MATLAB From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the region in Bangladesh, see Matlab Upazila.

This article uses bare URLs for citations, which may be threatened by link rot. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Se veral templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Re flinks documentation) (August 2013) Matlab Logo.png MATLAB-R2011a-for-Windows.png MATLAB R2011a screenshot Developer(s) MathWorks Written in C, Java Operating system Cross-platform[1] Type Technical computing License Proprietary Website MATLAB product page Paradigm(s) multi-paradigm: imperative, procedural, object-oriented, array Appeared in late 1970s Typing discipline dynamic, weak OS Cross-platform Usual filename extensions .m MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-gener ation programming language. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipul ations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation o f user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, inc luding C, C++, Java, and Fortran. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolb ox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabil ities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation a nd Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia.[2] MA TLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics. MATLAB is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industri al enterprises. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Syntax 2.1 Variables 2.2 Vectors/matrices 2.3 Structures 2.4 Function handles 2.5 Classes 3 Graphics and graphical user interface programming 4 Object-oriented programming 5 Interfacing with other languages 6 License 7 Alternatives 8 Release history 9 File extensions 9.1 Native 9.2 Third-party 10 Easter eggs 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History[edit source | editbeta]

Cleve Moler, the chairman of the computer science department at the University o f New Mexico, started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s.[3] He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without them having to learn For tran. It soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within th e applied mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it dur ing a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its commercia l potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C an d founded MathWorks in 1984 to continue its development. These rewritten librari es were known as JACKPAC.[4] In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK.[5] MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering , Little's speciality, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra and numerical an alysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved in image processing.[3] Syntax[edit source | editbeta] The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB language, and most use of MATL AB involves typing MATLAB code into the Command Window (as an interactive mathem atical shell), or executing text files containing MATLAB codes, including script s and/or functions.[6] Variables[edit source | editbeta] Variables are defined using the assignment operator, =. MATLAB is a weakly typed programming language because types are implicitly converted.[7] It is a dynamic ally typed language because variables can be assigned without declaring their ty pe, except if they are to be treated as symbolic objects,[8] and that their type can change. Values can come from constants, from computation involving values o f other variables, or from the output of a function. For example: >> x = 17 x = 17 >> x = 'hat' x = hat >> y = x + 0 y = 104 97 116 >> x = [3*4, pi/2] x = 12.0000 1.5708 >> y = 3*sin(x) y = -1.6097 3.0000 Vectors/matrices[edit source | editbeta] As suggested by its name (a contraction of "Matrix Laboratory"), MATLAB can crea te and manipulate arrays of 1 (vectors), 2 (matrices), or more dimensions. In th e MATLAB vernacular, a vector refers to a one dimensional (1N or N1) matrix, commo nly referred to as an array in other programming languages. A matrix generally r efers to a 2-dimensional array, i.e. an mn array where m and n are greater than 1 . Arrays with more than two dimensions are referred to as multidimensional array s. Arrays are a fundamental type and many standard functions natively support ar ray operations allowing work on arrays without explicit loops. A simple array is defined using the syntax: init:increment:terminator. For insta nce: >> array = 1:2:9 array = 1 3 5 7 9 defines a variable named array (or assigns a new value to an existing variable w ith the name array) which is an array consisting of the values 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 . That is, the array starts at 1 (the init value), increments with each step fro m the previous value by 2 (the increment value), and stops once it reaches (or t

o avoid exceeding) 9 (the terminator value). >> array = 1:3:9 array = 1 4 7 the increment value can actually be left out of this syntax (along with one of t he colons), to use a default value of 1. >> ari = 1:5 ari = 1 2 3 4 5 assigns to the variable named ari an array with the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, si nce the default value of 1 is used as the incrementer. Indexing is one-based,[9] which is the usual convention for matrices in mathemat ics, although not for some programming languages such as C, C++, and Java. Matrices can be defined by separating the elements of a row with blank space or comma and using a semicolon to terminate each row. The list of elements should b e surrounded by square brackets: []. Parentheses: () are used to access elements and subarrays (they are also used to denote a function argument list). >> A = [16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1] A = 16 3 2 13 5 10 11 8 9 6 7 12 4 15 14 1 >> A(2,3) ans = 11 Sets of indices can be specified by expressions such as "2:4", which evaluates t o [2, 3, 4]. For example, a submatrix taken from rows 2 through 4 and columns 3 through 4 can be written as: >> A(2:4,3:4) ans = 11 8 7 12 14 1 A square identity matrix of size n can be generated using the function eye, and matrices of any size with zeros or ones can be generated with the functions zero s and ones, respectively. >> eye(3) ans = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 >> zeros(2,3) ans = 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> ones(2,3) ans = 1 1 1 1 1 1 Most MATLAB functions can accept matrices and will apply themselves to each elem ent. For example, mod(2*J,n) will multiply every element in "J" by 2, and then r educe each element modulo "n". MATLAB does include standard "for" and "while" lo ops, but (as in other similar applications such as R), using the vectorized nota tion often produces code that is faster to execute. This code, excerpted from th e function magic.m, creates a magic square M for odd values of n (MATLAB functio n meshgrid is used here to generate square matrices I and J containing 1:n). [J,I] = meshgrid(1:n); A = mod(I + J - (n + 3) / 2, n);

