Cerebrovascular Disease

Thrombosis and/or Vascular Occlusion Thrombosis, atherosclerotic Hypotension in presence of atherosclerotic carotid disease (e.g., hypovolemia, Stokes-Adams attack, myocardial infarction) Vasculitis (especially arteritis) Infectious Subacute bacterial meningitis Meningovascular syphilis Tuberculous meningitis Fungal meningitis Protozoan and parasitic meningitis (e.g., malaria, trichinosis, schistosomiasis) Noninfectious Systemic lupus erythematosus Polyarteritis nodosa Necrotizing arteritis Granulomatous arteritis Temporal arteritis Takayasu's disease Cerebral thrombophlebitis and/or venous sinus thrombosis (usually associated with infection of ear, sinus, face, or meninges) Oral contraceptives Hematologic disorders Sickle cell disease Polycythemia vera Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Hyperproteinemic or hyperviscosity states Carotid artery trauma Radiation Dissecting aneurysm of carotid artery (e.g., secondary to cystic medial necrosis or dissecting aortic aneurysm) Pressure secondary to intracerebral hematoma Migraine syndrome Fibromuscular dysplasia Fabry's disease Homocystinuria

Moyamoya disease

Embolism Atrial arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation--usually with rheumatic valvular or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) Rheumatic heart disease, especially mitral stenosis (with or without atrial fibrillation) Myocardial infarction with mural thrombus Cardiac surgery, complications of (e.g., air, platelet, fat, silicone embolism) Prosthetic heart valve Endocarditis Bacterial Nonbacterial (e.g., associated with carcinomatosis or systemic lupus erythematosus) Atherosclerotic embolism from other arteries Aorta or carotid arteries (e.g., secondary to carotid massage or arteriography) Vertebral or basilar arteries Pulmonary vein thrombosis (especially septic or tumor emboli) Fat embolism Tumor embolism Air embolism Venous thromboembolism with cardiac or pulmonary right-to-left shunt (paradoxic embolism) Atrial myxoma Trichinosis Hemorrhage Hypertension (including hypertensive encephalopathy) Aneurysm (ruptured or unruptured) Saccular ("berry") Fusiform (atherosclerotic) Mycotic Arteriovenous malformation, ruptured or unruptured Hemorrhagic disorders (e.g., thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, coagulopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, anticoagulant therapy) Intracranial trauma (e.g., acute extradural or subdural hematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage) Hemorrhage into tumor Hemorrhagic infarction

Connective-tissue disease (especially lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis nodosa)