Theory & Exercise

LIMIT
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO.
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 24
EXERCISE - I .................................................................................................. 25 32
EXERCISE - II .................................................................................................. 33 34
EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 34 37
EXERCISE - IV ................................................................................................ 38 41
EXERCISE - V ..................................................................................................... 42
ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................ 43 44
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053 www.motioniitjee.com, email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
LIMIT
Page # 2
JEE Syllabus :
limit and continuity of a function, limit and continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two
functions, even and odd functions, inverse of a function.
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar

Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052,
0744-2439053
www.motioniitjee.com,
email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
IVRS No. 0744-2439051,
0744-2439052,
0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com,
email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
LIMIT
A.
Page # 3
DEFINITION OF LIMIT
Let f be a function defined on an open interval containing c (except possibly at c) and let L be a real
number. The statement xlim
f(x) = L means that for each > 0 there exists a > 0 such that if
c
0 < |x c| < , then |f(x) L| < .
B.
THE EXISTENCE OF A LIMIT

Let f be a function and let c and L be real numbers. The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L if and only
if
lim f(x) = L
x c
and
lim f(x) = L.
x c +
In other words limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa when

Limit
Limit
f(x) =
f(x)
= A finite quantity .
x a
x a +
f(a )
Left hand lim it
L.H.L.
f(a +)
Right hand lim it
R.H.L.
x 2 3x + 2
,x2
x2
Ex.1
Consider the function f defined by f(x) =
Sol.
The domain of f is the set of all real numbers with the exception of the number 2, which has been
excluded because substitution of x = 2 in the expression for f(x) yields the undefined term
2
other hand, x 3x + 2 = (x 1) (x 2) and
( x 1)( x 2)
f(x) =
= x 1,
x2
provided x 2
y axis
y=
......(1)
The graph of the function y = x 1 a straight line L;

so the graph of f(x) is the punctured line from L by
omitting the one point (2, 1) (See Fig.)
Although the function f is not defined at x = 2, we know
its behaviour for values of x near 2. The graph makes it
clear that if x is close to 2, then f(x) is close to 1. In fact,
the values of f(x) can be brought arbitrarily close to 1 by
taking x sufficiently close to 2. We express this fact by
writing.
x 2 3x + 2
,
x2
L
0
. On the
0
x2
2
1
0
x axis
3
(Fig.)
x 2 3x + 2
= 1,
x 2
x2
lim
which means that the limit of

Ex.2
x 2 3x + 2
is 1 as x approaches 2.
x2
The graph of a function g is shown in the figure. Use it to

state the values (if they exist) of the following
y
4
3
(a) Lim g(x)
(b) Lim g(x)

+
(c) Lim g(x)
(d) Lim g(x)
(e) Lim g(x)

+
(f) Lim g(x)
x 2
x 2
x 5
y = g(x)
x 2
x 5
x 5
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
LIMIT
Page # 4
Sol.
From the graph we see that the values of g(x) approach 3 as x approaches 2 from the left, but they
approach 1 as x approaches 2 from the right. Therefore
(a) Lim g(x) = 3
and
(b) Lim g(x) = 1

+
x 2
x 2
(c) Since the left and right limits are different, we conclude that Lim g(x) does not exist.
x 2
The graph also show that

(d) Lim g(x) = 2
x 5
(e) Lim+ g(x) = 2
and
x 5
(f) This time the left and right limits are the same and so, we have
Lim g(x) = 2
x 5
Despite this fact, notice that g(5) 2.
x 4 if
8 2 x if
f(x) =
x>4
x<4
Ex.3
If
Sol.
Since f(x) = for x > 4, we have
lim f(x) = lim+

x 4
x 4 +
x4 =
determine whether xlim

f(x) exists.
4
y
44 =0
Since f(x) = 8 2x for x < 4, we have
lim f(x) = lim (8 2x) = 8 2.4 = 0

x 4
x 4
f(x) = 0
The right and left-hand limits are equal. Thus, the limit exists and xlim
4
The graph of f is shown in the figure.
Ex.4
Sol.
( x 2 6 x + 9)
( x 3)
Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the function f(x) =
| x 3 |
,x 3
( x 3)
The given function can be written as
0
,x = 3
L.H.L. = xlim
f(x) = hlim
(3 h) = hlim
3
0
0
f(x) = hlim
(3 + h) = hlim
and R.H.L. = xlim
3 +
0
0
,x 3
at x = 3.
,x = 3
|3 h3|
| h |
h
= hlim
= lim
= 1
0 ( h)
h 0 h
(3 h 3 )
|3+h3|
|h|
h
= lim
= lim = 1
h0 h
h0 h
(3 + h 3 )
Hence left hand limit and right hand limit of f(x) at x = 3 are 1 and 1 respectively.
Ex.5
cos[ x], x 0
. Find the value of a, given that xlim
f(x) exists.
0
| x | +a, x < 0
Let f(x) =
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)

Sol.
Since xlim
f(x) exists
0
lim f(x) = lim f(x)

x 0 +
x 0
lim |0 h| + a = lim cos [0 + h]

h 0
h 0
lim f(0 h) = lim f(0 + h)

h0
h0
a = cos 0 = 1
a=1
LIMIT
Page # 5
Ex.6
sin 1 x
lim
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
Evaluate x 0
x
Sol.
Let P = xlim
0
sin 1 x
R.H.L.
sin 1 x
lim
=1
= x 0
x
L.H.L.
= xlim
0
for x < 0, sin1 x > x
sin 1 x
=1
x
| x |
| x |
sin1 x
>1
x
x > 0, sin1 x > x
for
sin 1 x
>1
x
Hence P = 1.
Ex.7
sin
Solve xlim
, (where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
0
x
Sol.
sin
Here, xlim
, since we have greatest integer function we must define function.
0
x
Now, RHL (put x = 0 + h)
lim
sin | 0 + h |
sin h
, we know
1 as h 0 but less than 1.
0+h
h
h 0
sin h
hlim
0 = 0 {
= 0 as h 0} RHL = 0
0
h
| 0 h |
sin
, we know
again, LHL (put x = 0 h) hlim
0
0 h
lim 1 = 1 { sin h = 1 as h 0}
sin h
1 as h 0 but greater than 1.
h
h 0
LHL = 1
limit does not exists as RHL = 0 and LHL = 1
C.
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let b and c be real numbers, let n be a positive integer, and let f and g be functions with the following
limits. xlim
f(x) = L and xlim
g(x) = K
c
c
1. Sum Rule : xlim
[f(x) + g(x)] = L + K
c
2. Difference Rule : xlim
[f(x) g(x)] = L K
c
3. Product Rule : xlim
[f(x) g(x)] = LK
c
4. Quotient Rule : xlim
c
f (x) L
=
g( x ) K ,
provided K 0
5. Constant Multiplication Rule : xlim