B = mod(I + 2 * J - 2, n); M = n * A + B + 1; Structures[edit source | editbeta] MATLAB has structure data types. Since all variables in MATLAB are arrays, a mor e adequate name is "structure array", where each element of the array has the sa me field names. In addition, MATLAB supports dynamic field names (field look-ups by name, field manipulations, etc.). Unfortunately, MATLAB JIT does not support MATLAB structures, therefore just a simple bundling of various variables into a structure will come at a cost.[citation needed] Function handles[edit source | editbeta] MATLAB supports elements of lambda calculus by introducing function handles, or function references, which are implemented either in .m files or anonymous/neste d functions. Classes[edit source | editbeta] Although MATLAB has classes, the syntax and calling conventions are significantl y different from other languages. MATLAB has value classes and reference classes , depending on whether the class has handle as a super-class (for reference clas ses) or not (for value classes). Method call behavior is different between value and reference classes. For examp le, a call to a method object.method(); can alter any member of object only if object is an instance of a reference clas s. Graphics and graphical user interface programming[edit source | editbeta] MATLAB supports developing applications with graphical user interface features. MATLAB includes GUIDE (GUI development environment) for graphically designing GU Is.[10] It also has tightly integrated graph-plotting features. For example the function plot can be used to produce a graph from two vectors x and y. The code: x = 0:pi/100:2*pi; y = sin(x); plot(x,y) produces the following figure of the sine function: Matlab plot sin.svg A MATLAB program can produce three-dimensional graphics using the functions surf , plot3 or mesh. [X,Y] = meshgrid(-10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10); f = sinc(sqrt((X/pi).^2+(Y/pi).^2)); mesh(X,Y,f); axis([-10 10 -10 10 -0.3 1]) xlabel('{\bfx}') ylabel('{\bfy}') zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})') hidden off [X,Y] = meshgrid(-10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10); f = sinc(sqrt((X/pi).^2+(Y/pi).^2)); surf(X,Y,f); axis([-10 10 -10 10 -0.3 1]) xlabel('{\bfx}') ylabel('{\bfy}') zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})') This code produces a wireframe 3D plot of the two-dimensional unnormalized sinc function: This code produces a surface 3D plot of the two-dimensio nal unnormalized sinc function: MATLAB mesh sinc3D.svg MATLAB surf sinc3D.svg In MATLAB, graphical user interfaces can be programed with the GUI design enviro nment (GUIDE) tool.[11] Object-oriented programming[edit source | editbeta]

MATLAB's support for object-oriented programming includes classes, inheritance, virtual dispatch, packages, pass-by-value semantics, and pass-by-reference seman tics.[12] classdef hello methods function doit(this) disp('Hello!') end end end When put into a file named hello.m, this can be executed with the following comm ands: >> x = hello; >> x.doit; Hello! Interfacing with other languages[edit source | editbeta] MATLAB can call functions and subroutines written in the C programming language or Fortran. A wrapper function is created allowing MATLAB data types to be passe d and returned. The dynamically loadable object files created by compiling such functions are termed "MEX-files" (for MATLAB executable).[13][14] Libraries written in Java, ActiveX or .NET can be directly called from MATLAB an d many MATLAB libraries (for example XML or SQL support) are implemented as wrap pers around Java or ActiveX libraries. Calling MATLAB from Java is more complica ted, but can be done with a MATLAB extension,[15] which is sold separately by Ma thWorks, or using an undocumented mechanism called JMI (Java-to-MATLAB Interface ),[16] which should not be confused with the unrelated Java Metadata Interface t hat is also called JMI. As alternatives to the MuPAD based Symbolic Math Toolbox available from MathWork s, MATLAB can be connected to Maple or Mathematica.[17] Libraries also exist to import and export MathML.[18] License[edit source | editbeta] MATLAB is a proprietary product of MathWorks, so users are subject to vendor loc k-in.[2][19] Although MATLAB Builder can deploy MATLAB functions as library file s which can be used with .NET or Java application building environment, future d evelopment will still be tied to the MATLAB language. Each toolbox is purchased separately. If an evaluation licence is requested, the MathWorks sales department requires detailed information about the project for which MATLAB is to be evaluated. Overall the process of acquiring a licence is e xpensive in terms of money and time[citation needed]. If granted (which it often is), the evaluation licence is valid for two to four weeks. A student version o f MATLAB is also available. It has been reported that EU competition regulators are investigating whether Ma thworks refused to sell licences to a competitor.[20] Alternatives[edit source | editbeta] See also: list of numerical analysis software and comparison of numerical analys is software MATLAB has a number of competitors.[21] Commercial competitors include Mathemati ca, Maple, and IDL. There are also free open source alternatives to MATLAB, in p articular GNU Octave, FreeMat, and Scilab which are intended to be mostly compat ible with the MATLAB language. Among other languages that treat arrays as basic entities (array programming languages) are APL, Fortran 90 and higher, S-Lang, a s well as the statistical languages R and S. There are also libraries to add sim ilar functionality to existing languages, such as IT++ for C++, Perl Data Langua ge for Perl, and SciPy for Python. Release history[edit source | editbeta] Version[22] Release name Number Bundled JVM Year Release Date

