MQ11 Adv Gen Sol Man

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Table of contents
About eBookPlus v
Chapter 1 Number systems: real and complex 1
Exercise 1A A review of set notation 1
Exercise 1B Subsets of the set of real numbers 2
Exercise 1C Properties of surds 3
Exercise 1D The set of complex numbers 10
Exercise 1E Multiplication and division of complex
numbers 11
Exercise 1F Representing complex numbers on an
Argand diagram 14
Exercise 1G Factorising quadratic expressions
and solving quadratic equations over the complex
number field 16
Chapter review 19
Short answer 19
Multiple choice 24
Extended response 25
Chapter 2 Transformations 28
Exercise 2A Translations of points and graphs 28
Exercise 2B Reflections of points and graphs 30
Exercise 2C Dilations from axes 32
Exercise 2D The ellipse and the hyperbola 34
Exercise 2E Successive transformations 37
Chapter review 41
Short answer 41
Multiple choice 46
Chapter 3 Relations and functions 49
Exercise 3A Relations 49
Exercise 3B Functions 51
Exercise 3C Inverse functions 52
Chapter review 56
Short answer 56
Multiple choice 58
Exam practice 1 60
Short answer 60
Multiple choice 61
Chapter 4 Algebra 62
Exercise 4A Review of index laws 62
Exercise 4B Standard form and significant figures 63
Exercise 4C Transposition 64
Exercise 4D Solving linear equations and simultaneous
equations 67
Exercise 4E Applications 74
Exercise 4F Algebraic fractions 78
Exercise 4G Linear literal equations 80
Chapter review 82
Short answer 82
Multiple choice 84
Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their
applications 88
Exercise 5A Trigonometry of right-angled
triangles 88
Exercise 5B Elevation, depression and bearings 94
Exercise 5C The sine rule 99
Exercise 5D The cosine rule 105
Exercise 5E Area of triangles 109
Exercise 5F Trigonometric identities 114
Exercise 5G Radian measurement 114
Exercise 5H Arcs, sectors and segments 116
Chapter review 120
Short answer 120
Multiple choice 121
Chapter 6 Sequences and series 126
Exercise 6A Describing sequences 126
Exercise 6B Arithmetic sequences 130
Exercise 6C Arithmetic series 134
Exercise 6D Geometric sequences 137
Exercise 6E Geometric series 142
Exercise 6F Applications of sequences and series 148
Chapter review 152
Short answer 152
Multiple choice 153
Chapter 7 Variation 157
Exercise 7A Direct variation 157
Exercise 7B Further direct variation 160
Exercise 7C Inverse variation 164
Exercise 7D Further inverse variation 169
Exercise 7E Joint variation 172
Exercise 7F Part variation 174
Exercise 7G Transformation of data 177
Chapter review 178
Short answer 178
Multiple choice 179
Exam practice 2 184
Short answer 184
Multiple choice 184
Chapter 8 Further algebra 186
Exercise 8A Polynomial identities 186
Exercise 8B Partial fractions 186
Exercise 8C Simultaneous equations 188
Chapter review 194
Short answer 194
Multiple choice 195
Chapter 9 Algebra and logic 198
Exercise 9A Statements (propositions), connectives and
truth tables 198
Exercise 9B Valid and invalid arguments 201
Exercise 9C Techniques of proof 204
Exercise 9D Sets and Boolean algebra 208
Exercise 9E Digital logic 209
Chapter review 212
Short answer 212
Multiple choice 213
Chapter 10 Linear and non-linear graphs 216
Exercise 10A The circle 216
Exercise 10B The ellipse 217
Exercise 10C The parabola 220
Exercise 10D The hyperbola 224

Exercise 10E Polar coordinates 229
Exercise 10F Polar equations 231
Exercise 10G Polar graphs 233
Exercise 10H Review of complex numbers and polar
form of complex numbers 235
Exercise 10I Addition of ordinates, reciprocals and
squares of simple graphs 237
Chapter review 237
Short answer 237
Multiple choice 241
Chapter 11 Linear programming 244
Exercise 11A Graphs of linear inequations 244
Exercise 11B Graphs of simultaneous linear
inequations 249
Exercise 11C Graphs of systems of linear
inequations 255
Exercise 11D Maximising and minimising linear
functions 260
Exercise 11E Solving linear programming
problems 267
Exercise 11F Further applications of linear
programming 272
Chapter review 274
Short answer 274
Multiple choice 276
Chapter 12 Coordinate geometry 280
Exercise 12A Distance between two points 280
Exercise 12B Midpoint of a line segment 282
Exercise 12C Dividing a line segment internally in
the ratio a:b 283
Exercise 12D Dividing a line segment externally in the
ratio a:b 286
Exercise 12E Parallel lines 288
Exercise 12F Perpendicular lines 291
Exercise 12G Applications 293
Chapter review 296
Short answer 296
Multiple choice 298
Exam practice 3 301
Short answer 301
Multiple choice 301
Chapter 13 Vectors 303
Exercise 13A Introduction to vectors 303
Exercise 13B Operations on vectors 304
Exercise 13C Magnitude, direction and components of
vectors 307
Exercise 13D i
, j
notation 314
Exercise 13E Applications of vectors 319
Chapter review 324
Short answer 324
Multiple choice 326
Chapter 14 Statics of a particle 330
Exercise 14A Force and tension 330
Exercise 14B Newtons first law of motion 331
Exercise 14C Equilibrium forces at an angle 331
Exercise 14D Connected bodies in equilibrium 334
Chapter review 337
Short answer 337
Multiple choice 337
Chapter 15 Kinematics 341
Exercise 15A Introduction to kinematics 341
Exercise 15B Velocitytime graphs and accelerationtime
graphs 343
Exercise 15C Constant acceleration formulas 347
Exercise 15D Instantaneous rates of change 349
Chapter review 351
Short answer 351
Multiple choice 352
Chapter 16 Geometry in two and three dimensions 356
Exercise 16A Review of basic geometry 356
Exercise 16B Geometric constructions 358
Exercise 16C Polygons 360
Exercise 16D Three-dimensional geometry 362
Exercise 16E Circle geometry 363
Exercise 16F Tangents, chords and circles 366
Exercise 16G Geometry in architecture, design
and art 370
Chapter review 371
Short answer 371
Multiple choice 373
Exam practice 4 375
Short answer 375
Multiple choice 376
Solutions to investigations 378
Chapter 4 378
Investigation Comparing production costs 378
Chapter 6 378
Investigation Changing shape 378
Chapter 7 378
Investigation The effect of changing one variable on
another 378
Chapter 9 380
Investigation A computer storage device 380
Investigation Binary addition 380
Chapter 13 381
Investigation Angle between 2 vectors in , i

notation 381
Chapter 16 383
Investigation Circle constructions 383
Investigation The golden ratio 384

Nu mb e r s y s t e ms: r e a l a n d c o mp l e x A GM1 1 - 1 1
Exercise 1A A review of set notation
1

a A = {3, 4, 5, 6}
b A B = {1, 2, 3}
c A B = {2},
d A\{2} = {1}
e A B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6},
f A B = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6},
g (A B) = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
2 a
213
64
= 3.328 125
b
15
44
= 0.3409

c
16
13
= 1.230 769

3 2 Integer: Z, Q, R

16
8
Natural Number: N, Z, Q, R,

21
16
Rational: Q, R.

2
3
7
Rational: Q, R.
6 3 Irrational: I, R,

1
4
16 Natural Number: N, Z, Q, R.

1
5
5 Irrational: I, R,
Irrational: I, R,
21.72 Rational: Q, R,
2.567

Rational: Q, R,
4.135 218 976 Irrational: I, R,
4.232 332 333 Irrational: I, R.
4 a 0.24

Expanded form = 0.242 424 .
100 0.24

= 24.242 424
99 0.24

= 24
0.24

=
24
99

0.24

=
8
33

b 1.123

Expanded form = 1.123 123 123
1000 1.123

= 1123.123 123
999 1.123

= 1122
1.123

=
1122
999

1.123

=
374
333

c 0.123

Expanded form = 0.123 232 3
100 0.123

= 12.323 232
99 0.123

= 12.2
0.123

=
12.2
99

=
122
990

=
61
495

d 2.1123

Expanded form = 2.112 312 3.2 3
1000 2.1123

= 2112.312 312 312
999 2.1123

= 2110.2
2.1123

=
2110.2
999

2.1123

=
21102
9990

=
3517
1665

5 a TRUE
b TRUE
c FALSE e.g. 2 2 = 0.
d TRUE
6 a A

b A B

c A B

d ( )\( ) A B A B

e A B

Chapter 1 Number systems: real and complex
A GM1 1 - 1 2 Nu mb e r s y s t e ms: r e a l a n d c o mp l e x
f A B

g (A B)

7
NUMBER
3 SIG
FIG
4 SIG
FIG
2 D.P. 3 D.P.
1267.1066 1270 1267 1267.11 1267.107
7.6699 7.67 7.670 7.67 7.670
8.00056 8.00 8.001 8.00 8.001
0.99987 1.00 1.000 1.00 1.000
0.076768 0.0768 0.07677 0.08 0.077
0.00017495 0.000175 0.0001750 0.00 0.000
8 a 1.5 10
16
4 10
12

= 6 10
16
10
12

= 6 10
28

b 1.2 10
24
3 10
10

= 3.6 10
24
10
10

= 3.6 10
14

To 1 S.F = 4 10
14

c 3.2 10
25
2 10
15

= 6.4 10
25
10
15

= 6.4 10
40

To 1 S.F = 6 10
40

d 7 10
14
9 10
8

= 63 10
6

To 2 S.F = 6 10
7

e
17
10
8 10
4 10

= 2 10
27

f
12 7
8
2.5 10 8 10
5 10

=
5
8
20 10
5 10

= 4 10
3

9 a 1.4574 10
21
3.6677 10
9

= 5.35 10
30

b 8.2583 10
25
9.2527 10
7

= 7.64 10
18

c
17
10
5.7789 10
4.6999 10

= 1.23 10
7

d
12 7 6
13
2.578 10 (8.775 10 7.342 10 )
5.878 10

+

= 3.60 10
7

10
3
4 2 27
= 4 2 3
= 4 6
= 2 Negative Integers.
Z
. B.
11
9
4
4.4567

0.5048501881 .
I. E
12 A = {5, 6, 7, 8},
B = {5},
\ A B = {6, 7, 8},
D.
13 3.0102 To 4 S.F = 3.010
92457 To 4 S.F = 9246
D.
14 B.
Exercise 1B Subsets of the set of real
numbers
1 a i {5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0};
ii { } : , 6 1 x x Z x < < ,
iii

b i { } 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
ii { } : , 3 4 x x Z x ,
iii

c i { } 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
ii { } : , 6 4 x x Z x < ,
iii
d i { } 1, 2, 3, 4
ii { } : , 0 5 x x Z x < < ,
iii

e i { } ...... 2, 3, 4
ii { } : , 5 x x Z x < ,
iii

f i { } 3, 4, 5......
ii { } : , 2 x x Z x > ,
iii

g i { } 4, 3, 2, 1
ii { } : , 5 0 x x Z x < < ,
iii

2 a { } : Q, 5 x x x >
b { } : Q, 5 20 x x x <
c
{ }
: Q , 20 , x x x
+
<
d { } { } : , 5 20 \ 8,9 , x x Z x < <
e
{ } { } : , 100 \ 40,50 , x x Z x
+
<
f { } : 2 5 x x <
g { } : 3 5 , x x < <
h { } { } : 3 : 7 , x x x x < >
i
{ } { } : R , 3 : R, 7 x x x x x x
+
< > ,
3 a { } : 3 1 , x x Interval Notation [3, 1]

b { } : 2 x x< Interval Notation (, 2).

c { } : 2 1 x x < < , Interval Notation (2, 1).

