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Short S.20 Mercury S.21 Maia

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main pre-war aviation transport

S.20 Mercury S.21 Mayo

Developer: Short Country: United Kingdom First flight: 1938 Type: Post-aircraft unit

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In the 1930s, the Atlantic Ocean is still a virtually insurmountable barrier for aircraft. Despite the considerable progress of transport aircraft, the successful flight across the Atlantic were sporadic and were more of a record than commercial. It offers those passengers who wanted to cross the ocean relatively quickly, without spending long days on the journey on the water surface, were German airships "Graf Zeppelin" and "Hindenburg". They, of course, could not meet the demand for passenger transport, and in addition, a hydrogen airship different fire hazard, and confirmed that the disaster "Hindenburg" in 1937. Most of the passengers prefer to travel in spacious and comfortable cabins steamship, regardless of the loss of time, as many hours of flight in cramped cabin of the aircraft, shaking, inability to stretch their legs, as well as the risk of falling into the plane crash, it is a real and palpable at the time, did commercial passenger air travel across the ocean unpromising. Multi-engine flying boat - the greatest airliners at the time - had to meet iron requirements put forward by the Ministry of Trade of Great Britain, and later adopted as a "guide to action" in other countries: a passenger flying boat had to keep steady flight with available capacity, a component of the three-eighths maximum. In short, four-engine plane was to ensure the safety of its passengers from complete failure of two engines and cruise thrust of the two remaining. Ensure compliance with such strict requirements was very difficult, especially if the aircraft, in addition to the payload, to bear a solid reserve of fuel. But at the same time, there were post transportation - a very upmarket and commercially viable, because the mail delivered faster, the higher the postage. In countries such as England and the United States, the conveyance of mail was the prerogative of the most reliable transport companies and the best steamers. Fastest transatlantic liners under the British flag were called Royal Mail Ship - "Royal Mail Ship". It was stressed that the ship is so reliable and prestige that the government itself trust him to carry the mail. To accelerate the delivery of mail on the two best German Transatlantic "Bremen" and "Europa"-were installed catapults, which could start with a small seaplane. When the ship came to the shores of the country of destination, set off by air mail it forward. Thus, it accelerated delivery for several hours.

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In commercial operations there were unwritten rule: mail to be delivered as soon as possible, but in critical situations (eg accident), it may be lost, the passenger, in which case, can wait, but it must reach the goal of his magnamedia.ru journey in one piece preservation. As a result, the mail plane were presented much less stringent security All ads requirements than the passenger. Add your advert In order to, if necessary, to make an emergency landing on water, transoceanic airliner to have a fuselageboat seaworthy and safe enough even for the big wave. At the same time, the mail plane could have significantly less reserve capacity, and as the number of devices it allows the installation of light floats, whose performance during a forced landing in rough seas left much to be desired. In some cases, the power to lift into the air at the packed to overflowing with goods and the cast "under the cap" gasoline mail plane is simply not enough, so he had to take off from a catapult or using other external devices starting. Suggestions were made to equip the aircraft postal variable pitch propeller (a relative rarity at the time), telescopic sliding wing panels and other devices that with some reduction in the reliability of the aircraft would be allowed to gain traction and start the lift. But in some cases the cost of a postage machine would just fly up "to heaven", in others - suffered reliability and growing mass of the structure. It is much easier and more affordable solution would rise heavily laden with the mail plane "back" of the aircraft, of the uterus. Such awards can be sure to take off the first large overload, and none on earth or in the water, "mailer" alone simply could not develop the starting rate for the service of separation. However, nothing unknown and even more or less risky creators of such coupling planes did not expect. Such designs have been around since the First World War. In favor of the two-seat trainer said another argument: the mail plane as the plane uterus, had to take off work all their engines to the fullest capacity, wasting precious fuel. But in flight, before separating the "mailer" on the media, it was possible to refuel the plane, which was to be another long journey across the ocean, from tanks aircraft uterus. A potential customer composite aircraft - British Post Office - insisted that a "womb" and the "upper part" of the composite aircraft would be designed "from scratch." It was assumed that the transatlantic postal courier will have a velocity higher, or at least the same as the best land bombers and advanced passenger aircraft by that time in the United States and Europe. For the road from America to Europe, he will be able to take off on their own, because in a way it would fit ruling over the North Atlantic wind. But here immediately caught the eye of the customer ignorance - it is impossible to build a simple, cheap, with sufficient capacity and at the same time, high-speed floatplane. Meanwhile, the most experienced creator seaplane company "Short Brothers," offered to customers in many ways an attractive option component machines, both components of which have already been implemented in the metal and required only minor alterations. The author of the project was Major Robert Mayo. He proposed to use as a "cancer" has proven himself a giant four-engined flying boat - Short airliner "Empire Boat", and as the upper component connectors - a relatively small, but it is also a special four-float seaplane design.

