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Page 13 EN1990 - Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design - Draft prAnnex A2 NOTE 2 When the National Annex refere to the infrequen combination of actions for some servi ceability limit states of concrete bridges, the recommended values of V/.IJ/T are : 0,80 for grla (LM1), grlb (LM2), gr3 (pedestrian loads), gr4 (LM4, crowd loading) and T (thermal actions); 0,60 for FW in persistent design situations 1,00 in other cases (i.e. the characteristic value is substituted for the infrequent value) NOTE 3 The characteristic values of wind actions and snow loads duiing execution are defined in EN 199]1-6. Where relevant, representative values of water actions (Qna) may be defined for the particular project. Table A2.2 ~ Recommended values of y factors for footbridges Action
grl

NOTES 1) Tbese combinatkms of actions may be defmed in he National Annex or for th e particular project. 2) Special reqmrements for aceidental design situations involving ship colhsions against bridge piers should be defined for the particular project. See EN 1991-1-7.

A2.2.6 Values of i^faeors (1) Values of y factors should be specifed.

Noe l : The \p values may be set by the National Annex. Recommended values of y factors for the groups of traffic loads and the more common other actions are given in : - Table A2. l for road bridges, - Table A2.2 for footbhdges, and - Table A2.3 for ralway bridges, both for groups of loads and individual components of traffic actions. Tabl A2.1 - Recommended values of ^factors for road bridges Action grla(LMl) 1 ) Symbol
TS UDL Vb ,75 0,40 . 0 0 0 0 0 0,6 0,8 1,0 0,63) 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 VI 0,75 0,40 0,75 0 0 0,75 0 0,2 0,6

Symbol ?fwk gi-2 % T Sn (during execution) - Working personal, staff and visitors with small equipment (Oca) - Storage of construction material, precast elements, etc. (6>cb) - Heavy equipment etc. (Qm) - Granes, lifts, vehicles etc. (Q^}

0
0,40 0 0 0,3 0,6(" 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

n
0,40 0 0 0,2 0,6 -

n
0
0 0 0 0,5 0 0,2 1,0 1,0 -

Traffic loads \Yind forces

Vi
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Thermal actions Snow loads Construction loads

Traffic loads (see EN 1991-2, Table 4.4)

grlb(Singleaxle) gr2 (Horizontal Forces) gr3 (Pedesrian loads) gr4 (LM4 ~ Crowd loading)) gr5 (LM3 - Special vehicles))

Wind forces Persistent design situations Execution ThermaE actions Snow loads Construction loads

1) The recommended y/; value for thermal actions may in most cases be reduced to 0 for ulimate limit states EQU, STR and GEO. See however he design Eurocodes NOTE 4 For footbridges, the infrequent value of variable actions is not relevant

T Sn (during execution)

0,5 0 0,2 1,0 1,0 1,0

a - Working persona , staff and visitors

with small equipment (OCa) - Storage of construction material, precast elements, etc. (Od,) - Heavy equipment etc. (Occ) - Granes, lifts, vehicles etc. (Ocd)

1) The recommended values of \J/Q , \jf-\_ > Y? fr Br*a are given for roads with traffic corresponding to adjusting factors CQJ , ct^ , a,-.r and j3n equal to 1. Those relating to UDL correspond to the most comrnon traffic scenanos, in which an accumulation of lorries can occur, but not requently. Other values may be envisaged for other classes of routes, or of expected traffic, related to the choice of the corresponding factors. For example, a value of y/2 oher than zero may be envisaged for he UDL system of LM1 only, for bridges supporting a severe continuous traffic. See also EN 1998. 2)'The factors for UDL apply not only to the distributed -part of LM1, but also to the combination value of the pedestlian load mentioned in Table 4.4 of EN 1991-2. 3) The recommended \j/o value for thermal actions may in most cases be reduced to 0 for ultimate limit states EQU, STR and GEO. See however he design Eurocodes

PT Draft - Sage 34 - 31 August 2001

PT Draft - Stage 34 - 31 August 2001

Page 14 EN1990 - Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design - Draft prAnnex A2

Page 15 EN1990 - Eurocode : Basis of Struclural Design - Draft prAnnex A2

Table A2.3 Recommended values of y factors for raihvay bridges Actions LM 71 SW/0 SW/2 Unloaded train HSLM Traction and braking Centrifugal forces Interaction forces due to deformation under vertical traffic loads
1) 0 0,80 ]1 0.80 0 0 1,00 0 1,00 li 0 0.80 Individual Components of traffic action including design situations where the traffic loads are considered as a single (multi directional) leading action and not as groups of loads should use the same values as the y factors adopted for the associated vertical loads 1,00 0,80 0 0,80 0,50 0 0,80 0 0,80 i) 0,80 0 0 0,80 0,50

Wi

V2J>

Individual componente of rraffc actions"

