Signal & System

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY
EDAPALAYAM, REDHILLS, CHENNAI-52.
CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
SIGNAL & SYSTEMS

1. Define terms signal and system? Ans. A signal may be defined as a physical quantity which varies with time, space or any independent variable Example voltage, current A system may be defined as a combination of devices and networks or subsystem chosen to do a desired action Example Electrical N/W, mechanical system 2. Write the major classification of signals Ans. There are various types of signals Every signal is having its own characteristic The processing of signal mainly depends on the characteristics of that particular signal So classification of signal is necessary Broadly the signal are classified as follows 1 Continuous and discrete time signals 2. Continuous valued and discrete valued signals. 3. Periodic and non periodic signals. 4 Even and odd signals 5. Energy and power signals: 6 Deterministic and random signals 7. Multichannel and multidimensional signals. 3. What are energy and power signals? Ans. The energy E of a signal x(n) is defined as
The energy of a signal can be finite or infinite. If E is finite is called an energy signal.
then x(n)
Many signals that posses infinite energy, have a finite average power. The average power of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as
If E is finite, P = 0. On the other hand, If E is infinite, the average power may be either finite or infinite. If P is finite (and non zero), the signal is called a power signal.
R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 4. Differentiate between linear-Nonlinear system. Ans. A system is called linear, if superposition principle applies to that system. This means that linear system may be defined as one whose response to the sum of the weighted inputs is same as the sum of the weighted responses. Let us consider two systems defined as follows.
Here x1(t) is the input or excitation and y1(t) is its output or response and
Here x2 (t) is the input or excitation and y2(t) is its output or response Then for a linear system
Where a1 and a2 are constants. Linearity property for both continuous time and discrete time systems may be written as for continuous time system
For discrete time system For any non-linear system, the principle of super-position does not hold true and equations (3) and (4) are not satisfied. Few examples of linear system are filters, communication channels etc. 5. Define periodic and non periodic signals Give an example in each case. Ans A periodic signal repeats after fixed period But non-periodic signal never repeats Periodic signal like x(t) sin wt and Non periodic signal like periodic, if its frequency can be expressed as a ratio of two integers i.e. A discrete time signal is
Here k and N are integer and N is the period of discrete time signal 6. Define a discrete time unit sequence functions

Ans. A discrete time unit signal is denoted by U(n) Its value is unity for all positive values of n. That means its value is one for n 0. While for other values of n, its value is zero.
In form of sequence it can be written as
Graphically it is represented as shown below
7. Define a discrete time unit ramp function. Ans. A discrete time unit ramp function is denoted as Ur (n) and it is defined as
Figure below shows the graphical representation of a discrete unit ramp function.

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 8. Define transfer function of a system. Ans. A system may be defined as a set of elements or functional blocks which are connected together and produces an output in response to an input signal. The response of the system depends upon transfer function of the system. Mathematically it is defined by
Where x(t) is input or excitation y(t) is 0/P or response h(t) is transfer function of the system. 9. State the necessary and sufficient condition for stability of LTI systems Ans. LTI system is stable if its impulse response is absolutely summable i e
Here h(k)= h(n) is the impulse response of LTI system Thus equation (1) give the condition of stability in terms of impulse response of the system. Now the stability factor is denoted by s.
10. Show that for LTI discrete-time system to stable, all the poles should lie within the unit circle Ans. Stability Criteria for a Discrete-Time LTI Systems : The stability of discrete- time LTI system is equivalent to its impulse response h(n) being absolutely summable, i.e.

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING In this case the DTFT of h(n) converges and the ROC of transfer function H(z) must include the unit circle (z) =1 A discrete-time LTI system is stable if and only if the ROC of its transfer function H(z) includes the unit circle z = 1 However it is perfectly possible for a system to be stable but not causal For causal systems, stability can easily be checked by examining the locations of poles in transfer function H(z) For a causal discrete-time LTI system with rational transfer function H(z), the ROC is outside the outmost pole. A causal discrete time LTI system with rational transfer function H(z) is stable if and only if all of the poles of H(z) lie inside the unitcircle IzI =1. For example Check the stability of the causal discrete-time LTI system with transfer function as under:
Note that the given transfer function
has a pole at z A. Now, this system will be stable if its pole is inside the unit circle. Iz = 1, i.e., A <1. Determine of Impulse Response h (n): We know that
If h(n) is absolutely summable for I A I <1, then the system is stable.

