AIRCOM Asset LTE Basics and Asset

Section 1: LTE Air-Interface
Instructor Ishan Marwah

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2012 AIRCOM International Ltd
Roadmap
2G 2.5G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
LTE HSUPA* HSDPA WCDMA EDGE GPRS GSM 2003/2004 2005 2007 2010
2000/2001
2
Where are we?
LTE is now on the market (both radio and core network evolution) Release 8 was frozen in December 2008 and this has been the basis
for the first wave of LTE equipment
Enhancements to LTE were frozen in to release 9 in December 2009

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Flat Architecture
Traditional Architecture
GGSN
One Tunnel Architecture REL7

GGSN
LTE
SAE GW
IP Network
SAE /GW System Architecture Evolution
SGSN
SGSN
IP Network
RNC
RNC
MME
IP Network
MME - Mobility Management Entity
NODE B
NODE B
eNODEB
eNodeB - evolved Node B
Control plane User plane

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LTE Network Architecture

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
HSS
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
MME: Mobility Management Entity
S6a X2
MME
S7
Policy & Charging Rule Function

PCRF
Evolved Node B (eNB) LTE-UE
S1-MME
S11 S1-U S5
IMS Serving Gateway PDN Gateway
LTE-Uu
Release 8 LTE New Air interface

The LTE DOWNLINK uses OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access This new OFDMA based air interface is also often referred to as the Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) 300 Mbit/s per 20 MHz of spectrum
Uplink
uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) Single Carrier Frequency means information is modulated only to one
carrier, adjusting the phase or amplitude of the carrier or both
eNODE B
75 Mbit/s per 20 MHz of spectrum

OFDMA
SC-FDMA
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The Physical Layer - OFDM and OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Each user is assigned a specific frequency resource
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Each user is assigned a specific timefrequency resource

Multiple Access DL
LTE employs OFDM as the basic modulation scheme and multiple access is achieved through: OFDMA in the LTE Downlink A multi-carrier signal with one data symbol per subcarrier Scalable to wider bandwidths, multipath resilient and better suited for MIMO architecture Drawback: Parallel transmission of multiple symbols creates undesirable high PAPR
Multiple Access UL
SC-OFDMA in the LTE Uplink SC-FDMA transmits the four QPSK data symbols from a user in series at four times the rate, with each data symbol occupying N x 15 kHz bandwidth. Signal more like single carrier with each data symbol being represented by one wide symbol Occupied bandwidth same as OFDMA but crucially, the PAPR is the same as that used for original data symbol
Advanced Antenna Techniques
Use multiple channels to send multiple information streams (spatial multiplexing) Increase throughput
MIMO creates multiple parallel channels between transmitter and receiver. MIMO is using time and space to transmit data (space time coding).
MIMO needs a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the UE High SNR ensures that the UE is able to decode the incoming signal This ensures good orthogonality
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LTE - FDD/TDD
FDD F -DL
F -UL TDD
There are two types of LTE frame structure:
Type 1: used for the LTE FDD mode systems. Type 2: used for the LTE TDD systems.
LTE can be used in both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD)
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spectrum. FDD & TDD supports bandwidths from 1.4 Mhz to 20Mhz
FDD
Type 1 used for the LTE FDD mode systems. The basic type 1 LTE frame has an overall length of 10
ms. This is then divided into a total of 20 individual slots. LTE Subframes then consist of two slots - in other words there are ten LTE subframes within a frame.
10 ms
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One Subframe = 1 mS
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TDD
Type 2 LTE Frame Structure
The frame structure for the type 2 frames used on LTE TDD is
somewhat different. The 10 ms frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE half-frames are further split into five subframes, each 1ms long.
10 ms
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TDD
One radio frame Tf =10 ms
One half- frame Thf = 5 ms
special sub-fames
Sub-frame #0
Sub-frame #2
Sub-frame #3
Sub-frame #4
Sub-frame #5
Sub-frame #7
Sub-frame #8
Sub-frame #9
DwPTS GP
UpPTS
DwPTS GP
UpPTS
The special subframes consist of the three fields:
DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Timeslot) GP (Guard Period) UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Timeslot)
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TDD
A total of seven up / downlink
configurations have been set, and these use either 5 ms or 10 ms switch periodicities. when you go from DL to U
S denotes the special subframe The special subframes consist of the

three fields: DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Timeslot), GP (Guard Period), and UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Timeslot)
0 1 2 3 10 ms 19
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Flexible Carrier Bandwidths

LTE is defined to
support flexible carrier bandwidths from 1.4MHz up to 20MHz, in many spectrum bands and for both FDD and TDD deployments of operation:
Supported LTE modes Frequency Division

Duplex (FDD) Time Division Duplex (TDD)
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E-UTRA Bands and Channel Bandwidths

E-UTRA bands are regulated to allow
operations in only certain set of Channel Bandwidths which are defined as
Supported Channels (non-overlapping)
1.4 3 5 1 60 12 2 60 42 20 12 3 75 53 23 15 4 45 32 15 9 5 25 17 8 5 6 10 2 7 70 14 25 7 8 35 11 9 35 7 10 60 12 11 25 5 12 18 12 6 3* 13 10 7 3 2* 14 10 7 3 2* ... 33 20 4 34 15 3 35 60 42 20 12 36 60 42 20 12 37 20 4 38 50 10 39 40 8 40 100 * UE receiver sensitivity can be relaxed X Channel bandwidth too wide for the band Not supported E-UTRA Band Downlink Bandwidth Channel Bandwidth (MHZ) 10 6 6 7 4 2* 1* 7 3* 3 6 2* 1* 1* 1* 15 4 4* 5* 3 X 4 2* 4 1* X X 20 3 3* 3* 2 X 3* 1* 3 1* X X X
The RF bandwidth supporting a
single E-UTRA RF carrier with the transmission bandwidth configured in the uplink or downlink of a cell
Channel bandwidth is measured in MHz

Some EUTRA bands do not allow
and is used as a reference for transmitter and receiver RF requirements operation in the narrow bandwidth modes , i.e. < 5 MHz channel bandwidths, i.e. > 15 MHz
2 1 6 6 2 5 4 10
1 1 4 4 1 3 6
1 X 3 3 1 2 5
Others restrict operations in the wider
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LTE Bands
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Comparison FDD/TDD
1. FDD LTE uses frequency division, while TDD LTE uses
time division
2. FDD LTE is full duplex, while TDD LTE is half duplex 3. FDD LTE is better for symmetric traffic, while TDD is
better for asymmetric traffic
4. FDD LTE allows for easier planning than TDD LTE

FDD base stations use different frequencies for receiving and transmitting, they effectively do not hear each other and no special planning is needed. With TDD, special considerations need to be taken in order to prevent neighbouring base stations from interfering with each other
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Sub-Carriers
GSM 200Khz
QPSK b0 b 1 Im
15Khz Spacing saving bandwidth. 12 carriers for 0.5ms LTE

64QAM b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5 Im
01
11
00
10Re
16QAM b0 b1b2b3 Im 1111
Re
Re
0000
20
7.5Khz Spacing saving bandwidth. 24 subcarriers for 0.5 ms.