[b f(x)] = bL
c
6. Composition Rule : Limit

f (g(x)) = f Limit g( x ) = f (m) ; provided f is continuous at x = m.
x a
x a
For example Limit

ln (f(x) = ln Limit f( x ) = ln l(l > 0).
x a
x a
LIMIT
Page # 6
Ex.8
Evaluate the following limits and justify each step.
x 3 + 2x 2 1
x 2
5 3x
(b) Lim
(a) Lim (2x 3x + 4)

x 5
Sol.
2
2
(a) Lim
(2x 3x + 4) = Lim (2x ) Lim (3x) + Lim 4
x 5
x 5
x 5
x 5
= 2 Lim x 3 Lim x + Lim 4 = 2(5 ) 3(5) + 4 = 39

x 5
x 5
x 5
(b) We start by using laws of limit, but their use is fully justified only at the final stage when we see
that the limits of the numerator and denominator exist and the limit of the denominator is not 0.
( x 3 + 2x 2 1)
x 3 + 2x 2 1 xLim
2
Lim
=
x 2
5 3x
Lim (5 3 x )
x 2
D.
Lim x 3 + Lim 2x 2 Lim 1
x 2
x 2
x 2
Lim 5 3 Lim x
x 2
x 2
( 2)3 + 2( 2)2 1
1
=
=
.
5 3( 2)
11
NON-EXISTENCE OF LIMIT
Three of the most common types of behaviour associated with the non-existence of a limit.
1. f(x) approaches a different number from the right side of c than it approaches from the left side.
2. f(x) increases or decreases without bound as x approaches c.
3. f(x) oscillates between two fixed values as x approaches c.
There are many other interesting functions that have unusual limit behaviour. An often cited one is
0, if x is rational
. This function has no limit at any real number c.
1, if x is irrational.
the Dirichlet function f(x) =
0
, , 0 , ,
0, and 1
0
E.
INDETERMINANT FORMS :
Ex.9
Which of the following limits are in indeterminant forms. Also indicate the form
1
x 0 x
Sol.
1 x
x 0 1 x 2
(i) lim
(ii) lim
(sin x ) x
(v) xlim
0
( n x ) x
(vi) xlim
0
(i) No
(ii) Yes
(v) Yes, 00 form
(vi) Yes 0 form
0
form
0
x n x
(iii) xlim
0
(vii) lim (1 +
x 0
1
sin x ) x
1 1
2
x x
(iv) xlim
0
(viii) lim
x 0
1
(1) x
(iii) Yes 0 form
(iv) Yes ( ) form
(vii) Yes 1 form
(viii) No
Remark :
(i) 0 doesnt means exact zero but represent a value approaching towards zero similarly to 1 and
infinity.
(ii) + =
(v)
(iii) =
a
is not defined for any a R.
0
(iv) (a/) = 0 if a is finite

(vi) a b = 0, if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.
LIMIT
F.
Page # 7
METHODS OF EVALUATING LIMITS

(Rationalization, Factorization and Cancellation of Common Factors)
1 x
1 x
x 1
1 x
1 x
1 lim
1
lim sin1
1 x = sin x 1 1 x = sin
x 1
Ex.10 Evaluate lim arcsin
Sol.
x 2
L = xlim
2
1
1
lim
= sin1 =
2 6
x 1 1 + x
x2
Ex.11 Evaluate lim
Sol.
1 x
lim
= sin1
x 1 (1 x )(1 + x )
x 4 x2
2
2
. ( x 4 x 2 ) = lim ( x 2)( x 4 x 2 )
( x 2 4 ) ( x 2)
x 2 4 + x 2 ( x 2 4 x 2 ) x 2
x2
( x 2)( x 2 4 x 2 )
x2 4 x 2
= lim
= 0.
x 2
x 2
( x 2)( x + 1)
x +1
( x 2)( x 2 4 x 2 )
x 2
x2 x 2
= lim
= lim
Ex.12 Evaluate : lim
(7 x ) 2
( x + 1)
(7 x ) 8
( x + 1)
=
=
...(1)
(7 x )2 / 3 + (7 x )1/ 3 .2 + 4
( x + 1)2 / 3 + ( x + 1)1/ 3 .2 + 4
x 1
Sol.
(7 x ) 2
3
lim
x 1
( x + 1)
(7 x ) 2
= xlim
[From (1)]
2/3
1
( x + 1)(7 x ) + (7 x )1/ 3 .2 + 4
( x + 1)
= xlim
1
Ex.13 Evaluate : lim
x 0
Sol.
(7 x )
2/3
1
1
=
+ (7 x )1/ 3 .2 + 4
4+2+4
1
.
10
(1 + sin 3 x ) 1
ln(1 + tan 2x )
( (1 + sin 3 x ) 1)( (1 + sin 3 x ) + 1)

0
form = lim
x
0
x 0
0
ln(1 + tan 2x )( (1 + sin 3 x ) + 1)
tan 2x
tan 2x
1
sin 3 x
3x
3
3
lim
lim
= lim
. xlim
.
.
x
0
0 ln(1 + tan 2 x )
( 1 + sin 3 x ) + 1) = 1 . 1 . 2 . (1 + 1) = 4 .
x0 3 x
x0 tan 2x
lim
(1 + sin 3x ) 1
ln(1 + tan 2x )
a x
2
2
.
Ex.14 Evaluate Limit a x .cot .
xa
Sol.
a+ x
a x
Limit a 2 x 2 .cot
.
= Limit
h0
xa
2 a+ x
= Limit
h 0
= Limit
h 0
2ahh 2
tan
2
h
2ah
h 2ah
= Limit
h 0
h 2ah
tan 2
2 2ah
h
h
2ah
a 2 (ah)2
h
2ah
h
2ah
cot
4a
2ah
LIMIT
Page # 8
2n3
1 + 5n2
lim
+
Ex.15 Find n 2
2n + 3 5n + 1
Sol.
2n3 13n2 + 3
2 13 / n + 3 / n3
= 1
lim
lim
3
2
2
3
n 10n + 2n + 15n + 3
n 10n + 2n + 15 / n + 3 / n
5
Ex.16 Find nlim
Sol.
n2 + 1 + n
4 n3 + 1 n
(n ) 1 + 1 / n 2 + 1 / n
lim
n 3 / 4
n 1 + 1/ n2 + 1 1/ n
1/ 4
lim n
1 + 1/ n 2 + 1/ n
=
1 + 1 / n 2 1 / n
2n
n +1
n
n( 1)n
cos
n 2n 2 1
2n 1 1 2n n2 + 1
Ex.17 Find lim
Sol.
2
1
( 1)n
1
1
1 + 1/ n
lim
cos
2
2
n
2n 1/ n (1/ n 2) (1 + 1/ n ) n
1 / n 0 2 1 / n 2
1
2
1
( 1)n
1 + 1/ n
cos
2
2
2 1/ n (1/ n 2) (1 + 1/ n )
1 / n 0 n 2 1 / n
= lim
n
1 2x
+2
Ex.18 Find xlim
(1 + 8 x 3 )1 / 3
Sol.
x7
1 1
x 2
2
2
+ 1
lim
=
= 1
7
1
/
3
x
(8)1/ 3
2x
1 / x 0 1
3 + 8
x
Ex.19 Evaluate a, b, c and d, if lim ( x 4 + ax 3 + 3 x 2 + bx + 2

x
Sol.
= 0 cos + = 0.
2 2 1
2
4
3
2
Here, lim ( x + ax + 3 x + bx + 2
x
Rationalizing xlim
x 4 + 2x 3 cx 2 + 3 x d ) = 4 .
x 4 + 2x 3 cx 2 + 3 x d ) = 4
( form)
(a 2)x 3 + (3 + c )x 2 + (b 3)x + (2 + d)
x 4 + ax 3 + 3 x 2 + bx + 2 + x 4 + 2x 3 cx 2 + 3 x d
Since, limit is finite, so the degree of the numerator must be 2. So, a 2 = 0 i.e. a = 2.
lim
(3 + c )x 2 + (b 3)x + (2 + d)
x 4 + ax 3 + 3 x 2 + bx + 2 + x 4 + 2x 3 cx 2 + 3 x d
dividing numerator and denominator by x2 .We get,

