. Samples; 25 25C; 5% Air voids
Binder (Austr.) Austr.) Approx. NZ equivalent Max particle size

10mm
Class 170 Class 320 Class 600 80/100 50/60 30/40 3500 4500 6000

14mm
3700 5000 6500

20mm
4000 5500 7000

Performance Relationship

NL ( AC)

K AC = RF

exp 5

N = Number of load repetitions to failure = critical horizontal tensile strain in the bottom of the layer

K AC =

6918(0.856 VB + 1.08) 0.36 Smix

Smix = EAC exp = 5

VB = Volume of binder, expressed as %

20

Summary: Austroads Characterisation of AC

E-range Poisson Poissons Ratio Isotropic Performance relationship 1500 -> = 0.4 EV = EH

NL (CT )

K AC = RF

Austroads Material Types

Unbound Granular Bound Materials - Cement bound - Bitumen bound Subgrade (UB Gr) (CT) (AC) (SG)

21

Subgrade (SG)
Modelled as an unbound material Anisotropic Poissons ratio: - Cohesive soils - Granular soils EV = 2EH = 0.45 = 0.35

Determination of Modulus (ESG)

1. RLT test 2. Presumptive value based on CBR E = 10CBR
This is at best a crude approximation Evidence indicates for many NZ subgrade soils the factor 10 ranges from about 4 to 13, with most on the lower end of the range

Upper limit for ESG is 150 MPa

22

Determination of Modulus (ESG)

ESG can be improved by stabilisation Restrict binder application rates to modification Modification can achieve an improvement factor of up to 3

Design Modulus
Use 10-%tile value EDESIGN = EMEAN - 1.28(std. dev.)

23

Self Evaluation Exercise 3

SE Exercise 3 (solution)
Mean CBR = 6.26 Design CBR = 6.26 1.28(1.72) = 4.06 say 4 Edesign = 10(CBR) = 40 MPa

24

Performance Relationship
NL ( SG )
exp 9300 K SG 7 =

N = Number of load repetitions to failure = critical vertical compressive strain in the top of the subgrade

KSG = 9300

exp= 7

Comparison with old old TNZ strain criterion

NL( SG) 9300 =
7

NL ( SG)

21000 =

4.348

25

Subgrade Improvement (CBR<3)

Summary: Austroads Characterisation of SG

Anisotropic Poisson Poissons Ratio E-range E from CBR Strain criterion EV = 2EH = 0.45 (coh .) (coh.) = 0.35 (Gr.) 30 -150MPa E = 10CBR
7

9300 NL ( SG ) =

26

Material Unbound Granular

Properties Stiffness affected by: Particle interlock & Friction Confinement & stress level Stiffness of underlying layer Stiffness of overlying layer Includes cement/lime modified aggregates Material with sufficient cement added to develop significant tensile strength. Lightly bound E=1500-5000 Heavily bound E >5000 MPa

Elastic Characterisation Anisotropic (E V=2E H) Poissons ratio =0.35 Sublayered E Shear modulus: f = v 1+ (h/125) E BT E SG x 2 Isotropic (E V=EH) Poissons ratio =0.2 No sublayering

Performance Criterion

Cemented (Bound)

Asphaltic Concrete

Subgrade

Stiffness affected by: Temperature Volume of bitumen & air voids Aggregate content & properties Bitumen properties Age of mix Rate of loading Important input parameter Design Moisture Content Determine representative SG modulus statistically: ESG = Emean 1.3(std. dev)

Isotropic (E V=EH) Poissons ratio =0.4 No sublayering

Modulus: Values & Determination Currently no performance Presumptive Values: Basecourse: 400-500MPa criterion. Subbase: 150-350MPa Rely on sound material Determination: and construction Lab.: RLT test specifications. Back-analysis Loadman E=10CBR 12 Presumptive values: K CT N = RF Base quality (4-5%): 5000MPa Subbase (4-5%): 2000MPa 113000 Determination: K CT = 0.804 + 191 Lab.: Flexural test E Back-analysis UCS E correlation 5 Presumptive values: K AC N = RF 1500 MPa Determination: 6918(0.856VB + 1.08) Lab: Flexural test K AC = 0 .36 Back-analysis Smix Shell nomographs V expressed as a %
B

Anisotropic (E V=2E H) Poissons ratio: Cohesive (clay): =0.45 Non-Cohesive: =0.35

9300 N=

E=10CBR ( 150MPa) Determination: Lab.: RLT test Back-analysis (FW D, B/B) Field (Loadman, Scala, DCP)

Self Evaluation Exercise 4

Answers: 4.1 (a) KCT = 400 4.1 (b) FAC = 4568 4.2 AC = 288 CT = 126.5

27