d { } : 2 x x , Interval Notation [2, )

e { } { } : 2 5 : 4 6 x x x x < , Interval Notation
[2, 5) [4, 6) = [2, 6),

f { } { } : 5 : 4 6 x x x x < < , Interval Notation
(, 5) [4, 6) = (, 6).

g { } { } : 2 5 : 4 6 x x x x < < , Interval Notation
[2, 5) (4, 6] = [2, 6]\{4,5}.

h { } { } : 5 : 4 6 x x x x > < , Interval Notation
[5, ) (4, 6] = (5, 6],

4 E.
5 C.
Exercise 1C Properties of surds
1 a 24
= 4 6
= 2 6
b 56
= 4 14
= 2 14
c 125
= 25 5
= 5 5
d 98
= 49 2
= 7 2
e 48
= 16 3
= 4 3
f 300
= 100 3
= 10 3
g 7 80
= 7 16 5
= 7 4 5
= 28 5
h
128
4

=
64 2
4

=
8 2
4

= 2 2
i
2 18
5

=
2 9 2
5

=
2 3 2
5

=
6 2
5

j
3 50
10

=
3 25 2
10

=
3 5 2
10

=
15 2
10

=
3 2
2

2 a 7 2 4 3 5 2 6 3 +
= 2 2 2 3
b 2 5 7 6 4 7 +
= 7 4
c 3 5 6 3 5 5 4 2 8 5 +
= 6 3 4 2
= 2(3 3 2 2) +
d 18 12 75 27 + +
= 9 2 4 3 25 3 9 3 + +
= 3 2 2 3 5 3 3 3 + +
= 3 2 6 3 +
= 3( 2 2 3) + ,
e 50 72 80 45 + +
= 25 2 36 2 16 5 9 5 + +
= 5 2 6 2 4 5 3 5 + +
= 7 5 2
f 3 12 5 18 4 27 5 98 + +
= 3 4 3 5 9 2 4 9 3 5 49 2 + +
= 3 2 3 5 3 2 4 3 3 5 7 2 + +
= 6 3 15 2 12 3 35 2 + +
= 18 3 20 2 +
= 2(9 3 10 2) +
g
2 3 3 2 5 3 5 2
4 8 8 4
+
=
10 2 4 3 3 2 5 3
8 8 8 8
+
=
9 3 13 2
8 8

h
2 27 3 32 5 48 5 2
5 5 3 2
+
=
2 9 3 3 16 2 5 16 3 5 2
5 5 3 2

+
=
6 3 12 2 5 2 20 3
5 5 3 2
+
=
25 2 18 3 24 2 100 3
15 10 15 10
+
=
49 2 118 3
15 10

3 a 6 15
= 90
= 9 10
= 3 10
b 2 3 5 7
= 10 21
c 4 7 3 14
= 12 98
= 12 49 2
= 12 7 2
= 84 2
d
20 15
3 4

=
300
12

=
100 3
12

=
10 3
12

=
5 3
6

4 a 3( 5 2)
15 6 =
b 2( 7 6)
= 14 12 +
= 14 4 3 +
= 14 2 3 +
c 2 3(3 3 2) +
= 6 3 2 6 +
= 18 2 6 +
d 4 3( 32 3 12)
= 4 96 12 36 +
= 4 16 6 12 6 +
= 4 4 6 72 +
= 16 6 72 +
= 8(2 6 9)
e ( 5 3)( 5 2)
= 5 10 15 6 +
f (3 3 2)(2 5 3) +
= 6 15 9 3 4 5 6 +
g ( 18 12)( 3 2 2)
= 54 2 36 36 2 24 +
= 9 6 2 6 6 2 4 6 +
= 3 6 12 6 4 6 +
= 7 6 18
h
2
( 5 3)
= ( 5 3)( 5 3)
= 5 15 15 3 +
= 8 2 15
= 2(4 15)
i
2
( 5 7) +
= ( 5 7)( 5 7) + +
= 5 35 35 7 + + +
= 12 2 35 +
= 2(6 35) +
j
2
(2 3 3 2)
= (2 3 3 2)(2 3 3 2)
= 4 3 6 6 6 6 9 2 +
= 12 12 6 18 +
= 20 12 6
= 4(5 3 6)
k
2
(2 12 3 18) +
= (2 12 3 18)(2 12 3 18) + +
= 4 12 6 216 6 216 9 18 + + +
= 48 12 216 162 + +
= 210 12 36 6 +
= 210 72 6 +
= 2(105 36 6) +
l ( 5 3)( 5 3) +
= 5 15 15 3 +
= 2
m (2 5 3)(2 5 3) +
= 4 5 2 15 2 15 3 +
= 20 3
= 17
n (2 3 3 2)(2 3 3 2) +
= 4 3 6 6 6 6 9 2 +
= 12 18
= 6
o (5 5 10)(5 5 10) +
= 25 5 50 5 50 5 100 +
= 125 100 = 25
5 a
18
3

= 6
b
2 24
3 3

=
2 8
3

=
2 14 2
3

=
4 2
3

c
3 88
22

= 3 4
= 6
d
5 3
3 3

=
15
3

e
4 3 5
7 5 5

=
4 15
7 5

=
4 15
35

f
2 8 12
12 12

=
2 96
3 12

=
2 16 6
36

=
8 6
36

=
2 6
9

g
5 2
4 2 2

=
5 2
4 2

=
5 2
8

h
1 5 3
5 3 5 3
+
+

=
5 3
5 3
+

=
5 3
2
+

i
3 3 2
3 2 3 2
+
+

=
3 6
3 2
+

= 3 6 +
j
2 2 2 5 3 2
2 5 3 2 2 5 3 2
+

=
4 10 6 2
4 5 9 2

=
4 10 12
20 18

=
4 10 12
2

= 2 10 6
k
5 3 5 3
5 3 5 3

+

=
5 15 15 3
5 3
+

=
8 2 15
2

= 4 15
l
5 3 5 3
5 3 5 3
+ +
+

=
25 5 3 5 3 3
25 3
+ + +

=
28 10 3
22
+

=
14 5 3
11
+

m
12 8 12 8
12 8 12 8

+

=
12 96 96 8
12 8
+

=
20 2 96
4

=
20 2 16 6
4

=
20 2 4 6
4

=
20 8 6
4

= 5 2 6
n
2 5 3 5 2 3
5 2 3 5 2 3
+
+

=
2 5 4 15 15 2 3
5 4 3
+

=
10 3 15 6
5 12
+

=
4 3 15
7
+

=
4 3 15
7

o
3 5 4 5 4
5 4 5 4

+

=
3 5 12 5 4 5 16
5 16
+

=
15 16 5 16
11
+

=
31 16 5
11

=
16 5 31
11

p
2 18 24 3 8 54
3 8 54 3 8 54
+
+

=
6 144 2 972 3 192 1296
9 8 54
+

=
6 12 36 3 24 3 36
18
+

=
72 12 3 36
18
+

=
36 12 3
18
+

=
6 2 3
3
+

6 a
1 1
2 2 3 2 2 3
+
+

=
1 2 2 3 1 2 2 3
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
+
+
+ +

=
2 2 3 2 2 3
8 9 8 9
+
+

=
2 2 3 2 2 3
1 1
+
+

=
4 2
1

= 4 2
b
1 1
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
+

=
1 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 3
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
+

+ +

=
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
18 12 8 27
+

=
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
6 19
+

=
19(3 2 2 3) 6(2 2 3 3)
114 114
+
+
=
57 2 38 3 12 2 18 3
114 114
+
+
=
45 2 20 3
114
+

=
5(9 2 4 3)
114
+

c
3 5 2 5 1
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3
+

=
3 5 3 2 2 3 2 5 1 2 2 3 3
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
+

+ +

=
9 10 6 15 4 10 6 15 2 2 3 3
18 12 8 27
+ +

=
9 10 6 15 4 10 6 15 2 2 3 3
6 19
+ +

=
19(9 10 6 15) 6(4 10 6 15 2 2 3 3)
114 114
+ +
+
=
171 10 114 15 24 10 36 15 12 2 18 3
114 114
+ +
+
=
195 10 78 15 12 2 18 3
114
+ +

d
2 5 3 3 3 5 2 3
3 5 2 3 2 5 3 3

+

=
2 5 3 3 3 5 2 3 3 5 2 3 2 5 3 3
3 5 2 3 3 5 2 3 2 5 3 3 2 5 3 3
+

+ +

=
6 5 4 15 9 15 6 3 6 5 9 15 4 15 6 3
45 12 4 5 9 3
+ +

=
30 5 15 6 3 30 13 15 18
33 7
+

=
7(30 5 15 6 3) 33(48 13 15)
231 231

+
=
210 35 15 42 3 1584 429 15
231 231

+
=
1794 464 15 42 3
231

e
4 2 3 2 5 2 2 3
4 2 2 3 6 2 3 3
+
+

=
20 2 8 6 15 2 6 6
24 2 12 6 12 6 6 3
+
+

=
40 14 6 30
48 18
+

=
70 14 6
30

=
35 7 6
15

f
2 5 3 3 3 5 4 3
3 5 4 3 2 5 3 3
+ +

=
2 5 3 3 2 5 3 3
3 5 4 3 3 5 4 3
+ +
+

=
4 5 6 15 6 15 9 3
9 5 12 15 12 15 16 3
+ + +
+

=
20 12 15 27
45 48
+ +

=
47 12 15
3
+

=
47 12 15
3

7 Since x = 2 3 2
a
1
x
x
+
=
1 2 3 2
2 3 2
2 3 2 2 3 2
+
+
+

=
2 3 2
2 3 2
4 18
+
+
=
2 3 2
2 3 2
14
+
+
=
14(2 3 2) 2 3 2
14
+

=
28 42 2 (2 3 2)
14
+

=
26 45 2
14

b
1
x
x

=
1 2 3 2
2 3 2
2 3 2 2 3 2
+

+

=
2 3 2
2 3 2
4 18
+

=
2 3 2
2 3 2
14
+

=
14(2 3 2) 2 3 2
14
+ +

=
28 42 2 2 3 2
14
+ +

=
30 39 2
14

c
2
2
2
x x
x +

=
2
(2 3 2) 2(2 3 2)
(2 3 2) 2 +

=
4 12 2 18 4 6 2
4 3 2
+ +

=
18 6 2 4 3 2
4 3 2 4 3 2
+
+

=
72 54 2 24 2 36
16 18
+

=
36 30 2
2
+

= 18 15 2
= 3(6 5 2) +
d
2
2
3
x x
x
+
+

=
2
(2 3 2) 2(2 3 2)
(2 3 2) 3
+
+

=
4 12 2 18 4 6 2
5 3 2
+ +

=
22 18 2 5 3 2
5 3 2 5 3 2
+
+

=
110 66 2 90 2 54 2
25 18
+

=
2 24 2
7

e x
2
4x 14
=
2
(2 3 2) 4(2 3 2) 14
= 4 12 2 18 8 12 2 14 + +
= 0
f 2x
2
2x 9
=
2
2(2 3 2) 2(2 3 2) 9
= 2(4 12 2 18) 4 6 2 9 + +
= 8 24 2 36 4 6 2 9 + +
= 3118 2
g x = 2 3 2 is a solution to x
2
4x 14 since there was no remainder. However, it is not a solution to 2x
2
2x 9.
8 Sub x = 5 2 3 into: x
2
13x + 10 and x
2
10x + 13
=
2
(5 2 3) 13(5 2 3) 10 + =
2
(5 2 3) 10(5 2 3) 13 +
= 25 20 3 12 65 26 3 10 + + + = 25 20 3 12 50 20 3 13 + + +
= 18 6 3 + = 0
Therefore 5 2 3 is a solution to
2
10 13. x x +
9 Sub x = 2 1 + into:
2
2 2 1 x x + and
2
(2 2 3) 4 3 2 x x + + +
=
2
( 2 1) 2 2( 2 1) 1 + + + =
2
( 2 1) (2 2 3)( 2 1) 4 3 2 + + + + +
= 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 + + + = 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 + + + +
= 0 = 0
Therefore a solution Therefore a solution
10
3 2 1
75 27 48
5 3 2