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Short S.20 Mercury S.21 Maia

Funding for this is quite an adventure, especially not stehnicheskoy, and from an economic point of view, the project was provided by the airline "Imperial Airways", which received, however, a large loan from the British Ministry of Civil Aviation. Was in the building next serial "Empire Boat" at the end of 1937 was subjected to quite a significant upgrade - the fender larger area, equipped with flaps, and over the center-built quite a complex design-net support farm with reliable connecting locks to the fuselage and floats "Mercury." The power plant of the lower component connectors, received the letter index and G-ADHK own name "Maya" (in Roman mythology - the mother of the god of trade and theft of Mercury), composed of four nine-radial engines Bristol "Pegasus" X takeoff power at 915 hp. s. with three-blade variable pitch propellers, "De Havilland". Selecting a proven and reliable long-term operation, the cart, "Imperial Boat" as the aircraft uterus was predetermined: shortovsky airliner was considered, and was the de facto at the time of commission of the English heavy transporters. By the way, "Empire Boat" company "Imperial Airways" proudly called "Royal Mail airplanes", similar to the transatlantic steamships than emphasizing their reliability. "Maya" could be used independently as a postal and passenger cars, and its flight data did not differ from the characteristics of a conventional production aircraft. The crew of "Imperial Boat" consisted of four people: two pilots, radio operator and flight engineer. The top component, or as it is sometimes called - "stray aircraft" received by analogy name "Mercury" (ie Mercury - the son of Maya) and alpha index G-ADHJ. It was a relatively simple in design metal vysokoplan originally designed kakdvuhpoplavkovy seaplane. The floats were attached to the canting to the wing in the area of internal engine nacelles and fuselage. Maximum payload of the aircraft was only 1,000 pounds (454 kg), but the take-off with "Maya" in its tanks was 4767 kg of fuel, which, by the way exceed its own weight of the car. Gas tanks occupied almost the entire volume of the wing, including a large box spar. When fully loaded with fuel, mirror-calm water and a head wind (two incompatible things), "Mercury", in principle, could take off without assistance. But seaworthy floats, heavily under is for the normal operation of the transatlantic version was not enough. In addition, the aircraft did not have a flap, which would be very useful to reduce the take-off distance. However, even landing on the troubled waters, provided almost complete combustion of fuel in the tanks did not present a problem. The power plant "Mercury" consisted of four row H-shaped air-cooled engines Napier "Repayr" take-off power of 350 hp. s. with a two-bladed fixed pitch wood screws. The crew of the aircraft consisted of two people - a pilot and a radio operator. After the climb, and separation from the "Maya" "Mercury" was to cross the Atlantic and splash down in the waters of the port of destination, unload, pick up a load of mail counter, wait for calm weather and contrived, with a smaller supply of fuel to fly on their own, take a course on native British Isles , driven by a drive-westerly winds. Consumption is quite enough back to back, in case if the same over the middle of the Atlantic on the way the aircraft arose storm front, or, God forbid, a headwind - you need to think about an emergency landing in the sea. To reduce the risk on return route had to think of a use of the southern route, with intermediate refueling in the Azores and Portugal. It is because of the high risk travel in an easterly direction the whole idea of c oupling Major Mayo ostracized and fierce criticism from many aviation professionals both in England and in other countries. Moreover, the greatest doubt inspired possibility of commercial success of the company. After all, the outcome of all developments, ideas and experiments was to be only 454 kilograms of mail delivery! The economic calculations carried out only after the establishment of coupling, showed that for at least the minimum profit required inflate rates for the delivery of mail in a few times. Thus, from the point of view of the introduction of the Post Office hitch Major Mayo-up had a meaning only from the point of view of maintaining the prestige of England as air power, as the commercial success of the question. However, the "plane-link" has been completed and 20 January 1938 made at Medusa, the county Rochester, quite a successful first flight, so far, however, without tripping. "Maya" was piloted by one of the most experienced pilots "Imperial Airways" Lancaster Piper, and "Mercury" - a civilian pilot Harvey L. Parker. February 6, 1938 Sparks flew from Dundee, in Northern Ireland, and soon took its successful separation of the Irish Sea. Then came the sensational. April 20 Spark took off from the River Shannon in Ireland and went to his first transatlantic flight. "Mercury" was piloted by Captain Bennett at the helm of "Maya" sitting captain Wilcoxon, in cargo compartments, "Mercury", arranged by the way, it floats in, there were almost half a ton of mail and the newspapers. At a height of 600 meters, "Mercury" was separated from the carrier and quickly dashed off to the west, leaving behind their heavy "mama." At noon the next day it splashed down in the St. Lawrence River near Montreal. The entire flight took 20 hours and 20 minutes, including 13 of the 29 minutes of "Mercury" was flying over the Atlantic. After a brief refueling and maintenance seaplane took off again to two hours to safely land in New York. The first ever commercial flight from the UK to the U.S. is over. And for the first time the Americans had the opportunity to read the British newspapers the next day after they exit the printer. However, the price of these newspapers was such, as if they were printed on pure gold ... Back "Mercury" came back in Montreal, Botvud town on the island of Newfoundland, the Azores and Lisbon to Southampton. October 6th floor layout again soared from Dundee. Soon, fully loaded with "Mercury" disconnected from the "Maya" and headed south through the 41.5 hour flight splashed down in the mouth of the Orange River near the city of Cape Town in South Africa. Thus set a new distance record for float seaplane - 6025 statute miles (9275 km). But the FAI refused to register this record, for "Mercury" begins not with water, as required by the rules, and the other plane. Such a long trip was not very tiring for the pilot, as the "Mercury" was equipped with a very perfect on-board equipment, in particular - the best at the moment the autopilot "Sperry". Record flights "Mercury" across the Atlantic and to South Africa have made great advertising as the company "Short Brothers" and the airline "Imperial Airways", demonstrating once again the absolute reliability of their aircraft. It will pay off handsomely cost of building and operating major doubles Mayo. Many firms, subcontractors who supplied certain parts, components and assemblies for the two-seat trainer, is proud to announce its participation in the project in its advertising. But at the same time, the actual cost-effectiveness was measured by dual-control negative. Soon after the storm enthusiasm caused by the record flight doubles, an unusual aircraft Major Mayo neglect. Having made at least a dozen transatlantic flights with newspapers and mail on board, "Mercury" was used on its own as a mail

