Cycle 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION DSB-SC MODULATION AND DETECTION SSB-SC MODULATION AND DETECTION FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DETECTION PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER

1.AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: 1) To study the process of amplitude modulation and demodulation and calculate depth of modulation. 2) To study the process of over modulation. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1) Amplitude modulation and demodulation trainer kit 2) CRO with probes 3) Patch cords CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A.M MODULATOR

A.M DEMODULATOR PROCEDURE: a) MODULATION 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram1. 2. Switch on the power supply. 3. Output of modulating signal generator from TP2 to modulating signal input TP4 and keep the frequency selector switch in 500Hz position. 4. Output of carrier signal generator from TP1 to carrier input TP3 in modulation block and calculate the carrier signal frequency. 5. Observe the amplitude modulated output at TP5 , by varying the modulating signal amplitude from 1V to 10V and calculate the Vmax and Vmin from the output. 6. Now change the switch position in modulating signal generator to 1KHz and repeat the above steps.

7. Switch off the power supply. b) DEMODULATION: 1) Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 2. 2) Switch on the power supply. 3) Output of modulating signal generator from TP2 to modulating signal input TP4 and keep the frequency selector switch in 500Hz position. 4) Output of carrier signal generator from TP1 to carrier input TP3 in modulation block and calculate the carrier signal frequency. 5) Amplitude modulation output from TP5 to input of LPF TP6 and LPF output from TP7 to amplifier input TP8 (set the gain pot in amplitude circuit to max. position) 6) Observe the demodulated output at TP9 (by varying the amplitude pot) , the output will be the replica of the input signal of modulating signal and note down the amplitude and frequency. 7) Now change the position of switch in modulating signal generator to 1KHz and repeat the above steps. 8) Switch off the power supply. PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoid loose connections. 2.Avoid parallax error while taking observations. CALCULATIONS & OBSERVATIONS:
Modulation Index( ma ) = Vmax Vmin Vmax +Vmin

Modulating Signal Generator: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = Carrier Signal Generator: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency =

Demodulated Output: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = Observations: Modulating signal amplitude (V) Vmax Vmin Modulation index V Vmin ma = max Vmax +Vmin

IDEAL WAVE FORMS:

Graph:

m(t)

AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE FORM

RESULT:

The Process of Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation is observed and Calculated the depth of Modulation

2. DSB SC MODULATOR AND DETECTOR

AIM: To study the process of DSB-SC using balanced modulator and its demodulation. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1) Balanced modulator and demodulator trainer kit 2) CRO with probes 3) Patch cards CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DSB SC MODULATION

DSB SC DEMODULATION

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: a) MODULATION: 1) Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram 2) Switch on the power supply. 3) Output of modulating signal generator from TP1 to modulating signal input TP3 and keep the switch in 500Hz position. 4) Carrier signal output from TP2 to carrier input TP4 whose frequency is 50KHz constant. 5) Observe the balance modulator output TP5 by varying the modulating signal amplitude from 5V to 10V. 6) Now vary the switch position in the modulating signal generator to 1KHz and observe the output at TP5 (by varying amplitude pot) 7) Switch off the power supply. b) DEMODULATION: 1) Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram 2) Switch on the power supply. 3) Output of modulating signal generator from TP1 to modulating signal TP3 and keep the switch is in 500Hz position. 4) Carrier output signal from TP2 to carrier input TP4 whose frequency is 100 KHz constant 5) Output of the detector TP7 to input of AC amplifier TP8 (Adjust the gain pot to max. position) 6) Observe the demodulated output TP9 which is the replica of input signal of modulating signal ( by varying the amplitude pot) 7) Switch off the power supply. PRECAUTIONS: 1) Avoid loose connections 2) Avoid parallax error while taking observations.

OBSERVATIONS: Message Signal: a) Amplitude: b) Time Period: Carrier Signal: a) Amplitude: b) Time Period: Modulated Signal: a) Amplitude: b) Time Period: Demodulated Signal: a) Amplitude: b) Time Period: IDEAL WAVE FORMS:

RESULT:

The process of DSB SC Modulation and Demodulation is observed using balanced Modulation

3. SSB SC MODULATOR AND DETECTOR

AIM.: To study the process of single side band signal generation using phase shift method and to demodulate the modulated signal using synchronous detector. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1) SSB Trainer kit 2) CRO with probes 3) Frequency counter 4) Patch cords