=
3 2 1
25 3 9 3 16 3
5 3 2

=
15 6 4
3 3 3
5 3 2

= 3 3 2 3 2 3
= 3 B.
11
3 2
2
14
7
a b
ab

=
2
2a
= 2 a A.
12 (3 3 4 8)(2 3 3 8)
= 6 3 9 24 8 24 12 8 +
= 18 17 24 96 +
= 114 17 4 6
= 114 17 2 6
= 114 34 6 A.
13
15 21 14
6 14 14

=
15 294
6 14

=
15 49 6
84

=
105 6
84

=
5 6
4
D.
14
2 5 3 5 3
5 3 5 3
+ +
+

=
2 5 2 15 15 3
5 15 15 3
+ + +
+

=
10 3 15 3
2
+ +

=
13 3 15
2
+
A.
15
3 5 5 3 5 5
3 5 5 3 5 5
+
+

=
3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5
3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5
+ +

+ +

=
45 15 5 15 5 25 45 15 5 15 5 25
45 25 45 25
+ + + +

=
70 30 5 70 30 5
20 20
+

=
60 5
20

= 3 5 E.
Exercise 1D The set of complex numbers
1 a 16
= 16 1
=
2
4 i
= 4i
b 7
= 7 1
=
2
7 i
= 7i
c 2 20 +
= 2 4 5 1 +
=
2
2 2 5 i +
= 2 2 5i +
d 10 10 +
= 10 1 10 +
=
2
10 10 i +
= 10 10 i +
= 10 10i +
e
1 28
2

=
1 4 7 1
2

=
2
1 2 7
2
i

=
1 2 7
2

2 a 3 + 4i
Re(3 + 4i) = 3
Im(3 + 4i) = 4
b 2 2i +
Re (2 2 ) i + = 2
Im(2 2 ) i + = 2
c z = ( 2 1) ( 2 1)i + +
Re(z) = 2 1
Im(z) = 2 1 +
d z = 8 40
z =
2
2 2 4 10 i
z = 2 2 2 10i
Re(z) = 2 2
Im(z) = 2 10
e z = 6
Re(z) = 6
Im(z) = 0
f z = 13i
Re(z) = 0
Im(z) = 13
3 z
1
= 3 4i and z
2
= 2 3i
a z
1
+ z
2

= (3 4i) + (2 3i)
= 5 7i
b z
1
z
2

= (3 4i) (2 3i)
= 1i
c 2z
1
+ 3z
2

= 2(3 4i) + 3 (2 3i)
= 6 8i + 6 9i
= 12 17i
d 2z
1
3z
2

= 2(3 4i) 3 (23i)
= 6 8i 6 + 9i
= i
e
1 2
2 2 2 z z +
= 2(3 4 ) 2 2 (2 3 ) i i +
= 3 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 i i +
= 7 2 10 2i
f
1 2
2 3 z z +
= 2(3 4 ) 3(2 3 ) i i +
= 3 2 4 2 2 3 3 3 i i +
= (3 2 2 3) (4 2 3 3)i + +
4 a (x + 1) + (y 1)i = 2 + 3i
x + 1 = 2
x = 1
y 1 = 3
y = 4
b (x + 4) (3 + yi) = 2 + 5i
x + 1 yi = 2 + 5i
x + 1 = 2
x = 1
y = 5
y = 5,
c (2x + i) + (3 2yi ) = x + 3i
(2x + 3) + (1 2y)i = x + 3i
2x + 3 = x
x = 3
1 2y = 3
2y = 2
y = 1
d (x + 2i) + 2(y + xi) = 7 4i
(x + 2y) + (2 + 2x)i = 7 4i
x + 2y = 7 (1)
and 2 + 2x = 4 (2)
2x = 2
x = 1
Sub into (1)
1 + 2y = 7
2y = 6
y = 3.
e (2x + 3yi) + 2 (x + 2yi) = 3 + 2i
(2x + 2x) + (3y + 4y)i = 3 + 2i
4x = 3
x =
3
4

7y = 2
y =
2
7
,
f (x + i) + (2 + yi) = 2x + 3yi
(x + 2) + (l + y)i = 2x + 3yi
x + 2 = 2x
x = 2
l + y = 3y
2y = 1
y =
1
2

g (2x 3i) + (3 + 2y)i = y xi
2x + (2y 3 3)i = y xi
2x + (2y 6)i = y xi
2x = y (1)
and 2y 6 = x (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
2(2x) 6 = x
4x 6 = x
5x = 6
x =
6
5

Sub x =
6
5
into (1)
y =
6
2
5
| |
|
\ .

y =
12
5

5 a Re(2 + 3i + 3(4 2i))
= Re(14 3i)
= 14
b Re ( 3 2 2 2(3 3 )) i i + +
Re ( 3 3 2) (2 2 6)i
(
+

= 3 3 2
c Im(2(2 3i) 3(4 2i))
= Im(4 12) 6i + 6i
= Im(8)
= 0
d Im(2 3 2 2 2(3 6 )) i i +
= Im(2 3 3 2) (2 2 12)i +
= Im(2 3 3 2) (2 2 2 3)i +
= 2( 2 3) +
6 If z
1
= 2 i and z
2
= 3 2i
then Re(2z
1
3z
2
)
= Re[2(2 i) 3 (3 2i)]
= Re[4 2i 9 + 6i]
= Re[( 5) + (4i)]
= 5 D.
7 If z
1
= 2 i and z
2
= 3 2i
then Im(2z
1
3z
2
)
= Im[2(2 i) 3(3 2i)]
= Im[4 2i 9 + 6i]
= Im[ 5 + 4i]
= 4 B.
8 (2 + xi) + (4 3i) = x + 3yi
6 + (x 3)i = x + 3yi
x = 6
and x 3 = 3y.
sub in x = 6
6 3 = 3y.
3 = 3y
y = 1, A.
Exercise 1E Multiplication and division of
complex numbers
1 a 2i(2 + 3i)
= 4i + 6i
2

= 6 + 4i
b (2 3i) (1 + i)
= 2 + 2i 3i 3i
2

= 2 i + 3
= 5 i
c (2 i) (1 3i)
= 2 + 6i i + 3i
2

= 2 + 5i 3
= 5 + 5i
d (2 3i)
2

= (2 3i) (2 3i)
= 4 6i 6i + 9i
2

= 4 12i 9
= 5 12i
e (6 + 7i) (6 7i)
= 36 42i + 42i 49i
2

= 36 + 49
= 85
f
3 4 5
5 5
i i
i i

=
2
2
15 20
25
i i
i

=
15 20
25
i +

=
4 3
5
i +

=
4 3
5 5
i +
g
3 4 3 4
3 4 3 4
i i
i i
+ +
+

=
2
2
9 12 12 16
9 16
i i i
i
+ + +

=
9 24 16
9 16
i +
+

=
7 24
25
i +

=
7 24
25 25
i +
h
1 2 2
2 2
i i
i i
+
+

=
2
2
2 4 2
4
i i i
i
+

=
2 3 2
5
i + +

=
4 3
5
i +

=
4 3
5 5
i +
i
2
(2 ) 1 2
1 2 1 2
i i
i i
+
+

=
2
4 4 1 2
1 2 1 2
i i i
i i
+ +
+

=
3 4 1 2
1 2 1 2
i i
i i
+
+

=
2
2
3 6 4 8
1 4
i i i
i
+

=
5 2
5
i

=
2
1
5
i
j (3 + 2i)
1

=
1 3 2
3 2 3 2
i
i i
+

=
2
3 2
9 4
i
i

=
3 2
9 4
i
+

=
3 2
13
i

=
3 2
13 13
i
k (3 + 2i)
2

=
2
1
(3 2 ) i +

=
2
1
9 12 4 i i + +

=
1 5 12
5 12 5 12
i
i i
+

=
2
5 12
25 144
i
i

=
5 12
119
i

=
5 12
119 119
i +
l
1 1
2 3 2 3 i i
+
+

=
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
i i
i i i i
+
+
+ +

=
2 3 2 3
4 9 4 9
i i +
+
+ +

=
2 3 2 3
13 13
i i +
+
=
4
13

m
( )
( )
2
2
3 2
2
i
i

=
9 12 4
4 4 1
i
i

=
5 12 3 4
3 4 3 4
i i
i i
+
+

=
15 20 36 48
9 16
i i + +
+

=
63 16
25
i

=
63 16
25 25
i
n
1
2 3
2 3
i
i
+ +
+

=
1 2 3
2 3
2 3 2 3
i
i
i i
+ +
+

=
2 3
2 3
4 3
i
i + +
+

=
2 3
2 3
7
i
i + +
=
14 7 3 2 3
7 7
i i
+
=
16 8 3
7
i

=
16 8 3
7 7
i

o
3 3
3 3
i i
i i
+
+
+

=
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
i i i i
i i i i
+ +
+
+ +

=
3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1
3 1 3 1
i i +
+
+ +

=
2 2 3 2 2 3
4 4
i i +
+
=
4
4

= 1.
p
2 3
3 2 2
i i
i i
+
+

=
2 3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2 2 2
i i i i
i i i i
+ +

+ +

=
6 4 3 2 6 3 2 1
9 6 6 4 4 2 2 1
i i i i
i i i i
+ +
+ + + +

=
4 7 5 5
13 5
i i +

=
5(4 7 ) 13(5 5 )
65 65
i i +

=
20 35 65 65
65 65
i i +

=
45 100
65
i

=
9 20

13 13
i
2 If z
1
= 4 3i and z
2
= 3 4i
a
1
z = 4 + 3i
b
1 2
z z
= (4 + 3i) (3 4i)
= 12 16i + 9i + 12
= 24 7i
c
1 2
z z
= (4 3i) (3 + 4i)
= 12 + 16i 9i + 12
= 24 + 7i
d
2
1
z
= (4 + 3i)
2

= (4 + 3i) (4 + 3i)
= 16 + 12i + 12i 9
= 7 + 24i
e
2
2i z
= 2i (3 + 4i)
= 6i 8
= 8 + 6i
f
2
1 2
( ) z z +
=
2
(4 3 3 4 ) i i +
=
2
(7 7 ) i
=
2
(7 7 ) i +
= 49 + 28i 49
= 28i
g z
1
1

=
1 4 3
4 3 4 3
i
i i
+
+

=
4 3
16 9
i +
+

=
4 3
25 25
i +
h
1
2
z
z

=
4 3 3 4
3 4 3 4
i i
i i
+

=
12 16 9 12
9 16
i i
+

=
25
25
i

= i
i
1
1
2
z
z
| |
|
\ .

=
2
1
z
z
| |
|
\ .

=
3 4 4 3
4 3 4 3
i i
i i
+
+

=
12 9 16 12
16 9
i i + +
+

=
24 7
25 25
i
+
j
2
1
2
z
z
| |
|
\ .

=
2
4 3
3 4
i
i
+ | |
|
+
\ .

=
16 24 9
9 24 16
i
i
+
+

=
7 24 7 24
7 24 7 24
i i
i i
+
+

=
49 168 168 576
49 576
i i +
+

=
527 336
625 625
i
k
1
1
1
z
z
+
=
1
4 3
4 3
i
i
+ +
=
4 3
4 3
25
i
i
+
+ +
=
25(4 3 ) 4 3
25 25
i i + +
+
=
100 75 4 3
25 25
i i + +
+
=
104 78
25 25
i +
l
1 2
1 2
z z
z z

=
4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4
4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4
i i i i
i i i i

+ +

=
16 24 9 9 24 16
16 9 9 16
i i
+ +

=
14
25

3 a
1 2
z z =
1 2
z z
(a bi)(c di) = ( )( ) a bi c di + +

2
ac adi bci bdi + =
2
ac adi bci bdi + + +
( ) ( ) ac bd ad bc i + = ( ) ( ) ac bd ad bc i + +
= ( ) ( ) ac bd ad bc i +
LHS = RHS.
b
1 2
z z + =
1 2
z z +
( ) ( ) a bi c di + = ( ) ( ) a bi c bi + + +
( ) ( ) a c b d i + + = ( ) ( ) a c b d i + + +
= ( ) ( ) a c b d i + +
LHS = RHS.
c
1
2
z
z
=
1
2
z
z
| |
|
\ .