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 11. Find the even and odd parts of the function g[n] = U [n] - U[n -4]. Ans.
The calculations of even and odd parts are shown in fig below
12. Define LTI system Ans. If a system has both the linearity and time in varience properties, then the system is called as linear time m varient (LTI) system

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 13. What are the conditions for the region of convergence of a causal LTI system? Ans. A discrete time LTI system is causal if and only if the ROC of its transfer function is the extension of a circle, in including infinite A discrete time LTI systems which has a rational transfer function H(z) will be causal if and only if. (z) The ROC is the extension of a circle outside the outermost pole and (ii) Units H(z) expressed as a ratio of polynomials in z, the order of the numerator should be smaller than order of denominator. State sampling theorem. A continuous time signal x(t) can be completely respresented in its sampled form and recoverd back from the sample form if the sampling frequency
where W is the maximum frequency of the continuous time signal x(t) 14. Show that h (n) is equal to the convolution of the following signals.
Ans.

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 14. Convolve {1,3,1) and (1,2,2,). Ans.
y (n) is output of the convolution. 15. Compute convolution of y (n) of the signals.


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16. What is the difference between stable astable system? Ans.
17. Differentiate time variant from time invariant system. A system is called time invariant if its input output characteristics do not change with time. For all possible values of k, the systems is the invariant on the other hand
Even for one value of k, the system is time variant.
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18. What are symmetric and asymmetric signals? Ans. An even signal is that type of signal which exhibits symmetry in the time domain This type of signal is identical about the origin Mathematically, an even signal must satisfy the following condition. For a continuous-time signal, x (t) = x ( t) For a discrete-time signal, x (n) x ( n) Figure shows continuous-time and discrete-time even signals. Similarly, an odd signal is that type of signal which exhibits anti-symmetry. This type of signal is not identical about the origin Actually, the signal is identical to its negative Mathematically, an odd signal must satisfy the following condition
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 19. What is the frequency response of a discrete LTI system? Derive the frequency response of a system whose impulse response is given by h(n) = a u(n 1) for (a) <1. Ans. The frequency response of a linear time invariant discrete time system can be obtained by applying a spectrum of the input sinusoids to the system. The frequency response gives the gain and phase response of the system to the input sinusoids at all frequencies. Let us consider, the impulse response of an LTI discrete time system is h(n) and the input x(n) to the system is complex exponential e1u. The output of the system y(n) can be Given
20. Determine the output y(n) of linear time invariant system units impulse response, when the input is a unit step sequence x(n) = U(n). Ans. In this case both h(n) and x (n) are infinite duration sequences. We use the form of the convolution formula
x(2k) h(k) are also illustrated in Fig.
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21. Let an LTI system be characterized by the difference equation y(n) = x(n) + ax (n -1) Ans. LTI systems are characterised by input output relations called as difference equation with constant co-efficients. A recursive system shown in fig below
The
equation
Of
output
is
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(1) The first term y(l) is called initial condition of the system. (2) The second term is the response of system to the input x(n). Now depending upon initial conditions, two types of responses are obtained. 1. Zero state response or forced response : If initial condition y(1) of system is zero then the response of the system to the input signal is called is zero state response. it is denoted by yzs (n).
2.Zero input response or natural response: Input is not applied to the system and initial condition . Thus this kind of output without applying input x(n) is called
zero input response or natural response. It is denoted by yzi
Equation (1) is basically a linear constant co-efficient difference equation. The general form of this equation can be expressed as
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Here ak and bk are constant co-efficients. N is the order of difference equation. That means N represents the order of system. 22. Find the signal energy of the signal x(t) = U(t) U(10 t)? Ans. Energy of input sequence x(t) is given by
23. Define convolution theorem as applied to discrete time signals. Find the inverse z-transform of using convolution theorem.
Ans. Like convolution integral for continuous time LTI systems, the convolution of two discrete time signals is called discrete convolution. This is used to find the response of a discrete time LTI system with impulse response h(n) for any arbitrary input x(n).
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Let us consider that a discrete time input signal x(n) is applied to a discrete time LTI system with unit impulse response h(n). Then the discrete time output signal y(n) of this system may be expressed as
The above expression for discrete time output signal y(n) is called the convolution sum as against the convolution integral for continuous time LTI systm. These equation (1) may be expressed as
This equation indicates that the output y(n) is the convolution of the discrete time input signal x(n) and discrete time unit impulse response h(n). The convolution process can be summarised into the following steps. 1. Choose an initial value of n the starting time for evoluting the output sequence y(n). If x(n) starts at n = n1 and h(n) starts at n n2 then n = n1 + n2 is good choice. Then express both sequence in terms of the index k. 2. Folding: Fold the Iz(k) about the origin and obtain h(-k). 3. Time shifting: shift the h(k) by n unit to right if n is positive and left if n is ye to obtain h[-. (k n)] = h(n k). 4. Multiplication: Multiply x(k) by h(n - k) to obtain 5. Summation: Sum all the values of the product w(k) to obtain the value of 0/p y(n). 6. Increment the index n, shift the sequence h(n k) to right by one sample and do step 4. 7. Repeat step 6 until the sum of product is zero all remaining values of n.