LIMIT
Page # 9
(3 + c ) + (b 3) / x + ( 2 + d) / x 2
lim
1+
a 3
b
2
2 c
3
d
+
+
+
+ 1+ 2 + 3 4
x x 2 x3 x 4
x x
x
x
3+c
3+c
given,
=4
2
2
c=5
c = 5,
a=2
Hence, a = 2, c = 5 and b, d are real numbers.
1
1
1
lim n
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos ....
Ex.20 Evaluate n
n
n
n

Sol.
1
1
1
2
lim
n
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos ....
P = n
n
n
n

P = lim
G.
Put
(1 cos x ) (1 cos x ) (1 cos x ).....

x2
x 0
= xlim
0
(1 cos x ) (1 + cos x )
.
(1 + cos x )
x2
1
=x
n
1 1 1
+ +
_ .....
2 2 2 23
(1 cos x )
x2
= lim
x 0
1
1
1
sin x
. lim
= lim
= (1)2 .
=
x 0 x x 0 (1 + cos x )
1+ 1
2
STANDARD THEOREM
(1) SANDWICH THEOREM / SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM
Statement : If h(x) f(x) g(x) for all x in an open interval containing c,
except possibly at c itself, and if
lim h(x) = = lim g(x)

x c
x c
f(x) exists and is equal to .
then lim
x c
Ex.21 Find xlim

f(x)
0
Sol.
1 + 2x 2 , x Q
4
, xQ
1+ x
if f(x) =
Consider | x | 1. x4 x2 2x2.
Now
1 f(x) 1 + 2x2 x.
By Sandwich theorem, lim
1 + 2x2 = 1.
x 1
Hence xlim
f(x) = 1.
0
Ex.22 Let a function f(x) be such that | f(x) | M for any x 0. Prove that xlim
x f(x) = 0
0
Sol.
We have | x f(x) | | x | . M M | x | x f(x) M | x |
for any x 0.
Since xlim
M | x | = 0 and xlim
M | x | = 0, by Sandwich theorem, xlim
x f(x) = 0.
0
0
0
LIMIT
Page # 10
( n +1)2
Ex.23 Use Sandwich theorem to evaluate:
Sol.
f (n) =
Lim
k =n 2
+ ......... +
1
k
1
n2
n2 + 1
n 2 + 2n + 1
(n 2 + 2 )

( 2n + 2 ) terms
terms of the sequence are decreasing and number of terms are (2n + 2)
2n + 2
2n + 2
n2 + 2n + 1
|||ly
f (n)
Lim
2(n + 1)
now Lim
n
n2
= Lim
n
2(n + 1)
=2
n
2n 1 +
n
= Lim
;
2
n
n + 2n + 1
2 1
n 1+ + 2
n n
2(n + 1)
Lim f ( x ) = 2
Ex.24 Suppose that function f : R R satisfies the inequality,
{ f ( x + ky ) f ( x ky )} 1
k =1
for every positive integer n and for all x, y R. Prove that f is a constant function.
n
Sol.
Replacing n by (n 1) in,
{ f ( x + ky ) f ( x ky )} 1
...(i)
k =1
n 1
we get;
{ f ( x + ky ) f ( x ky )} 1
...(ii)
k =1
Subtracting (i) and (ii) we get, |3n {f (x + ny) f(x ny)}| 2

|{f (x + ny) f(x ny)}|
2
3n
...(iii)
We choose x and y such that x + ny = u and x ny = v, where u, v R and n N.

(iii) becomes, |f(u) f(v)|
i.e., as n
2
for arbitrary n N
3n
|f(u) f(v)| lim
2
3n
If(u) f(v)| 0 f(u) = f(v) Hence f is constant.
(2) LIMIT OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Lim sinx = 1
(approach from left side)
Lim tanx = 1
(approach from right side)
(a)
x 0
(b)
x 0
(c)
x 0
(d)
1
Lim tan x = 1
1
Lim sin x
x 0
=1
[Where x is measured in radians]

LIMIT
Page # 11
tan x sin x
x3
Ex.25 Find Lim

x 0
Sol.
sin x
sin x
tan x sin x
cos
x
Lim
Lim
=
x 0
x 0
x3
x3
2
sin x 2
sin x
2
2
x.
x x 2
2
= Lim
3
x 0
x cos x
lim
Ex.26 Evaluate :
/4
Sol.
sin
sin x
2 .1
2
.
x
4
x
2.1.12. 41 1
2
=
= Lim
x 0
cos x
1
2
(1 tan )
(1 2 sin )
form
0
(1 2 sin )
1 tan + h
4
lim
P = h / 4
1 2 sin + h
4
Put
2 tan h
= lim
h 0
h0 (1 tan h)(1 cos h sin h)
= 2 lim
h0
= 2 lim
h0
Sol.
Here,
lim+
x
1 + tan h
1
1 tan h
0
form
= hlim
0
1

1
0
1 2
cos h +
sin h
2
2
= lim
Ex. 27 Solve lim
x
sin x.2 sin2
(1 cos x )
2
= Lim
x 3 cos x
x0
x 3 cos x
(1 tan )
Let P = xlim
0
= Lim
x 0
tan h
sin h
(1 tan h)
sin h
1
+
cos
h
2 tan h
(1 cos h)(1 + cos h)
(1 tan h)
sin h
(1 + cos h)
= 2 lim
h 0
sin h
sin2 h
(1 cos h sin h)
sin h
1 + cos h
1
1
= 2 .
= 2.
(1 0)(0 1)
sin h
(cos h sin h)
1
1 + cos h
tan x sin{tan 1(tan x )}

tan x + cos 2 (tan x )
RHL at x =

lim+
=

x
tan x sin( x )
tan x + cos2 (tan x )
{ tan1 (tan x) = x , when x >
}
2
LIMIT
Page # 12
sin x
tan x
cos 2 (tan x )
1+
tan x
1+
= lim
+
x
again, LHL at x =
2
lim
x
lim
x
sin x
tan x
cos 2 (tan x ) =
1+
tan x
lim
x
tan x sin{tan1(tan x )}
1+ 0
lim
=1
=1

x
1+ 0
2
sin1(1 { x }). cos 1(1 { x})

Ex.28 Let f(x) =

1
as tan (tan x ) = x, when x <
tan x sin( x )
1+ 0
=1
1+ 0
2{ x} .(1 { x})
, then find xlim

f(x) and xlim
f(x).
0 +
0
(where {x} denotes the fractional part of x)
sin 1(1 { x}). cos 1(1 { x})

Sol.
We have f(x) =
2{ x} .(1 { x })
lim f(x) = lim f(0 + h)

h 0
x 0 +
= hlim
0
sin1(1 {0 + h}). cos 1(1 {0 + h})

2{0 + h} .(1 {0 + h})
= hlim
0
sin1(1 h). cos 1(1 h)