( )
( )
a bi c di
c di c di
+
+
=
a bi
c di
| |
+
|
|
+
\ .

2 2
ac adi bci bd
c d
+ +
+
=
a bi c di
c di c di
+ | |
|
+
\ .

2 2
( ) ( ) ac bd ad bc i
c d
+ +
+
=
2 2
ac adi bci bd
c d
| |
+ +
|
|
+
\ .

=
2 2
( ) ( ) ac bd bc ad i
c d
+ + | |
|
+ \ .

=
2 2
( ) ( ) ac bd ad bc i
c d
+ +
+

LHS = RHS.
4 a (x + yi)(2 + i) = 3 + 6i
2x + xi + 2yi y = 3 + 6i
(2x y) + (x + 2y)i = 3 + 6i
2x y = 3 (1)
and x + 2y= 6 (2)
(1) 2 4x 2y = 6 (3)
(2) + (3) 5x = 12
x =
12
5

Sub x =
12
5
| |
|
\ .
into (1)

12
2
5
y
| |
|
\ .
= 3

24
5
y = 3
y =
9
5

b
1 2
x yi
i
+
+
= 1 + i

1 2
1 2 1 2
x yi i
i i
+
+
= 1 + i

2 2
1 4
x xi yi y + +
+
= 1 + i

( 2 ) ( 2 )
5
x y y x i + +
= 1 + i

2
5
x y +
= 1
x + 2y = 5 (1)
and
2
5
y x
= 1
y 2x = 5 (2)
(1) (2) 2x + 4y = 10 (3)
(2) + (3) 5y = 15
y = 3.
Sub y = 3 into (1)
x + 2 3 = 5
x = 1
5 a (4 + 3i)z = 2 i
z =
2 4 3
4 3 4 3
i i
i i
+

z =
8 6 4 3
16 9
i i
+

z =
5 10
25
i

z =
1 2
5 5
i +
b (2 3i)z = 3 2i
z =
3 2 2 3
2 3 2 3
i i
i i
+
+

z =
6 9 4 6
4 9
i i +
+

z =
13
13
i

z = i
6 a z = 4 + 5i
z = 4 5i
and
1
z =
1 4 5
4 5 4 5
i
i i
+

=
4 5
16 25
i
+

=
4 5
41
i

1
z =
41
z

b z = a + bi
z = a bi
and
1
z =
1
a bi
a bi a bi
+

=
2 2
a bi
a b +

1
z =
2 2
z
a b +

OR
1
z =
z
zz

7 (2 3 3 )(3 3 2 ) i i
= 18 4 3 9 3 6 i i
= 12 13 3i
B.
8
(2 3 3 ) 3 3 2
(3 3 2 ) 3 3 2
i i
i i
+
+

=
18 4 3 9 3 6
27 4
i i + +
+

=
24 5 3
31
i

A.
9 (1 + i)
2
+ (1 + i)
2

=
2
1
1 2 1
(1 )
i
i
+ +
+

=
1 2
2
2 2
i
i
i i
+
=
2
2
4
i
i +
=
3
2
i
E.
10 (2x + yi) (3 2i) = 4 + 5i
6x 4xi + 3yi + 2y = 4 + 5i
6x + 2y = 4 (1)
4x + 3y = 5 (2)
(1) 2 12x + 4y = 8 (3)
(2) 3 12x + 9y = 15 (4)
(3) + (4) 15y = 23 y =
23
13

Sub y =
23
13
into (1)

23
6 2
13
x
| |
+
|
\ .
= 4

46
6
13
x + = 4
6x =
6
13

x =
1
13

B.
Exercise 1F Representing complex
numbers on an Argand diagram
1 a 2 + 3i

b 2 3i

c 2 + 3i

d 2 3i

e 3i

f 2

2 a i
7

= (i)
4
(i)
3

= 1 i
= i
b i
37

= (i
4
)
9
(i)
= 1 i
= i
c i
4

=
4
1
i

=
1
1

= 1
d i
15

=
15
1
i

=
4 3 3
1
( ) ( ) i i

=
1
1 i

=
1 i
i i

=
1
i

= i
e (2i)
6

= 2
6
(i
4
)(i
2
)
= 64 1 1
= 64
f (2i)
8

= 2
8
(i
4
)
2

= 256.
g (2i)
9

= (2)
9
(i
4
)
2
(i)
= 512 1 i
= 512i
h (2i)
9

=
9
1
(2 ) i

=
9 4 2
1
(2 ) ( ) ( ) i i i

=
1
512 1 i

=
1
512
i
i i

=
512
i

=
512
i

3 a z = 3 + 2i
z = 3 2i
z
1
=
1 3 2
3 2 3 2
i
i i
+

=
3 2
9 4
i
+

=
3 2
13
i

=
3 2
13 13
i

b

c z onto z
1

Dilated by a factor of
1
13
from the Real and
Imaginary axis
Reflected about the Real axis
d
1
z
is
1
13
of zs distance from the origin.
4 a z = 2+3i
iz = i(2 + 3i) = 3 + 2i
i
2
z = i(3 + 2i) = 2 3i
i
3
z = i(2 3i) = 3 2i
i
4
z = i(3 2i) = 2 + 3i
b

c i
n
z onto i
n+1
z
The distance from the origin remains the same with a
90 anticlockwise rotation.
5 a z = 1 + i
z
2
=
2
1
(1 ) i +
=
1
1 2 1 i +
=
1
2i
=
2
4
i
=
1
2
i
z
1
=
1 1
1 1
i
i i
+
=
1
1
i
i
+
=
1
2
i
=
1
2 2
i

z
0
= (1 + i)
0
= 1
z
1
= 1 + i
z
2
= (1 + i)
2
= 1 + 2i 1 = 2i
z
3
= (1 + i)
3
= 2i(1 + i) = 2i 2 = 2 + 2i
z
4
= (1 + i)
4
= (2 + 2i)(1 + i) = 2 2i + 2i 2 = 4
b

c Plotting z
n
compared to z
n+1
where nz, undergoes a
rotation 45 anticlockwise and its distance from the
origin is increased by a factor of 2.
d Plot z
0
onto z
n
, nz
+

Rotated n 45 OR
4
n
anticlockwise
Distance from the origin increased by n 2.
e i z
5
= (1 + i)
5

= 4 4i
ii z
3
= (1 + i)
3

=
1 1
4 4
i
iii z
10
= (1 + i)
10

= 32i
iv z
17
= (1 + i)
17

= 256 + 256i
v z
13
= (1 + i)
13

=
1 1
128 128
i +
Exercise 1G Factorising quadratic
expressions and solving quadratic equations
over the complex number field
1 a 2z
2
6
= 2(z
2
3)
=
2
2
2( 3 ) z
= 2( 3)( 3) z z +
b 2z
2
3
=
2 2
( 2 ) ( 3) z
= ( 2 3)( 2 3) z z +
c 3z
2
+ 6
= 3(z
2
+ 2)
=
2 2
3( ( 2 ) ) z i
= 3( 2 )( 2 ) z i z i +
d 2z
2
+
1
2

=
1
2
(4z
2
+ 1)
=
1
2
((2z)
2
(i)
2
)
=
1
2
(2z i) (2z + i)
e z
2
4z
= z(z 4)
f 6z
2
2z
= 2z(3z 1)
g 2 2 z
2
2 z
= 2 z(2z 1)
h 4z
2
3z
= z(4z + 3)
2 a z
2
+ 8z + 16
= (z + 4)
2

b 2z
2
8z + 8
= (2z 4)(z 2)
c 2z
2
+ 3z 2
= (2z 1)(z + 2)
d z
2
+ 2z 3
= (z + 3)(z 1)
e 2z
2
2z 24
= (2z + 6)(z 4)
f 12z
2
+ 10z + 12
= (12z
2
10z 12)
= (4z 6)(3z + 2)
3 a z
2
+ 4z + 14
= z
2
+ 4z +
2 2
4 4
14
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= (z + 2)
2
+ 14 4
= (z + 2)
2
+ 10
= (z + 2)
2

2
( 10 ) i
= (z + 2 10i ) (z + 2 + 10i ).
b z
2
+ 10z + 16
= z
2
+ 10z +
2 2
10 10
16
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= (z + 5)
2
+ 16 25
= (z + 5)
2
9
= (z + 5)
2
(3)
2

= (z + 5 3) (z + 5 + 3)
= (z + 2) (z + 8)
c 2z
2
+ 5z 3
=
2
5 3
2 z +
2 2
z
| |
|
\ .

=
2 2
2
5 5 3 5
2 +
2 4 2 4
z z
| |
| | | |
+ |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

=
2
5 3 25
2
4 2 16
z
| |
| |
+ |
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
2
5 49
2
4 16
z
| |
| |
+ |
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
2 2
5 7
2
4 4
z
| |
| | | |
+ |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

=
5 7 5 7
2
4 4 4 4
z z
| || |
+ + +
| |
\ .\ .

=
1
2 ( 3)
2
z z
| |
+
|
\ .

d z
2
+ z 3
= z
2
+ z +
2 2
1 1
3
2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
1 1
3
2 4
z
| |
+
|
\ .

=
2
1 13
2 4
z
| |
+
|
\ .

=
2
2
1 13
2 2
z
| |
| |
+
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
1 13 1 13
2 2 2 2
z z
| || |
+ + + | |
| |
\ .\ .
.
e z
2
+ 8z + 16
= z
2
+ 8z +
2 2
8 8
16
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= (z + 4)
2
+ 16 16
= (z + 4)
2
.
f z
2
+ 2z + 3
= z
2
+ 2z +
2 2
2 2
3
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= (z + 1)
2
+ 3 1
= (z + 1)
2
+ 2
= (z + 1)
2
( 2i )
2

= (z + 1 2i )(z + 1 + 2i )
g 2z
2
5z + 2
=
2
5
2 1
2
z z
| |
+
|
\ .

=
2 2
2
5 5 5
2 1
2 4 4
z z
| |
| | | |
+ + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

=
2
5 25
2 1
4 16
z
| |
| |
+ |
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
2
5 9
2
4 16
z
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
5 3 5 3
2
4 4 4 4
z z
| || |
+
| |
\ .\ .

=
1
2( 2)
2
z z
| |

|
\ .
.
h 2z
2
+ 8z + 16
= 2(z
2
+ 4z + 4)
=
2 2
2
4 4
2 4 4
2 2
z z
| |
| | | |
+ + + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

= 2((z + 2)
2
+ 4 4)
= 2(z + 2)
2

i 2z
2
+ 5z + 4
=
2
5
2 2
2
z z
| |

|
\ .

=
2 2
2
5 5 5
2 2
2 4 4
z z
| |
| | | |
+ |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

=
2
5 25
2 2
4 16
z
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
2
5 57
2
4 16
z
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
2
2
5 57
2
4 4
z
| |
| |
| |
|

|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
\ .

=
5 57 5 57
2
4 4 4 4
z z
| || |
+ | |
| |
\ .\ .

j 4z
2
+ 4z 1
=
2
1
4
4
z z
| |
+
|
\ .

=
2
2
1 1 1
4
2 4 2
z z
| |
| | | |
+ + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

=
2
1 1 1
4
2 4 4
z
| |
| |
+ |
|
|
\ .
\ .

=
2
1
4
2
z
| |

|
\ .
.
4 a 3z
2
2 = 0.

