Offshore Vindmller Udenoms faciliteter

Offshore Wind Turbines Design Standards

By Jan Behrendt Ibs DNV Global Wind Energy

DNV Global Wind Energy

DNV Global Wind Energy located in Denmark Network with DNV offices: UK, Germany, Spain, US, the Netherlands, Taiwan and India Wind turbine type certification, wind farm project certification, State of the art rules for offshore windturbine structures 25 employees in Denmark and growing Technical co-operation with Ris Research Laboratory

DNV history of Offshore Wind Farms - Denmark

DENMARK
Vindeby, 5 MW, Installation Year: 1991 SEAS/Bonus Tun Knob, 5 MW, Installation Year: 1995 Elsam/Vestas Middelgrunden 40 MW. Installation Year: 2000 SEAS and Bonus Sams, 25 MW Installation Year: 2002 Hydro Soil Services Project Certification. Frederikshavn, 4 prototype WT Installation Year: 2002/2003 Elsam Horns Rev, 160 MW Installation Year: 2002/2003 Elsam/Eltra

Rdsand, 165 MW Installation Year: 2002/2003 Energi E2/SEAS

DNV history of Offshore Wind Farms - Germany

GERMANY
Wilhelmshaven, 4.5 MW Installation Year: 2004 Enercon/Bladt Industries Borkum West, 60 MW Installation Year: 2004 Prokon Nord SKY 2000 150 MW Installation Year: 2004 EON Butendiek, 240 MW Installation Year: 2005 Offshore Brgerwindpark Butendiek Arkona Becken Sdost AWE (EON) Adlergrund Umweltkontor Pommersche Bucht Winkra North Sea WSD

DNV history of Offshore Wind Farms UK

UK
North Hoyle, 60 MW Installation Year: 2003 Vestas Celtic Ltd

Kentish Flats, 90 MW Installation Year: 2004 GREP Rhyl Flat, 60 MW Installation Year: 2005 National Wind Power

Barrow Offshore Wind Farm, 110 MW Installation Year: 2005 Vestas Celtic Wind Technology Ltd.

NETHERLANDS
Teeside Offshore Wind Farm, 110 MW Installation Year: 2006 LPC. Lynn + Inner Dowsing, 250 MW Installation Year: 2004 AMEC. Egmond an Zee, 100 MW Installation year: 2004 BCE

Site Specific Integrated Structural System

Site specific, e.g.: - Wave height - Water depth - Tide and Current - Soil Conditions - Wind+Wave Loads - Optimised project specific support structure design

The Integrated Model

Definition of integrated model for offshore wind turbines: An aeroelastic model that includes the dynamic influence of wave loads and foundation/soil stiffness and damping. New topics when moving offshore Stiffness and damping Soil stiffness and deflection, u Wave spectre and 1st tower/pile bending frequency Movements at tower top du/dt Structural analysis of the foundation and soil Load cases Traditional load cases are combined with wave loads

How offshore wind farms affect support structure design

Support Structures (tower + foundation) reaches 30-40 % of the total investment. This has the following impact:
Design - Differentiated foundation types and or sizes
- Further offshore i.e. harsh environment yielding high requirements to strength - Large water depth resulting in significant dynamic influence of foundation to the WT - High requirements to installation phase as critical when far out to sea - Simple and robust solutions in favor to high-tech non-proven solutions.

Insurance Investors - Requirements to reliable investments, thus independent project certification Critical issues during project - e.g. procurement of steel, sea transport, installation vessels, installation

Design Standards Key Areas

New key areas for design standards for offshore wind turbines including support structures as compared with onshore:
-

Geotechnical modeling and analysis

- Aerodynamic modeling and analysis - Hydrodynamic modeling and analysis - Structural modeling and analysis - Corrosion aspects - Practical issues such as procurement, manufacturing and installation - Combination of the above

Standards and Codes Offshore Wind Turbines

Currently no national nor international Standard/Codes covering Offshore Wind Turbines as an integrated System: IEC 61400-1 and IEC WT01 covers onshore wind turbines but not foundation IEC 61400-3 (not finalised) covers offshore wind turbines but not foundations Eurocodes cover onshore buildings (High Safety Class) not wind turbines IS0 19902 and API covers offshore oil-and gas fixed structures (High Safety Class (wind turbines not covered) Danish Recommendation for Offshore Wind Turbines, December 2001 Offhore support structure design not covered specifically and based on DS codes