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

BASIC BLOCKS OF SSB MODULATION

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SSB MODULATION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: a) MODULATION: 1) Study the circuit operation of SSB system thoroughly. 2) Observe the Output of the RF generator using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the RF generator one is direct output and the another is 90 phase shift with the direct output and adjust the output signal amplitude is 0.5Vp-p and measure and record the RF signal frequency by using frequency counter. 3) Observe the output of the AF generator using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the AF generator. One is direct output and the another is 90 phase shift with the direct output by using variable frequency and AGC knobs adjust the frequency to 2KHz. AGC Potentiometer is provided to adjust the gain of the oscillator (or to set the output to good shape) and the amplitude is 10Vp-p. 4) Connect the RF generator direct output (0 o) and AF generator indirect (90) output to the balanced modulator (X) and similarly RF generator indirect input (90) and AF generator direct output (0) to the balance modulator (Y).

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5) Observe the outputs of both the balance modulators simultaneously using dual trace oscilloscope and adjust the balance control until you get the output waveforms. (DSB-SC) as shown. 6) To get SSB Lower Side Band (LSB) signal, connect the balanced modulator output (DSB-SC) to subtract. 7) Measure and record the LSB signal frequency using frequency counter. 8) Calculate theoretical frequency of LSB and compare it with the practical value. LSB = RF - AF 9) Ex. If RF is 100 KHz and AF is 2 KHz then LSB = 100 KHz 2 KHz. 10) To get SSB Upper Side Band (USB) signal, connect the output of the balanced modulator to the summer. 11) Measure and record the USB signal frequency using frequency counter. 12) Calculate the theoretical value of USB frequency and compare it with the practical value. USB = RF + AF 13) Ex. If RF is 100 KHz and AF is 2 KHz then USB = 100 KHz + 2 KHz. DEMODULATION: 1) Connect SSB signal from the summer or subtractor to the SSB signal input of the SSB demodulator. 2) Observe the demodulator output using CRO and compare it with the modulation signal, the output will be the replica of the input signal of modulating signal and note down the amplitude and frequency. PRECAUTIONS: 1) Avoid loose connections. 2) Avoid parallax error while taking observations. CALCULATIONS & OBSERVATIONS: a) Theoretical frequency of LSB = RF AF b) Theoretical frequency of USB = RF + AF RF Generator (Carrier Waveform): a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency =

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AF Generator (Message Waveform): a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = DSB-SC Signal: d) Amplitude = e) Time Period = f) Frequency = SUBTRACTOR: fc - fm ADDER: fc + fm LSB Output: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = USB Output: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = Demodulated Output: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency =

IDEAL GRAPHS: AF signal with 0 phase shift

AF signal with 00 phase shift

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AF signal with 900 phase shift

CARRIER SIGNAL

DSB SC SIGNAL

SSB SC SIGNAL
RESULT: The process of SSB SC generation and Demodulation is observed

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4. FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the process of frequency modulation and demodulation and calculate depth of modulation. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1) Frequency modulation and demodulation trainer kit 2) CRO with probes 3) Patch cords CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FREQUENCY MODULATION

FREQUENCY DEMODULATION

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EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE: a) MODULATION 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 1. 2. The sine wave from the modulating signal generator TP4 to modulating signal input TP5. 3. Calculate the modulating signal frequency and amplitude (min and max). 4. Calculate the carrier signal frequency from TP6 by adjusting modulating signal amplitude to minimum. 5. Adjust the amplitude of modulating signal in modulating signal generator to 5V and frequency of the modulating signal frequency to 3KHz by varying the respective pots. 6. Observe the frequency modulator output from TP6 and calculate Tmin and Tmax. 7. Same procedure is repeated for different modulating signal frequencies and amplitudes. b) DEMODULATION 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 2. 2. Switch on the power supply. 3. The sine wave from the modulating signal generator TP4 to modulating signal input TP5. 4. Adjust the amplitude of the modulating signal in modulating signal generator to 5V and frequency of the modulating signal to 3KHz by varying the respective pots. 5. Frequency modulator output from TP6 to LPF input TP8. 6. Output of LPF TP9 to amplifier input TP10. 7. Observe the demodulated output from TP11 and the output is the exact replica of the input signal of the modulating signal. 8. Switch off the power supply. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid loose connections. 2. Avoid parallax error while taking observations.