2 2
( 3 ) ( 2) z = 0
( 3 2)( 3 2) z z + = 0
3 2 z = 0, 3 2 z + = 0
z =
2
3

z =
6
2

b 2z
2
+ 5 = 0

2 2
( 2 ) ( 5 ) z i = 0
( 2 5 )( 2 5 ) z i z i + = 0
2 5 z i = 0, 2 5 z i + = 0
z =
5
2
i

z =
10
2
i

c 2z
2
7z = 0
z (2z 7) = 0
z = 0, 2z 7 = 0
z = 0, z =
7
2

d z
2
6z + 5 = 0
(z 5) (z 1) = 0
z 5 = 0, z 1 = 0
z = 5, z = 1
e z
2
5z + 6 = 0
(z 3) (z 2) = 0
z 3 = 0, z 2 = 0
z = 3, z = 2
f 2z
2
5z + 3 = 0
(2z 3) (z 1) = 0
2z 3 = 0, z 1 = 0
z =
3
2
, z = 1
g z
2
4z + 2 = 0
z
2
4z +
2
4
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 2
2
4
2
| |
|
\ .
= 0
(z 2)
2
+ z 4 = 0
(z 2)
2

2
( 2) = 0
(z 2 2 )(z 2 + 2) = 0
z 2 2 = 0, z 2 + 2 = 0
z = 2 2
h 2z
2
+ 5z + 4 = 0

2
5
2 2
2
z z
| |
+ +
|
\ .
= 0

2 2
2
5 5 5
2 2
2 4 4
z z
| |
| | | |
+ + + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
= 0

2
5 25
2 2
4 16
z
| |
| |
+ + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
= 0

2
5 7
2
4 16
z
| |
| |
+ + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
= 0

5 7 5 7
2
4 4 4 4
z z
| || |
+ + + | |
| |
\ .\ .
= 0

5 7
4 4
z + = 0,
5 7
4 4
z + + = 0
z =
5 7
4 4
.
i z
2
6z + 5 = 0
(z 5) (z 1) = 0
z 5 = 0, z 1 = 0
z = 5, z = 1
j 3z
2
2z 1 = 0.
3
2
2 1
3 3
z z
| |
+ +
|
\ .
= 0
3
2 2
2
2 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
z z
| |
| | | |
+ + + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
= 0
3
2
1 1 1
3 3 9
z
| |
| |
+ + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
= 0
3
2
1 2
3 9
z
| |
| |
+ + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
= 0
3
1 2 1 2
3 3 3 3
z z
| || |
+ + + | |
| |
\ .\ .
= 0

1 2
3 3
z + = 0,
1 2
3 3
z + + = 0
z =
1 2
3 3

5 a z
2
10z + 25 = 0
z =
2
10 ( 10) 4(1)(25)
2 1

z =
10 0
2

z = 5
b z
2
10z + 5 = 0
z =
2
10 (10) 4(1)(5)
2 1

z =
10 80
2

z =
10 16 5
2

z =
10 4 5
2

z = 5 2 5
c z
2
4z + 7 = 0
z =
2
4 (4) 4(1)(7)
2 1

z =
4 12
2

z =
2
4 4 3
2
i

z =
4 2 3
2
i

z = 2 3 i
d 2z
2
7z + 6 = 0
z =
2
7 (7) 4(2)(6)
2 2

z =
7 1
4

z =
7 1
4

z = 2, z =
3
2

e 3z
2
7z + 7 = 0,
z =
2
7 (7) 4(3)(7)
2 3

z =
7 35
6

z =
2
7 35
6
i

z =
7 35
6
i

f 2z
2
+ 4z 6 = 0,
z =
2
4 (4) 4(2)(6)
2 2

z =
4 32
4

z =
2
4 16 2
4
i

z =
4 4 2
4
i

z = 1 2 i
6 a (z (2 + 3i))(z (2 3i))
= (z
2
(2 3i) z (2 + 3i) z + (2 + 3i)(2 3i))
= z
2
2(2 3i) z + 4 + 9
= z
2
2(2 3i) z + 13
b (z (2 + 3i))
2

= (z (2 + 3i))(z (2 + 3i))
= z
2
2(2 + 3i) + (2 + 3i)
2

= z
2
2(2 + 3i) + 4 + 12i 9
= z
2
2(2 + 3i) + 12i 5
= z
2
+ 6i 9
c (z 2 + 3i)(z 3 2i)
= z
2
3z 2iz 2z + 6 + 4i + 3iz 9i + 6
= z
2
5z + iz 5i + 12
7 a iz
2
6z + 5i = 0
z =
2
6 (6) 4( )(5 )
2
i i
i

z =
2
6 36 20
2
i
i

z =
6 56
2i

z =
6 4 14
2i

z =
6 2 14
2i

z =
3 14 i
i i

z =
3 14
1
i i

z = 3 14 i i
b (2 + i)z
2
iz (2 i) = 0
z =
2
( ) 4(2 )(2 )
2(2 )
i i i i
i
+ +

z =
4(5)
4 2
i i
i
+

z =
19 4 2
4 2 4 2
i i
i i
+

z =
4 2 (4 19 2 19)
16 4
i i + +
+

z =
2 1 2 19 19
10
i i + +

z =
1 2 19 (2 19)
10
i + +

c 3iz
2
(1 + i)z + 5i = 0
z =
2
(1 ) (1 ) 4(3 )(5 )
2 3
i i i i
i
+ +

z =
(1 ) 1 2 1 60
6
i i
i
+ +

z =
(1 ) 26 60
6
i i
i i
+

z =
1 2 60
6
i i i

z =
( 1) 2( 30)
6
i i i
.
8 2z
2
5z + 6 = 0 and 5z
2
11z + 5 = 0
= (5)
2
4(2)(6) = (11)
2
4(5)(5)
= 25 48 = 121 180
= 23 = 59
Complex solutions Complex solutions A.
9 z
2
+ 6z + 11 and 2z
2
4z + 3
= z
2
+ 6z +
2
6
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 11
6
2
| |
|
\ .
=
2
3
2 2
2
z z
| |
+
|
\ .

= (z + 3)
2
+ 11 9 =
2 2
2
2 3 2
2 2
2 2 2
z z
| |
| | | |
+ + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

= (z + 3)
2
+ 2 =
2
3
2 ( 1) 1
2
z
| |
+
|
\ .

= (z + 3)
2
( 2i )
2
=
2
2
1
2 ( 1)
2
z
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

(z + 3 2i ) (z + 3 + 2i ) =
1 1
2 1 1
2 2
z z
| || |
+
| |
\ .\ .

=
2 2
2 1 1
2 2
z z
| || |
+ | |
| |
\ .\ .
A.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a 4 Z, Q, R, C.
b
16
3
Q, R, C
c 2
7
8
Q, R, C.
d 3 3 I, R, C.
e
1
3
27 N, Z, Q, R, C.
f 4 5 I, R, C.
g 2 I, R, C.
h 3.221 Q, R, C.
i 3.21683947 I, R, C.
j 3+ 2 5 I, R, C.
k 1.1 234

Q, R, C.
l i
2
Z, Q, R, C.
m 2+ 5 c.
n 0.172117722111777222 I, R, C.
o 3 3 I, R, C.
p 4i c.
q 3 + 7i c.
r 4 + 0i Z, Q, R, C.
2 a 0.24

100 0.24

= 24.242424"
99 0.24

= 24
0.24

=
24
99

0.24

=
8
33

b 1.123

1000 1.123

= 1123.123123"
999 1.123

= 1122
1.123

=
1122
999

1.123

=
374
333

c 1.123

100 1.123

= 112.323232"
99 1.123

= 111.2
1.123

=
111.2
99

1.123

=
1112
990

1.123

=
556
495

3
4 5
8
8 10 6 10
3 10

=
9
8
48 10
3 10

= 16 10
17

TO 1 SIG FIG
= 2 10
18

4 a {x: x > 2}
= (2, )

b {x: 3 < x 4}
= (3, 4].

c {x: 4 x 10} {x: 8 < x < 12}
= [4, 10] (8, 12)
= [4, 12)

d {x: 4 x 10} [x: 8 < x < 12}
= [4, 10] (8, 12),
= (8, 10].

5 a {7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
= {x: x Z, 7 x 12}
= OR {x + x Z, 6 < x < 13}

b {integers between 3 and 8}
= {x: x Z,3 < x < 8}

c {rational numbers between 1 and 2}
= {x: x Q, 1 < x < 3},

d {rational number greater than 5, except for 10}
= {x: x Q, x > 5\{10}}

e {real numbers greater than 4 and less than 5}
= {x: 4 < x < 5}

f {real numbers less than 4 or greater than 6}
= {x: x < 4 x > 6}

6 a 80 72 50 45 +
= 16 5 36 2 25 2 9 5 +
= 4 5 6 2 5 2 3 5 +
= 5 2 +
b 5(2 5 10) +
= 2 5 50 +
= 10 25 2 +
= 10 5 2 +
= 5(2 2 2) +
c (3 3 2 2)(3 3 2 2) +
= 9 3 6 6 6 6 4 2 +
= 27 8
= 19
d
2
(3 3 2 2)
= (3 3 2 2) (3 3 2 2)
= 9 3 6 6 6 6 4 2 +
= 27 12 6 + 8
= 35 12 6.
e
4 3 2
2 3 2 +

2 3 2
2 3 2

=
24 4 6 2 6 2
12 2
+

=
26 6 6
10

=
13 3 6
5

f
2 3 2
3 2
+

3 2
3 2
+
+

3 2 2
3 2
+
+

3 2
3 2

=
6 2 6 6 2
3 6 6 2
+ + +
+

3 6 2 6 4
3 6 6 2
+
+

=
8 3 6
1
+

1 6
1
+

= 9 2 6 +
7 z
2
2 3 2 z + = 0 z
2
4 3 6 z + = 0

2
( 3 1) 2 3( 3 1) 2 + = 0
2
( 3 1) 4 3( 3 1) 6 + = 0
3 2 3 1 6 4 3 2 + + + = 0 3 2 3 112 4 3 6 + + + = 0
6 2 3 6 2 3 + = 0 2 3 2 = 0
0 = 0
LHS = RHS 3 1 is a solution LHS RHS 3 1 is not a solution
8 a Im(2 8) +
= Im
2
(2 8 ) i +
= Im(2 2 2 ) i +
= 2 2
b Re ((2 ) ( 3 2 )) i i + +
= Re((2 3) (2 1) ) i + +
= Re((2 3) (1)) ) i + +
= 2 3 +
c Im( 2 3(2 6 )) i
= Im( 4 3 2 18 ) i +
= Im( 4 3 2 9 2 ) i +
= Im( 4 3 6 2 ) i +
= 6 2
9 a (3 + 2yi) + (1 i) = x + yi
(3 + 1) + (2y 1) i = x + yi
x = 4
2y 1 = y
y = 1, x = 4.
b (x + 2y) + (2x + y)i = 9 + 6i
x + 2y = 9 (1)
2x + y = 6 (2)
(1) 2 2x + 4y = 18 (3)
(3) (2) 3y = 12
y = 4
sub y = 4 into (1)
x + 2 4 = 9
x + 8 = 9
x = 1, y = 4.
10 a 2z
1
+ 3z
2

2(2 4i) + 3(2 + 3i)
4 8i + 6 + 9i
10 + i
b
1
z
= 2 + 4i
c
1
z z
2

= (2 + 4i)(2 + 3i)
= 4 + 6i + 8i 12
= 8 + 14i
d
1
1
1
z
z

=
1 1
1
z z

=
1
(2 4 )(2 4 ) i i +

=
1
4 16 +

=
1
20

e z
1
+
1
1
z
= (2 4i) +
1
2 4i

2 4
2 4
i
i
+
+

= 2 4i +
2 4
20
i +

=
40 80 2 4
20 20
i i +
+
=
42 76
20
i

=
21 38
10
i

f
1
2
z
z

2
1
z
z

=
(2 4 ) (2 3 )
(2 3 ) (2 4 )
i i
i i
+
+

=
2 4 2 3 2 3 2 4
2 3 2 3 2 4 2 4
i i i i
i i i i
+ +

+ +

=
4 6 8 12 4 8 6 12
4 9 4 16
i i i i + +
+ +

=
8 14 8 14
13 20
i i +

=
160 280 104 182
260 260
i i +

=
56 462
260
i

=
28 231
130
i

11 a
1
z
z
= 3 3i
z = (2 i)(3 3i)
z = (6 6i 3i 3)
z = 3 9i
z = 3(1 3i)
b
2 i
z
= 3 3i
z =
2 3 3
3 3 3 3
i i
i i
+
+

z =
6 6 3 3
9 9
i i + +
+

z =
9 3
18
i +
=
3
9
i +

12 a 2 3i

b i
29

= (i
4
)
6
i
3

= 1 i
= i

c i
29

=
29
1
i

=
1 i
i i

=
1
i

= i

d i(2 + 3i)
= 2i 3
= 3 + 2i

e
2 3i i
i i
+

=
2 3
1
i

= 3 2i

13 a z
2
+ 7
= (z)
2

2
( 7 ) i
= (z 7i )(z + 7i )
b 2z
2
+ 3
=
2
( 2 ) z
2
( 3 ) i
= ( 2 3 )( 2 3 ) z i z i +
c 4z
2
+ 5z
= z(4z + 5)
d 16z
2
+ 4z 6
= 2(8z
2
+ 2z 3)
= 2(4z + 3)(2z 1).
e z
2
+ 4z z
= z
2
+ 4z +
2
4
2
| |
|
\ .
2
2
4
2
| |
|
\ .