2h.(1 h)
sin 1(1 h)
cos 1(1 h)
. lim
h0
h 0
(1 h)
2h
= lim
in second limit put 1 h = cos

1
sin 1(1 h) lim cos (cos )

sin 1(1 h)
lim
. h 0
=
. hlim
0 2 sin( / 2)
h0
h0
2(1 cos )
(1 h)
(1 h)
= lim
( > 0)
= sin1 1 . 1 = /2
and
lim f(x) = lim f(0 h) = lim

h 0
x 0
h 0
= hlim
0
sin 1(1 {0 h}). cos 1(1 {0 h})
sin 1(1 + h 1). cos 1(1 + h + 1)

2( h + 1).(1 + h 1)
2{0 h} .(1 {0 h})

1
sin 1 h lim cos h
= lim
. h 0
2(1 h)
h 0
h
=1.
/2
2
2 2
LIMIT
Page # 13
NOTE : LIMIT USING EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS

ax =1 +
(i)
x na x 2 n2a x3 n3a

+
+
+ .........a > 0
1!
2!
3!
(iii) n (1+x) = x
(v)
cos x = 1
x 2 5x 4 61x 6
sec x = 1 +
+
+
+ ......
2!
4!
6!
Ex.29 Find Lim

x 0
Sol.
Lim
x3 x5 x7
+
+ .......
3
5
7
(ix)
sin x
x 0
x x 2 x3
e x =1 + +
+
+ ............
1! 2! 3!
x2 x3 x4
x3 x5 x7
+
+ ......... for 1 < x 1 (iv) sin x =x

+
+ .......
2
3
4
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
+
+ ......
2! 4! 6!
(vii) tan1 x = x
(ii)
(vi)
tan x = x +
(viii) sin1 x = x +
x 3 2x 5
+
+ ........
3 15
12 3 12.32 5 12.32.52 7
x +
x +
x + .......
3!
5!
7!
nx
x2
+
n
(
n
1
)
(x) (1 + x) =1+ 1
2 +.... for 1<x< 1.
n
e sin x sin x 1
x2
sin x 1
x2
2
3
1 + sin x + sin x + sin x + ..... sin x 1
1
2
3
=
Lim
x 0
x2
2
1 + 1 + sin x + .....
Lim sin x 1 + sin x + ... = 1 = 1

3
2
=
= x 0 x
3
2 2
Lim
x 0
x2
Ex.30 Find Lim

x =1
Sol.
x 7 2x 5 + 1
.
x 3 3x 2 + 2
This is of the form
Lim
x =1
0
if we put x = 1. Therefore we put x = 1 + h and expand.
0
(1 + h)7 2(1 + h)5 + 1

(1 + 7h + 21h2 + ...) 2(1 + 5h + 19h2 + ...) + 1
x 7 2x 5 + 1
Lim
Lim
=
=
h =0 (1 + h)3 3(1 + h)2 + 2
h =0
(1 + 3h + 3h2 + ...) 3(1 + 2h + h2 ) + 2
x 3 3x 2 + 2
= Lim
h =0
3 + h + ...
3h + h 2 + ...
= Lim
= 1.
h =0
3 + ....
3h + ....
3sinx sin3x
Ex.31 Evaluate Limit
x 0
x sinx
3
Sol.
3
4x
Limit 4sin x = Limit
= Limit
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
sinx
x sinx
4x 3
= 24 .
x3
x (x
....)
3!
LIMIT
Page # 14
Ex.32 Let f(x) be a function such that lim
x0
f(x)
= 1. Find the values of a and b such that
x
x(1 + a cos x ) b sin x

=1
x 0
{ f ( x )} 3
lim
Sol.
x 2 x 4
x3 x5
b x
+
+
x1 + a1 +
....
x(1 + a cos x ) b sin x
2!
4!
3! 5!
lim
=
1
=1
Since, x 0
lim
{ f ( x )} 3
3
x 0
{ f ( x )}
(1 + a b) a b
a b
a b
a b
+ + + x 2 + ...
x(1 + a b) + x 3 + + x 5 + ...
2
2
!
3
!
x
4! 5!
2! 3!
4! 5!
lim
= 1 lim
=1
3
3
x 0
x 0
{ f ( x )}
f (x)
x
a b
+
=1
R.H.S. is finite then L.H.S. is also finite, then 1 + a b = 0 and
2! 3!
3a + b = 6
Ex.33 If the Lim

x 0
Sol.
1
x3
then we get,
a = 5/2 and b = 3/2
1
1 + ax
1 2 3
exists and has the value equal to l, then find the value of + .
1
+
bx
a l b
1+ x
1
Lt
1 1
1 + ax
1
+
bx
(
1
+
ax
)
1
+
x
x
0
Lt
1 + x (1 + bx )
=
= Lt

x 0 x 3
x 0
x3
1 + x 1 + bx
=1
1 + bx (1 + ax ){1 + x}
x 0
x3
1/ 2
= Lt
Use binomial expansion to get the following relations :
1
3
1
1 a
a = 0, + = 0, a =
b=
2
8 2
4
4
=
1
32
(3) LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

x
Lim a 1 = ln a (a > 0).
x 0
( x +h)
Ex.34 Evaluate hLim
0
Sol.
Lim
h0
x + h n( x +h )
x +h
h
x nx
ex 1
In particular xLim
=1
0
x
(x > 0).
= hLim
0 e
x nx
x + h n( x + h ) x nx
LIMIT
Page # 15
= x
= x
es 1
. Lim
Lim
h0
s 0 s
x + h n (x + h)
h
x n x
= x
x/h
( x + h x)
(x + h)
h
Lim nx
+ Lim
n 1 + = x
h
x
h 0
h 0
x
x + h nx + n1 + x nx

x
Lim
h0
nx
1
+
x
2 x
e x e x 2x
Ex.35 Evaluate Lim
.
x 0
x sinx
Sol.
e x e x 2x
L = Lim
x 0
x sinx
Let
x 3.
x3
x
sin
x
1
Now 1 = Lim
=
3
x 0
x
6
e x e x 2x
2 = Lim
x 0
x3
= Limit
y 0
put
x = 3y
e 3y e 3y 6y
= Limit
y0
27y 3
8 (e 2y 1)3 1
+ 2
Limit
8
9
y 0 27 ( 2y )
(4)
( use x = 3 t )
1/x
(a) xLim
0 (1 + x)
(e y e y )3 +3(e y e y )6y
27 y 3
2 =
e =
8 2
+
27 9
Lim
2 =
1 +
x
1
1
Hence L =
2 = 2
3
1
Note : xLim
0 x n (1 + x) = 1
(b) Generalized formula for 1 form :

If xLim
a f(x) = 1
Ex.36 Evaluate lim

t 0
Sol.
and
Lim (x) = , then
x a
Lim
x a
f(x)
(x )
n cos(sin t )
t2
(sin t )
2 sin t

n1 2 sin2
2 sin
n cos(sin t )
2
2
=
lim
lim
.
t 0
t 0
sin t
t2
t2
2 sin2
sin t
sin
1
2 sin2 t
lim 2.
.
=
sin t 4.t 2
= t 0
2
ln tan x
x / 4 1 cot x
Ex.37 Find lim
Sol.
Lim (x )[f (x) 1]
= e x a
1 + tan t
ln
ln tan( t + / 4 )
1 tan t
lim
Put x = t + /4 lim
=
t 0 1 cot( t + / 4)
t 0
cot t cot / 4 1
1
cot t + cot / 4
ln(1 + tan t )
ln(1 tan t )(1 + tan t )
1
2
= lim
+ lim
=
[1.1 + 1.1] =
= 1.
t 0
2 tan t
t 0
2 tan t
2
2
t + tan t
LIMIT
Page # 16
n(cos 3 x ) 2 sin x
. x
.
x2
e e x
Ex.38 Evaluate xlim

