Z Transform

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY
EDAPALAYAM, REDHILLS, CHENNAI-52.
CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Z -TRANSORM
1. Define z-transform of a discrete time signal. Ans. The Z-transform of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as the power series
where z is a complex variable. The Z-transform of a signal x(n) is denoted by
whereas the relationship between x(n) and X(z) is indicated by
The z-transform is a infinite power series, it exists only for those values of z for which this series converges. The region of convergence (ROC) of X(z) is the set of all s values ofz for which X(z) attains a finite value. Thus any time we cite a z-transform. We should also indicate its ROC. 2. What is Region of convergence? Ans. The z-transform is an infinite power series, it exists only for those values of z for which the series converges. The region of convergence (ROC) of X (z) is set of all values of z for which X (z) attains a finite value. The ROC of a finite duration signal is the entire zplane, except possibly the point
n
. These points are excluded because z-
(when n > 0) becomes unbounded for z = and zn (when n > 0) becomes unbounded for z =
0. 3. List various properties of z-transform. Ans. The various properties of z-transform are given below. 1. Linearity
2. Shifting:
3. Multiplication (by nm). [or differentiation in z-domain]
R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

4. Scaling in z-domain: [Multiplication by an ] 5.Time Reversal:
6. Conjugation: 7. Convolution:
8. Initial value:
9. Final value:
10. Correlation of two sequence.
11. Parsevals theorem:
where the contour of integration must be overlap of the regions of convergence of

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 4. What is the relationship between Z transform and the Discrete Fourier transform? Ans. Let us consider a sequence x(n) having z-transforrn with ROC that includes the
unit circle. If X(z) is sampled at the N equally spaced points on the unit circle. If X(z) is sampled at N equally spaced pomts on the unit circle.
We obtain
Expression is (2) identical to the Fourier transform X(w) evaluated at the N. equally spaced. Frequencies
If the sequence x(n) has a finite duration of length N or less, the sequence can be recovered from its N-point DFT. Hence its Z-transform is uniquely determined by its N-point DFI. Consequently, X(z) can be expressed as a function of the DFT {X(k)} as follows
When evaluated on the unit circle (3) yields the Fourier transform of the finite duration sequence in terms of its DFT in the form:

This expression for Fourier transform is a polynomial interpolation formula for X(w) expressed in terms of the, values {x(k)) of the polynomial at a set of equally spaced discrete frequencies
5. What are the applications of z-transform? Ans. 1. Z-transform is an important tool in the analysis of signals and linear time invarient systems. 2. It is used for the analysis of discrete time systems in frequency domain which in generally more efficient than time domain analysis. 3. It is used for filtering process. 4. Causality of discrete time LTL system. 5. Stability of discrete time LTI system. 6. Determination of poles and zeros of rational z-transform. 6. What are the conditions for the region of convergence of a non causal LTI system. Ans. The condition for non-causal of discrete time LTI system is that the impulse response of a causal discrete time LTI system js given as
This means that h (n) is two sided. Also, transfer function H(z) is the z-transform of h (n). The ROC of H (z) of non-causal discrete time LTI system is the entire z-plane except

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 8. State and prove convolution property of z transform? Ans. The convolution property for Z-transforms is very important for systems analysis and design. In words : The transform of the convolution is the product of the transforms.
Where
denotes convolution (in this case, discrete-time convolution).
Proof. This is somewhat easier (and more general) to prove for noncausal sequences.
9. State the correlation property of two sequence in z-domain. Give its ROC. Ans. Correlation is a measure of the degree to which two signals are similar. The correlation of two signals is divided into two. Cross correlation Auto correlation

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 10. Determine the z-fransform of the signal Ans. By using Eulers identity the signal x (n) can be expressed as
By simply linearity property.
After some simple algebraic manipulations we obtain the desired result namely.
11. Find out the Z-transform for the following discrete time sequence.
Ans.

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 13. Determine to z-transform of the following signal and sketch the pole zero pattern:
Ans.
12. Find the z-transform and region of convergence for the following sequence.
Apply initial value theorem and check the z-transform whether it is correct or not. Ans.


Thus calculated z transfer is corrects. 14. Find z transform of
Ans. We have standard z-transform pair.

