Biology 3 Reference Material 1 The Cell Cycle 1.

Chromosome- a complete molecule of DNA and its attached proteins (histones); carries part or all of an organisms genes. Linear in eukaryotic cell; circular in prokaryotes. 2. Autosome- any chromosome other than sex chromosomes 3. Sex chromosome- member of a pair of chromosomes that plays a role in sex determination. 4. Diploid- having 2 sets of chromosomes (there are no homologous pairs found in set) 5. Haploid- having 1 set of chromosomes 6. Sister chromatid- one of two attached members of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome. 7. Chromatin- all of the DNA molecules and its associated proteins in a nucleus. 8. Nucleosome- consists of part of a DNA molecule looped twice around a core of histone proteins; smallest unit of structural organization in eukaryotic chromosome. 9. Centromere- constricted region in a eukaryotic chromosome where sister chromatids are attached. 10. Kinetochore- disc- shaped structures that develop on the sides of a centromere during prometaphase; serves as the sites of attachment of spindle fibers during the transition between prophase and metaphase (prometaphase). 11. Pericentriolar material- dense network of protein fibers that plays a role in the production of the mitotic spindle. 12. Centriole- a barrel- shaped structure that plays a role in microtubule formation in cilia, flagella, and eukaryotic spindles. 13. Centrosome- a region in the cytoplasm near the nucleus that plays a role in spindle formation; consists of two parts: pericentriolar material and centriole 14. Karyokinesis- refers to nuclear division; separation of daughter chromosomes (note: prior to cytokinesis) 15. Cytokinesis- division of the cell cytoplasm after karyokinesis had been completed.

Chromosome classification according to centromere position.

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MITOSIS

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At telophase cytokinesis is not yet complete. Notice the formation of a cleavage furrow (indicated by the green arrows). MITOSIS SUMMARY

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SELF TEST Identify which stage of mitosis is being shown on the illustrations below.

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MEIOSIS I

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MEIOSIS I (Continued)

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MEIOSIS II

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MEIOSIS II (Continued)

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MEIOSIS I SUMMARY

MEIOSIS II SUMMARY

References: STARR C, TAGGART R, EVERS C, and STARR L. 2009. BIOLOGY: The Unity and Diversity of Life. 12th ed. Brooks/ Cole. Belmont, CA, USA. CUSCHIERI A. undated. Mitosis, Meiosis and the Cell Cycle. University of Malta. Unpublished. Page 10 of 10 Prepared by: Aniceto, AM; PSHS CARC