0
Sol.
n(cos 3 x ).2 sin x

n(cos2 3 x ). sin x.e x
= lim
2
x
x
x 0
x 0
x (e e )
x 2 ( e 2 x 1)
lim
n(1 + cos 3 x 1)
2 sin x
1
(cos 3 x 1)
x
= lim
x
x 0
x
e 1 e 1 2
(cos 3 x 1)
x
+
x
2 3x
2 sin
n(1 + cos 3 x 1)
1
2 2 sin x
x
= lim
x
x 0
x
e 1 e 1
x
(cos 3 x 1)
x + x
= 1 (2)
Ex.39 Evaluate xLim

0
Sol.
9
1
9
21
=
.
4
1+ 1
2
n(1+ x 2 + x 4 ) .
(e x 1).x
n(1+ x 2 + x 4 )
x2
Lim
x 0
= n
Lim
x 0
e x2
(1+ x
1
2
4 x2
= xLim
0 n (1+ x + x )
sin
= xLim
0
2ax
consider
Lim
x 0
Lim
x 0
x +x
= xLim
2
0
sin
Ex.40 Evaluate : xLim
0
2ax
Sol.
+ x 4 1
Lim (1 + x 2 ) = 1
x 0

sec 2
2bx
sec 2 2 bx
cos 2ax
cos 2bx

2 2ax

2 2bx
= xLim
0
Limit sec 2
x 0
= xLim
0
cos 2
2 bx
2 a x

sin 2
2ax
sin 2 2bx
ax 2bx
2ax bx
a
=
b
= e
a2
b
LIMIT
Page # 17
(1 + [ x])1/{ x }
Ex.41 Evaluate xlim

0
e
Sol.
if it exist (where {x} denotes the fractional part of x)
1 + {0 h})1/{0h}
lim f(0 h) = lim
= xlim
f(x)
=
0
h 0
h 0
e
L.H.L.
= xlim
f(x)
0 +
R.H.L.
= e
1 /{ x }
1
lim
e h0
(1 + {h})1/{h}
= lim
e
h 0
= hlim
f(0 + h)
0
1/ h
((1 + h) e)
h
= e
1
lim
e h0
1 /{0 h }
(1 / h ) ln(1+h )
lim
= e h0
1/{h}
1 /(1h )
(1 + 1 h)1/(1h )
= hlim
0
e
(1 + h)1/h
= lim
e
h0
2
e
1/h
ln(1+h )h
1
e h
ln( 1+ h )
(e h 1) ln(1+h )h
.
h 0 ln( 1+ h ) h
h2
lim
= e
ln(1 h) h
h0
h2
...(1)Now let P = lim
replacing h by h then
adding (2) and (3),
P=
1
2
from (1),
P = lim
h 0
ln(1 h) + h
h2
ln(1 h2 )
h 0
h2
2P = lim
= hlim
0
= e1.(1/2) = e1/2
R.H.L.
...(2)
...(3)
ln(1 h 2 )
= 1
( h2 )
L.H.L. R.H.L. Hence P does not exist.
Ex.42 Evaluate xlim

( 2 tan 1 x) ln x
Sol.
( 2 tan 1 x )
lim
x
1
nx
0
Applying L Hospitals Rule= lim
x
0
2(ln x )2 + 2x.2 ln x.
= lim
= lim
2x
2
1+ x2
1
1
2
x
(ln x )
1
1 2
2 ln x. +
2
x = lim (ln x ) + 2 ln x = lim
x x
x
x
x
x
1
[2ln x + 3] = 0
x2
1
0
x
= lim
2
(ln x)2
x2
x 1 +
LIMIT
Page # 18
1/ x
x 2 + f (x)
1 +
Ex.43 Find a polynomial of least degree, such that xlim
0
x2
1/ x
Sol.
x2 + f (x)
lim
1
+
Now, x 0
x2
x 2 + f (x)
=0
x 0
x2
exists only when lim
So, the least degree in f(x) is of degree 2. i.e.

1/ x
Now,
x2 + f (x)
lim 1 +
x 0
x2
lim
x
= e2 .
=e
x 2 + f ( x)
=2
x3
f(x) = a2x2 + a3x3 + ......
x2 + f ( x ) 1
lim
2
x
x
x 0
lim
x
(i.e. it converts to 1 form).
lim
=e
x 0
x2 +f ( x )
x3
= e2
x 2 + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + .....
=2
x3
a2 = 1, a3 = 2 and a4, a5 ....... are any arbitrary constants. Since, we want polynomial of least
degree.
f(x) = x2 + 2x3.
Hence,
1
2
1+ .
Ex.44 Evaluate xLim
x x n
Sol.
Put
x =
1
y
Hence = yLim
0
Put
= zLim
0
(e z 1)z
(e z 1)2
e 2t 2t 1
= Lim
2
t 0
4t
=
1
l
+
4
2
as x
1 1
y y2
1 + y = ez
y 0.
n (1 + y)
as
y 0,
Lim
y 0
y n(1+ y )
y2
z 0
e z1
= zLim
2
0
z
= Lim
t 0
Put
z = 2t
(e t 1)2 +2e t 2t 2
4t 2
=
1
2
LIMIT
Page # 19
xn an
(5) BINOMIAL LIMIT : xLim
= nan1
a
xa
x x a x
a x x a
Lim
Lim
Ex.45 Let x a
= , a > 0 & x a
= m , a > 0 . If = m then find the value of 'a'.
x a
Sol.
x a
ex n x ex n a
= xLim
a
xa
= a . hLim
0
a
e x n a e x ( n x n a) 1
x ( n x n a)
.
x ( n x n a)
xa
( a + h) n 1 +
a = aa
x n a an x
ea n x ex n a a n x 1
e x n a ea n x
.
m = xLim
=
a
xa
xa
Lim x n a a n x
xa
( a + h ) n a a n ( a + h)
= aa . hLim
= aa
0
h
Lim n a n 1 + h
a
h0
a/h
a
= a (n a 1)
a = e2
Now = m
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ex.46 Evaluate Limit

tan 2.sec x + tan 2 2 .sec 2 + tan 23 .sec 22 +......+ tan 2n .sec 2n1
n
where
x 0,
.
2
sin x
2
=
T1 =
x
x
cos cosx
cos cosx
2
2
sin
Sol.
x
2
Similarly
T 2 = tan
T n = tan
x
x
tan n
n1
2
2
= tan x tan
x
x
tan 2
2
2
and
S = tan x tan
x
2
T 3 = tan
x
2n
x
x
tan 3
2
2
2
Lim S = tan x
LIMIT
Page # 20
Ex.47 Define f (n , ) = 1tan
Show that
Sol.
Lim
f (n , ) =
cos
=
1 tan
2
cos 2 2
2
Hence