Slot Structure and Physical Resources

ONE slot = 12 consecutive
subcarriers
One slot = 0.5mS 6 or 7 OFDM symbols
(depending upon cyclic perfix size), thus a single resource block is containing either 72 or 84 OFDM symbols
12x 7 = 84 OFDM symbols
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One Slot = 0.5mS
QPSK b0 b1 Im 16QAM b0 b1b2b3 Im 1111
01
11
00
10Re 0000
Re
64QAM b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5 Im
Re
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Channel BW
CHANNEL BW (Mhz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20 Nrb BW config= % of Nrb x 12 x15 Channel 1000 BW 6 15 25 50 75 100 BW Channel BW config R R R R R R R R R R R R R B B B B B B B B B B B B B
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1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18.0
77% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
Bandwidth (MHz) # of RBs
1.4
6
3
15
5
25
10
50
15
75
20
100
Subcarriers
72
180
300
600
900
1200
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Cyclic Prefix
In the time domain, a guard interval may be added to each symbol to combat
inter-OFDM-symbol-interference due to channel delay spread
The guard interval is a cyclic prefix which is inserted prior to each OFDM symbol
cyclic prefix
One sub Frame=1mS One Slot = 0.5ms
7 OFDM Symbols
7 OFDM Symbols All Data
The length of the cyclic prefix, CP is important. If it is not long enough then it will not counteract the multipath reflection delay spread. If it is too long, then it will reduce the data throughput capacity.
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Delay Spread
2
Normal For LTE, the standard length of the cyclic prefix has been chosen to be 4.69 s. This enables the system to accommodate path variations of up to 1.4 km. With the symbol length in LTE set to 66.7 s
1
3 Time Domain
Direct signal Reflection 1
Last Reflection
Guard Period
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Sampling Window
Cyclic Prefix
To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as guard time
One downlink slot consists of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols, depending on whether extended
or normal cyclic prefix is configured, respectively spread of the radio channel
The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with higher delay
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Each 1ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) consists of two slots (Tslot)
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OFDMA and Throughputs

To symbol rate of 1/15KHz = 66.7us Therefore 15 Kilosymbols per second
15kHz
For 20Mhz bandwidth (1200 carriers) symbol rate = 1200 x 15= 18Msps
Each symbol using 64 QAM (6 bits) Total peak rate = 18 Msps x 6 bits = 108Mbps Subtract overhead and coding and add gains (MIMO)
66.7us
Each symbol 2 bits(QPSK), 4 Bits (16 QAM) and 6 bits 64 QAM
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Downlink Reference Signal Structure

RSRP is applicable in both RRC_idle and RRC_connected modes
Downlink reference signal structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 1 antenna. Ref Signal TX1= 8 for 15Khz spacing
Downlink reference signal

PDSCH
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
RSRP is a RSSI type of measurement. It measures the average received power over the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within certain frequency bandwidth.
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Configuration of Carrier
Note that when multiple antennas are used for transmission, then
there is a resource grid for each one.
EUTRAN support 1, 2 or 4 antennas, called the antenna ports
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
Port 4 Port 3 Port 2
R0
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
Port 1
R0 R0
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Configuration of Carrier - 1 Antenna

Carrier 1 Overhead REF, Control, Broadcast, Syn
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
Downlink Reference Signal Structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 1 antenna. Ref Signal TX1 = 8 for 15Khz spacing
R0
R0
Specific pre-defined resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific reference signal sequence.
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Carrier 1
Overhead
REF, Control, Broadcast, Syn
R1
R0
R1
R0
Downlink Reference Signal Structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 2 antenna. Ref Signal TX2= 16 for 15Khz spacing
R0 R1
R1
R0 R1
R1
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R1
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Carrier 1
Overhead
REF, Control, Broadcast, Syn
Downlink Reference Signal Structure

R1 R0 R1 R2 R0
R0 R1
R2
R1
R0 R1 R2
R1
The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 2 antenna. Ref Signal TX3= 20 for 15Khz spacing
R0
R0
R0 R2
R1
R0
R1
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Carrier 1 Overhead REF, Control, Broadcast, Syn
R1
R3
R0
R1 R2
R0
R0
R2
R1
R0 R3 R1 R2
R1
R1 R3 R0
Downlink reference signal structure The downlink reference signal structure is important for channel estimation. The principle of the downlink reference signal structure for 2 antenna. Ref Signal TX3= 20 for 15Khz spacing
R0
R0 R2
R1
R0 R3
R1
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Type1-DL Frame
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FDD Frame Structures UL

Type1-FDD- Uplink
UL Control Channel PUCCH transmission in one subframe is compromised of single PRB at or near one edge of the system bandwidth followed by a second PRB at or near the opposite edge of the bandwidth PUCCH regions depends on the system bandwidth. Typical values are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 for 1.4, 3, 5, 10 and 20 MHz UL Signals(S-RS & DM RS) S-RS estimates the channel quality required for the UL frequency-selective scheduling and transmitted on 1 symbol in each subframe DM-RS is associated with the transmission of UL data on the PUSCH and\or control signalling on the PUCCH mainly used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation transmitted on 2 symbols in each subframe
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Type1- UL Frame
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RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)

In LTE network, a UE measures: RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)
RSRQ is defined as the ratio NRSRP / (E-UTRA carrier RSSI)
LTE_ACTIVE state RSRP is applicable RRC connected modes

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Frequency Band Considerations

Fifteen FDD band options and eight TDD band
The specific spectrum availability will depend on the country and region in
which the network will operate.
An operator may already have licensed spectrum available in which LTE
could be rolled out. This may be because an older legacy technology can be progressively switched off, or because they have spectrum that is currently unused operators will at least consider the possibility of refarming their existing licensed spectrum for LTE use. spectrum in which to operate LTE. Even when new spectrum is available, an operator will need to consider a number of configuration options.
Given the possible expense of purchasing new radio licences, most
In most cases, however, an operator will need to consider purchasing new
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Propagation (Path Loss) Models

A propagation model describes the average signal propagation, and it converts the maximum allowed propagation loss to the maximum cell range.
It depends on:
Environment : urban, rural, dense urban, suburban,

open, forest, sea
Frequency atmospheric conditions Indoor/outdoor

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Free Space Path Loss

For typical radio applications, it is common to find measured in
units of MHz and in km, in which case the FSPL equation becomes:
FSPL= 32.5 + 20 log10(d) + 20 log10(f)
dBm
Free-Space Path Loss (FSPL) is the loss in signal strength of an
electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-site path through free space, with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction.
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Free Space Path Loss Formula at 1800Mhz