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CALCULATIONS: a) Modulation index (mf) = f fm b) Frequency deviation (f) = Modulating Signal Generator: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = Carrier Signal Generator: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = Demodulated Output: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = OBSERVATIONS: Modulating signal frequency(fm) Modulating signal amplitude (V) Frequency deviation (f) Modulation index mf=f/fm
1 - 1 Tmin Tmax

Tmin

Tmax

IDEAL WAVE FORMS:

Graph:

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RESULT:

The process of frequency Modulation and Demodulation is observed and depth of Modulation is calculated

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5. PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS

AIM: To study the process of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis, Calculate the gain of preemphasis and de-emphasis and to plot the corresponding frequency response curves. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1) Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis trainer kit. 2) CRO with probes. 3) Patch cards. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Pre-emphasis

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: a) Pre-emphasis: 1) Construct the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2) Output of the function generator which is a sine wave to the input of the pre-emphasis circuit TP2. 3) Vary the amplitude knob in the function generator , so that the sine wave is 10V, Vary the frequency knob in the function generator, so that the frequency of sine wave is 100Hz. 4) Observe the output on TP3 through the oscilloscope. 5) Now observe the pre-emphasis output at TP3 for different frequencies of sine wave by varying the frequency knob in the function generator from 100Hz to 1MHz. 6) Switch off the power supply. b) De-emphasis: 1) Construct the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 2) Output of the function generator which is a sinewave from TP3 to the output of the de-emphasis circuit TP4. 3) Vary the amplitude knob in the function generator , so that the sinewave is 10V, Vary the frequency knob in the function generator, so that the frequency of sinewave is 100Hz. 4) Observe the output at TP5 through the oscilloscope. 5) Now observe the de-emphasis output at TP5 for different frequencies of sinewave by varying the frequency knob in the function generator from 100Hz to 1MHz. 6) ) Switch off the power supply PRECAUTIONS: 1) Avoid loose connections. 2) Avoid parallax error while taking observations.

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Tabular form: a) Pre-emphasis Input frequency (Hz) Output voltage (v) gain Gain in dB = 20 log (gain)

b) De-emphasis Input frequency(Hz) Output voltage (v) gain Gain in db = (20 log (gain)

CALCULATIONS:
F1= 1 2RC

Where RC is the time constant and is equal to 75 sec F1=2122 Hz. Input voltage = 10V IDEAL GRAPHS: Pre-emphasis De-emphasis

RESULT:

The process of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis is observed. The gain and frequency response is calculated. 21

6. FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
AIM: To study the operation of frequency synthesizer using PLL APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Frequency Synthesizer trainer kit. 2. CRO dual trace with probes 3. Digital frequency counter or multimeter CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 1. Switch on the trainer kit and Observe the output of the square wave generator using oscilloscope and measure the minimum and maximum frequency range. Adjust the amplitude to 4V and frequency to the (Fin) 1KHz 2. Connect the Square wave to input of PLL and short 4th and 5th of PLL. Adjust the Output frequency is five times of input frequency by using timing resistor Rt. Measure the timing resistor Rt value by using Multimeter. Verify the F out by using below formula. Fout = 0.3 / RtCt where Rt is the timing resistor and Ct is timing capacitor=0.01f.

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Input frequency Fin

Practical Fout

Theoretical Fout

3. Connect 4th pin of PLL (Fout) to the driver stage and 5 th pin of PLL connected to 11th pin of decade counter 7490. Output can be taken at the 11 th pin of the decade counter 7490. It should be divided by 10 times of the F out. For Example: Fout = 5KHz, Decade counter output is 500Hz 4. Output can be taken at the 12 th pin of decade counter 7490. It should be divide by 2 times of the Fout. For Example: Fout = 5KHz, Decade counter output is 2.5KHz Fout Divided 10 output Divided 2 output

5. Repeat the same procedure for the Fin = 2KHz.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid loose connections. 2. Avoid parallax error while taking observations. RESULT: The process of frequency synthesizer using PLL is observed

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CYCLE-2
1. Verification of Sampling theorem 2. Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation 3. Pulse Width Modulation and demodulation. 4. Pulse Position Modulation and demodulation. 5. Time division multiplexing. 6. AGC characteristics.

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1. VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM

AIM: 1. To study the sampling principle of a signal and its reconstruction. 2. To study the effect of amplitude and frequency variation of modulating signal on the output. 3. To study the effect of variation of sampling frequency on the demodulated output. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. Sampling and Reconstruction trainer kit. 2. Oscilloscope dual channel. 3. Connecting wires. 4. CRO probes. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram1. a) Output of modulating signal generator from TP1 to modulating signal input TP4 in sampling circuit keeping the switch in 1 KHz position, and amplitude pot to maximum position. b) Output of pulse generator from TP2 to sampling pulses input in sampling circuit TP3 keeping the switch in 2 KHz position. (Adjust the duty cycle pot to mid position i.e., 50%). 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Observe the outputs of sampling, sampling and hold, and flat to output at TP7, TP8 and TP9 respectively. (By varying the amplitude pot). 4. Vary the switch position in the pulse generator circuit to 8 KHz and now observe the outputs at TP7, TP8 and TP9. (By varying the amplitude pot). 5. Now, vary the switch position in modulating signal generator to 2 KHz and repeat all the above steps 3 & 4. 6. Switch OFF the power supply.

