Graphene Plasmonics

Sukosin Thongrattanasiri,*

Frank Koppens,
#
Darrick Chang,
$
and Javier Garca de Abajo*
,&
*CISC, Madrid
#
ICFO, Barcelona
$
Caltech, Pasadena
&
On sabbatical at ORC, Southampton, 2010-2011
Milestones in Plasmonics
Graphene Plasmonics Metamaterials, October 2011
Experimentally evidence


but not unexplained until 1957 (Ritchie, theory)
and 1959 (Powell and Swan, experiment)
Metal plasmons, 1950s
Jablan et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 245435 (2009)
Velizhanin and Efimov, Phys. Rev. B 84, 085401 (2011)
Vakil and Engheta, Science 332, 1291 (2011)
Chen and Alu, ACS Nano 5, 5855 (2011)
Koppens et al., Nano Lett. 11, 3370 (2011)
Nikitin et al., arXiv:1104.3558v1 (2011)
Sukosin et al., arXiv:1106.4460v1 (2011)


Ju et al., Nature Nanotech. 6, 630 (2011)
Increasing interest from theory








and experimental proof
Graphene plasmons, 2009-2011
Outline
Graphene Plasmonics Metamaterials, October 2011
plasmonic background

graphene background

graphene plasmonics
100% light absorption
Plasmons
Graphene Plasmonics
plasmons quantum of rapid oscillations of conduction-electrons

surface plasmon - Wikipedia
localized plasmon
Myroshnychenko et al., Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 1792 (2008)
Metamaterials, October 2011
Graphene
Graphene Plasmonics
Das Sarma et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 407 (2011)
a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a 2-dimensional
honeycomb lattice
Physics World, Nov 2006

= 3 +
Expanding k=K+q close to K (K) with |q|<<|K|:

= / 10

/
0.142 2.8
Castro Neto et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.
81, 109 (2009)
Metamaterials, October 2011
Unique Properties
Graphene Plasmonics
electrons and holes near Dirac points behave as particles described
by the Dirac equation for -spin particles
massless Dirac fermions
v
F
=10
6
m/s, similar to noble metals
minimum conductivity at T=0K:

impurity concentration, rippling, interaction with substrate
high electron mobility at room temperature
large mean free path (up to several microns)
extremely good conductor
Crystal mobility (cm
2
/Vs)
graphene 10,000-200,000
1
GaAs 8,000
2

GaSb 5,000
2

diamond 1,800
2

1
Geim et al., Nat. Mat. 6, 183 (2007)
2
Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th ed
Metamaterials, October 2011
Unique Properties (cont.)
Graphene Plasmonics
high 3D plasmon-confinement: ~10
6
times smaller than
diffraction limit
tunable material
absorption = 2.3% over a broad spectral range



Metamaterials, October 2011
Optical Response
Graphene Plasmonics
real
imaginary
Falkovsky et al., Eur. Phys. J. B 56, 281 (2007)
Koppens et al., Nano Lett. 11, 3370 (2011)
Metamaterials, October 2011
Plasmons in a Graphene Sheet
Graphene Plasmonics
Jablan et al., PRB 80, 245435 (2009)
For

Koppens et al., Nano Lett. 11, 3370 (2011)
Metamaterials, October 2011
Graphene vs Gold
1
2
4

+
~
t e t
e
o
i
i
L
p
1 2
2

+
~
t e t
o
i
i E e
F
!
1 monolayer of gold
(L=0.24 nm)
graphene
(L=0.33 nm)
( )
L
i
e
o t
e c
4
~
L
Graphene Plasmonics Metamaterials, October 2011
Nanostructured graphene
Graphene Plasmonics
So far graphene, an extended sheet allows
high field confinement
long plasmon propagation (many plasmon wavelength)
But we can gain further benefits by nanostructuring
extremely high field confinement
high plasmon localization
engineering plasmon resonances
Metamaterials, October 2011
1D Plasmon Confinement: Nanoribbons
Graphene Plasmonics Metamaterials, October 2011
Koppens et al., Nano Lett. 11, 3370 (2011)
Width (nm)
P
h
o
t
o
n

e
n
e
r
g
y

(
e
V
)

1 0.5 0.75 0.25 0.01
Extinction o /area
E
F
=0.2 eV
light
E
ext
0D Plasmon Confinement: Nanodisks
Graphene Plasmonics

Im
Sukosin et al., arXiv:1106.4460v1
Metamaterials, October 2011
Experimental Proof of Nanoribbon Plasmons
Graphene Plasmonics Metamaterials, October 2011
Ju et al., Nature Nanotech. 6, 630 (2011)
Light Absorption in Graphene
Graphene Plasmonics Metamaterials, October 2011
At plasmon resonance, an array of patterned graphene catches the light.

Higher absorption!!
Absorption by a Thin Layer
Graphene Plasmonics
Symmetric Environment
A thin layer patterned with a period smaller than the wavelength can
only produce specularly reflected and transmitted beams (no diffraction).
= 1
= 1

1

= 50%
Full Detail: Sukosin et al., arXiv:1106.4460v1
Metamaterials, October 2011
Absorption by a Thin Layer
Graphene Plasmonics
Asymmetric Environment
Full Detail: Sukosin et al., arXiv:1106.4460v1

,
=
1
1 + Re

,
= 1
Re
Re +

=
1

cos

sin

Metamaterials, October 2011
Array of Graphene Nanodisks
Graphene Plasmonics
1
Garca de Abajo et al., PRB 65, 115418 (2002)
2
Stefanou et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 113, 49 (1998)
3
Garca de Abajo et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 1267 (2007)
Full Detail: Sukosin et al., arXiv:1106.4460v1
Numerical
1. BEM
1
multipolar scattering matrix
of each graphene nanodisk
2. multiple-scattering method
2

periodic structure
Analytical dipole model
3

=

1/


5.52

+
2
3

=
2
cos

=
2cos

Metamaterials, October 2011
Total Light Absorption
Graphene Plasmonics
Full Detail: Sukosin et al., arXiv:1106.4460v1
Metamaterials, October 2011
Total Light Absorption: Omnidirectionality
Graphene Plasmonics
Full Detail: Sukosin et al., arXiv:1106.4460v1
Metamaterials, October 2011
Conclusion
Graphene Plasmonics
Funding:
Koppens et al., Nano Lett. 11, 3370 (2011)
Sukosin et al., arXiv:1106.4460v1 (2011)
graphene nanostructure
high field confinement
high plasmon localization
engineering plasmon resonance
omnidirectional total light absorption within an
atomically thick layer

strong light-matter interaction
a new direction in plasmonics metamaterials
Metamaterials, October 2011
more info on graphene plasmonics: