Chennai and Dr.MGR University Second International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent System (SEISCON 2011) , Dr.

M.G.R. University, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. July. 20-22, 2011.

A Matlab/GUI based simulation tool to solve load ow program for standard test systems
S. Prabhakar Karthikeyan*, K. Sathish Kumar*, Harissh. A.S*, I. Jacob Raglend$, D.P. Kothari
*School Of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute Of Technology, Vellore, India, spk25in@yahoo.co.in $ Proffesor, NI University, Thakkalai, Nagercoil, TamilNadu, India, jacobraglend@rediffmail.com FNAE, FNASc, Fellow IEEE, Director General, Vindhya Group of Institutions, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, d.p.kothari@vit.ac.in

Keywords: Topology based load ow, Distribution systems, GUI, Bus-Injection to Branch-Current (BIBC) matrix, Branch-Current to Bus-Voltage (BCBV) matrix.

Abstract
Load ow or power ow is the solution for the normal balanced steady-state operating conditions of an electric power system. It became an essential prerequisite for power system studies as it is used to ensure that electrical power transfer from generators to consumers through the grid system is stable, reliable and economic. In this paper, the topology based load ow studies are made available in the MATLAB Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment which will bring the load ow studies more user friendly. Using this tool, extensive graphical analysis has also been made. Standard IEEE test systems are taken as an input data and the results are plotted. This can also be extended for any analysis where load ow results are used as an input.

PD and reactive power QD at each Load Bus are known. For this reason, Load Buses are also known as PQ Buses. For Generator Buses, it is assumed that the real power generated (PG) and the voltage magnitude (|V|) is known. For the slack Bus, it is assumed that the voltage magnitude |V| and voltage phase are known. Therefore, for each load bus, the voltage magnitude and angle are unknown and must be found; for each generator bus, the voltage angle must be obtained; there are no variables that must be obtained for the slack Bus. In a system with N buses and R generators, there are then 2(N1)(R1) unknowns. In order to solve for the 2(N1) (R1) unknowns, there must be 2(N1)(R1) equations that do not introduce any new unknown variables [13]. The power balance equations can be written for real and reactive power for each bus. The real power balance equation is given in equation (1). (1)

1 Introduction
Developing a computer program that meets the requirements of a power system engineer has been a concern for researchers since the early 1990s [2]. Many programs of real-time applications in the area of distribution automation (DA), such as network optimization, reactive power planning, switching, state estimation, and so forth, require a robust and efcient load ow method. Such a load ow method must be able to model the special features of distribution systems in sufcient detail [4]. The well-known characteristics of an electric distribution system are radial or weakly meshed structure, multiphase and unbalanced operation, unbalanced distributed load, extremely large number of branches and nodes, wide-ranging resistance and reactance values [12]. The above features of the radial distribution system make the traditional methods fail and so we need a new method. In India all the 11 kV rural distribution feeders are radial and too long. The voltages at the far end of many such feeders are very low with very high voltage regulation. Many of these practical rural distribution feeders have failed to converge while using Newton Raphson (NR) and Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) methods.

where Pi is the net power injected into bus i, Gik is the real part of the element in the Ybus corresponding to the ith row and kth column, Bik is the corresponding imaginary part and ik is the difference in voltage angle between the ith and kth buses. The reactive power balance equation is given by equation (2). (2) where Qi is the net reactive power injected at bus i. Equations (1) & (2) are the real and reactive power balance equations for each load bus and the real power balance equation for each generator bus. Only the real power balance equation is written for a generator bus because the net reactive power injected is assumed to be unknown and therefore including the reactive power balance equation would result in an additional unknown variable. For similar reasons, there are no equations written for the Slack Bus. When compared with the traditional Newton Raphson and gauss implicit Z matrix algorithms, which need LU (lower and upper order matrix) decomposition and forward or backward substitution of the jacobian matrix or the Y admittance matrix, the new formulation uses only the distribution load ow matrix (DLF matrix) as in Equation 18 to solve load ow problem [14, 15].