Table contimted from previoits page The r ma! 0,60 0,50 0,60 7 actions 3) 0,8 0 Snow loads Sn (during execution) Constritc-ion - Working personal, staff and visitors with small 0,2 loads 1,0 equipment (O011) - Storage of construction material, precast elements, 1,0 1,0 etc. (Qcb) 1,0 1,0 - Heavy equipment etc. (Occ) - Granes, lifis, vehicles etc. (Oa]) 1,0 1,0 0,8 if l rack only is loaded 0,7 if 2 tracks are srmultaneously loaded 0,6 if 3 or more tracks are simultaneously loaded. 2) When wind forces act simultaneously with traffic actions, the wind force l// FWk should be taken as no greater than /$* (see EN 1991-1-4) See A2.2.4(4)

Nosing forces Non public footpatlis loads Real rains Traffic load surcharge horizontal earth pressure Aerodynamic effects grl 1 (LM71 - SW/01 Max. vertical 1 with max. longitudinal gr!2(LM71 -SW/0) Max. vertical 2 with max. transverse gr 13 (Braking/Troction) Max. longitudinal grl 4 (Centrifugal/Nosing) Max. lateral Lateral stabihry with gr!5 (Unloaded train) "unloaded rain" gr!6(SW/2) SW/2 with max. longitudinal SW/2 witli max. transgrl7(SW/2) Main fnfflc actions verse (Groups of loads) gr21 (LM71 + SW/0) Max. vertical 1 with max. longitudinal gr22 (L.M71 -i- SW/0) Max. vertical 2 with max transverse Max. longitudinal gr23 (Braking/Traction) gr24 (Centrifugal/Nosing) Max. lateral gi-26 (SW/2) SW/2 with max. longitudinal SW/2 with max. transgi-27 (SW2) verse gr31(LM71 +SW/0) Additional load cases Other operating Aerodynamic effects actions General maintenance loading for non public footpahs Wind forces 2> Ftm

3) 4) 5) 6)

(see EN 1991-1-5). If deformation is being considered, y/a should be taken equal to 1,00. Minimum coexistem favourable vertical load with centrfuga], traction or braking individual components of rail traffic actions is 0,5LM71 etc. For specific design situations (e.g. calculation of bridge camber for aesthetics and drainage consideration, clearance, etc.) the requirements for the combinations of actions to be used should be specfied for the particular project.

NOTE 5 For railway bridges, the infiequent value of variable actions is not relevant.

O.SO

0,80

(2) For traffic actions, a unique \jf value should be applied, as relevant, to one group of loads defined EN 1991-2, taken equal to the yf value applicable to the leading componentof the group. (3) Where groups of loads are used for the design of railway bridges the groups of loads defmed in EN 1991-2 6.8.2, Table 6.8 should be used. (4) Where relevant, for railway bridges, combinations of individual traffic actions (including individual components) should be taken into account.

0,80

0,70

NOTE Individual trafQc actions may also have to be taken into account for example for the design of beaiings, for he assessment of maxhnum lateral and minimum vertical traffic loading, bearing restraints, maximum overruming effects on abutments (especialy for continuous bridges); etc., see Table A2.3.

A2.3 Ultimate limit states (veriflcations for fatigue excluded)

0,80 0,80 0,80 0,60 1,00

0,60 0,50 0,50 0,50

0 0 0 0 0

A2.3.1 Design values of actions in persistent and transient design situations (1) The design values of actions for ultimate limit states in the persistent and transient design situations (expressions 6.9a to 6.10b) should be in accordance with Tables A2.4(A) to (C).
NOTE The values in Tables A2.4 ((A) to (C)) rnay be altered e.g, for different reliability leveis n the National Armex (see Section 2 and Annex B).

V
Tab/c coriinued on nexl page

PT Draft - Stage 34 - 31 August 2001

PT Draft - Stage 34-31 August 2001

EN 1991-2:2003 (E)

Table 4.4a - Assessment of groups of traffic loads (characteristic values of the multi-component action)
CAEBIAGEWAY FOOTWAYS AND ClCLE TfiACKS

Load type Reference Load system

Vertical forces

Horizontal forces
4,3.5 LM4 (Crowd loading)

grla grlb
gr2

4.3.2 4,3.3 LM1 LM2 (Single axle) (TS and UDL systems) Characteristic values Characteristic vaiue Frequent valuesb

4.3.4
LM3 (Special vehicles)

4.4.1 Braking and acceleration forces

3

4,4.2 Centrifugal and transverso forces '

Vertical forces onlv 5.3.2^(1) Uoiformly Distributed load Combination value*

Characteristic value

Characteristic value Characteristic value Characteristic value b

Groups of Loads

gr3 d
Gr4 Gr5

Characteristic value See annex A

Characteristic vaiue Dominant compouent action (designated as component associated with the group) a May be defned in the National Annex, b May be defned in lhe National Aiinex. The feconuouded vaiue is 3 kN/m3. c See 5.3.2.i-(2). One footway only should be consdered to be loaded if the effect is more unfavourable than he effeet of wo loaded foouvays. d This group is irrcevan if gr4 is considered.

43