2
2
1tan 2 1tan 3 ...... to n factors.
2
2
2
.
tan
1 tan
22
2
f (n , ) = cos .
cos 2
cos 2 2
1
1
1
1
.
........
.
cos 2 cos 2
cos n1 cos 2 2n
2
But
cos
. cos 2 . cos 3 ...... cos n =
2
2
2
2
Hence
f (n , ) = cot . 2n tan
Ex.48 Let f (x) = Lim

n
Sol.
n1
sin3
n=1
and so on .
sin
2 sin 2n
n
tan 2n
=
cot
.
2n
2n
( )
cot
as n
x
cot x
and g (x) = x 4 f (x). Evaluate Lim (1 + g ( x ) )
.
n
x
0
3
Using sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin3

T1 = sin3
T1 =
x
x
x
x
x
1
3
3 sin sin x T2 = 3sin3 2 =
3 sin 2 sin and so on........
=
3
3
3
3
4
3
4
1
x
3 sin sin x
4
3
T2 =
1 2
x
x
1
x
x
3 sin 2 3 sin Tn = 3n sin n 3n 1 sin n1
4
3
3
4
3
3
x sin n
1
3
x
1 n
Lim
sin
x
3 sin n sin x = 4 n
x
f (x) = Lim
=
(x sin x)
n 4
3
n
3
g (x) = x 4 f (x) = sin x

now Lim (1 + sin x )
cot x
x 0
Lim (cot x )(sin x )
e x 0
=e
1
3
r r +
r
Ex.49 Evaluate lim
cot 1
n
2
r =1
1
3
r r +
r
lim
cot
n
2
r =1
Sol.
Here,
LIMIT
Page # 21
2r
2
4
1 r + r
= nlim
tan
= nlim
(r 2 + r )(r 2 r )
= lim
tan 1
2
2
n
r =1
1 + (r + r )(r r )
r =1
= nlim
tan
2r
2
2
1 + (r r )(r + r )
r =1
{tan
(r 2 + r ) tan 1(r 2 r )}
r =1
= nlim
[(tan1 2 tan1 0) + (tan1 6 tan1 2) + (tan1 12 tan1 6)
= nlim
{tan1 (n2 + n) tan1(0)}
= tan1 () tan1(0) =
1
3
r r +
r=
lim
cot 1
n r =1
2
a + 1 a + 1
a + 1
........ n
, where a = 1 and a = n (1 + a ) n 2.
1
n
n1
an
1
2
Ex.50 Evaluate nlim
a
1 a 2
Sol.
an + 1
a + 1 a 2 + 1
......
lim 1
a
n
a1 a 2
n
We know, an 1 + 1 =
1
a a a a
lim 2 3 4 ..... n+1
2 3 4 n + 1 a1.a 2 .....an
= nlim
1 an
+
n! n!
= nlim
an+1
1 + an
= lim
n
(n + 1)!
n!
{using (ii)}
{using (i)}
+
+
+ ...... +
+ + 1
= nlim
n!
(n 1)! (n 2)!
(2)! 1! 1!
...(i)
+
+ n1
= nlim
n!
(
n
1
)!
(n 1)!
an
n
{a1 = 1; given}
+
+
+ ...... +
+ +
= nlim
n !
(n 1)! (n 2)!
(2)! 1! 1
=e
1 1
1
+
+ ........
as, e = 1 + +
1! 2 ! 3 !
Ex.51 The function un takes on the following values :

u1 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
, u2 =
+
.....un =
+ 2
+ ........ n
.... Prove that lim un <
n
3 +1
3 +1
4
4
10
3 +1
2
LIMIT
Page # 22
Sol.
Let u1 =
1
1
1
1
u2 =
u3 =
.... un = n
3
3
9
27
1 1
1
un < + 2 + ...... n <
3 3
3
1 1
1
3 3
1
1
3
1 1
1 1 1 1
< +
< ; +
4 3
4 10 3 10
n
n
1
3
1 1 1
1
1 .
<
<
3 3
2
2 3
1 n
Lim u < Lim 1 1 = 1 .
n
n
n 2
2
3
Ex.52 Solve nlim

xn, when x n2 = a + xn 1 and x0 =
Sol.
Here, x0 =
x1 =
a.
a + a which shows x1 > x0
assuming xn > xn 1
4a + 1 + 1
x n1
x n1 +
2
xn 1 <
2 a = 0
=
4a + 1 + 1
2
1 + 1 + 4a
2
x n21 a < 0
4a + 1 1
<0
2
lim x = lim x =
n 1
n
n
=
or
1 1 + 4a
, since 0
2
lim x n <
1 + 4a + 1
2
Ex.53 The function un attains the values

u1 =
Sol.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
; u2 =
+
+
un =
+
+ ....
,.....
2.4....( 2n)
2
2
2.4
2.4.6
2
2.4
1
<1
2
1
1
< 2
2.4 2
Prove that nlim

un < 2.
1
1
< 3
2.4.6 2
1 n
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ....
< 1 + 2 + 3 + .... <
1
2 2.4 2.4.6
2.4...( 2n)
2
2
1
2
1 n
Lim un = Lim 21 < 2.
n
n
2
LIMIT
Page # 23
Ex.54 If a1 =
ab1 , b1 =
lim an = lim bn =
Sol.
a+b
, a2 =
2
a2 b2
a2 b2
tan 1
a1b 2 , b2 =
Put b = a cos we get b1 = a cos2
b2 = a cos
an =
and a1 = a cos
2
2
cos2
and a2 = a cos
cos
2
4
2
4
similarly we get an = a cos
a1 + b1
... and so on for (a > b > 0) then prove that
2
cos2
...... cos n and bn = a cos
cos
.... cos2 2
2
2
2
4
2
4
a sin
a sin cos / 2n
and
b
=
n
2n sin / 2n
2n sin / 2n
a sin
a sin
=
n
n
n 2 sin / 2
Now, lim an = lim

n
a sin cos / 2n a sin

=
n
2n sin / 2n
and lim bn = lim

n
lim an =
a (a 2 b 2 )
a cos 1(b / a)
lim an = lim bn =
Ex.55 Let a1, a2, ....., an be sequence of real numbers with an + 1 = an +
a2 b2
a2 b2
tan 1
an 4
=
n 1
2
1 + an2 , where let an cot (n)
Here, an + 1 = an +
an + 1 = cot(n) + cosec(n)
an + 1 =
cos( n ) + 1
2 cos 2 ( n / 2)

=
= cot n
sin( n )
2 sin( n / 2) cos( n / 2)
2
a1 = cot (1) and a1 = a0 + 1 + a 02 = 1
Putting n = 1,
cot(1) = 1 or 1 =
again,
= cot
2
8

a2 = cot
1 + an2 and a0 = 0.
Prove that nlim
Sol.
a2 b2
a2 b2
tan 1
2

= cot
2
2
4.2
a3 = cot
LIMIT
Page # 24
3

= cot
3 .....................
4.2
2
n 1 ; Put
n 1 = x
2
4.2
a4 = cot
a
lim n = lim
n 2n 1
n
Hence,
H.

cot
n 1
4. 2
= lim
n
2n1
an cot
a 4
lim n =

tan x
4
x
n 2n 1
GEOMETRICAL LIMITS
Ex.56 A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, 0 < x