Lo = 32.5 + 20 log(d) + 20 log(fMhz) dBm
What is the free space path loss at: 1800Mhz at 1Km
20 log (1) + 20logx1800 =0 +65 =32.5 + 65 dB =97.5

20 log (10) + 20log1800 =20 +65 =32.5+85dB =117.5

20 log (100) + 20log10x1800 =40 +65 =32.5+105dB =137
20dB different
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Free Space Path Loss Formula at 900Mhz:

Lo = 32.5 + 20 log10(d) + 20 log10(fMhz) dBm
20 log (1) + 20log x 900 =0 + 59 =32.5 + 59dB =91.5dB

20 log (10) + 20log x 900 =20 +59 =32.5+79dB =111.5dB

20 log (100) + 20log10x900 =40 +59 =32.5+99dB =131.5
20dB different
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Examples
20 log (1) + 20logx1800 =0 +65 =32.5 + 65 dB =97.5

20 log (10) + 20log1800 =20 +65

20 log (100) + 20log10x1800 =40 +65
=32.5+85dB
=117.5
=32.5+105dB
=137

20 log (1) + 20log x 900 =0 + 59 =32.5 + 59dB =91.5dB
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20 log (10) + 20log x 900 =20 +59 =32.5+79dB =111.5dB

20 log (100) + 20log10x900 =40 +59 =32.5+99dB =131.5

The frequency ranges covered by the
defined operating bands for LTE vary greatly and include bands based around 700 MHz up to bands around 2.6 GHz. to the number of sites required for network rollout.
The band makes a significant difference
11.4 dB difference in free space path

loss between 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz. 700 MHz
2.6 GHz
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At 700 MHz could be between three and four times larger than at 2.6 GHz.

700 MHz
In the U.S. this commercial spectrum is scheduled to be auctioned in
January 2008
This includes 62 MHz of spectrum broken into 4 blocks:

A (12 MHz) B (12 MHz) E (6 MHz unpaired) C (22 MHz) D (10 MHz)
These bands are highly prized chunks of spectrum and a tremendous
resource: the low frequency is efficient and will allow for a network that doesnt require a dense build out and provides better in-building penetration than higher frequency bands.
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Refarming GSM 900 MHz
900MHz offers improved building penetration and is particularly well suited to

supporting those regions that have a predominantly rural population.
The ongoing subscriber migration from GSM to UMTS taking place in over 150
countries worldwide is relieving pressure on the GSM900 networks and is starting to free up some spectrum capacity in that band.
Deploying LTE in 900MHz can also bring the additional cost and logistic
benefits of being able to deploy LTE at existing GSM sites as the coverage of GSM/LTE in 900MHz should be very similar. user throughputs, sector capacity and reduce user plane latency to deliver a significantly improved user experience. As such, the industry expects that Service Providers will wait to deploy LTE in the refarmed 900 MHz
Compared to HSDPA/HSDPA+, LTE is expected to substantially improve end-
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Frequency Planning
How much spectrum an operator may have access to. Historically, radio
licences for 20 MHz,either TDD or FDD, have been rare.
Much more common would be 1015 MHz. Additionally, it must be borne

in mind that in most implementations some form of frequency plan must be used. implement this as three 5 MHz channels.
For example, an operator with a licence for 15 MHz may need to

It is possible to implement LTE as an SFN (Single Frequency Network),
but the high level of interference at cell edges reduces the available bandwidth unless Interference Management Systems are used.
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Questions
50
Questions
1. What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a
bandwidth of 10Mhz to a sector and a UE is allocated all RB?
51
Questions
52
Questions
53
Questions
4. What is meant by Normal type1?
5. Compare band 13 to band 1?
6. What is meant by GSM re-farming?
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Session 02 Setting up a LTE Network in Asset
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Antenna Database
Antenna Information and Mask
56
Setting up a Propagation Model

Propagation models are mathematical attempts to model the real radio environment as closely as possible. Most propagation models need to be tuned (calibrated) by being compared to measured propagation data, otherwise you will not be able to obtain accurate coverage predictions.
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Std. Macrocell Propagation Model

Asset Standard Macrocell model
PL K1 K 2log (d ) K 3H ms
K 4logH ms
K 5logH eff
K 6log ( H eff )log (d ) K 7(diffraction loss) Clutter loss
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Recommended Starting Parameters

K values k1 for LOS k2 for LOS k1 (near) for LOS k2 (near) for LOS d < for LOS k1 for NLOS k2 for NLOS k1 (near) for NLOS k2 (near) for NLOS d < for NLOS k3 k4 k5 450 MHz 142.3 44.9 129.00 31.00 0.00 142.3 44.9 129.00 31.00 900 MHz 150.6 44.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 150.6 44.9 0.00 0.00 1800 MHz 160.9 44.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 160.9 44.9 0.00 0.00 2000 MHz 162.5 44.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 162.5 44.9 0.00 0.00 2500 MHz 164.1 44.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 164.1 44.9 0.00 0.00 3500 MHz 167 44.9 0.00 0.00 0.00 167 44.9 0.00 0.00
0.00
-2.22 -0.8 -11.70
0.00
-2.55 0.00 -13.82
0.00
-2.88 0.00 -13.82
0.00
-2.93 0.00 -13.82
0.00
-3.04 0.00 -13.82
0.00
-3.20 0.00 -13.82
k6
k7
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-4.30
0.4
-6.55
0.7
-6.55
0.8
-6.55
0.8
-6.55
0.8
-6.55
0.8
MME and SAE-GW Support

Asset support for hieratically higher LTE network elements
Mobility Management Entity (MME)

System Architecture Evolution Gate Way (SAE-GW) Support for Logical/Cellular Connections that allow
for the mesh-type parent-child relationships of the LTE Core.

eNodeB can be parented to both an SAEGW and
MME and can be parented to multiple SAEGWs and/or MMEs
60
MME and SAE-GW Support
61
LTE Frame Structures
62
LTE Frequency Bands
63
LTE Carriers
64
LTE Carriers
65
Interference Co-ordination Schemes

To minimize Intercell Interference following frequency reuse schemes are being considered Frequency Reuse-1 with Prioritization
Each sector divides the available bandwidth into prioritized (one third) and nonprioritized (two third) sections disregard of CE or CC. Prioritized spectrum is used more often than non-prioritized by each sector in order to concentrate the interference that it causes to other sectors
66
Interference Co-ordination Schemes

Soft Frequency Reuse
Power difference between the prioritized and non-prioritized spectrum which divides the sector into an inner and an outer region User in the inner region can be reached with reduced power, i.e. Cell Centre Users (CCU) than the users in the outer region i.e. Cell Edge Users (CEU) CCU are assigned frequency Reuse-1 while CEU employ Reuse-3 with soft reuse
67
Interference Coordination Schemes

