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< 10 A
< 10 A
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage:
UL2,E = UL21
UL,E voltage in the both healthy phases are increase (max phase-to-phase) UE displacement-voltage (can be measured at star point to earth)
IE =3 . IE/3 = 3 . UE/ZE IE/3 ... earth fault current in one phase ZE ... earth impedance at one phase
~ UE
ZE IE
L1 L2 L3
3U0 =3UE
IC,3
IE = = 3U0
1
IC,2
= 3U0 . jCE
jCE 3 UE ZE
UL2,E
IE
UE UL1,E UL2,E
ZE
UL1,E
UL2,E
UE
UE
IE= 3
UE ZE
At faults close to the star-point the displacement voltage and the earth currents become small
generator is galvanic isolated under the assumption of an ideal transformer, the displacement voltage caused by an earth fault, can only be measured at the generator
CG
CL
CTr
UEO
UN 3
TR =
UGen 3
100 3
500 3
Earthing transformer
UR
Note: At solidly earthed transformer the UE0 is appr. 80% of UN/3 (Safety margin, if solidly earthing is open)
R=
( )
RPrim
TR 2 3
equivalent circuit
UC
UEO
Example:
UEO =
220 kV 3 R=5
TR = 735 3
UR,prim = 293V
TR =
UGen 3
UR
UR
A high secondary nominal voltage UR (250V - 500V) is selected in order to avoid very small load resistors.
Rsek= Rprim 2TR Design of Rprim so that the fault current is < 10A
machines are galvanic connected displacement voltage caused by an earth fault can be measured in all locations
3U0
3u0
IR
3I0
UL1
UL2
IC
ICL2 ICL1
IMess
G2
IMess
IMeas
G2
IMeas
per phase
IE
L1 L2 L3
IE
Holmgreen connection (common neutral return connector Sensitivity is limited Problem: Large CT ratio leads to small currents on the secondary side
3~
(IE = 3 I0)