< /2 as shown in the figure. The point R is the intersection of
the two tangent line at P and Q. Let T(x) be the area of triangle
PQR and let S(x) be the area of the shaded region then find
(i) T(x)
Sol.
(ii)
(i) In OPR,
S (x)
(iii)
lim
x0
T( x )
S( x )
1
Q
x
x
PR
=
2

1
tan
PR = tan
x
= RQ
2
( Length of tangent fram a point outside the circle are equal)
and PRQ = ( x)
T(x) = Area of PQR =
x
2
= tan
x
1
1
. (PR) (RQ) sin ( x) =
. tan2 sin x
2
2
2
...(1)
sin x
2
(ii) S(x) = area of Sector OPQ area od OPQ

=
1
1
(1)2 . x
. (1)2 . sin x
2
2
x sin x
tan
2
T( x )
2
(iii) lim
= lim
(
x
sin
x
)
x 0
x 0 S( x )
2
( x sin x )
2
tan 2 ( x / 2) sin x
x 0
( x sin x )
= lim
tan( x / 2) sin x

3
= lim x / 2 x . x
x 0
( x sin x )
4
1 lim tan( x / 2)
4 x 0 x / 2
x3
sin x
3
lim
lim
= .
x 0
x
0
( x sin x )
2
x
LIMIT
Page # 25
SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
EXERCISE I
1. Limit
(1 x + [x 1] + [1 x]) is
x 1
5. The value of Limit

x 0
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) does not exist
Sol.
(A) 0
Sol.
(B)
(C)
(D) does not exist
Sol.
3. Limit
x 2
(A) 0
Sol.
sin( e x 2 1)
=
ln( x 1)
(B) 1
Sol.
1
(B)
3
(C) 1/4
(D) 1
integer function)
(A) 1
(B) 0
Sol.
(C) 2
(D) does not exist

x / 2
(C) 2
(D) 1
1
x 2 sin
x , is
Lim
2
x
9x + x + 1
1
(A)
3
(B) 1/2
x 2
is (where [ * ] denotes greatest

6. Limit
x / 2 cos x
x
sec 1
=
2. xlim
x + 1
(A) 0
sin(ln(1 + x ))
is
ln(1 + sin x )
tan x ( 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x + 4 sin2 x + 6 sin x + 2 ) is

equal to
(A) 1/10 (B) 1/11
(C) 1/12
(D) 1/8
Sol.
1
+ x +1
x
=
x2 + x + 1
x 3 . sin
8. Limit
x
(C) 0
(D) not exist
(A) 0
Sol.
(B) 1/2
(C) 1
(D) None of these
LIMIT
Page # 26
3n + ( 1)n
is
4n ( 1)n
3
3
3
(B)
if n is even;
if n is odd
(A)
4
4
4
3
(C) not exist if n is even ;
if n is odd
4
9. Limit
n
x + 2
13. Limit
x x 2
(A) e
Sol.
x +1
(B) e
(C) e
(D) None of these
(D) + 1 if n is even ; does not exist if n is odd

Sol.
n sin n tan
10. The limit lim

+
, n N is
0

2
14. Limit
(1 + tan
x 0 +
(A) e
Sol.
(B) e
5/x
x)
(C) e
(D) None of these

(A) 2n
(B) 2n+1 (C) 2n1 (D) does not exist
Sol.
1/ln(tan x)
(1 +[x])
is equal to
x / 4

sin has the value equal to
4n
4n
n cos
11. Limit
n
(A) /3
Sol.
(B) /4
(C) /6

1
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) e
(D) e
Sol.
(D) None of these

x
x 2 2x + 1
=
16. Limit
x x 2 4 x + 2
(A) 1
Sol.
(B) 2
(C) e
(D) e
sin[ x 3]
[ x 3]
12. xlim

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) does not exist
(D) sin 1
Sol.
17. The limit Limit 2

x a
x
(A) e
Sol.
a/
(B) e
2a/
x
tan
2a
(C) e
is equal to
2/
(D) 1
LIMIT
Page # 27
1
Limit 4 ([13 x] + [23 x]+ .... + [n3 x] ) equals
n n
1
1
x sin + sin 2 x 0
x
x
22. Let f(x) =
, then xlim
0
x=0
(A) x/2
f(x) equals
18. If [x] denotes the greatest integer x, then
(B) x/3
(C) x/6
(D) x/4
Sol.
(A) 0
Sol.
19. Limit
n
(A) 5
Sol.
5n+1 + 3n 22n
=
5 n + 2 n + 3 2n + 3
(B) 3
(C) 1
(B) 1/2
23. Limit
+
cos 1(1 x )
(A)
(B)
(D) None of these
x 0
(D) zero
(C) 1
(C) 1
(D) 0
Sol.
x 1
x 1,
, g(x) =
2
2x 2, x < 1
20. If f(x) =
x>0
x +1
2
x + 1, x 0
and h(x) = |x| then find Lim

f(g(h(x)))
x 0
2
24. If and be the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, then
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
Sol.
(D) does not exists
lim (1 + ax 2 + bx + c ) x is
(A) a ( )
a( )
(C) e
Sol.
(B) ln |a ( )|
(D) e
a| |
1 tan (1 sin x )
2
21. Limit
is
x / 2
x
3
1 + tan ( 2x )
2
(A) 1/16
Sol.
(B) 1/16
(C) 1/32
(D) 1/32
2 cos x 1
=
x / 2 x( x / 2 )
25. Lim
(A)
2n2
(B) n2
(C)
(D) does not exists
LIMIT
Page # 28
29. Given a real valued function f such that
Sol.
tan 2 [ x ]
2
2
( x [ x] )
1
f(x) =
{ x } cot{ x}
n/ x
26. lim (cos mx )
m 2n / 4
(B) e
m 2n / 2
x = 0 then
x<0
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function and

{ * } denotes fractional part function)
x 0
(A) e
x>0
(C) e
mn 2 / 2
(D) e
mn 2 / 4
(B) xlim
f(x) = cot 1
0
(A) xlim
f(x) = 1
0
Sol.
(C) cot
lim f ( x ) = 1
x 0
(D) f is continuous at x = 0
Sol.
x
(1 e )
27. xlim
0
sin x
| x | is

(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) 0
(D) does not exist
Sol.
28. Limit
x 0
30. The limit lim
x 0
(A) 1/2
Sol.
1 cos x cos 2x
is equal to
x2
(B) 1/2
( 4 x 1)3
=
x
x2
sin ln1 +
3
p
2
31. Limit
x x ln 1 +
x
(A) 1/2
Sol.
(B) 3/2
(C) 3/2
(D) 1
1
is equal to
x
(C) 1/3
(D) 1
(A) 9 p (log 4)
(B) 3 p (log 4)
3
(C) 12 p (log 4)
Sol.
(D) 27 p (log 4)
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ .... +
2
2
2
n n2
n +1
n +2
n + 2n
32. Evaluate Limit