Reuse Partitioning
Similar to Soft Frequency Reuse High-power part is divided between sectors so that each sector gets one third of the highpower spectrum Low-power part employs frequency Reuse-1 while high-power part is configured with a frequency Reuse-3 with hard reuse.
68
Interference Coordination Schemes
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MIMO - Transmit Diversity

Instead of increasing data rate or capacity, MIMO can be used to exploit diversity and increase the robustness of data transmission. Each transmit antenna transmits essentially the same stream of data, so the receiver gets replicas of the same signal.
010100
010100
T X
010100
R X
SU-MIMO
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MIMO - Spatial Multiplexing

Spatial multiplexing allows an increase in the peak rates by a factor of 2 or 4, depending on the eNodeB and the UE antenna configuration. Spatial multiplexing allows to transmit different streams of data, different reference symbols simultaneously on the same resource blocks
010 T X 100 R X
010100
SU-MIMO
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LTE Downlink Transmission Modes

LTE Rel 8 supports DLtransmission on 1, 2, or 4 antenna ports:
1, 2, or 4 cell-specific reference signals each reference signal corresponds to one antenna port
DL transmission modes are defined for PDSCH (Data\Traffic)

Single antenna (No MIMO)
Transmit diversity
Open loop Spatial multiplexing Closed loop spatial multiplexing Multi user MIMO SU-MIMO
Closed-loop precoding for Rank=1 (No spatial Mux, But precode)

Conventional beamforming UL MIMO Modes Transmit diversity
Receive Diversity
MU-MIMO
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SU-MIMO
This includes conventional techniques such as Cyclic Delay Diversity Transmit\Receive diversity (Space frequency block codes)
Spatial Multiplexing\ Precoded Spatial Multiplexing

Can be implemented as Open and Closed loop Diversity techniques improves the signal to interference ratio by transmitting same stream of single user data. Spatial multiplexing increases the per user data rate\throughput by transmitting multiple streams of data dedicated for a single user
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MU-MIMO
Multiple users (separated in the spatial domain in both UL and DL) sharing the same time-frequency resources Uses multiple narrow beams to separate users in the spatial domain and can be considered as a hybrid of beamforming and spatial multiplexing. Serves more terminals by scheduling multiple terminals using the same resources this increases the cell capacity and number of served terminals Suitable for highly loaded cells and for scenarios where number of served terminals is more important than peak user data rates
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Lookup Table for AAS
75
Templates for Sites

When planning a network, Instead of setting the parameter values on each node individually, you can define templates, then select one of these templates as a basis for adding new nodes. The new nodes will then contain the default characteristics of the template.
76
Adding Sites/Cells
You can add network elements by using the site
design toolbar in the Map View window and also by using the Site Database window. and modify network elements. Contact your administrator if you do not have the correct permissions
You need the correct privileges to be able to add
77
AAS Settings in Site DB
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LTE Parameters
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Scheduler
Scheduler Round Robin Description The aim of this Scheduler is to share the available/unused resources equally among the terminals (that are requesting RT services) in order to satisfy their RT-MBR demand. This is a recursive algorithm and continues to share resources equally among terminals, until all RTMBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate. The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources as fairly as possible in such a way that, on average, each terminal gets the highest possible throughput achievable under the channel conditions. This is a recursive algorithm. The available/unused resources are shared between the RT terminals in proportion to the bearer data rates of the terminals. Terminals with higher data rates get a larger share of the available resources. Each terminal gets either the resources it needs to satisfy its RTMBR demand, or its weighted portion of the available/unused resources, whichever is smaller. This recursive allocation process continues until all RT-MBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate. The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources in proportion to the RT-MBR demand, which means that terminals with higher RT-MBR demand achieve higher throughputs than terminals with lower RT-MBR demand. This is a non-recursive resource allocation process and results in either satisfying the RT-MBR demands of all terminals or the consumption of all of the available/unused resources. The aim of this Scheduler is to maximise the terminal throughput and in turn the average cell throughput. This is a non-recursive resource allocation process where terminals with higher bearer rates (and consequently higher SINR) are preferred over terminals with low bearer rates (and consequently lower SINR). This means that resources are allocated first to those terminals with better SINR/channel conditions than others, thereby maximising the throughput.
Proportional Fair
Proportional Demand
Max SINR
80
LTE Parameters
Load (%) 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Interference Margin (dB) 1 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.2
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Session 03 Predicting and Displaying Coverage
82
Predicting Coverage
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Best RSRP Coverage Example
84
Array Display Properties

To customise the arrays displayed in the Map View window, Use the Show Data Types button.
85
Coverage Reports/Statistics
Once coverage arrays have been created, you can generate coverage statistics.
86
Coverage Reports/Statistics
87
Array Manager
Array manager enable memory management on arrays and simulations. In addition, the Array Manager provides the ability to retrieve archived arrays, allowing for the benchmarking of statistical changes over time.
88
Session 04 Traffic Planning on a LTE Network
89
Default LTE Bearers

Bearers represent the air interface connections, performing the task of transporting voice and data information between cells and terminal types.
90
Channel Quality Indicator Tables

64 QAM 16 QAM QPSK
UE4 eNB UE5 UE2 UE1 UE3
Indicates a combination of modulation and coding scheme that the NodeB should use to ensure that the BLER experienced by the UE remains < 10%
CQI Modulation Efficiency Actual coding rate Required SINR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
0.1523 0.2344 0.3770 0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547
0.07618 0.11719 0.18848 308/1024 449/1024 602/1024 378/1024 490/1024 616/1024 466/1024 567/1024 666/1024 772/1024 873/1024 948/1024
-4.46 -3.75 -2.55 -1.15 1.75 3.65 5.2 6.1 7.55 10.85 11.55 12.75 14.55 18.15 19.25
91
LTE Services
The parameters that you specify will influence how the simulation behaves and will enable you to examine coverage and service quality for individual types of service.
92
LTE Services and QoS Parameters