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24. What are the various realization techniques of linear time invariant systems? Mention. Ans. The linear time invariant system is described by the difference equation of form.
Here ak and bk are constants with a0 = 1. The methods of realizing digital systems can be divided into the two classes namely recursive and non-recursive. For the linear time invariant system the non recursive realization has the form
The current output sample y(n) is a function of past output and present and past inputs samples. For the LTI system the recursive realization has the form of
First order system block diagram representation. let us consider a first order system given by
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Which is realised as in fig. below. The term y(n 1) is obtained as the output of delay element with y(n) as input, x (n 1) is obtained as the output of delayed element with x(n) as input. This realization uses separate delay for both input and output signal samples. This structure is called as direct form I structure. This systeth can be viewed as two LTI systems in cascade.
The first is non-recursive system described by
and second is recursive system described by
The block diagram of Fig.(a) can be rearranged or modified in a variety of ways without changing the overall system function. From this figure we obtain two different equations.
The difference equation (8) and (9) are equivalent to single difference e(5) Fig. (b) reveals that the two elements contain the same input o(n) and hence the same output w(n -1). Therefore, these two elements can be merged into one delay as shown in
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Fig. (c). In comparison to direct form I realization, the new realization required only one delay for co (n), therefore it is more efficient in term of memory requirements. The realization of Fig. (c) is called as Direct form II structures. 25. Determine the power and energy of the unit step sequence. Ans. The average power of the unit step signal is
Consequently, the unit step sequence is a power signal. Its energy is infinite. 26. Sketch the block diagram representation of the discrete time system described by the input-output relation.
where x(n) is the input and y (n) is the output of the system. Ans. According to the question, the output y(n) is obtained by multiplying the input x(n) by 0.5, multiplying the previous input x(n -1) by 0.5, adding the two products and then adding the previous output y(n -1) multiplied by 1/4. Figure below illustrates this block diagram realization of the system. A simple rearrangement of equation is
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 27. Determine if the system y(n) = x( n) is time variant or time invariant. Ans. The system is described the input output relation The response of the system to x (n k) is Now if we delay the output y (n), by k units in time, the result will be
Since
the system is time variant.
28. Determine if the system described by the following input-output equation are linear or nonlinear i.e. Ans. For two input sequences x1(n) and x2(n), the corresponding outputs are
The output of the system to a linear combination of x1(n) and x2(n) is
Finally a linear combination of the two outputs By comparing (i) with (ii), we can conclude that the system is linear. 29. Determine the system y(n) = x (2n) is causal or non causal system. Ans. y(n) = x(2n)
For output, need of advance value of I/P, so y(n) is non-causal system.
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 30. Consider the special case of a finite duration sequence given as:
Resolve the sequence x(n) into a sum of weighted impulse sequences. Ans. Sequence x(n) is non-zero for the time instants n = - 1,0,2, we need three impulses at delay k = 1, 0 ,2
31. Determine the impulse response for the cascade of two linear time invariant systems having impulse responses.
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 32. that Ans. A system is causal if the response or output does not begin before the input function is applied. This means that if input is applied at t=t0 then for. Differentiate between a causal and non causal system. Show
causal system, output will depend on values of input A causal system is non-anticipatory. The response or output of the causal system to an input does not depend on future values of that input, but depends only on the present or past values of the input. Causal systems are physically realizable. On the other hand if the response of the system to an input depends on the future values of that input, then the system is non- causal or anticipatory. Non-causal systems cannot be implemented practically. This means that there is no system possible practically which can produce its output before input is applied.
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GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

EDAPALAYAM, REDHILLS, CHENNAI-52.

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

SIGNAL & SYSTEMS

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

In form of sequence it can be written as

Graphically it is represented as shown below

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

Note that the given transfer function

If h(n) is absolutely summable for I A I <1, then the system is stable.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 14. Convolve {1,3,1) and (1,2,2,). Ans.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

16. What is the difference between stable astable system? Ans.

Even for one value of k, the system is time variant.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

x(2k) h(k) are also illustrated in Fig.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

zero input response or natural response. It is denoted by yzi

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

The first is non-recursive system described by

and second is recursive system described by

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

Signal & System

Signal & System