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least a dozen transatlantic flights with newspapers and mail on board, "Mercury" was used on its own as a mail plane flying at a relatively short route between England and Portugal. With the start of the Second World War, traces of this elegant seaplane lost. According to some, it was destroyed by German bombs in 1941. "Maya" also flew "alone", with t he dismantled farm for "Mercury." At the beginning of the war she, like the others, "Empire Boat," had "to wear a military uniform." Flying boat was mobilized and drove the soldiers, mail and cargo, patrolling over the Irish Sea, North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, looking for German submarines. In 1944, due to extreme wear and tear of its written off. Baton transoceanic cargo non-stop flights from major Mayo composite aircraft took a giant flying boat "Clipper", created by the ocean in the distant Seattle, the designers of the company "Boeing". "Clipper" had a range that allows easily cross the Atlantic with thirty passengers and cargo on board. "Clipper" flying as a leading U.S. airline "Pan Am" and in the color of the successor of "Imperial Airways" - British airline Voas, becoming the first true Transatlantic air.

Short S.20 Mercury S.21 Maia

LTH: Modification S.21 Maia Wing span, m 34.70 Length, m 25.90 Height, m 9.95 Sparky height, m 11.66 Wing area, m2 162.50 Mass, kg Empty 10896 Fuel 6356 fuel at the start of a Maya payload 2724 Maximum take-off doubles 21565 Engine Type 4 PD Bristol Perseus X Horsepower 4 x 915 Maximum speed, km / h 320 Maximum speed doubles, km / h 312 Cruising speed, km / h 264 Range, km 1360 Practical range when starting with Maya, km Service ceiling, m 6100 Crew 4 Extras. Information: Drawing " Short S.20 & S.21 Mercury Maia "

S.20 Mercury 22.26 15.55 6.18 56.76 4540 1135 4767 450 21565 4 PD Napier Rapier 4 x 350 333 280 560 6080 7015 4

List of sources: Aviamaster. Ivan Kudishin. Aircraft-link major Mayo CHBarnes. Shorts Aircraft Since 1900 Donald D. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aviation: Aircraft XX century LSCasey, J.Batchelor. The Illustrated History of Seaplanes and Flying Boats K. Munson. Flying Boats and Seaplanes since 1910

C orne r of the sk y. 2004 (Page : "Short S.20 S.21 Me rcury Maia" Modification date : 06/21/2013)

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