Notes MATLAB 1.0 1984 MATLAB 2 1986 MATLAB 3 1987 MATLAB 3.5 1990 Ran on MS-DOS but requir ed at least a 386 processor. Version 3.5m required math coprocessor MATLAB 4 1992 MATLAB 4.2c 1994 Ran on Windows 3.1. Requ ired a math coprocessor MATLAB 5.0 Volume 8 1996 December, 1996 Unified releases across all platforms. MATLAB 5.1 Volume 9 1997 May, 1997 MATLAB 5.1.1 R9.1 MATLAB 5.2 R10 1998 March, 1998 MATLAB 5.2.1 R10.1 MATLAB 5.3 R11 1999 January, 1999 MATLAB 5.3.1 R11.1 November, 1999 MATLAB 6.0 R12 12 1.1.8 2000 November, 2000 First release wi th bundled Java Virtual Machine (JVM). MATLAB 6.1 R12.1 1.3.0 2001 June, 2001 MATLAB 6.5 R13 13 1.3.1 2002 July, 2002 MATLAB 6.5.1 R13SP1 2003 MATLAB 6.5.2 R13SP2 MATLAB 7 R14 14 1.4.2 2004 June, 2004 MATLAB 7.0.1 R14SP1 October, 2004 MATLAB 7.0.4 R14SP2 1.5.0 2005 March 7, 2005 MATLAB 7.1 R14SP3 1.5.0 September 1, 2005 MATLAB 7.2 R2006a 15 1.5.0 2006 March 1, 2006 MATLAB 7.3 R2006b 16 1.5.0 September 1, 2006 HDF5-based MAT-f ile support MATLAB 7.4 R2007a 17 1.5.0_07 2007 March 1, 2007 MATLAB 7.5 R2007b 18 1.6.0 September 1, 2007 Last release for Windows 2000 and PowerPC Mac. License Server support for Windows Vista[23] MATLAB 7.6 R2008a 19 1.6.0 2008 March 1, 2008 New Class-Defini tion Syntax.[24] MATLAB 7.7 R2008b 20 1.6.0_04 October 9, 2008 MATLAB 7.8 R2009a 21 1.6.0_04 2009 March 6, 2009 First re lease for 32-bit & 64-bit Microsoft Windows 7. MATLAB 7.9 R2009b 22 1.6.0_12 September 4, 2009 First re lease for Intel 64-bit Mac, and last for Solaris SPARC. MATLAB 7.9.1 R2009bSP1 1.6.0_12 2010 April 1, 2010 MATLAB 7.10 R2010a 23 1.6.0_12 March 5, 2010 Last release for Intel 32-bit Mac. MATLAB 7.11 R2010b 24 1.6.0_17 September 3, 2010 MATLAB 7.11.1 R2010bSP1 1.6.0_17 2011 March 17, 2011 MATLAB 7.12 R2011a 25 1.6.0_17 April 8, 2011 MATLAB 7.13 R2011b 26 1.6.0_17 September 1, 2011 MATLAB 7.14 R2012a 27 1.6.0_17 2012 March 1, 2012 MATLAB 8 R2012b 28 September 11, 2012 First release wi th Toolstrip interface. MATLAB 8.1 R2013a 29 2013 March 7, 2013 The number (or Release number) is the version reported by Concurrent License Man ager program FlexLM. File extensions[edit source | editbeta] Native[edit source | editbeta] .fig MATLAB figure .m MATLAB function, script, or class