Reconstruction: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 2. a) Output of modulating signal generator from TP1 to modulating signal input TP4 in sampling circuit keeping the switch in 1 KHz position, amplitude pot to max position. b) Output of pulse generator circuit from TP2 to sampling pulse input TP3 in the sampling circuit, keeping the switch in 2 KHz position (Adjust the duty cycle pot to mid position i.e., 50%). c) Connect the sample output from TP7 to the input of low pass filter TP10. d) Outputs of low pass filter from TP11 to input of AC amplifier TP12, keep the again pot in AC amplifier to max position. 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Observe the output of AC amplifier at TP13. The output will be the replica of the input (By varying the amplitude pot).

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4. Similarly connect the sample and hold output and flat top output to TP10 and observe the reconstructed the signal. 5. Vary the switch position in the sampling frequency circuit to 8 KHz and now repeat the steps 3&4. 6. Vary the switch position in the modulating signal generator to 2 KHz and repeat all the above steps 3 to 5. 7. Switch OFF the power supply. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid loose connections. 2. Avoid parallax error while taking observations.

RESULT: From the above observations we conclude that as the sampling frequency is increased, the reconstructed output is less distorted and almost original signal is reconstructed. For a sampling frequency of 2KHz, only 2 samples of the 1KHz signal are taken, whereas that for a sampling frequency of 8KHz, 8 samples of 1KHz signal is taken. Hence, as the number of samples taken of the signal increases, the distortion of the reconstructed signal decreases. As per the Nyquist Criterion at least two samples are required for the reconstruction of the signal. If the Nyquist Criterion is not satisfied, or if the signal is not band limited, then spectral overlap, called aliasing occurs, causing higher frequencies to show up at lower frequencies in the recovered message, and specially in voice transmission intelligibility is seriously degraded Thus, universally for the voice band (300Hz to 3300Hz), the sampling frequency used is 8KHz, which satisfies the Nyquist Criterion.

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Expected Waveforms

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Expected Waveforms

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Expected Waveforms

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Expected Waveforms

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Expected Waveforms

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2. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: 1. To study the process of Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation. 2. To study the effect of amplitude and frequency variations of modulating signal on its output and observe the Waveforms. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation trainer kit. 2. Oscilloscope-dual channel. 3. Patch Cards. 4. CRO Probes. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: Modulation: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram. a) Output of the sine wave to modulating signal input (TP2) keeping the switch in 1 KHz position, and amplitude pot to max position. b) 16 KHz Pulse generator output to pulse input (TP1). 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Monitor the Natural sampled output at TP5, Sample & Hold output at TP6 and Flattop sampled output at TP7. (By varying amplitude pot). 4. Now change the frequency selection switch position in modulating signal block to 2 KHz and amplitude pot to maximum position. 5. Observe the Natural sampled output at TP5, Sample & Hold output at TP6 and Flattop sampled output at TP7. 6. Repeat all the above steps for the pulse generator frequency 32 KHz (By varying the frequency pot in the pulse generator block). 7. Switch OFF the power supply.

Demodulation: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. a) Output of the sine wave to modulation signal input (TP2) keeping the switch in 1 KHz position, amplitude pot in maximum position. b) 16 KHz pulse generator output to pulse input (TP1). 2. Observe the outputs of Low Pass Filter and amplifier at TP10 & TP12 respectively, corresponding to inputs from TP5, TP6 & TP7 one by one. The outputs will be the replica of the input. 3. Now, adjust the switch position in modulating signal generator to 2 KHz and observe the outputs at TP10 & TP12 respectively, corresponding to inputs from TP5, TP6 & TP7. 4. Vary the frequency of the pulse generator to 32 KHz (by varying the frequency pot in pulse generator block) and repeat the steps 2 & 3. 5. Switch OFF the power supply.

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PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid loose connections. 2. Give necessary connections before switch ON. 3. Observe the waveforms carefully. OBSERVATIONS: Observe the following waveforms in order for every setting and plot it on the paper. i) ii) iii) iv) v) Analog Input waveform. Sampling frequency waveform (pulse generator signal). Natural sampling signal and its corresponding reconstructed output. Sample and Hold signal and its corresponding reconstructed output. Flat top signal and its corresponding reconstructed output.