Name VoIP Video Call Gaming Streaming Signalling E-mail Web browsing P2P File Sharing Chat QCI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Resourc e Type GBR GBR GBR GBR Non-GBR Non-GBR Non-GBR Non-GBR Non-GBR Priorit y 2 4 3 5 1 6 6 8 9 Packet Delay Budget 100 ms 150 ms 50 ms 300 ms 100 ms 300 ms 100 ms 300 ms 300 ms Packet Error Loss Rate 10-2 10-3 10-3 10-6 10-6 10-6 10-3 10-6 10-6 Example Services Conversational Voice Conversational Video (Live Streaming) Real Time Gaming Non-Convers.Video (Buff. Streaming) IMS Signalling Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-based (www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p sharing, Progressive video, etc.) Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming
93
Clutter Parameters
You can define different shadow fading standard deviations for outdoor terminals and indoor terminals per clutter type. If a building is in urban, it will encounter greater fading than in parkland. You can also specify different indoor losses for each clutter type.
94
Terminal Types
ASSET models traffic demand by generating traffic density maps for the different types of terminal. These density maps define the amount of traffic offered to the network by each type of terminal on a pixel-bypixel basis, corresponding to the available clutter map data resolutions. A Terminal Type in ASSET defines these key characteristics:
How much traffic will the terminal type generate in total? How will the traffic be spread geographically? What is the expected mobile speed distribution for this terminal
type?
Which service will the terminal type provide?* What are the mobile equipment characteristics?
95
LTE Terminal Types
96
LTE User Equipment Categories

Parameters Peak Data Rate (DL) Peak Data Rate (UL) Block Size (DL) Block Size (UL) Category 1 10 Mbps 5 Mbps 10296 5160 Category 2 50 Mbps 25 Mbps 51024 25456 Category 3 100 Mbps 50 Mbps 102048 51024 Category 4 150 Mbps 50 Mbps 149776 51024 Category 5 300 Mbps 75 Mbps 299552 75376
Max. Modulation (DL) Max. Modulation (UL) RF Bandwidth Transmit Diversity Receive Diversity Spatial Multiplexing (DL) Spatial Multiplexing (UL) MU-MIMO (DL) MU-MIMO (UL)
64QAM 16QAM 20 MHz 1-4 Tx Yes Optional No Optional Optional
64QAM 16QAM 20 MHz 1-4 Tx Yes 2X2 No Optional Optional
97
Traffic Rasters
Traffic Rasters are arrays that store the distribution of traffic over an area. They can be created either from the information in the Terminal Types or from imported Live Traffic values. The name of the created traffic raster will be the same as the name of the terminal type. The Traffic Rasters enables you to:
Obtain initial estimates of the equipment and configuration needed
for a nominal network. By visualising the array, you can then gain a good idea of where to locate your sites. mature network. Can verify site configuration is sufficient to match the traffic spread over the network.
Can assess how your network performs in terms of capacity for a
98
Creating Traffic Rasters
99
Traffic Rasters
100
Session 5 Simulating Network Performance
101
LTE Simulator Wizard
102
Simulation without Snapshots

If you run a simulation without running snapshots (static analysis) you must ensure that the cell loading parameters for the cells/sectors have been specified in the Site Database. The parameters are set on the Cell Load Levels subtab under LTE Params tab.
103
Simulator Outputs
ASSET provides ways of setting your own array definitions, so that you can specify exactly which arrays you want to be output when you use the Simulator. The easiest way is to use the Auto Setup option. This ensures that all the relevant array types and their parameter combinations are included in the simulation outputs for display and analysis.
You can also define your own customised collection of output array types from the Simulator. This enables you to specify array definitions to determine precisely which arrays you want to output and display, in any combination of parameters you choose. This method is probably only beneficial for advanced users.
104
Simulation Best RSRP
105
Street Coverage prediction analysis using the Vector Restriction feature

Best RSRP is calculated for whole 2D View Best RSRP is calculated to streets only
106
Simulation RSRQ
107
Simulation Cell Centre / Cell Edge
108
Simulation Achievable DL Bearer
109
Simulation DL RS SINR
110
Simulation DL Transmission Mode
111
Information about Simulated Terminals

The aim of this feature is to provide the user with a set of
arrays that show the locations of terminals generated by the simulation snapshots, and to show whether the terminals succeeded or failed to make a connection. The following arrays are provided for each terminal type used in the simulation.
Terminal Info: Failure Rate

Terminal Info: Failure Reason Terminal Info: Speed
The arrays are only available in simulations that run snapshots,
and where the user has checked the Allow Terminal Info Arrays box on the 2nd page of the simulation wizard.
112
Information about Simulated Terminals

Failure Reason array. 1 snapshot
Failure Reason array. 500 snapshots
113
Line-of-Sight array and improved MIMO Modelling
AIRCOM Enhanced Macrocell model (as well as some 3rd party prediction models complete list TBD) have the ability to produce line-of-sight (LOS) information for each predicted location, in addition to the existing pathloss value. Using LOS info in a simulation can be used to improve MIMO modelling. MIMO schemes rely on there being a low correlation between the signal paths to the receive elements of an antenna. Locations that have line-of-sight to an antenna are more likely to have high correlation between signal paths to the antenna. The LTE simulator supports 3 basic MIMO schemes: SU-MIMO Multiplexing, SU-MIMO Diversity, and MU-MIMO. A new page is added to the LTE simulation wizard, providing the user with the option of enabling/disabling these 3 MIMO schemes in LOS regions.
If a prediction model is used that does not generate LOS info, then the sim will treat pathlosses from that model as non-LOS.
114
Line-of-Sight array and improved MIMO Modelling
115
Pixel Analyser
The Pixel Analyser visualises detailed signal strength information that has been accumulated during a simulation.
116
Session 6 LTE Architecture
117
Flat Architecture
Traditional Architecture
GGSN
One Tunnel Architecture REL7

GGSN
LTE
SAE GW
IP Network
SAE /GW System Architecture Evolution
SGSN
SGSN
IP Network
RNC
RNC
MME
IP Network
MME - Mobility Management Entity
NODE B
NODE B
eNODEB
eNodeB - evolved Node B
Control plane User plane

118
LTE Network Architecture

HSS
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
S6a X2
MME
S7
Policy & Charging Rule Function

PCRF
S1-MME
S11 S1-U S5
IMS Serving Gateway PDN Gateway
LTE-Uu
119
Function of eNodeB
3GPP Release 8, the eNB supports the following functions:
Radio Resource Management Radio Bearer Control Scheduling (uplink and downlink ) Radio Admission Control Connection Mobility Control IP header compression and
encryption of user data stream Selection of an MME Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway paging messages
Each eNB will have Physical Cell Identity (PCI). There are 504 different PCIs in LTE. In addition, a globally unique cell identifier (GID)
120
Physical Cell Identity (PCI)

Non-unique. There are
504 different PCIs in LTE.
Mobile is required to
PCI PCI
measure the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) associated with a particular PCI.
detect and resolve local PCI conflicts.
It is important to
Send Report
121
EPS Bearer in LTE

The QoS model in EPS is mostly based on DiffServ concepts
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC) HSS
MME: Mobility Management Entity S6a MME S7 Policy & Charging Rule Function PCRF S11 S1-U LTE-Uu Serving Gateway PDN Gateway S5 IMS
X2 Evolved Node B (eNB)
S1-MME
LTE-UE
EPS Bearer
The QoS parameters associated to the bearer are: QCI, ARP, GBR and MBR
122
LTE Functional Elements - eNodeB