.mat MATLAB binary file for storing variables .mex... MATLAB executable (platform specific, e.g. ".mexmac" for the Mac, ".mexglx" for Linux, etc.) .p MATLAB content-obscured .m file (result e() ) Third-party[edit source | editbeta] .jkt GPU Cache file generated by Jacket for MATLAB (AccelerEyes) .mum MATLAB CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation Model File (AmsterCHEM) Easter eggs[edit source | editbeta] Several easter eggs exist in MATLAB.[25] These include hidden pictures, and rand om inside jokes. For example, typing in "spy" will generate a picture of the spi es from Spy vs Spy. Typing in "why" randomly outputs a philosophical answer. Oth er commands include "penny", "toilet", "image", and "life". Not every Easter egg appears in every version of MATLAB some appear and some disappear. See also[edit source | editbeta] List of numerical analysis software Comparison of numerical analysis software Notes[edit source | editbeta] ^ "Requirements". MathWorks. Retrieved 2010-06-07. ^ a b Richard Goering, "Matlab edges closer to electronic design automation worl d," EE Times, 10/04/2004 ^ a b Cleve Moler, the creator of MATLAB (December 2004). "The Origins of MATLAB ". Retrieved April 15, 2007. ^ "MATLAB Programming Language". Retrieved 2010-12-17. ^ Note from Cleve Moler in a Mathworks newsletter Cleve Moler, the creator of MA TLAB (2000). "MATLAB Incorporates LAPACK". Retrieved December 20, 2008. ^ "MATLAB technical documentation". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 2010-06-07. ^ [1] Documentation on MATLAB in relation to other languages ^ sym function Documentation for the MATLAB Symbolic Toolbox ^ "MATLAB Online Documentation". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 2010-06-07. ^ http://www.mathworks.com/discovery/matlab-gui.html ^ Smith, S. T. (2006). Matlab: Advanced GUI Development. Dog Ear Publishing. ISB N 978-1-59858-181-2. ^ "MATLAB Class Overview". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 2010-06-07. ^ "MATLAB external interface guide". Retrieved 2008-05-25. ^ Spielman, Dan (2004-02-10). "Connecting C and Matlab". Yale University, Comput er Science Department. Retrieved 2008-05-20. ^ "MATLAB Builder JA". MathWorks. Retrieved 2010-06-07. ^ "Java-to-Matlab Interface". Undocumented Matlab. 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2010-06 -07. ^ Mathsource item #618 for calling MATLAB from Mathematica Roger Germundsson fro m Wolfram Research ^ http://www.nl.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/7709-mathml-importexpor t?s_cid=wiki_matlab_11 ^ Jan Stafford, "The Wrong Choice: Locked in by license restrictions," SearchOpe nSource.com, 21 May 2003 ^ Mathworks software license probed by EU antitrust regulators Bloomberg news ^ Comparison of mathematical programs for data analysis ScientificWeb ^ Cleve Moler (January 2006). "The Growth of MATLAB and The MathWorks over Two D ecades" (PDF). Retrieved August 18, 2008. ^ "Do MATLAB versions prior to R2007a run under Windows Vista?". September 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2011. ^ "Compatibility with Previous Versions". March 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013.

^ http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/2001-what-matlab-easter-eggs-do -you-know?s_cid=wiki_matlab_14 References[edit source | editbeta] Gilat, Amos (2004). MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-69420-5. Quarteroni, Alfio; Fausto Saleri (2006). Scientific Computing with MATLAB and Oc tave. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-32612-0. Ferreira, A.J.M. (2009). MATLAB Codes for Finite Element Analysis. Springer. ISB N 978-1-4020-9199-5. Lynch, Stephen (2004). Dynamical Systems with Applications using MATLAB. Birkhuse r. ISBN 978-0-8176-4321-8. External links[edit source | editbeta] Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: MATLAB Programming Wikimedia Commons has media related to: MATLAB Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Linear algebra software packages", Encyclopedi a of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4 MATLAB overview, at the MathWorks website System Requirements Platform Roadmap, at the MathWorks website. MATLAB Central File Exchange Library of over 12,000 MATLAB files and toolboxes, mostly distributed under BSD License. MATLAB at the Open Directory Project comp.soft-sys.matlab LiteratePrograms (MATLAB) Official blogs Examples to remote control R&S instruments from MATLAB Comparison of mathematical programs for data analysis ScientificWeb Physical Modeling in MATLAB by Allen B. Downey, Green Tea Press, PDF, ISBN 978-0 -615-18550-7. An introduction to MATLAB. Writing Fast MATLAB Code by P. Getreuer Calling MATLAB from Java: MatlabControl JMI Wrapper, The MatlabJava Server, Matl abControl The World's First International Online Workshop on Matlab and Simulink by WorldS erve Education [show] v t e Numerical software [show] v t e Computer algebra systems [show] v t e Statistical software [show] v t e Image processing software Categories: Image processing softwareArray programming languagesC softwareIRIX s oftwareData analysis softwareNumerical programming languagesLinux numerical anal ysis softwareWindows softwarePlotting softwareProprietary cross-platform softwar eNumerical linear algebra Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEdit sourceEditbetaView history Search Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia

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