15, What are the various methods to find out inverse z transform? Ans. (a) Cauchy Rihemens theorem (b) Long division method. (c) Partial function. 16. Find the inverse z transform of
Ans. Given:
By using long division method.
10

17. Find a causal sequence whose z transform is given by
Ans. Given :
We have a series expansion formula.
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 18. Find all possible inverse z-transform of the following.
Ans. Given:
In partial fraction expansion form,
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 19. Determine the causal signal x (n) if its z-transforms X (z) is given by
Ans. Given:
Converting x (z) into positive power of z.
In terms of partial fraction expansion we canwrite.
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 20. Find the impulse response of the causal system
where I a I < 1 and compute the frequency response. Ans. To find the impulse response sequence we write the homogeneous equation.
Therefore the impulse response is in the form
We solve for the constant-A, from the original solution, we prefer the initial condition
To find the frequency response,
Using geometric series summation.
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21. Find the z-transforms of Ans. The X (z) is finite for all values of because
The ROC is entire z-.plane. 22. Consider a signal x (n) given by
Ans.
The sum in convergences then
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For convergence of X (z) both sum must converge which requires that
1 Thus the ROC is combined signal. because the ROC is the common region where both sum
are finite. The fig shows the ROC of the z-transform of each of the individual terms & for
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 23. Find the one sided z-transform of the following discrete sequence
Ans. The one sided z-transform of an is given by
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 24. Find the z-transform of Ans. Given
25. Find the one sided z-transform of discrete sequence generated by mathematically sampling the continuous time function Ans. Given The discrete sequence is generated by replacing t by kT, where T is the sampling period.
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26. (a) If
Find the steady state value of y (n) if exists. (b) Find Y(n) if X (z) is given by
Ans. (a) By inspection, we can find that ROC for Y (z) is Therefore the steady state value exists and is given by:
has no
poles on or outside the unit circle, so the conditions of the final value theorem satisfied.
In this case X (z) has a pole on the unit circle. So x (n) is not defined.
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 27. Determine the inverse z-transform of
Ans.(a) Since the ROC is exterior of a circle, we except x (n) to be a causal sequence. This we divide so as to obtain a series in negative power of z. Carrying out the long division, we obtain
(b)When the ROC is interior of the circle, the signal x (n) is anticausal signal. Thus we divide so as to obtain a series in power of z as follows.
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28. Find the inverse Z-transform of the function,
Ans. Given
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING From above equation we can say that if a complex sinusoidal signal is given as input signal to LTI system, then the output is a sinusoid of the same frequency modified by H(w). Hence H(w) is called the frequency response of the system. The H(w) produces a change in the amplitude and phase of the input signal. The frequency response H(w) of LTI system is also given by the ratio of Fourier transform of output to Fourier transform of input.
22

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 29. Determine the inverse z-transforms of
Ans. Given
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30. Determine the one sided z-transform of
Ans. Taking z-transform of difference equation.
System function
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Let us defined the function H (z) by
The function H (z) is known as the transfer function of a system or system function. When the input to the system is impulse signal then
31. Determine the system function
Ans. Taking z-transform of both sides.
32. Determine the pole-zero plot for the system described by difference equation
Ans. Taking z-transform of both sides.
25

The ROC & pole zero plot shown in Fig. below
From the following figure, we can observe the followmg 1.ROC of the system function include unit circle. 2. ROC of the system function cannot have any poles. 33. Determine the z-transform of the signal
Ans.
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The ROC is now the interior of a circle having radius I . This is shown in fig below.
34. Determine the signal x(n) whose z-transform is given by Ans. By taking the first derivative of X (z), we obtain
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 35. What is the relation between z transform and Laplace transform? Ans. The unilateral or one-sided Z-transform is simply the Laplace transform of an ideally sampled signal with the substitution of
Where T = 1/fs is the sampling period (in units of time e.g. seconds) and fs is the sampling rate (in samples per second or hertz) Let
be a sampling impulse traln (also called a Dirac comb) and
be the continuous-time representation of the sampled x(t).
The Laplace transform of the sampled signal
This is precisely the definition of the unilateral Z-transform of the discrete function x[n]
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CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Comparing the last two equations, we find the relationship between the unilateral Ztransform and the Laplace transform of the sampled signal:
The similarly between the z and Laplace transforms is expanded upon in the theory of time scale calculus.
36. Find out the Z-transform for the following discrete time sequence
Ans.
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Z Transform

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GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

EDAPALAYAM, REDHILLS, CHENNAI-52.

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

where z is a complex variable. The Z-transform of a signal x(n) is denoted by

whereas the relationship between x(n) and X(z) is indicated by

. These points are excluded because z-

3. Multiplication (by nm). [or differentiation in z-domain]

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

4. Scaling in z-domain: [Multiplication by an ] 5.Time Reversal:

10. Correlation of two sequence.

11. Parsevals theorem:

where the contour of integration must be overlap of the regions of convergence of

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

denotes convolution (in this case, discrete-time convolution).

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

By simply linearity property.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Thus calculated z transfer is corrects. 14. Find z transform of

Ans. We have standard z-transform pair.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

By using long division method.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

17. Find a causal sequence whose z transform is given by

We have a series expansion formula.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

In partial fraction expansion form,

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

Converting x (z) into positive power of z.

In terms of partial fraction expansion we canwrite.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

Therefore the impulse response is in the form

To find the frequency response,

Using geometric series summation.

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

CS2403-DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

The ROC is entire z-.plane. 22. Consider a signal x (n) given by

The sum in convergences then

R.RAMADHURAI B.E.,M.TECH AP/ECE

GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY