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Presented by: Eng Dr. Francis Baziraake UIPE Vice President (Civil) Chairman Membership, Education and Training Committee
S O A K1 K K2 D J1 J H2 J2 B I1 I M I2 C N R
H1 L P H
Q Given: Quad ABCD Line AB BC CD DA Bisection point 2 sections: ==0.5 H I J K Trisection point 3 sections: = /3=0.33 H 1 , H2 I1,I2 J1,J2 K1,K2
1. Divide the sides of a quadrilateral into two equal parts. The figure formed by connecting the adjacent on either side of a polygon vertex is a parallelogram known as Varignons parallelogram. 2. Divide the sides of a quadrilateral into three equal parts. The figure formed by connecting and by extending adjacent on either side of a polygon vertex is a parallelogram known as Wittenbauers parallelogram 3. Divide the sides of a quadrilateral into n equal parts. The figure formed by connecting and by need extending adjacent on either side of a polygon vertex is a parallelogram known as generalised Varignon- Wittenbauer parallelograms. Note that the points need not necessarily lie on the parallelograms!
Proof
A K D H J
B I
AHK is similar to ABD due to similarity with factor 1:2 since H and K are bisectors. Since AH and AB, AK and AD are collinear, therefore HK is parallel to and has a length half that of BD which is the diagonal of the quadrilateral. Therefore area of AHK=0.52=0.25 ABD Similarly for IJ is parallel to and has a length half that of BD and area of CJI=0.52=0.25 CDB. We also note therefore that HK is equal and parallel to IJ.
A K D
H J
B I
By similar reasoning HI is parallel to KJ and equal in length. Area BIH +DAC=0.25 ABCD We therefore conclude HIJK is a parallelogram. Area of the triangles outside the parallelogram AHK+CJI+BIH+DAC=0.5 ABCD Case 2 General K A h a g l k f j H J b B c d i m e C D
Each side of the quadrilateral is divided into n equal parts. 1/n= Take for exampleABD. Aa/AB=Ah/AD= . Triagles Aah and ABC are similar with a as factor of similarity. Also Bb/AB=Dg/AD= Therefore ah //BD (BD is diagonal of quadrilateral) or HK//BD Similarly de//BD or IJ//BD bj=(1- )Bj jk=(1- )jD Addition of the two equation gives: bk=(1- )BD Therefore EH=(1- )BD Similarly HI//AC//KJ and HI=(1- )AC Since the opposite sides of EFGH are parallel, EFGH is a parallelogram. Area of parallelogram HK*KJ sin HKJ (1- )2 *BD*AC sin HKJ = (1- )2 where = BD*AC sin HKJ For =0.5 area of //gram is (1-0.5)2 =0.25 But from special case =0.5: Area of //gram =0.5 where is area of quadrilateral 0.25 =0.5 =2 Area of parallelogram 0.25 =0.5 i.e half area of quad. For =1/3=0.333 area of //gram is (1- 1/3) *2 = 8/9 which is Wittenbauer For =0, area of //gram is (1-0) *2 =2 or twice area of quadrilateral