= (z + 2)
2
2 4
= (z + 2)
2
6
= (z + 2 6 )(z + 2 + 6 )
f z
2
+ 3z + 3
= z
2
+ 3z +
2
3
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 3
2
3
2
| |
|
\ .

=
2
3 9
3
2 4
z
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
2
3 3
2 4
z
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
i i
z z
| || |
+ + + | |
| |
\ .\ .

g 2z
2
+ 3z + 4
= 2(z
2
+
3
2
z + 2)
= 2
2 2
2
3 3 3
2
2 4 2
z z
| |
| | | | | |
+ + + |
| | |
|
\ . \ . \ .
\ .

=
2
3 9
2 2
4 4
z
| |
| |
+ + |
|
|
\ .
\ .

= 2
3
4
z
2
| |
1 | |
+ |
|
|
4
\ .
\ .

= 2
3 3 1
4 4 2
z z
1 | || |
+ + +
| |
2
\ .\ .

=
1 5
2
4 4
z z
| || |
+ +
| |
\ .\ .

14 a 2z
2
+ 5 = 0
( 2 5 )( 2 5 ) z i z i + = 0
( 2 5 ) z i = 0, ( 2 5 ) z i + = 0
z =
5
2
i
, z =
5
2
i

z =
10
2
i
, z =
10
2
i

b z
2
+ 4z + 5 = 0

2 2
2
4 4
4 5
2 2
z z
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .
= 0
(z + 2)
2
+ 5 4 = 0
(z + 2)(z + 2 + i) = 0
z + 2 i = 0, z + 2 + i = 0
z = 2 + i, z = 2 i
c 3z
2
+ 5z + 2 = 0
3
2
5 2
3 3
z z
| |
+ +
|
\ .
= 0
3
2 2
2
5 5 2 5
3 6 3 6
z z
| |
| | | |
+ + + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
= 0
3
2
5 2 25
6 3 36
z
| |
| |
+ + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
= 0
3
2
5 1
6 36
z
| |
| |
+ |
|
|
\ .
\ .
= 0
3
5 1 1
6 6 6
z z
5 | || |
+ + +
| |
6
\ .\ .
= 0
3
2
( 1)
3
z z
| |
+ +
|
\ .
= 0
z =
2
3
, z = 1.
15 a z
2
+ 6z + 10 = 0
z =
2
6 6 4(1)(10)
2 1

z =
6 4
2

z =
6 2
2
i

z = 3 i
b 2z
2
+ 4z + 5 = 0
z =
2
4 4 4(2)(5)
2 2

z =
4 24
4

z =
4 2 6
4
i

z =
2 6
2
i

c 3z
2
5z + 4 = 0
z =
2
5 ( 5) 4(3)(4)
2 3

z =
5 23
6

z =
5 23
6
i

Multiple choice
1 27.366, 0.02735 and 273460.123
27.4, 0.0274 and 273000
A.
2
0.14
1.167

=
35
289
Rational A.
3 999, 0.000105 and 0.0496
1000, 0.00011 and 0.050
E.
4 R\ ) 3, 6

= (, 3) [6, ]
C.

5 {x: 4 x 6} {x: 5 < x < 7}, and {x: 4 x 6} {5 < x < 7}
= [4, 6] (5, 7) and [4, 6] (5, 7)
= [4, 7) and (5, 6]
C.
6
5
3
+
3
5

=
15
3
+
15
5

C.
7 2 54 3 27 4 48 5 24 +
= 2 9 6 3 9 3 4 16 3 5 4 6 +
= 6 6 9 3 16 3 10 6 +
= 7 3 6 4
E.
8
3 4 3 1
3 3 3(1 3)
3 3 1 3 1
+
+ + + +
+

=
3 3 4 3 4
3 3 3 3
3 2
+
+ + + +
= 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 + + + + +
= 7 3 5 +
D.
9
2
5( 3 2)
( 3 2)( 3 2) ( 3 2)
3 2
+
+ + + +

=
5( 3 2)
(3 2) (3 2 6 2)
3 2
+
+ + + +

=
5( 3 5 2) 3 2
6 2 6
3 2 3 2
+ +
+ +
+

=
15 5 6 5 6 10
6 2 6
3 2
+ + +
+ +

= 6 2 6 25 10 6 + + +
= 31 12 6 +
E.
10 Re(z
1
z
2
) + Im(z
1
z
2
)
= Re(2 i)(1 2i) + Im(2 i)(1 2i)
= Re(2 4i i 2) + Im(2 4i i 2)
= Re(5i) + Im(5i)
= 0 + 5
= 5
B.
11 Re
1
2
z
z
| |
|
\ .
+ Im
1
2
z
z
| |
|
\ .

=
2 2
Re Im
i i
i i
+ | | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= Re
2 1 2 1
Im
i i
i i
+ + | | | |
+
| |

\ . \ .

= Re(2i 1) + Im( 1 2i)
= 1 + 2
= 3, D.
12 i
n
+ i
n+1
+ i
n+2
+ i
n+3

C.
13 1 + 2i,
5
1 2i
, i
3
( 2 + i),
1 7
3
i
i
+
+

1
(2 )(4 3 )
5
i i + +
=
5 10
1 4
i +
+
= i( 2 + i) =
3 21 7
9 1
i i + +
+
=
1
(8 6 4 3)
5
i i + +
=
5 10
5
i +
= 2i + 1 =
10 20
10
i +
=
1
(5 10 )
5
i +
= 1+2i = 1+2i = 1+2i = 1+2i
Since all the same. A.
14 z
2
2z 3 + 4i = 0
z =
2
2 ( 2) 4(1)( 3 4 )
2 1
i +

z =
2 4 12 16
2
i +

z =
2 16(1 )
2
i

z =
2 4 1
2
i

z = 1 2 1 i C.
15 3z
2
+ 2z + a = 0
For 2 distinct real solutions > 0
= b
2
4ac
(2)
2
4(3) (a) > 0
4 12a > 0
12a > 4
a <
4
12

a <
1
3
D.
16 3z
2
+ az + 2 = 0
For 2 distinct real solutions > 0
(a)
2
4(3)(2) > 0
a
2
24 > 0
(a)
2
( 24 )
2
> 0
(a 24 )(a + 24 ) > 0
(a 2 6 )(a +2 6 ) > 0,
a < 2 6, a > 2 6 D.
Extended response
1 a z = 1+ 3i

b tan() =
O
A


tan() =
3
1

= tan
1
( 3)
= 60
c OZ
2
= 1
2
+
2
3
OZ
2
= 1 + 3
OZ
2
= 4
OZ
2
= 2
d z
1
=
1 1 3
,
1 3 1 3
i
i i
+
z
0
= (1 + 3 i)
0
, z = 1 + 3 , i z
2
= (1 + 3i )
2
, z
3
= (1 + 3i )
3

=
1 3
1 3
i
+
= 1 = 1 + 2 3i 3 = (1 + 3i )(2 + 2 3i )
=
1 3
4
i
= 2 + 2 3i = 2 2 3 : 2 3 : 6 i +
= 2(1 3i ) = 8

e Distance from origin For z
1
=
1
2
, z
0
= 1, z
1
= 2
z
2
= 4, z
3
= 8
Therefore plotting z
n
to z
n+1

1) Rotate 60 or
3
anticlockwise
2) Distance from origin doubles
f Given z
o
= 1 z
n
would
1) Be rotated n 60 or
3
n
anticlockwise
2) Distance form the origin 1 (2)
n

g i z
4
= 8(1+ 3i )
ii z
6
= 64
iii z
9
= 512
iv z
2
=
1 3
8
i

v z
9
=
1
512

2 a (2z + 2)(2 4) = 4z
2
4z 8
Other quadratic equations (nz + 1n)(nz 2n) = n
2
z
2
n
2
z 2n
2
, n z
b i (z + 2)(z 3)
= z
2
z 6
ii (z 4 3 )(z 4 + 3 )
= z
2
4z + 3z 4z + 16 4 3 3z + 4 3 3
= z
2
8z + 13
iii (z 4 2i)(z 4 + 2i)
= z
2
4z + 2zi 4z + 16 8i 2iz + 8i + 4
= z
2
8z + 20
iv (z 3 2 3 )(z 2 + 3 )
= z
2
2z + 3 z 3z + 6 3 3 2 3z + 4 3 6
= z
2
(5 + 3 )z + 3
v (z 3 2i)(z 2 i)
= z
2
2z + zi 3z + 6 3i 2iz + 4i + 2
= z
2
(5 + i)z + 8 + i
c i z = a b 3
ii z = a bi
d i z = 2 + 3i is a solution of z
2
bz + c = 0
The other solution is: z = 2 3i
Therefore (z 2 3i)(z 2 + 3i) = z
2
bz + c
z
2
4z + 13 = z
2
bz + c
b = 4 and c = 13
ii (2 + 3i)
2
b(2 + 3i) + c = 0
4 + 12i 9 2b 3bi + c = 0
(5 + c 2b) + (12 3b)i = 0
12 3b = 0 and 5 + c 2b = 0
3b = 12 5 + c 2(4) = 0
b = 4 c = 13
e z
2
2z + 3 = 0
z =
2
2 ( 2) 4(1)(3)
2 1

z =
2 8
2

z =
2
2 4 2
2
i

z =
2 2 2
2
i

z = 1 2 i
(z 1 i z )(z 1 + i z ) = 0
f 2z
2
+ 4z + 3 = 0.
z =
2
4 (4) 4(2)(3)
2 2

z =
4
4
8

z =
2
4 4 2
4
i

z =
4 2 2
4
i

z =
2
1
2
i

2 2
1 1
2 2
i i
z z
| || |
+ + + | |
| |
\ .\ .

