International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 7July 2013

Design and Analysis of Horizontal tail of UAV using composite materials

1

F. Anand Raju1# K. Bharat kumar2* Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siddharth Institute of Engineering and Technology, puttur-517583 mob: 9396932777. 2 PG Student, CAD/CAM, Siddharth Institute of Engineering and Technology, puttur-517583, mob: 9966982329 Structure: e.g. laminated or sandwich.
TABLE 1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS COMPOSITES

Abstract---In aero application strength to weight ratio is the

main factor to achieve the efficiency of an aircraft. If the structure materials are having high weight there will be some performance loss occurs, so that the researches are carried to reduce the weight of the aircrafts with the same strength. By using the composite material it can be possible. Nowadays composite materials are used instead of aluminium, steel and other ferrous and non-ferrous materials. Because of its mechanical and physical properties are higher as compare to such ferrous and non-ferrous materials. In this paper the horizontal tail is designed by using S glass fiber with epoxy resin. CATIA V5 is used for designing and analysis purpose. According to the co-ordinates, this airfoil is fabricated using vacuum bagging process. Tensile and compression tests are carried out over the test laminates. The test laminates are made with ASTM standards. As per the testing result, tensile and compression strengths of the composite material is higher than the aluminium.

S. No

Materials

Density (g/cm3)

Tensile Strength (Mpa) 2000 4750 1950 2900 2860

Youngs Modulus (Gpa) 80 89 297 525 64

1 2 3 4 5

E-Glass S-Glass Alumina Carbon Kevlar29

2.55 2.49 3.28 2.00 1.44

The UAV is an acronym for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, which is an aircraft with no pilot on board. Key words----Composites, CATIA, vacuum bagging process, UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown UAV. by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation I.INTRODUCTION Composite materials give unique combination of systems. UAVs are currently used for a number of properties, which cannot be obtained from any missions, including reconnaissance and attack roles. single conventional material. Composite material is II.DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL TAIL combination of two materials in which one of the Horizontal tail design fundamental governing materials, called the reinforcing phase, is in the equation must be driven based on the primary form of fibres, sheets, or particles, and is embedded function of the horizontal tail (i.e. longitudinal in the other materials called the matrix phase. The trim). A general case of an aircraft along with the reinforcing material and the matrix material can be sources of forces along x and z axes, and moments metal, ceramic, or polymer. about y axis which are influencing the aircraft Some of the main advantages of composite longitudinal trim. The longitudinal trim requires materials are high strength, modulus, bending, that the summation of all moments about y axis stiffness and chemical resistance. Properties of must be zero: Composites can also be tailored according to Mcg=0 M Owf +ML wf +M Lh+ M Oh+ M Teng+ M Dw=0 specific design requirements, directional and spatial properties. Defining a composite material needs information on three aspect Where MOwf denotes nose-down wing-fuselage Matrix material: e.g. polymer, metal or ceramic. aerodynamic pitching moment, MLwf denotes the Reinforcements: e.g. continuous or pitching moment generated by the wing-fuselage discontinuous fibres or particles. lift, M denotes the pitching moment generated by
Lh

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International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 7July 2013

the horizontal tail lift, MOh denotes nose-down horizontal tail aerodynamic pitching moment, M Teng denotes the pitching moment generated by the engine thrust, and MDw denotes the pitching moment generated by the wing drag. The sign of the each pitching moment depend upon the location of the source force relative to the aircraft center of gravity. This equation must hold at all flight conditions, but the horizontal tail is designed for the cruising flight, since the aircraft spends much of its flight time in cruise. For other flight conditions, a control surface such as the elevator will contribute. The TsaiWu failure criterion is a phenomenological material failure theory which is widely used for anisotropic composite materials which have different strengths in tension and compression. This failure criterion is a specialization of the general quadratic failure criterion proposed by Gol'denblat and Kopnov and can be expressed in the form Fi i + Fij i j 1 Where i, j=1 . . . 6and repeated indices indicate summation, and Fi, Fij are experimentally determined material strength parameters. The stresses i are expressed in Voigt notation. If the failure surface is to be closed and convex, the interaction terms Fij must satisfy FiiFjj-Fij20 Which implies that all the Fii terms must be positive A. Dimensions of Horizontal tail Horizontal tail is designed by using CATIA V5 software. According to the dimensions, we designed the horizontal tail. Dimension of horizontal tail is given bellow. Length of face one is 80 mm Length of face two is 270 mm Height of horizontal tail is 330 mm The dimensions of horizontal tail is shown in the figure: 1 Airfoils are drawn according to the co-ordinates given. These co-ordinates are very important.coordinates for airfoils are given in the table 3. Fabricate the horizontal tail according to the designing. CATIA V5 software is used for design the horizontal tail. There are many tools are

available in CATIA V5.By using this tools, can design the tail. B. Selection of materials Important materials for fabricate the horizontal tail is given bellow. They are 1. Glass fibre 2. Resin 3. Hardener 4. Foam 5. Wax
C. Selection of Resin and Hardener

According to the application, we choose resin LY556 and hardener HY951from the table No: 2. Resin and hardener ratio is 100:10.If we take 10g resin, we need to mix 10g of hardener.
D. Resin and Hardener mixer

Resin and hardener is LY 556, HY 951 Amount of resin = total weight of the glass fiber/2 = 84/2 = 42g Mixing ratio is 100:10 So resin and hardener ratio is 42gm: 4.2gm
E. Various Resins and Hardeners
TABLE NO 2 RESIN AND HARDENER TYPES

RESIN Number Unit AW106 100 g LY5052 100 g LY556 100 g LY556 100 g LY556 100 g

HARDENER Number Unit HY106 80 g HY5052 38g HY917 70 g HY972 27 g HY951 10 g

F. Airfoil Coordinates

Airfoil coordinates (leading edge and trailing edge) shown in the table no: 3. by using these coordinates, the horizontal tail was drawn.
TABLE NO 3 AIRFOIL CO-ORDINATES

Airfoil coordinates Leading edge Trailing edge X(mm) Y(mm) X(mm) Y(mm) 0 0 0 0 0.791 1.586 8.156 2.514 27.52 8.485 17.552 3.113 127.691 9.81 37.836 2.91 171.116 7.7 46.47 2.512

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198.255 233.01 257.523 270 5.982 3.417 1.359 0.227 62.04 74.274 79.766 80 1.513 0.58 0.153 0.067

Fig No: 1Dimensions of horizontal tail

G. CATIA MODEL

Fig No: 2 horizontal tail models

H. ANALYSIS
LOADING CONDITION

III.FABRICATION OF TAIL

I.

Bending Stress

First take the mould of horizontal tail. Then Cut the glass fibre according to the shape and dimension of the mould. And place the first layer of glass fibre on the mould. Apply the resin and hardener mixture

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International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 7July 2013

on the glass fibre. Apply the mixture equally in all area of glass fibre. According to the co-ordinates, this airfoil was fabricated. create two layers of glass fibre on each mould. foam is placed on the glass fibre for adding strength to the material. Place the foam on both moulds. After that, apply the paste on the foam equally. Apply the paste on both moulds. And close the two moulds tightly by using lock or holder. It will hold the mould very tightly. Leave these moulds at atmosphere temperature for four hours. Place the weight in the closed mould. It will give high load on the mould. It helps the good bonding of two pieces. Place the material in the heating oven for five or six hours at 80 degree Celsius. After that, take the mould from the oven. And remove the screw . Finishing is very important. Finishing process is done on the sharp edges of the horizontal tail. Remove the excess edges and corners.

A. Compression Testing

Graph No1 stress- strain curve for composite

Graph No: 2 stress-strain curve for aluminium

B. Tensile Testing

IV.TESTING OF TAIL

As per the ASTM standard, we need to fabricate the laminate of 2mm to 3mm.ASTM means AMERICAN SOCETY OF TESTING MATERIAL. So according to the ASTM standard, we choose the thickness of test laminate is 2mm. We need to create the seven layers for achieve the laminate of 2 mm thickness.
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Specification Mode of test Sample type Thickness Width Area Gauge length Values tension, compression Flat 2 mm 25 mm 50 mm2 250 mm

Graph No: 3 stress-strain curve for composite

Graph No: 4 stress strain curve for aluminium

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International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 7July 2013
Material Aluminium Composite (S glass fibre) Compression strength (Mpa) 130 Mpa 226 Mpa Tensile strength (Mpa) 4500 Mpa 5700 Mpa
[15] Powell PC, 1994, Engineering with Fiber-Polymer Laminates, Chapman & Hall, London). [16] Warren R (editor), 1992, Ceramic Matrix Composites, (Blackie, Glasgow). [17] Watt W, Harris B and AC Ham (editors), 1980, New Fibers and their Composites, (The Royal Society of London), Phil Trans Roy SocLond, A294

V.CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are drawn based on the fabrication and testing of horizontal tail using Sglass fiber along with epoxy resin. By replacing the aluminium with S-glass fiber, we can reduce the weight. Even though the cost of manufacturing is higher for fiber, by comparing the long term results achieved by reduction in fuel consumption and increase in fuel efficiency, we can compensate or decrease the maintenance costs. According to the final result, composite material (S glass fiber) has high tensile and compressive strength than the aluminium. So, composite is better than the aluminium. Weight of the horizontal tail (fabricated by using aluminium) for ABHYAS UAV is 650 grams. Weight of the horizontal tail (fabricated by using composite) for ABHYAS UAV is 320 grams. So weight of the horizontal tail (S glass fiber) is 40 percent less than aluminium.
REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] Agarwal BD and Broutman LJ, 1990, Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, second edition, (John Wiley, New York). Astrom BT, 1997, Manufacturing of Polymer Composites, (Chapman & Hall, London). Bunsell AR, (editor), 1988, Fiber Reinforcements for Composite Materials, Composite Materials Series,volume 2, (Elsevier, Amsterdam). Chawla KK, 1993, Ceramic Matrix Composites, (Chapman & Hall, London). Chou TW, 1992, Microstructural Design of Fiber Composites, (Cambridge University Press). Clyne TW and Withers PJ, 1993, an Introduction to Metal-Matrix Composites, (Cambridge UniversityPress). Eckold G, 1994, Design and Manufacture of Composites, (Woodhead, Abington, UK). Everett RK and Arsenault RJ (editors), 1991, Metal-Matrix Composites;volume 1, Processing andInterfaces, volume 2, Mechanisms and Properties, (Academic Press, Boston). Hull D, 1981, an Introduction to Composite Materials, (Cambridge University Press). Jones RM, 1975, Mechanics of Composite Materials, (Scripta Books, Washington DC) Kelly A and McMillan NH, 1986, Strong Solids(3rd Edition), (Clarendon Press, Oxford). Mai YW (editor), 1994, Advances in Inorganic Fiber Technology, Special Issue of Composites Science and Technology, 51, 123-296. Matthews FL and Rawlings RD, 1994, Composite Materials: Engineering and Science, (Chapman & Hall, London). Naslain R and Harris B (editors), 1990, Ceramic-Matrix Composites, (Elsevier Science Publishers, London and New York).

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