(A) 1
(B) 1/2
(C) 0
(D) 2
LIMIT
Page # 29
Sol.
Sol.
x
2x
cot 1 2 , is
33. The graph of the function f(x)= Lim

t 0
n
ex 2x
36. Limit
x
y=x
1
(A)
1
xn e x
( ) (3 )
(A) 0
Sol.
ex
xn
(B) ln (2/3)
, n N is equal to
(C) ln (3/2)z (D) none
(B)
1
2x
p/2
(C)
a b
37. If Lim 1 + + 2 = e2, then the values of a & b

x
x x
are
(D)
(A) a R, b R
(C) a R, b = 2
Sol.
(B) a = 1, b R
(D) a = 1,b = 2
Sol.
34. If Lim
f(x) exist and is finite & non zero and if
x
3f ( x ) 1
= 3 then the value of Lim
f(x) is
Lim f ( x ) + 2
x
x
f ( x )
(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) 2
Sol.
(D) none of these

x 0
(A) 1/5
(B) 1/6
log x n [ x ]
,nN
[x]
(A) has value 1
(B) has value 0
38. Lim
(C) has value 1

Sol.
cos(sin x ) cos x
is equal to
x4
(C) 1/4
(D) 1/2
(D) does not exists
LIMIT
Page # 30
x
x 2 + 5x + 3
is equal to
39. Lim
x x 2 + x + 3
(A) e4
Sol.
(B) e2
42. lim
(C) e3
1.n + 2(n 1) + 3(n 2) + .... + n.1

has the value
12 + 22 + 3 2 + .... + n2
(D) e
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
3
(C)
1
4
(D) 1
Sol.
40. Let and be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0,

then Lim
x
(A)
1 cos(ax 2 + bx + c )
is equal to
( x )2
1
( )2
2
(C) 0
(B)
(D)
a
( )2
2
a2
( )2
2
the parameter. Let P be the point of intersection of

the lines. In the limiting position when 0, the
coordinates of P are
(A) (2, 1) (B) (2, 1)
(C) (2, 1)
(D) (2, 1)
Sol.
Sol.
cot + x
44. xlim
0
2 3 sin + x cos + x
6
41. lim
x 0
x 3 ( 3 cos x sin x )
(A) 1/3
Sol.
43. Let (tan ) x + (sin ) y = and ( cosec ) x +

(cos ) y = 1 be two variable straight lines, being
(B) 2/3
(C) 4/3
(A) e1
Sol.
(B) e2
cosec x
=
(C) e2
(D) e1
(D) 4/3
45. xlim
0
sin[cos x]
1 + [cos x]

(A) equal to 1
(B) sin 1
(C) equal to zero
(D) non existent
LIMIT
Page # 31
Sol.
49. Let f(x) =
n( x 2 + e x )
. If xlim
f(x) = and xlim

n( x 4 + e 2 x )
f(x) = m then
(A) = m (B) = 2m
(C) 2 = m
(D) +m = 0
Sol.
x
1
1
46. lim sin + cos is

x
x
x
(B) e2
(A) e
Sol.
e
47. If lim
x 0
nx
(C) 1/e
(D) does not exist
nx
+ e 2 cos
kx 2
2
exists and finite,
(sin x tan x )
nx
then possible values of n and k is :

(A) k = 3, n = 3
(B) k = 3, n = 2
(C) k = 5, n = 2
Sol.
50. Let a = min {x2 + 2x + 3, x R) & b = lim
1 cos
.
2
The value of
ar bn r is
r=0
(D) k = 5, n = 2
(A)
2n +1 1
3. 2n
(B)
4n+1 1
(C)
3. 2n
2n+1 + 1
3. 2n
(D) None of these
Sol.
48. If Aj =
x2
x aj
| x a j | , j = 1, 2, ......n and
a1 < a2 < a3 <....< an xlim

a (A1 . A2. ...An), 1 m n
m
(A) is equal to (1)n m + 1 (B) is equal to (1)

(C) is equal to (1)m
(D) does not exist
Sol.
cosh
et + et
x
where cosh t =
is equal to
51. lim
x

2
cos
x
nm
(A) e
(B) e
Sol.
(C) e
32
2
(D) e
2 2
LIMIT
Page # 32
1
cot { x} x
2
is
52. lim
x 0 + sgn( x ) cos x
56. xlim
0
(where [ * ] denotes fractional part function)

(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 0
(D) does not exist
sin( 6 x 2 )
=
n cos(2 x 2 x )
(A) 12
Sol.
(B) 12
(C) 6
(D) 6
Sol.
n
53. nlim
[(1 + x) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 4 ) .....(1 + x 2 )]
if |x| < 1 has the value equal to

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1 x
(D) (1 x)1
Sol.
x x + 1 then
57. If f(x) =
=1
(A) 1
(C) 2
lim f(0) is
(B) 1
(D) None of these
Sol.
54. If xlim
0
x3
a + x (bx sin x )
= 1 then the constants
a and b are (where a > 0)

(A) b = 1, a = 36
(B) a = 1, b= 6
(C) a = 1, b = 36
Sol.
(D) b = 1, a = 6
58. Limit
x 0
(A) 1/4
Sol.
ex
/2
cos x
=
x 3 sin x
(B) 1/6
(C) 1/12
(D) 1/8
12 n + 22 (n 1) + 3 2 (n 2) + .... + n2 .1
n
13 + 23 + 33 + .... + n3
55. lim
(A) 1/3
Sol.
(B) 2/3
(C) 1/2
(D) 1/6

Theory &amp; Exercise

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LIMIT

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 24

EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 34 37

ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................ 43 44

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar

THE EXISTENCE OF A LIMIT

In other words limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa when

Left hand lim it

Right hand lim it

Consider the function f defined by f(x) =

other hand, x 3x + 2 = (x 1) (x 2) and

The graph of the function y = x 1 a straight line L;

which means that the limit of

The graph of a function g is shown in the figure. Use it to

(a) Lim g(x)

(b) Lim g(x)

(c) Lim g(x)

(d) Lim g(x)

(e) Lim g(x)

(f) Lim g(x)

(b) Lim g(x) = 1

The graph also show that

(e) Lim+ g(x) = 2

Despite this fact, notice that g(5) 2.

Since f(x) = for x > 4, we have

lim f(x) = lim+

determine whether xlim

Since f(x) = 8 2x for x < 4, we have

lim f(x) = lim (8 2x) = 8 2.4 = 0

(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)

lim f(x) = lim f(x)

lim |0 h| + a = lim cos [0 + h]

lim f(0 h) = lim f(0 + h)

for x < 0, sin1 x > x

x > 0, sin1 x > x

Now, RHL (put x = 0 + h)

limit does not exists as RHL = 0 and LHL = 1

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS

5. Constant Multiplication Rule : xlim

6. Composition Rule : Limit

For example Limit

Evaluate the following limits and justify each step.

(a) Lim (2x 3x + 4)

= 2 Lim x 3 Lim x + Lim 4 = 2(5 ) 3(5) + 4 = 39

Lim x 3 + Lim 2x 2 Lim 1

the Dirichlet function f(x) =

(v) Yes, 00 form

(vi) Yes 0 form

(iii) Yes 0 form

(iv) Yes ( ) form

(vii) Yes 1 form

(iv) (a/) = 0 if a is finite

METHODS OF EVALUATING LIMITS

Ex.10 Evaluate lim arcsin

Ex.11 Evaluate lim

Ex.12 Evaluate : lim

Ex.13 Evaluate : lim

( (1 + sin 3 x ) 1)( (1 + sin 3 x ) + 1)

Ex.16 Find nlim

Ex.17 Find lim

Ex.19 Evaluate a, b, c and d, if lim ( x 4 + ax 3 + 3 x 2 + bx + 2

dividing numerator and denominator by x2 .We get,

Theory & Exercise

Theory & Exercise