DNV Offshore Wind Turbine Standards

DNV-OS-J100: Offshore Wind Turbines

-

DNV-OS-J101: Offshore Wind Turbine Structures DNV-OS-J102: Wind Turbine Blades, Nov. 2004 DNV-OS-J103: Offshore Wind Turbine Electrical Systems, 2005 DNV-OS-J104: Offshore Wind Turbine Gear Boxes, 2005

DNV Offshore Standard

DNV-OS-J101

Special new topics covered in the DNV Standard:

Minimum soil investigations Determination of design waves Combined loads (wind-waves and wind-ice) State-of-the-art fatigue design of tubular joints Grouted connections in mono-piles Grouted connections - pile to jacket sleeve Composite design - steel tubular in concrete shaft Suction bucket foundation

DNV Offshore Standard

DNV-OS-J101

New design standard for design of support structure for offshore wind turbines
Basis for new DNV rules DNV standard is based on experience from more than 24 offshore wind projects & general rule development from maritime and offshore industries for decades Status Internal and external hearing finalised 16 April 2004 Will be published in June 2004

DNV Offshore Standard

The standard focuses on

DNV-OS-J101

structural design manufacturing installation follow-up during the in-service phase

for the support structure

i.e. all structural parts below the nacelle including the soil

DNV Rules for Offshore Wind Turbine Structures DNV-OS-J101 Standard covers: Site specific design of wind turbine, support structure and foundation considered as an integrated structure. Site specific parameters e.g.:
Soil conditions Wind conditions Water depth Wave height Current Combined Wind-Wave,Wind-Ice Corrosion Structural stiffness

DNV Rules for Offshore Wind Turbine Structures Content of DNV Rules Design principles Safety levels Site conditions Loads Structural design Materials Corrosion Manufacturing Transport Installation Maintenance Decommissioning

Life cycle approach

Foundation Solutions
Various foundation design covered Focus on Gravity foundation Mono-piles Tripods Other concepts included: Jackets, Hybrids, Floating foundations, Suction buckets etc.

DNV Rules for Offshore Wind Structures

Design Principles

DNV-OS-J101

1) Design by the LRFD Method (linear combination of individual load processes) 2) Design by direct simulation of combined load (direct simulation of combined load effet of simultaneously acting load processes) 3) Design assisted by testing 4) Probability-based design

Design Principles Target Safety Level

The rules are an offshore standard, providing an overall safety level corresponding to low to normal safety class: The target safety level for structural ultimate limit state (ULS) designs is to the lower end of normal safety class corresponding to an annual probability of failure in the range 105-104 with 105 (=4.2) being the aim for designs to the normal safety class and 104 (=3.7) being the aim for designs to the low safety class. This range of ultimate limit state (ULS) target safety levels is the range aimed at for structures, whose failures are ductile with no reserve capacity.

Target Reliability Index

Limit state Target reliability index (design working life) 3,1 (EC:3.8) Target annual reliability index (one year) 3,7 (EC:4.7)

Ultimate
1)

Fatigue

1.2-3,1 (EC:3.8) *) -

*) Depends on inspectability, reparability and damage tolerances.

DNV Offshore Standard

DNV-OS-J101

The rules are an offshore standard, providing an overall safety level corresponding to low to normal safety class. The DNV-OS-J101 account for the fact that the structures are unmanned and the risk for pollution of the environment is limited.

Fatigue Design of Offshore WT Structures

In order for offshore wind turbines and their support structures to be economically feasible, optimisation of the design, including the fatigue design needs to be carried out.

Local Joint Flexibility (LJF)

Spring characteristics may be found from Buitrago.
Beam element Stiff offset element

Rotational and/or axial LJF spring

Application of joint flexibility will give a more correct distribution of member forces.

Influence from mean stress (crack closure)

Welded structural details:

Fracture Mechanics Fatigue Calculations

K = FS FE FT FG S c
c b 1 . 65 1 / 2 c FE = 1 + 4 . 5945 2b
FS = 1.12 0.12

FT =

sec (c / 2t )

c/b = 0.2

Fracture Mechanics Fatigue Calculations

K = (Fm Sm + Fb Sb) c
Sm = tensile membrane geometric stress range component Sb = outer-fibre bending geometric stress range component c = crack depth
Notch stress

Sb =

c o 1 Sb t
A

Geometric stress Nominal stress

Section A-A

Section B-B

Section C-C

Fatigue Life Improvement Methods

Tubular Girth Weld Profile Grinding: Improved to SN-curve Curve C/Curve 125 (Normally Curve D/Curve 90 without weld profile grinding)
Grinding as for tubular joints Large radius grinding removing weld caps and weld toe undercut