2 Formulation of Load ow problem

In the power ow problem, it is assumed that the real power

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A MTLAB/GUI based simulation tool to solve load flow program for standard test systems

The time-consuming LU decomposition and forward/ backward substitution procedures are not needed. This considerably reduces the amount of computation resources needed and makes the proposed method suitable for on-line operation [1]. Also all the traditional methods are formulated for transmission systems. Due to unique characteristics of the distribution systems like high R/X ratio the traditional methods fail. Such systems with high R/X ratios are termed as ill-conditioned systems and the traditional methods do not converge for such systems as they are formulated for transmission systems with the assumption that they have high reactance values than resistance values. Generally the most efcient of the traditional methods is the fast decoupled method, which is a modication of the NewtonRaphson method [11,5,6]. In an electric power transmission system operating in steady state, the changes which occur in the bus active power due to small changes in bus voltage magnitude is very small as compared to their changes due to the small changes in bus voltage phase angle as shown in equation (3). P = (EV/X) sin (3) Therefore, all the elements of the sub-matrix J2 of the jacobian matrix can be neglected and taken as zero. The changes which occur in bus reactive power due to small changes in bus voltage phase angle are quite small as shown in equation (4). Q = (V/X) (E V) (4)

currents B5, B3 and B1 can be expressed as shown in equations below.

Figure 1: Sample system to explain the algorithm B5 = I6 B3 = I4 + I5 B1 = I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 (9) (10) (11)

Furthermore, the bus-injection to branch-current (BIBC) matrix can be obtained as

So, all the elements of J3 of the same jacobian matrix can also be neglected and taken as zero. This gives the following two simplied decoupled equations: [13] P = J1 Q = J4 |V| (5) (6) [B] = [BIBC][I] (12)

This simplication leads to the failure of this method in distribution systems where the above assumptions do not apply to them. This calls for a new approach.

3.2 Branch-Current to Bus-Voltage matrix

The relations between the branch currents and bus voltages are given by KVL. For example, the voltages of Bus 2, 3, and 4 are shown in the equations below. V2 = V1 B1Z12 V3 = V2 B2 Z23 V4 = V3 B3Z34 (13) (14) (15)

3 Topology based load ow formulation

The method is based on the two matrices, the bus-injection to branch-current matrix and branch-current to bus-voltage matrix, and on the equivalent current injection [18, 19 & 20]. For every bus i, the complex power Si is given by equation (7) Si = ( Pi + Qi ) where i = 1,2 N (7)

And the corresponding equivalent current injection at the kth iteration is shown in Equation (8). (8) where, Vki is the node voltage at the kth iteration Iki is the equivalent current injection at the kth iteration.

where Vi is the bus voltage of bus i, and Zij is the line impedance between bus i and bus j. Substituting for V2 and V3 in equation (15) V4 = V1 B1Z12 B2 Z23 B3Z34 (16) From the above equation it can be seen that the bus voltage can be expressed as a function of the branch currents, line parameters and substation voltage. Similar procedures can be utilized for other buses, and the branch-current to bus-voltage (BCBV) matrix can be derived as

3.1 Bus Injection to branch-current matrix

The simple distribution system shown in Fig. 1 will be used as an example. The branch currents can be formulated as a function of the equivalent current injections. For example, the branch

[V] = [BCBV][B]

(17)

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Chennai and Dr.MGR University Second International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent System

It can be seen that the building algorithms for the BIBC and BCBV matrices are similar. In fact, these two matrices were built in the same subroutine of our test program. Therefore, the amount of computation resources needed can be reduced. In addition, the building algorithms are based on the traditional bus-branch oriented data base, so the data preparation time of the proposed algorithm can be reduced and can be integrated into the existing Distribution Automated Systems (DAS).The BIBC and BCBV matrices were developed based on the topological structure of distribution systems [3]. The BIBC matrix is responsible for the relations between the bus current injections and branch currents. The corresponding variation of the branch currents, which is generated by the variation at the current injection buses, can be found directly by using the BIBC matrix. The BCBV matrix is responsible for the relations between the branch currents and bus voltages. The corresponding variation of the bus voltages, which is generated by the variation of the branch currents, can be found directly by using the BCBV matrix. Combining BIBC and BCBV equations, the relations between the bus current injections and bus voltages can be expressed as in equation (18). [ V] = [BCBV] [BIBC] [I] = [DLF] [I] (18)

4.1 Flowchart

The solution for the DLF can be obtained by solving the following equations. (19) [ Vk+1] = [DLF] [Ik] (20)

4 Algorithm
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Input data. Form the BIBC matrix. Form the BCBV matrix. Form the DLF matrix. Iteration k = 0. Iteration k = k + 1. Solve for the three-phase power ow and update voltages. If |Vk+1| - |V k| > tolerance, go to Step 6, else calculate the active and reactive power losses and print the results. End.