RESULT:
1. The Pulse Amplitude Modulated and demodulated wave forms are observed. 2. The concepts about Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation are studied.

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Expected Waveforms

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Expected Waveforms

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3. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: 1. To study the process of pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation. 2. To study the effect of amplitude and frequency of modulating signal on PWM output. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation Trainer. 2. Oscilloscope-Dual Channel. 3. Patch cards. 4. CRO Probes. CICRUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: Modulation: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram. a) Sine wave output of modulating signal generator to modulating signal input (TP1), keeping the switch in 1 KHz position and amplitude pot in maximum position. b) 16 KHz pulse generator output to pulse input (TP1). 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Observe the output of pulse width modulation block at TP3. 4. Observe the change in width of modulated waveform by varying the amplitude pot in signal generator. 5. Vary the modulating signal generator frequency selector switch to 2 KHz. 6. Now again observe the PWM output at TP3. 7. Repeat the above steps for the pulse generator frequency of 32 KHz.

Demodulation: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram3. a) Output or the sine wave to modulation signal input (TP2) keeping the switch in 1 KHz position, amplitude pot in maximum position. b) 16 KHz pulse output to pulse input (TP1). 2. Connect the PWM output (TP3) to the input of low pass filter and observe the output. If the signal is not at required amplitude level, connect the LPF output to amplifier and observe the output. 3. Switch OFF the power supply.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid loose connections. 2. Give necessary connections before switch ON the power supply. 3. Observe the waveforms carefully.

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OBSERVATIONS: Observe the following waveforms in order for every setting and plot it on the paper. i) ii) iii) Analog Input waveform. Sampling frequency waveform (pulse generator signal). Pulse width modulated signal and its corresponding reconstructed output.

RESULT: 1. The pulse width modulated and demodulated wave forms are observed. 2. The concepts about Pulse Width Modulation and demodulation are studied.

Expected Waveforms:

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4. PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: 1. To study the concepts of Pulse Position Modulation and its Demodulation. 2. To study the effects of amplitude and frequency of modulating signal on its output and observe the wave forms. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. Pulse Position Modulation and Demodulation trainer kit. 2. Oscilloscope-Dual channel. 3. Patch cards. 4. CRO probes. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: Modulation: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 1. a) Output if the sine wave to modulating signal input (TP1) in PPM blocks keeping the switch in 1 KHz position, and amplitude pot to max position. 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Monitor the output at TP3. (By varying amplitude pot). 4. Also observe the PPM and PWM outputs at a time 5. Find that at the trailing edge of the each PWM pulse the leading edge of PPM pulse starts. 6. By varying the frequency selector switch position to 2 KHz, repeat the above steps. 7. Switch OFF the power supply.

Demodulation: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram2. c) Sine wave output of 1 KHz from modulating signal generator to M.S input TP1 (by varying amplitude pot). ] 2. Switch ON the power supply. 3. Observe the demodulated signal at the output of LPF at TP5. 4. Thus the recovered signal is the replica of the input signal. 5. As the output of LPF has less amplitude. Connect the output of LPF to the input of an amplifier and now observe the demodulated output on the oscilloscope at TP7. 6. Repeat the steps for the modulating signal with frequency 2 KHz. 7. Switch OFF the power supply.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid loose connections. 2. Give necessary connections before switch ON the power supply. 3. Observe the waveforms carefully.

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OBSERVATIONS: Observe the following waveforms in order for every setting and plot it on the paper. i) Analog Input waveform. ii) Sampling frequency waveform (pulse generator signal). iii) Pulse position modulated signal and its corresponding reconstructed output.

RESULT: 1. The pulse position modulated and demodulated wave forms are observed. 2. The concepts about Pulse position Modulation and demodulation are studied.

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Expected Waveforms

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5. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING & DE-MULTIPLEXING

