Assignment 3: Chemical Bonding (Part 2)

YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE H1 CHEMISTRY 8872 JC1 (2012) SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT 3

H1 Chemistry (8872)

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (8 marks) 1 A Explanation 1 Non-polar molecules are held together by instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions only. A
Cl C Cl C Cl Cl

2 B

3 D

4 A

5 B

6 A

7 D

8 B

Although the molecule contains polar C Cl bonds, it does not have net dipole moment since the molecule is symmetrical. Hence, this molecule is non-polar. This is one of the three possible isomers. F is more electronegative than Cl. Hence, this molecule contains a net dipole moment since it is unsymmetrical. The unsymmetrical molecule contains polar C Cl bonds. Hence, it contains net dipole moment and is polar.

F C F C

Cl

Cl

C
H

H C Cl CH3 C H H Cl Cl

The unsymmetrical molecule contains a polar C Cl bond. Hence, it contains net dipole moment and is polar.

HF and HI exist as simple molecules. More energy is required to overcome the stronger hydrogen bonding between HF molecules than the permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions between HI molecules. So the boiling point of HF is higher than that of HI. In both states, iodine has a simple molecular structure with instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions between I2 molecules. During sublimation, some of these interactions are overcome by the energy absorbed and the molecules merely become further apart. I I bonds within the I2 molecules are not broken. N2H4 molecules are capable of forming hydrogen bonding with H2O molecules. Compared with NH3 molecules, N2H4 molecules are able to form more extensive hydrogen bonding with H2O molecules and hence N2H4 is more soluble in water.

Lee Yong Kiang Justin

2012/13

Assignment 3: Chemical Bonding (Part 2) 5

H1 Chemistry (8872)

Substance T has to be graphite since the liquid state of graphite is not known. Both substances R and S are ionic compounds since they can only conduct electricity in their liquid states. It should also be noted that since the melting and boiling points of S is approximately four times those of R, the electrostatic attractions between the ions should also compare in the same order. So, S is MgO and R is NaCl such that the product of ionic charges in S is four times that in R. 1 Iodine exists as a giant lattice composed of I2 molecules held together by instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions. 2 Sodium exists as a giant metallic lattice with electrostatic attractions between Na+ ions and the sea of delocalised electrons. 3 Sodium iodide exists as a giant ionic lattice with electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged Na+ and I ions. 1 Boron nitride can act as lubricant since little force is required to overcome the weak van der Waals forces between the layers of atoms. 2 There is insufficient information to deduce the colour of the compound. 3 Boron nitride is not hard due to the weak van der Waals forces between the layers of atoms. Rather, boron nitride is soft and slippery. 1 Silicon carbide ceramic has a very high melting point of 2730oC. This is because a large amount of energy is required to break the strong covalent bonds between Si and C atoms. 2 Unlike steel, which can be oxidised easily by atmospheric oxygen to form rust, silicon carbide does not oxidise readily. 3 Silicon carbide does not deform easily under heat since a large amount of energy is required to overcome the extensive covalent bonds between Si and C atoms. C atom Si atom

Additional important information Ceramics are materials which high melting points are good electrical insulators do not deform under high temperature and pressure do not corrode easily

Lee Yong Kiang Justin

2012/13

Assignment 3: Chemical Bonding (Part 2) Section B: Structured Questions (17 marks) 1 (a)

H1 Chemistry (8872)

More energy is required to overcome the stronger hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules than the permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions between H2S molecules. Carbon dioxide has a simple molecular structure with weak instantaneous dipoleinduced dipole interactions between CO2 molecules which requires a small energy to overcome. Silicon(IV) oxide has a giant covalent structure with extensive covalent bonds between Si and O atoms and requires a large amount of energy to break.

(b)

(c)

In graphite, each carbon atom uses three valence electrons for bonding. The remaining valence electron is mobile and can act as charge carriers. In diamond, each carbon atom uses all four valence electrons for bonding. There are no mobile charge carriers available.

(d)
O H 5C 2 C O

+
H O C O C 2H 5

C2H5COOH molecules can dimerise through the formation of hydrogen bonding. (e) In isomer B, intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs between the OH and NH2 groups in close proximity. As a result, the extent of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between molecules of isomer B is lower than that between molecules of isomer A. A smaller amount of energy is required to overcome the weaker intermolecular hydrogen bonding between molecules of isomer B.

(a)

Within molecules of each compound, there are covalent bonds between the atoms. Hydrogen bonding and instantaneous dipole-induced dipole (id-id) interactions between NH3 molecules. Permanent dipole-permanent dipole (pd-pd) interactions and id-id interactions between HCl molecules. Only id-id interactions between CO2 molecules. NH3 has the highest boiling point since a larger amount of energy is required to overcome the stronger hydrogen bonding between NH3 molecules than the id-id interactions between molecules of the other two compounds. CO2 has a higher boiling point than HCl since the id-id interactions between CO2 molecules are stronger than those between HCl molecules. The number of electrons present in each CO2 molecule is greater.

Lee Yong Kiang Justin

2012/13

Assignment 3: Chemical Bonding (Part 2) (b) NH3 molecules form hydrogen bonding with H2O molecules.

H1 Chemistry (8872)

HCl molecules dissociates in water to form H+ and Cl ions, which can form ion-dipole interactions with H2O molecules. The interactions between CO2 molecules and H2O molecules do not release sufficient energy to overcome the hydrogen bonding between H2O molecules. Special note solubility in water For ionic compounds to be soluble in water, the ion-dipole interactions between the ions and water molecules must release sufficient energy to overcome electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions. For simple molecular substances to be soluble in water, the molecules should be able to form hydrogen bonding with water molecules.

Lee Yong Kiang Justin

2012/13