5 Graphic User Interface (GUI)

A Graphic User Interface (GUI) has been developed for the proposed algorithm. The GUI was developed in MATLAB 2008b using GUIDE (Graphic User Interface Development Environment). It is user friendly and very simple to run. Lot of interactive features are included such as: dynamic loading of bus and branch data, entering the base KV and MVA values, tolerance values etc. An interactive 3-dimensional plot is also provided. Once the load ow is made to run, it automatically plots the voltage values from the load ow and if provided, standard values are also plotted. The user can feel the values in the plot using the data-cursor [17] provided. The user can also rotate the plot to check quickly if the results are matching. If any data is entered wrongly, the GUI is programmed so that it displays appropriate error dialog boxes. This avoids usage of command line for displaying errors and saves time of navigating from GUI to the MATLAB command line. For any help, all the required documentation can be accessed by a single button click on the GUI.

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A MTLAB/GUI based simulation tool to solve load flow program for standard test systems

Screen shots of the GUI are shown below.

Figure 5: Figure showing an error dialog box when there is a nonnumeric value is entered in place of base KV Figure 2: Initial state of GUI

6 Results and Analysis

The algorithm has been tested on different standard Radial Distribution Systems. The systems and their Load ow analysis results are given below:

6.1 IEEE 69 bus system

Total Real Power line losses Total Reactive Power line losses No. of iterations Elapsed time for load ow = 225.001190 KW = 102.198261 KVAR =6 = 0.007274 seconds

6.2 IEEE 33 bus system

Total Real Power line losses Total Reactive Power line losses No. of iteration Elapsed time for load ow = 210.987448 KW = 143.128308 KVAR =5 = 0.004177 seconds

Figure 3: After running the GUI with correct data

7 Plots of the Load Flow Results

The following plots (Figures 6&7) are plotted with bus number against the corresponding voltage values (p.u) of different systems in their converged state. The tolerance was taken as 10-5.

Figure 4: Figure showing an error dialog box when there is a mismatch between Bus and Line data

Fig 6 Final converged values of voltages at different buses of IEEE 33 bus system

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Chennai and Dr.MGR University Second International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent System

4.

5.

6.

7. Fig 7 Final converged values of voltages at different buses of IEEE 69 bus system 8.

8 Conclusions
In this paper, a Matlab/GUI based power system load ow simulation tool has been developed which is user friendly and very less time consuming. This helps the power system engineers to extend it for their real time studies. All the results shown above were found to be in agreement, i.e. The IEEE 69 bus system results are in agreement with the results given in [7] and IEEE 33 bus system with [8]. From the above results, the voltage prole at each bus, the active and reactive losses of the lines are also obtained. A at start is assumed initially. All the simulations were run on an Intel Pentium IV 3.06GHZ processor with 512 MB RAM. In the GUI, the voltage magnitude vs. the bus number has been plotted. The plot can be compared with the standard results plot using Rotate 3d and Data cursor provided in the GUI itself. This GUI can be extended using similar plots/proles. The time taken for running and initializing the GUI is also very less. It is also very interactive and user friendly. Detailed results can be viewed with a single click on a button. 9.

10.

11.

12. 13. 14. 15.

9 Acknowledgement
The authors thank the management of VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India for their continuous encouragement and support rendered in carrying out this research work. 16.

References
1. 2. Shipley.R.B, Introduction to Matrices and Power systems, Wiley, New York, 1976. T.H.Chen, M.S.Chen, K.J.Hwang, P.Kotas, and E. A.Chebli, Distribution system power ow analysis - A rigid approach, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, volume 6, pp. 11461152, July 1991. D.Shirmohammadi, H.W.Hong, A.Semlyen, and G. X. Luo, A compensation- based power ow method for weakly meshed distribution and transmission networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, volume 3, pp. 753762, May 1988.

17. 18.

19.

3.

20.

G.X.Luo and A.Semlyen, Efcient load ow for large weakly meshed networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, volume 5, pp. 13091316, November 1990. C.S.Cheng and D.Shirmohammadi, A three-phase power ow method for real-time distribution system analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, volume 10, pp. 671 679, May 1995. R.D.Zimmerman and H.D.Chiang, Fast decoupled power ow for unbalanced radial distribution systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, volume 10, pp. 20452052, November 1995. S.Ghosh and D.Das Method for load-ow solution of radial distribution networks, IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission & Distribution, volume 146, issue 6, November 1999. Abdellatif Hamouda and Khaled zehar Efcient Load ow method for radial distribution feeders, Journal of applied sciences, volume 6, issue 13. D. Das, H.S. Nagi, D.P. Kothari Novel method for solving radial distribution networks, IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission & Distribution, volume 141, issue 4, July 1994. Ching Tzong Su and Chih Cheng Tsai A new fuzzy-reasoning approach to optimum capacitor allocation for primary distribution systems, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 1996. K.Vinoth Kumar and M.P.Selvan A Simplied Approach for Load Flow Analysis of Radial Distribution Network with Embedded Generation, TENCON 2008, IEEE Region 10 Conference. Alexandra von Meier, Electric Power Systems - A conceptual introduction, IEEE Press, Wiley Publications Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, Mcgraw Hill Higher Education, 2nd revised edition 2004. Leonard L. Grigsby, Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, CRC Press B.Venkatesh and Rakesh Ranjan, Optimal radial distribution system reconguration using fuzzy adaptation of evolutionary programming, ELSEVIER, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, volume 25, pp. 775780, 2003 N.C.Sahoo and K. Prasad A fuzzy genetic approach for network reconguration to enhance voltage stability in radial distribution systems, ELSEVIER, Energy Conversion and Management, volume 47, pp. 32883306, 2006 Matlab documentation for Graphic User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE), Mathworks. Jen Hao Teng A Direct Approach for Distribution System Load Flow Solutions IEEE TRANSACTIONS on power delivery, volume 18, issue 3, July 2003 S.Sivanagaraju, J.Viswanatha Rao and M.Giridhar,A loop based load ow method for weakly meshed distribution network, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, volume 3, issue 4, August 2008 M.H.Haque,Efcient load ow method for distribution systems with radial or mesh conguration, IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission & Distribution volume 143, issue 1, January 1996.

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Biographies
S.Prabhakar Karthikeyan has completed his B.E (EEE) from University of Madras, Tamil Nadu (1997), M.E (Electrical Power Engineering) from The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat (1999) and presently pursuing his research at VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Currently he is in the School of Electrical Engineering of the same University as Programme Manager(EEE) & Division Leader(Power Systems). His area of interest includes Deregulation and restructured Power systems, issues in distribution systems. K.Sathish Kumar has completed his B.E (EEE) from Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu (2001), M.Tech (High Voltage Engineering) from SASTRA University (2002) and presently pursuing his research at VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. Currently he is in the School of Electrical Engineering of the same University as Assistant Professor (Senior). His area of interests includes distribution system restoration and reconguration. Harissh.A.S is an under graduate student in the School of Electrical Engineering at VIT University, Vellore. His areas of interest are energy markets, distributed generation systems and smart grids.

I.Jacob Raglend has completed his B.E (EEE) from Manonmaniyam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu (2000), M.E (Power Systems) from Annamalai University (2001) and Ph.D from IIT Roorkee (2007). Currently he is in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NI University, Thakkalai, Tamil Nadu as Professor . His area of interests includes Power systems optimisation problems, power system operation and control. D.P.Kothari has completed his under graduate, post graduate and doctoral degree from BITS, Pilani during the year 1967, 1969, & 1975 respectively. Currently, he is the Director General, Vindhya Group of Institutions, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. Prior to this assignment, he was the Vice Chancellor of VIT University (20072010), Professor of Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. He also served as Director i/c, IIT, Delhi (2005), Deputy Director (Administration), IIT Delhi (2003-06), Principal, Visvesvaryaya Regional Engineering College, Nagpur (1997-98), Head, Centre for Energy Studies, IIT, Delhi (1995-97). His area of interests includes Optimal Hydro-thermal Scheduling, Unit Commitment, Maintenance Scheduling, Energy Conservation (loss minimization and voltage control), Power Quality and Energy Systems Planning and Modelling.

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