AIM: To study Time Division Multiplexing and De multiplexing, using Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation and to reconstruct the signals at the Receiver, using Filters. The Transmitter Clock and the Channel Identification Information is linked directly to the Receiver. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. Time Division Multiplexing & De-multiplexing trainer. 2. Oscilloscope-Dual channel. 3. Patch cards 4. CRO probes CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: Multiplexing: 1. Connect the 4 channel inputs 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz and 2 KHz to the input of transmitter CH0, CH1, CH2 and CH3 respectively. 2. See that all the amplitude pots must be in above middle positions. 3. Observe the Time Division Multiplexed wave form at the output. 4. Observe the four different signals placed in their respective time slots by varying the respective amplitude pots. De-multiplexing: 1. Connect the TxD (transmitter data) to RxD (Receiver data) 2. Connect Tx clock to Rx clock. 3. Connect the Tx CH0 to the Rx CH0. 4. Observe the de-multiplexed signals at the receiver across the output of fourth order LPF at CH0, CH1, CH2 and CH3 respectively.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid loose connections. 2. Observe the waveforms carefully. OBSERVATIONS: Observe the following waveforms on oscilloscope and plot it on the paper. a. Input Channel CH0, CH1, CH2, CH3. b. TX CLK and RX CLK. c. Multiplexer Output TXD. d. Demultiplexer Input RXD. e. Demultiplexer output CH0, CH1, CH2, and CH3. f. Reconstructed signal OUT 0, OUT 1, OUT 2, OUT 3. RESULT: 1. The Time division multiplexed and de multiplexed wave forms are observed. 2. The concepts about Time division multiplexing are studied.

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Expected Waveforms

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Expected Waveforms

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6. AGC CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To Study the Automatic gain control characteristics by using Amplitude Modulation Technique. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1) AGC Trainer Kit 2) CRO with probes. 3) Patch cards 4) Connecting wires CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: 1) Connect the trainer to the mains and switch on the power supply. 2) Observe outputs of RF and AF signal generator using CRO, note that RF voltage is approximately 50mv p-p of 455KHZ frequency and AF voltage is 5v p-p of 1KHZ frequency. 3) Now vary the amplitude of AF signal and observe the AM wave at output, note the % of modulation for different values of AF signal. Modulation index (ma) = (Vmax-Vmin) (Vmax+Vmin) 4) Now adjust the modulation index to 30 % by varying the amplitudes of RF and AF signals simultaneously. 5) Connect AM output to the input of AGC and also to the CRO channel-1. 6) Connect AGC link to the feedback network through 0A79 diode 7) Now connect CRO channel-2 at output. The detected audio signal of 1KHz will be observed. 8) Calculate the voltage gain by measuring the amplitude of output signal (Vo) waveform, using formula A=Vo/Vi. 9) Now disconnect the AGC link vary detected. The output will be distorted when AGC link removed i.e there is no AGC action. Calculate Voltage Gain A=Vo/Vi. 10) This explains AGC effect in Radio circuit.

PRECAUTIONS: 1.Avoid loose connections. 2.Avoid parallax error while taking observations. Observation and Calculations Modulating Signal Generator: a) Amplitude = b) Time Period = c) Frequency = Carrier Signal Generator: d) Amplitude = e) Time Period = f) Frequency =

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Demodulated Output: d) Amplitude = e) Time Period = f) Frequency =

TABULAR FORM: Modulating signal amplitude (V) Modulation index ma = (Vmax-Vmin) (Vmax+Vmin)

Vmax

Vmin

IDEAL WAVE FORMS:

Graph:

x(t)

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AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE FORM

Demodulated signal

RESULT:

The process of Automatic gain control characteristics by using Amplitude modulation technique is studied.

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MATLAB

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1.Amplitude Modulation
t=0:0.0001:0.02 msg=10*cos(2*pi*100*t) carr=20*cos(2*pi*1000*t) amw=(20+msg).*cos(2*pi*1000*t) subplot(2,1,1) plot(t,msg) title('Message signal') subplot(2,1,2) plot(t,carr) title('Carrier signal') figure; subplot(3,1,1) plot(t,amw) title('Under Modulation') msg=30*cos(2*pi*100*t) amw=(20+msg).*cos(2*pi*1000*t) subplot(3,1,2) plot(t,amw) title('over modulation') msg=20*cos(2*pi*100*t) amw=(20+msg).*cos(2*pi*1000*t) subplot(3,1,3) plot(t,amw) title('100 % modulation') OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

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2.Demodulation of AM wave using Hilbert transform

t=0:0.0001:0.02 fc=1000 Ec=7 Carr=Ec*sin(2*pi*fc*t) fm=100 Em=7 Mod=Em*sin(2*pi*fm*t) Am=(Ec+Mod).*(sin(2*pi*fc*t)) disp('Performing Amplitude Demodulation using Hilbert transform'); Am_hil=hilbert(Am) Am_abs=abs(Am_hil) Am_Demod=Am_abs-mean(Am_abs) disp('plotting the results'); figure;subplot(4,1,1);plot(t,Mod); title('Message Waveform'); %xlabel('Time(sec)');ylabel('Amplitude'); subplot(4,1,2);plot(t,Carr);title('carrier waveform'); %xlabel('Time(Sec)');ylabel('Amplitude'); subplot(4,1,3);plot(t,Am);title('amplitude modulated wave form'); %xlabel('Time(sec)');ylabel('Amplitude'); subplot(4,1,4); plot(t,Am_Demod); title('Amplitude demodulated waveform'); %xlabel('Time(sec)');ylabel('Amplitude');