Scheduling
Dynamic resource allocation to UEs Transmission of Pages & broadcast information
Network Access Security (PDCP)

IP header compression Ciphering of user data stream
Radio Resource Management

Bearer & Admission control RF Measurement Reporting
EPC Network Selection

MME Selection at UE attachment User Plane routing to SAE-GW
eNB
eNodeB
Combines the functionality of the UMTS NodeB & RNC
123
LTE Functional Elements - MME

Mobility
MME Selection for Intra-LTE handovers SGSN Selection for 3GPP I-RAT Handover
UE Tracking and Reach-ability

Tracking Area List Management (idle or active)
EPC Access
Attachment & Service Request Security & Authentication
Bearer management
MME
Mobility Management Entity
Dedicated bearer establishment PDN GW & SAE-GW selection
Equivalent to the SGSN for the Control Plane
124
LTE Functional Elements S-GW

Local Mobility Anchor for Inter eNB handover I-RAT Mobility Anchor Function
3GPP 2G/3G Handover Optimized Handover Procedures (e.g. in LTE-CDMA)
Packet routing & forwarding between EPC & eUTRAN
Lawful Interception
S-GW
SAE Gateway
Equivalent to the SGSN for the User Plane
125
LTE Functional Elements P-GW

Charging support Policy enforcement (QoS) Lawful Interception
UE IP address allocation
P-GW
PDN Gateway
Mobility Anchor between 3GPP & non-3GPP access systems
Equivalent to the GGSN
126
Self Organising Networks (SON)

The scope of Release 8 of SON:
Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic
inventory software download Neighbour Relation Physical Cell ID (PCI) assignment
The next release of SON, as standardised in Release 9, will provide:
Coverage & Capacity Optimisation Mobility optimisation RACH optimisation Load Balancing optimisation
127
Release 8
Data Rate: Peak data rates target 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink) for 20 MHz spectrum allocation, assuming 2 receive antennas and 1 transmit antenna at the terminal
128
Release 8
Latency: The one-way transit time between a packet being
available at the IP layer in either the UE or radio access network and the availability of this packet at IP layer in the radio access network/UE shall be less than 5 ms times of less than 100 ms from camped state to active state
Also C-plane latency shall be reduced, e.g. to allow fast transition
129
Radio Resource Control (RRC)

C plane signalling u plane Data
RRC
NAS Protocol(s) (Attach/TA Update/)
Application Layer IP / TCP | UDP |
Managing RRC connection Mobility handling during RRC

PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
(E-)RRC (Radio Resource Control)
RLC (Radio Link Control)
connected mode Cell selection and re-selection Interpreting broadcast system information Managing radio bearers Measurement reporting and control Ciphering control
Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB)
Logical Channel
Radio bearers are used only to carry

the RRC and NAS messages
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Transport Channels FDD | TDD - Layer 1 ( DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA )
SRBs are divided into 3 types: 1. Signalling Radio Bearer 0: SRB0 2. Signalling Radio Bearer 1: SRB1 3. Signalling Radio Bearer 3: SRB3
130

Admission Control
Logical Channel
Admission Control
131

The purpose of this procedure: Establish/ Modify/ Release RBs Perform Handover Configure /modify measurements
Logical Channel
132

Logical Channel
The purpose of this procedure: To re-establish the RRC connection A UE in CONNECTED state in order to continue the RRC connection This succeeds only if a valid context exists
133

The purpose of this procedure:
To activate security after the RRC

connection establishment, using SRB1
Logical Channel
134

The purpose of this procedure is the release of:
Logical Channel
SRB EPS Bearers ALL Radio resources
135

SIBs
The purpose of this procedure:
To transmit paging information to

UE in RRC IDLE State
Logical Channel
To inform UE in RRC IDLE about

system information change
136
Signalling Radio Bearer

Logical channels
DTCH
DCCH
CCCH
BCCH
Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB) are defined as Radio bearers that are used only to transmit RRC and NAS
Signalling Radio Bearer 0:

Transport channels DL-SCH
SRB0: RRC message using CCCH logical channel. SRB1: is for transmitting NAS messages over DCCH logical channel. SRB2: is for high priority RRC messages. Transmitted over DCCH logical channel
Physical channels PDSCH
137
Field Results from LTE Trial

Objective: The purpose of the test is to validate that the EPS is able to pass ICMP packets to/from a test server under unloaded and loaded conditions using a 5 MHz x 5 MHz FDD channel bandwidth
Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT (ms) (ms) (ms) PING NOLOAD PING LOAD 18 168 15 15 16.25 20.71
PING Req 104 109
PING Res 99 104
PING Loss 5 5
Success Rate 95.2% 95.2%
138
What Tests Need to be Done?

Latency from UE to
RTT vs Payload Size
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Server using a 5 MHz x 5 MHz FDD channel bandwidth
RTT (ms)
EXC RTT GOOD RTT POOR RTT
32 B 26.9 28.5 28.1
64 B 30.2 35.6 35.2
256 B 41.0 35.7 51.5
512 B 38.2 43.0 59.4
1024 B 41.1 43.1 155.1
139
Air Interface Rel99

CELL URA
CELL SELECTION
CELLPCH
CELL SELECTION
CELL DCH QoS
CELL FACH NO QoS

CELL SELECTION
IDLE
CELL SELECTION
140
UE States LTE
RRC CONNECTED
Handover
RRC IDLE
CELL SELECTION
This will reduce Latency
Question: Will there be more handovers with LTE?

141
LTE Devices UE Categories
142
3G Services and QoS Classes

RT
Telephony Video Telephony
Each application is
Radio Tuner
Streaming Video
different in nature Some are high delay
Web Browsing
Location Services Computer Games
E-mail
Server Backups
Videotelephony Streaming video
Streaming music
NRT Casual Critical
INTEGRITY
Telephony
UMTS
File downloading
Web browsing
Calendar synchronisation
Teleshopping
Mail downloading
Teleworking
143
Quality of Service
Traffic Class Maximum Bit Rate Delivery Order Maximum SDU Size SDU Format Information SDU Error Ratio Residual Bit Error Ratio Delivery of Erroneous SDUs Transfer Delay Guaranteed Bit Rate Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X X X X
X
X X X X X
X
X X X X
X
X X X X
Traffic Handling Priority

Allocation/Retention Priority
X X X
144
Services/Applications
Traffic Class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
Speech
Video Call
X
X
Streaming Video Streaming Audio

Web Browsing Email Email (Background) VoIP Gaming Presence
X X X
X X X X X
145
LTE Quality of Service
146
LTE QoS
Allocation and Retention
Priority (ARP): Within each QoS class there are different allocation and retention priorities to decide whether a bearer establishment / modification request can be accepted or needs to be rejected in case of resource limitations (typically available radio capacity in case of GBR bearers)
The primary purpose of ARP is
In addition, the ARP can be used (e.g. by the eNodeB) to decide which bearer(s) to drop during exceptional resource limitations (e.g. at handover)
147
Questions
1. Give a example of layer 4 protocol? 2. Give a example of layer 3 protocol? 3. What is the function of ARP? 4. What does QCI 1 mean?
148
Questions
5. How has Latency been reduced in LTE? 6. What is meant by 4x2?
7. What is meant by GSM re-farming?

8. What is a PCI? 9. Give some of the functions of SON for Rel8?
10. What is EPS Bearer?
149
Session 7 LTE Mobility Management
150
Air Interface Rel99 / Rel 4

CELL URA
CELLPCH
CELL DCH QoS
CELL FACH NO QoS
IDLE
151
LTE Always On
In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly be
restricted to city and hot spot areas.
MORE HOs than Rel99

Cell DCH Connected
Handover
LTE Connected
Handover
GSM Connected
Cell FACH Connection Establishment/Release
GPRS Packet Transfer

Connection Establishment/Release Connection Establishment/Release
Cell URA Cell PCH

Reselection
IDLE
LTE _IDLE
GSM/GPRS IDLE
152
UE Power-up
UE Power up DL Syn and Physical Channel ID
Acquire another LTE Cell
Find MIB System BW MCC +MNC SIBs supported
PLMN ID matches
PCFICH ProcessingKnows the set up of PDCCH
Retrieval of SIBs Cell Selection Parameters
Cell Barred Cell Selection Successful

153
After Attach Defaulf Bearer/IP adress
Yes
Pre-amble / Attach
Cell Selection
After a UE has selected a PLMN, it performs cell selection in other
words, it searches for a suitable cell on which to camp information that is broadcast
While camping on the chosen cell, the UE acquires the system Subsequently, the UE registers its presence in the tracking area,
after which it can receive paging information which is used to notify UEs of incoming calls
eNB
When camped on a cell, the UE regularly verifies if there is a better cell; this is known as performing cell reselection.
154
EPS Mobility Management

Evolved Packet Core (EPC) EPS Mobility Management 2 states: EMM-DEREGISTERED EMM-REGISTERED
HSS
S6a
X2
S1-MME
MME
S7
PCRF
S11 S1-U
S5
Serving Gateway PDN Gateway
Internet
LTE-Uu
155
EPS Mobility Management - 2 States

EMM-DEREGISTERED:
In this state the MME holds no valid location

information about the UE
MME
Successful Attach and Tracking Area Update
(TAU) procedures lead to transition to EMMREGISTERED
EMM-REGISTERED:
In this state the MME holds location
information for the UE at least to the accuracy of a tracking area responds to paging messages and performs the service request procedure if there is uplink data to be sent
MME
In this state the UE performs TAU procedures,
156
Tracking Area Update IDLE

LTE Non Access Stratum (NAS) The LTE NAS protocol software enables communication with the MME in the LTE core network and handles functions of mobility
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code Tracking Area Tracking Area
s6a
Home
HSS
NAS: Tracking Area update
MME
157
Tracking Area Update IDLE

Tracking areas are allowed to overlap: one cell can belong to multiple tracking areas
TAI1 TAI1-2 TAI1 TAI1-2 TAI1 TAI2 TAI2
TAI2
TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI3 TAI3 TAI3 TAI3
158
NAS: Tracking Area update
MME
LTE Functional Nodes - Management Entity (MME)

Tracking Area Update Request S-TMSI/IMSI, PDN address allocation Tracking Area Update Accept
S1-MME (Control Plane)
MME
Tracking Area Update Complete
NAS Protocols
S1-AP SCTP IP
eNB
L1/L2 S1-U (User Plane)

User PDUs
Tracking area (TA) is similar to
Location/routing area in 2G/3G
Tracking Area Identity MCC (Mobile Country Code) MNC (Mobile Network Code) TAC (Tracking Area Code)
159
GTP-U
UDP
IP L1/L2
Serving Gateway
Globally Unique Temporary ID

Globally Unique Temporary ID GUMMEI MCC + MNC + MMEI
M-TMSI
The Globally Unique MME Identifier (GUMMEI) is constructed from the

MCC, MNC and MME Identifier (MMEI).
Within the MME, the mobile is identified by the M-TMSI.
MME
MME
MME POOLING
160
Context Request
Context Request
A context request includes
old GUTI, complete TAU request, P-TMSI, MME address etc. Basically this message is sent by new MME to old MME to inquire about UE's authenticity, the bearers created if any etc.
Context Response
Context response include
IMSI, EPS bearers context, SGW address and etc.
Create Session Request/Response: If there was no change in SGW there will not be this message.
161
RRC States Idle OR Connected

In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly be restricted to city and hot spot areas.
Handover
Handover GSM Connected
Cell DCH Connected
LTE Connected
Connection Cell Establishment/ Release
GPRS Packet Transfer FACH

Connection Establishment/Release
Cell URA Cell PCH
Connection Establishment/Release
IDLE
LTE _IDLE
Cell Selection /Reselection
GSM/GPRS IDLE
162
RRC IDLE
Logical channels
BCCH
MIB
BCH DL-SCH
Transport channels
Physical channels
PBCH PDSCH
20Mhz BW
MIB BW = 1.08Mhz
163
Physical Cell Identity (PCI)

The UE moving towards a new cell and identifies the Physical Cell Identity (PCI) based on the Synchronisation signals
Physical Cell Identity (PCI) = 504
P-SCH
S-SCH
P-SCH: for cell search and

identification by the UE -Carries part of the cell ID (one of 3 orthogonal sequences)
S-SCH: for cell search and

identification by the UE Carries the remainder of the cell ID (one of 168 binary sequences)
164
Cell Reselection:
PCI
Measurement criteria
Qrxlevmin SIB1
PCI
PCI
PCI
Measured neighbours
S criteria Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset)-P Compensation R criteria neighboring cell was ranked with the highest value R
Suitable neighbours
P Compensation = max(Pamax-PbMax)
Best ranked cell
Re-selection if not serving cell

165
LTE_ACTIVE IDLE (Cell Selection)

LTE_ACTIVE idle
RRC Idle Cell Selection done by UE Base on UE Measurements
For a cell to be suitable: S rx level>0 Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset)
Q rxlevmeas RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
Reference signals are transmitted in ALL radio blocks
166
LTE_ACTIVE IDLE (Cell Selection)

For a cell to be suitable: S rx level>0 Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset) Srx = -100 (-80) = -20 (Will not do cell selection)
Q qrxlevmin =-80dBm
Q rxlevmeas
167
Q rxlevmeas=-100dBm Will not do cell selection
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)

Cell Reselection: R-Criterion

PCI
Measurement criteria
PCI
PCI
PCI
Measured neighbours
S criteria
Suitable neighbours
R criteria
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts cell)
Best ranked cell
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
for candidate neighbouring cells for cell reselection
168
Cell Reselection: R-Criterion

Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts (for the serving cell)
Rn > Rs =>cell reselection
Qmeas,n
RSRP (dBM)
Rn
Qmeas,s Qhysts
Rs Qoffsets,n
Treselection the time interval value Treselection, whose value ranges between 0 and 31 seconds
169
Measurement Rules
Measurement rules Which frequencies/ RATs to measure: high priority high priority + intra-frequency
In RRC_IDLE, cell re-selection between frequencies is based on
absolute priorities, where each frequency has an associated priority. Cell-specific default values of the priorities are provided via system information.
E-UTRAN may assign UE-specific values upon connection release. In case equal priorities are assigned to multiple cells, the cells are
ranked based on radio link quality.
170
Handover RRC Connected
171
Handover RRC Connected

In RRC_CONNECTED, the E-UTRAN decides to which cell a UE should hand over in order to maintain the radio link. In LTE the UE always connects to a single cell only in other words, the switching of a UEs connection from a source cell to a target cell is a hard handover.
172
Measurement Report Triggering

For LTE, the following event-triggered reporting criteria are specified:
Source eNodeB
DCCH: RRC Measurement Control
Event A1. Serving cell becomes

better than absolute threshold worse than absolute threshold

Event A3. Neighbour cell becomes Event A4. Neighbour cell becomes
better than an offset relative to the serving cell better than absolute threshold
DCCH: RRC Measurement Report
worse than one absolute threshold and neighbour cell becomes better than another absolute threshold
173
Measurement Report Triggering

For inter-RAT mobility, the following event-triggered reporting criteria are specified:
Source eNodeB
DCCH: RRC Measurement Control
Event B1. Neighbour cell
becomes better than absolute threshold worse than one absolute threshold and neighbour cell becomes better than another absolute threshold
Event B2. Serving cell becomes

174
LTE Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)

The RSRQ is defined as the ratio:
N RSRP/(LTE carrier RSSI)

where N is the number of Resource Blocks (RBs) of the LTE
carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth.
The measurements in the numerator and denominator are

made over the same set of resource blocks.
While RSRP is an indicator of the wanted signal strength,
RSRQ additionally takes the interference level into account due to the inclusion of RSSI.
175
User Plane Switching in Handover
RLC
RLC X2
Connection
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
176
Handover Timings
Source cell
1 2 3
1. UE identifies the target

cell
2. Reporting range fulfilled 3. After UE has averaged the

measurement, it sends measurement report to source eNodeB handover command to the UE
Target cell
4. Source eNodeB sends
Event A3. Neighbour cell becomes better than an offset relative to the serving cell
177
Handover
The event detected and reported is the event A3 within 3GPP LTE
Source eNodeB DCCH: RRC Measurement Control
Target eNodeB DCCH: RRC Measurement Report Handover Decision
X2: Handover Request
The UE makes periodic measurements of RSRP and RSRQ based

Admission Control
X2: Handover Request Ack HO Command

178
Handover
Source eNode B HO Command Forward Packets to target Target eNode B
Buffer Packets
179
Handover - Buffer Forwarding

Source eNodeB
HO Command
Target eNodeB
MME
SAE
Forward Packets to target Buffer Packets
Switch path Request
User Plane UpdateRequest
Switch DL path
Switch path Ack
User Plane ACK
180
Handover
Source eNodeB
In LTE, data buffering in the DL occurs at the eNB because the RLC protocol terminates at the eNB.
DCCH: RRC Measurement Configuration
Therefore, mechanisms to avoid data loss during inter- eNB handovers is all the more necessary when compared to the UMTS architecture where data buffering occurs at the centralised Radio Network Controller (RNC) and inter-RNC handovers are less frequent.
Handover Decision
X2: Handover Request Ack DCCH: RRC Connection Reconfiguration Target eNodeB
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete message.
181
Handover
Connected Mode Mobility In LTE_ACTIVE, when a UE moves between two LTE cells
User Plane TCP/UDP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY Control NAS RRC RLC MAC PHY
Serving Gateway
MME
DATA
GTP -C UDP IP L2 Ethernet
GTP -C UDP
GTP -U UDP IP L2 Ethernet
NAS S1AP SCTP IP L2 (Ethernet)
Control NAS RRC RLC MAC PHY
IP
L2 Ethernet L1-SDH
NAS S1AP SCTP IP

L2 (Ethernet)
L1-SDH
L1-SDH
DIRECTION S1- Control MME
182
Questions
1. Define the following: a) Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)
b) E-UTRA RSSI
c) Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP),
183
Questions
2. What is a PCI and how many are there?
184
Questions
4. What is the difference between PCI and global cell ID?
185
Questions
5. The total number of handovers are likely to be higher
in LTE than in UMTS. Why?
186
Thank you
187

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Section 1: LTE Air-Interface

Instructor Ishan Marwah

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Where are we?

Enhancements to LTE were frozen in to release 9 in December 2009

One Tunnel Architecture REL7

SAE /GW System Architecture Evolution

MME - Mobility Management Entity

eNodeB - evolved Node B

Control plane User plane

LTE Network Architecture

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

MME: Mobility Management Entity

Policy & Charging Rule Function

Evolved Node B (eNB) LTE-UE

IMS Serving Gateway PDN Gateway

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Release 8 LTE New Air interface

75 Mbit/s per 20 MHz of spectrum

The Physical Layer - OFDM and OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Each user is assigned a specific frequency resource

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

Each user is assigned a specific timefrequency resource

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Advanced Antenna Techniques

There are two types of LTE frame structure:

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

One half- frame Thf = 5 ms

The special subframes consist of the three fields:

S denotes the special subframe The special subframes consist of the

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Flexible Carrier Bandwidths

Supported LTE modes Frequency Division

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

E-UTRA Bands and Channel Bandwidths

The RF bandwidth supporting a

Channel bandwidth is measured in MHz

Others restrict operations in the wider

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

4. FDD LTE allows for easier planning than TDD LTE

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

15Khz Spacing saving bandwidth. 12 carriers for 0.5ms LTE

16QAM b0 b1b2b3 Im 1111

7.5Khz Spacing saving bandwidth. 24 subcarriers for 0.5 ms.

Slot Structure and Physical Resources

One slot = 0.5mS 6 or 7 OFDM symbols

12x 7 = 84 OFDM symbols

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Slot Structure and Physical Resources

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18.0

77% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%

Slot Structure and Physical Resources

Bandwidth (MHz) # of RBs

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7 OFDM Symbols All Data

Direct signal Reflection 1

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

2012 AIRCOM International Ltd

Slot Structure and Physical Resources