Output Waveforms

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3.Demodulation using Diode detector

t=0:0.0001:0.02 msg=16*cos(2*pi*200*t) carr=10*cos(2*pi*1000*t) subplot(4,1,1) plot(t,msg) title('Message waveform') subplot(4,1,2) plot(t,carr) title('Carrier waveform') amw=(10+msg).*cos(2*pi*1000*t) subplot(4,1,3) plot(t,amw) title('AM wave') for tim=1:200; if(amw(tim)<0) amw(tim)=0; end end [den,num]=butter(1,2*pi*0.025) for i=1:20 amw=filter(den,num,amw); end subplot(4,1,4) plot(t,amw) title('Demodulated waveform')

Output Waveforms

57

4.DSBSC Modulation
t=0:0.0001:0.02; fc=1000 Ec=3 Carr=Ec*sin(2*pi*fc*t) fm=100 Em=7 Mod=Em*sin(2*pi*fm*t) DSBSC=Mod.*Carr subplot(3,1,1) plot(t,Mod) title('Message waveform') subplot(3,1,2) plot(t,Carr) title('Carrier waveform') subplot(3,1,3) plot(t,DSBSC) title('DSBSC modulated waveform')

Output Waveforms

58

5.DSBSC Demodulation
t=0:0.0001:0.02; fc=1000 Ec=3 Carr=Ec*sin(2*pi*fc*t) fm=100 Em=7 Mod=Em*sin(2*pi*fm*t) DSBSC=Mod.*Carr x=DSBSC.*sin(2*pi*fc*t) R=1000; C=1.59*power(10,-6); h=(1/(R*C))*exp(-t/(R*C)) y=conv(x,h) subplot(3,1,1) plot(t,Mod) title('Modulating Signal') subplot(3,1,2) plot(t,DSBSC) title('Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier') subplot(3,1,3) plot(y) axis([0 200 -1.5*power(10,5) 1.5*power(10,5)]) title('DSBSC after Demodulation')

Output Waveform

59

6.Generation DSBSC using Balanced Modulator

t=0:0.0001:0.02 fc=1000 Ec=3 fm=100 m=3 s1=Ec*(1+(m*cos(2*pi*fm*t))).*cos(2*pi*fc*t) s2=Ec*(1-(m*cos(2*pi*fm*t))).*cos(2*pi*fc*t) s=s1-s2 subplot(3,1,1) plot(t,s1) title('Amplitude Modulated Signal 1') subplot(3,1,2) plot(t,s2) title('Amplitude Modulated Signal 2') subplot(3,1,3) plot(t,s) title('DSBSC')

Output Waveforms

60

7.SSBSC Modulation
t=0:0.0001:0.04 msg=5*cos(2*pi*200*t) carr=10*cos(2*pi*1000*t) ht=imag(Hilbert(msg)) subplot(3,1,1) plot(t,msg) title('Message waveform') subplot(3,1,2) plot(t,carr) title('Carrier Waveform') ssb1=(msg.*(carr/10))+(ht.*sin(2*pi*1000*t)) subplot(3,1,3) plot(t,ssb1) title('SSBSC')

Output Waveforms

61

8.Demodulation of SSBSC
t=0:0.0001:0.04 msg=5*cos(2*pi*200*t) carr=10*cos(2*pi*1000*t) ht=imag(Hilbert(msg)) subplot(4,1,1) plot(t,msg) title('Message waveform') subplot(4,1,2) plot(t,carr) title('Carrier Waveform') ssb1=(msg.*(carr/10))+(ht.*sin(2*pi*1000*t)) subplot(4,1,3) plot(t,ssb1) title('SSBSC Modulated wave') impres=(400*pi)*exp(-t*400*pi) demd=conv((ssb1.*(carr/10)),impres) k=0:0.0001:0.08 subplot(4,1,4) plot(k,demd) title('Demodulated waveform')

Output Waveforms

62

9.Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude Modulated Wave

t=0:0.0001:0.02 fc=1000 Ec=7 Carr=Ec*sin(2*pi*fc*t) fm=100 Em=3 Mod=Em*sin(2*pi*fm*t) Am=(Ec+Mod).*(sin(2*pi*fc*t)) FA=fft(Am,1024) subplot(1,1,1) plot(fftshift(abs(FA))) axis([375 700 0 1000]) title('frequency Spectrum of AmplitudeModulated Wave')

Output Waveform

63

10.Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude Modulated Wave

t=0:0.0001:0.02 fc=1000 Ec=7 Carr=Ec*sin(2*pi*fc*t) fm=100 Em=3 Mod=Em*sin(2*pi*fm*t) DSBSC=Carr.*Mod FA=fft(DSBSC,1024) subplot(1,1,1) plot(fftshift(abs(FA))) axis([375 700 0 1000]) title('frequency Spectrum of DSBSC Wave')

Output Waveform

64

11.Frequency Spectrum of SSBSC

t=0:0.0001:0.04 msg=5*cos(2*pi*200*t) carr=10*cos(2*pi*1000*t) ht=imag(Hilbert(msg)) ssb1=(msg.*(carr/10))+(ht.*sin(2*pi*1000*t)) FT=fft(ssb1) plot(abs(FT)) title(Frequency Spectrum of SSBSC wave)

Output Waveforms

65

12.Performing Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis

f1=10; for f=1:50 x(f)=(1/sqrt(1+(f1/f)^2)); f2(f)=f; end subplot(2,1,1); plot(f2,x); title('Pre-emphasis waveform') for f=1:50 y(f)=(1/sqrt(1+(f/f1)^2)); f3(f)=f; end subplot(2,1,2); plot(f3,y); title('De-emphasis waveform')

Output Waveforms

66

13.Frequency Modulation
Am=1; Ac=2 fc=500; fm=200; fs=400 kf=30 dt=1/fs T=20e-3 t=0:T/fs:T mod=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t) FM=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t+(2*pi*kf*(cumsum(mod)*dt))) subplot(2,1,1) plot(t,mod) axis([0 0.02 -5 5]) title('Message Signal') subplot(2,1,2) plot(t,FM) axis([0 0.02 -5 5]) title('FM Signal')

Output Waveforms

67

14.Demodulation of FM wave
Am=1;Ac=2;fc=500;fm=200;fs=400;kf=30 dt=1/fs T=20e-3 t=0:T/fs:T mod=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t) FM=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t+(2*pi*kf*(cumsum(mod)*dt))) AM=diff(FM) lengthC=400; FM_Diode_out=AM for time_indx=1:lengthC; if(FM_Diode_out(time_indx)<0) FM_Diode_out(time_indx)=0; end end fs1=8000; [den,num]=butter(1,2*pi*fm/fs1); FM_Demod=filter(den,num,FM_Diode_out); for n=1:100 FM_Demod=filter(den,num,FM_Demod) end subplot(3,1,1) plot(t,mod);axis([0 0.01 -5 5]) title('Message Signal') subplot(3,1,2) plot(t,FM);axis([0 0.01 -5 5]) title('FM Signal') subplot(3,1,3) plot(FM_Demod);axis([200 400 0 0.4]) title('FM demodulated signal')

Output Waveforms

68

15.Frequency Spectrum of FM
Am=1 Ac=2 fc=500 fm=200 fs=400 kf=30 dt=1/fs T=20e-3 t=0:T/fs:T mod=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t) FM=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t+(2*pi*kf*(cumsum(mod)*dt))) FFM=fft(FM) plot(abs(FFM)) title('Frequency Spectrum')

Output Waveforms

69

16.Construction of SQUELCH circuit

t=0:0.0001:0.02 fc=1000;Ec=7 Carr=Ec*sin(2*pi*fc*t) fm=100;Em=5 Mod=Em*sin(2*pi*fm*t) Am=(Ec+Mod).*(sin(2*pi*fc*t)) for t1=1:200 Am1(t1)=Am(t1) end for t1=201:400 Am1(t1)=0 end for t1=401:600 Am1(t1)=Am(t1-400) end disp(' Amplitude Demodulation using diode detector') lengthC=600; AM_Diode_out=Am1 for time_indx=1:lengthC; if(AM_Diode_out(time_indx)<0) AM_Diode_out(time_indx)=0; end end fs=8000; [den,num]=butter(1,2*pi*fm/fs); AM_Demod=filter(den,num,AM_Diode_out); for n=1:10 AM_Demod=filter(den,num,AM_Demod) end subplot(2,1,1);plot(Am1) title('Transmitted Signal') subplot(2,1,2);plot(AM_Demod) title('Squelch Circuit i.e after Quieting')

Output Waveforms

70