A GM1 1 - 2 28 T r a n s f o r ma t i o n s
Exercise 2A Translations of points and graphs
1 a A(1, 2), T
3, 4

A(4, 6)
b A(1, 2), T
3, 4

A(2, 2)
c A(1, 2), T
3, 4

A(2, 2)
d A(1, 2), T
3, 4

A(4, 6)
2 a A(2, 3), A(4, 5)
T
2, 2

Translated 2 right and 2 upward.
b A(2, 3), A (4, 2)
T
2, 1

Translated 2 right and 1 upward.
c A(1, 4), A(3, 1)
T
2, 5

Translated 2 left and 5 upward.
d A(2, 4), A(1, 7)
T
1, 3
.
Translated 1 right and 3 downward.
3 a T
2, 3
, A(4, 1)
A(2, 2)
b T
1, 2
, A(2, 1)
A(1, 1)
c T
3, 2
, A(2, 3)
A(5, 1)
d T
2, 3
, A(5, 2)
A(3, 1)
4 a y = x, T
1, 3
.
x = x + 1, y = y 3
x = x 1, y = y + 3
y = x y + 3 = x 1
y = x 4
Image Rule: y = x 4
y = x Original
y = x 4 Image

b y = 2x, T
1, 2

x= x + 1, y = y 2
x = x 1, y = y + 2
y = 2x y + 2 = 2(x 1)
y = 2x 4
Image Rule: y = 2x 4
y = 2x Original
y = 2x 4 Image

c y = x, T
2, 2

x = x + 2, y = y 2
x = x 2, y = y + 2
y = x y + 2 = x + 2
y = x
Image Rule: y = x.
y = x Original
y = x Image

d y = 2x + 1, T
1, 2

x = x 1, y = y 2
x = x + 1, y = y + 2
y = 2x + 1 y + 2 = 2(x + 1) + 1
y = 2x + 1
Image Rule: y = 2x + 1
y = 2x + 1 Original
y = 2x + 1 Image

e y = x
2
, T
1, 2

x = x 1, y = y + 2
x = x + 1, y = y 2
y = x
2
y 2 = (x + 1)
2

y = (x + 1)
2
+ 2,
Image Rule: y = (x + 1)
2
+ 2.
y = x
2
Original
y = (x + 1)
2
+ 2 Image

f y = 2x
2
, T
2, 1

x = x + 2, y = y 1
x = x 2, y = y + 1
y = 2x
2
y + 1 = 2(x 2)
2
,
y = 2(x 2)
2
1
Image Rule: y = 2(x 2)
2
1
Chapter 2 Transformations
T r a n s f o r ma t i o n s A GM1 1 - 2 29
g y = x
2
+ 2, T
3, 4

x = x 3, y = y + 4
x = x + 3, y = y 4
y = x
2
+ 2 y 4 = (x + 3)
2
+ 2
y = (x + 3)
2
+ 6
Image Rule: y = (x + 3)
2
+ 6
h y = 2x
2
, T
2, 3

x = x 2, y = y + 3
x = x + 2, y = y 3
y = 2x
2
y 3 = 2(x + 2)
2

y = 2(x + 2)
2
+ 3
Image Rule: y = 2(x + 2)
2
+ 3
i y = f(x), T
3, 2

x = x 3, y = y + 2
x = x + 3, y = y 2
y = f(x) y 2 = F(x + 3)
y = F(x + 3) + 2
Image Rule: y = F(x + 3) + 2
j y = f(x), T
1 2

x = x 1, y = y 2
x = x + 1, y = y + 2
y = f(x) y + 2 = f(x + 1)
y = F(x + 1) 2
Image Rule = y = f(x + 1) 2
k y = 2x
2
, T
n, k

x = x + h, y = y + k
x = x h, y = y k
y = 2x
2
y k = 2(x h)
2

y = 2(x h)
2
+ k
Image Rule: y = 2(x h)
2
+ k
l y = 3x, T
n, k

x = x + h, y = y + k
x = x h, y = y k
y = 3x y k = 3(x h)
y = 3(x h) + k
Image Rule: y = 3(x h) + k
5 a x
2
+ y
2
= 4, T
1, 1

x = x + 1, y = y 1
x = x 1, y = y + 1
(x 1)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 4
Image Rule: (x 1)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 4

b y =
1
x
, T
2, 1

x = x + 2, y = y 1
x = x 2, y = y + 1
y =
1
x
y + 1 =
1
2 x

y =
1
2 x
1
y =
1
2 x
1: Image.
Original Asymptotes: x = 0, y = 0.
Image Asymptotes: x = 2, y = 1.

6 a y = 2x y = 2x + 3
Up 3: T
0, 3

b y = x
2
y = (x + 4)
2
3
Left 4 and Down 3
T
4, 3

c y = x
2
+ 2x + 1 y = x
2
+ 4x 1
Completing the square
y = x
2
+ 2x +
2
2
2
| |
|
\ .
+ 1
2
2
2
| |
|
\ .
,
y = x
2
+ 4x +
2
4
2
| |
|
\ .
1
2
4
2
| |
|
\ .

y = (x + 1)
2
+ 1 1 y = (x + 2)
2
1 4
y = (x + 1)
2
y = (x + 2)
2
5
Left 1 and Down 5
T
1, 5

7 a x
2
+ y
2
= 9 (x 1)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 9
Centre (0, 0) Centre (1, 3)
T
1, 3

b (x + 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 4 x
2
+ y
2
2x + 2y 2 = 0
Centre (1, 2) x
2
2x +
2
2
2
| |
|
\ .

2
2
2
| |
|
\ .
+ y + 2y +
2
2
2
| |
|
\ .

2
2
2
| |
|
\ .
2 = 0
(x 1) 1 + (y + 1)
2
1 2 = 0
(x 1)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 4
Centre (1, 1)
Translated: Right 2 and Down 3
T
2, 3
.
c Translated 1 unit right and 2 units up T
1, 2

8 a y = 2
x
y = 2
x
+ 3
Translated: Up 3
T
0, 3

b y = 2
x
y = 2
x + 1
+ 7
Translated: Up 7 and Left 1
T
1, 7

c y = 2
x
+ 1 y = 2
x + 3
5
Translated: Down 6 and Left 3
T
3, 6

d y = 2
x + 3
4 y = 2
x 2
+ 1
Translated: Up 5 and Right 5
T
5, 5
9 T
2, 1
(2, 3) (2 + 2, 3 1) = (4, 2) Image
(2, 3) (2 2, 3 + 1) = (0, 4) Original A
10 T
2, 1
y = x
2

x = x 2, y = y +1
x = x + 2, y = y 1
y 1 = (x + 2)
2

y = (x + 2)
2
+ 1.
y = x
2
.
x = x + 2, y = y 1
x = x 2, y = y + 1
y + 1 = (x 2)
2

y = (x 2)
2
1 A
11 (3, 4) (2, 4)
(3 1, 4 8) (2, 4)
T
1, 8
and y = x
2
+ 1 y = (x 2)
2
+ 2
y 2 = (x 2)
2
y = (x 2)
2
+ 2
Translated: Up 2 and Right 2
T
2, 2
C.
12 y = 2
x
y = 2
x 1
+ 1
Translated: Right 1 and Up 1.
T
1, 1

and y =
1
x
y =
1
1 x +
1
Translated: Left 1 and Down 1
T
1, 1
B.
Exercise 2B Reflections of points and graphs
1 a M
y = 0
(2, 4)
b M
x = 0
(2, 4)
c M
y = x
(4, 2)
d M
y = x
(4, 2)
2 a y =3x, M
y = x
x = y, y = x,
y = x, x = y,
y = 3x x = 3y
Image: y =
3
x

b y = 2x, M
y = x
x = y, y = x,
y = x, x = y,
y = 2x x = 2(y)
Image: y =
2
x

c y = 2x + 3, M
y = 0
x = x, y = y,
x = x, y = y,
y = 2x + 3 y = 2x + 3
Image: y = 2x 3.

d y = 2x
2
, M
y = 0
x = x, y = y
x = x, y = y,
y = 2x
2
y = 2(x)
2

Image: y = 2x
2
,

e y = 3x
2
, M
x = 0
x = x, y = y
x = x, y = y,
y = 3x
2
y = 3(x)
2

Image: y = 3x
2
,

f y =
1
4
x
2
, M
y = x
x = y, y = x,
y = x, x = y,
y =
1
4
x
2
x =
1
4
(y)
2

(y)
2
= 4x, Image: y = 4 , x

g y = x
2
+ 1, M
y = x
x = y, y = x,
y = x, x = y,
y = x
2
+ 1 x = (y)
2
+ 1
Image: y = 1 x

h y =
1
x
, M
x = 0
x = x, y = y,
x = x, y = y,
y =
1
x
y =
1
x

Image: y =
1
x

i y =
1
1 x +
, M
y = x,
y = x, x = y,
x = y, y = x
y =
1
1 x +
x =
1
1 y +

x(y + 1) = 1, Image: y =
1
x
1

j y =
1
1
x
+ , M
x = 0
x = x, y = y
x = x, y = y
y =
1
1
x
+ y =
1
1
x
+

Image: y =
1
1
x
+

k y =
1
1
1 x
+
, M
y = x
x = y, y = x
y = x, x = y
y =
1
1
1 x
+
x =
1
1
1 y
+

Image: y =
1
1
1 x
+

l y =
2
3
1 x
+
, M
y = x
x = y, y = x
y = x, x = y
y =
2
3
1 x
+
x =
2
3
1 y
+

Image: y =
2
1
3 x

+

m y = 2
x
, M
y = 0

x = x, y = y
x = x, y = y
y = 2
x
y = 2
x

Image: y = 2
x

n y = 2
x
+ 3, M
x = 0

x = x, y = y
x = x, y = y
y = 2
x
+ 3 y = 2
x
+ 3
Image: y = 2
x
+ 3

o y = x , M
y = x

x = y, y = x
y = x, x = y
y = x x = y
Image: y = x
2
.

p y = 2 x + , M
y = x

x = y, y = x
y = x, x = y
y = x + 2 x = y + 2
x + 2 = y
x + 2 = y
Image: y = (x + 2)
2

3 Under M
y

= 0
.
(2, 3) (2, 3) and (2, 3) (2, 3)
Image Original, A.
4 Under M
y

= x

y = x
x = y, y = x
y = x, x = y
y = x x = y
Image y = x
2
, x 0
y =
1
1 x

x = y, y = x
y = x, x = y
y =
1
1 x
x =
1
1 y

y 1 =
1
x

y =
1
x
+ 1
Image y =
1
x
+ 1 B.
Exercise 2C Dilations from axes
1 a (2, 3), D
2

x = 2x, y = y
(4, 3)
b (2, 5), D
1, 3

x = x, y = 3y
(2, 15)
c (4, 3), D
2, 3

x = 2x, y = 3y
(8, 9)
d (2, 6),
1
, 2
2
D
x =
1
2
x, y = 2y
(1, 12)
e (6, 4),
2 3
,
3 4
D
x =
2
3
x, y =
3
4
y
(4, 3)
2 a y = x, D
2, 1

x = 2x, y = y
x =
1
2
x, y = y
y = x y =
1
2
x
Image: y =
2
x

b y = x + 1, D
1, 2

x = x, y = 2y
x = x, y =
1
2
y
y = x + 1
1
2
y = x + 1
Image: y = 2x + 2
c y = x + 1, D
2, 1

x = 2x, y = y
x =
1
2
x, y = y
y = x + 1 y =
1
2
x + 1
Image: y =
2
x
+ 1
d y = 0, D
1, 2

x = x, y = 2y
x = x, y =
1
2
y
y = 0
1
2
y = 0
Image: y = 0
e y = 0, D
1, 4

x = x, y = 4y
x = x, y =
1
4
y
y = 0
1
4
y = 0
Image: y = 0
f x = 2, D
2, 1

x = 2x, y = y
x =
1
2
x, y = y
x = 2
1
2
x = 2
Image: x = 4
g x = 2, D
1, 5

x = x, y = 5y
x = x, y =
1
5
y
x = 2 x = 2
Image: x = 2
h x = 0 D
2, 4

x = 2x, y = 4y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
4
y
x = 0
1
2
x = 0
Image: x = 0
i y = x
2
, D
2, 1

x = 2x, y = y
x =
1
2
x, y = y
y = x
2
, y =
2
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .

Image: y =
4
x

j y = x
2
, D
1, 2

x = x, y = 2y
x = x, y =
1
2
y
y = x
2
,
1
2
y = (x)
2

Image: y = 2x
2

k y = x
2
1, D
2, 3

x = 2x, y = 3y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
3
y
y = x
2
1,
1
3
y =
2
1
2
x
| |
|
\ .
1
Image: y =
2
3
4
x
3
l y = 2
x
, D
1, 2

x = x, y = 2y
x = x, y =
1
2
y
y = 2
x

1
2
y = 2
x

Image: y = 2 2
x

m y = 2
x
, D
2, 3

x = 2 x, y = 3y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
3
y
y = 2
x
,
1
3
y =
2
2
x

Image: y =
2
3 2
x

n y =
1
x
, D
1, 2

x = x, y = 2y
x = x, y =
1
2
y
y =
1
x
,
1
2
y =
1
x

Image: y =
2
x

o y =
1
x
, D
2, 2

x = 2x, y = 2y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
2
y
y =
1
x
,
1
2
y =
1
1
2
x

Image: y =
4
x

p y = (x 1)
2
, D
2, 3

x = 2x, y = 3y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
3
y
y = (x 1)
2

1
3
y =
2
1
1
2
x
| |

|
\ .

1
3
y =
2
1
( 2)
2
x
(

(

Image: y =
3
4
(x 2)
2

q y = (x + 2)
2
+ 1, D
2, 2

x = 2x, y = 2y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
2
y
y = (x + 1)
2
+ 1
1
2
y =
2
1
1
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .
+ 1

1
2
y =
2
1
( 4)
2
x
(
+
(

+ 1
Image: y =
1
2
(x + 4)
2
+ 2
r y = 3(x 1)
2
+ 2, D
3, 2

x = 3x, y = 2y
x =
1
3
x, y =
1
2
y
y = 3(x 1)
2
+ 2
1
2
y = 3
2
1
1
3
x
| |

|
\ .
+ 2

1
2
y = 3
2
1
( 3)
3
x
(

(

+ 2
Image: y =
2
3
(x 3)
2
+ 4
s y = 2
x
, D
2, 3

x = 2x, y = 3y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
3
y
y = 2
x

1
3
y =
'
2
2
x

Image: y =
2
3 2
x

t y = f(x), D
a, b

x = ax, y = by
x =
x
a
, y =
y
b

y = f(x)
y
b
=
x
f
a
| |
|
\ .

Image: y = b
x
f
a
| |
|
\ .
.
3 a (3, 5), D
1
,
2

x = x, y = 2y
x = x, y =
1
2
y
(3, 5)
5
3,
2
| |
|
\ .

b (3, 5), D
2
,
1

x = 2x, y = y
x =
1
2
x, y = y
(3, 5),
3
, 5
2
| |
|
\ .

c (2, 3), D
2
,
2

x = 2x, y = 2y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
2
y
(2, 3)
3
1,
2
| |
|
\ .

d (2, 3), D
2
,
3

x = 2x, y = 3y
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
3
y
(2, 3), (1, 1)
4 a y = x, D
2, 1

x = 2x, y = y
y = x y = 2x
Original: y = 2x.
b y = x
2
, D
1, 2

x = x, y = 2y
y = (x)
2
2y = (x)
2

Original: y =
2
2
x

c y = 2
x
, D
2, 2

x = 2x, y = 2y
y = 2x 2y = 2
2x

Original: y =
1
2
2
2x

d y =
1
x
, D
2, 3

x = 2x, y = 3y
y =
1
x
3y =
1
2x

Original: y =
1
6x

5 D
3, 2

x = 3x, y = 2y
x =
'
3
x
, y =
2
y

(3, 2) (9, 4) Image
(3, 2) (1, 1) Original B
6 D
2, 3

x = 2x, y = 3y
x =
2
x
, y =
3
y

y = f(x)
3
y
= f
2
x | |
|
\ .
Image: y = 3f
2
x | |
|
\ .

y = f(x) 3y = f(2x) Original: y =
1
3
f(2x) A.
Exercise 2D The ellipse and the hyperbola
1 a
2
25
x
+
2
9
y
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Semi Major: 5
Semi Minor: 3

b
2
( 5)
25
x
+
2
( 3)
9
y +
= 1
Centre: (5, 3)
Semi Major: 5
Semi Minor: 3

c x
2
+
2
4
y
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Semi Major: 2
Semi Minor: 1

d
2
( 2)
4
x +
+
2
( 2)
16
y
= 1
Centre: (2, 2)
Semi Major: 4
Semi Minor: 2

2 a x
2
y
2
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (1, 0)
Asymptotes: y = x

b
2
9
x

2
16
y
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (3, 0)
Asymptotes: y =
4
3
x

c
2
4
x
y
2
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (2, 0)
Asymptotes: y =
1
2
x

d (x 3)
2
(y + 2)
2
= 1
Centre: (3, 2)
Vertices: (2, 2) and (4, 2)
Asymptotes: y = x 5 and y = x + 1

e
2
( 2)
4
x +

2
( 2)
16
y
= 1
Centre: (2, 4)
Vertices: (2, 2, 4) and (2, + 2, 4) (4, 4) and (0, 4)
Asymptotes: y 4 =
4
2
(x + 2)
y = 2x + 8 and
y = 2x

f
2
( 2)
16
x +

2
( 4)
9
y
= 1
Centre: (2, 4)
Vertices: (2, 4, 4) and (2, + 4, 4) (6, 4) and (2, 4)
Asymptotes: y 4 =
3
4
(x + 2)
y =
3
4
x +
9
2
and
y =
3
4
x +
5
2

g x
2
+ y
2
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (0, 1)
Asymptotes: y = x

h
2
9
x
+
2
16
y
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (0, 4)
Asymptotes: y =
4
3
x

i
2
16
x
+
2
9
y
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (0, 3)
Asymptotes: y =
3
4
x

j (x + 4)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 1
Centre: (4, 2)
Vertices: (4, 2 1) and (4, 2 + 1) (4, 1) and
(4, 3)
Asymptotes: y 2 = 1 (x + 4)
y = x + 6 and
y = x 2

k
2
2)
4
x ( +
+
2
( 4)
16
y
= 1
Centre: (2, 4)
Vertices: (2, 4 + 4) (2, 4 4) (2, 8), (2, 0)
Asymptotes: y 4 =
4
2
(x + 2)
y = 2x + 8, y = 2x

l
2
2)
16
x ( +
+
2
( 4)
4
y
= 1
Centre: (2, 4)
Vertices: (2, 4 + 2) (2, 4 2) (2, 6), (2, 2)
Asymptotes: y 4 =
2
4
(x + 2)
y =
2
x
+ 5, y =
2
x
+ 3

3
2
16
x
+
2
9
y
= 1
a T
2, 4

x = x 2, y = y 4
x = x + 2, y = y + 4

2
16
x
+
2
9
y
= 1
2
( 2)
16
x +
+
2
( 4)
9
y +
= 1
Image
2
( 2)
16
x +
+
2
( 4)
9
y +
= 1
Centre: (2, 4),

b M
y = x

x = y, y = x
y = x , x = y

2
16
x
+
2
9
y
= 1
2
( )
16
y
+
2
( )
9
x
= 1
Image
2
16
y
+
2
9
x
= 1
Centre = (0, 0)

c
1
2,
3
D
x = 2x, y =
1
3
y
x =
1
2
x, y = 3y

2
16
x
+
2
9
y
= 1
2
1
2
16
x
| |
|
\ .
+
( )
2
3
9
y
= 1
Image
2
64
x
+ y
2
= 1
Centre = (0, 0),

4
2
9
x

2
36
y
= 1
a T
1, 2

x = x 1, y = y + 2
x = x + 1, y = y 2

2
9
x

2
36
y
= 1
2
( )
9
x +1

2
( 2)
36
y
= 1
Centre: (1, 2)
Vertices: (1, 3, 2) and (1, + 3, 2) (4, 2) and (2, 2)
Asymptotes: y 2 =
6
3
(x + 1)
y = 2x + 4, y = 2x

b M
y = x

x = y, y = x
y = x, x = y

2
9
x

2
36
y
= 1
2
( )
9
y

2
( )
36
x
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (0, 3)
Asymptotes: y =
1
2
x

c
1 1
,
3 2
D
x =
1
3
x , y =
1
2
y
x = 3x , y = 2y

2
9
x

2
36
y
= 1
2
(3 )
9
x

2
(2 )
36
y
= 1
x
2

2
9
y
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (1, 0)
Asymptotes: y = 3x

5
2
2
x
a
+
2
2
y
b
= 1
2
9
x

2
4
y
= 1
Some asymptotes when a
2
= 9 and b
2
= 4
a =3 b = 2.
6
2
9
x ( 1)
+
2
( 2)
4
y +
= 1
Centre (1, 2)

Domain: [2, 4]
Range: [4, 0] A
7
2
( 2)
4
x

2
8
y ( + 4)
= 1
y k =
b
a
(x h)
y + 4 =
3
2
(x 2)
y + 4 =
2 2
2
(x 2)
y + 4 = 2 (x 2)
y = 2x 2 2 4 and y = 2 x + 2 2 4 A.
Exercise 2E Successive transformations
1 a D
2, 1
then T
3, 4

(x, y)
2,1
D
(2x, y)
(2x, y)
3, 4
T
(2x + 3, y + 4)
Rule: (2x + 3, y + 4)
b T
3, 4
then D
2, 1

(x, y)
3, 4
T
(x + 3, y + 4)
(x + 3, y + 4)
2,1
D
(2x + 6, y + 4)
Rule: (2x + 6, y + 4)
c M
y = x
then T
3, 4

(x, y)
y x
M
=
(y, x)
(y, x)
3, 4
T
(y + 4, x + 3)
Rule: (y + 4, x + 3)
d T
3, 4
then M
y = x

(x, y)
3, 4
T
(x + 3, y + 4)
(x + 3, y + 4)
y x
M
=
(y + 4, x + 3)
Rule: (y + 4, x + 3)
e D
2, 3
then T
3, 4

(x, y)
2, 3
D
(2x, 3y)
(2x, 3y)
3, 4
T
(2x + 3, 3y + 4)
Rule: (2x + 3, 3y + 4)
f T
3, 4
then D
2, 3

(x, y)
3, 4
T
(x + 3 y + 4)
(x + 3, y + 4)
2, 3
D
(2x + 6, 3y + 12)
Rule: (2x + 6, 3y + 12)
g T
3, 4
then T
4, 3

3, 4
4, 3
( , ) ( 3, 4)
( 3, 4) ( 3 4, 4 3)
T
T
x y x y
x y x y
+ +
+ + + + +

Rule: ( 1, 7) x y +
h D
2, 1
then D
3, 2

2,1
3, 2
( , ) (2 , )
(2 , ) (6 , 2 )
D
D
x y x y
x y x y

Rule: (6 , 2 ) x y
i M
y = x
then M
x = 0

0
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
Rule: ( , )
y x
x
M
M
x y y x
y x y x
y x
=
=

j M
y = x
then M
y = x

(x, y)
y x
M
=
(y, x)
(y, x)
y x
M
=
(x, y)
Rule: (x, y)
k T
2, 3
then D
2, 3
then M
y = 0

(x, y)
2, 3
T

(x + 2, y 3)
(x + 2, y 3)
2, 3
D
(2x + 4, 3y 9)
(2x + 4, 3y 9)
0 y
M
=
(2x + 4, 3y + 9)
Rule: (2x + 4, 3y + 9)
l M
y = 0
then T
2, 3
then D
3, 2

(x, y)
0 y
M
=
(x, y)
(x y)
2, 3
T

(x + 2, y 3)
(x + 2, y 3)
3, 2
D
(3x + 6, 2y 6)
Rule: (3x + 6, 2y 6)
m D
2, 3
then M
y = 0
then T
2, 3

(x, y)
2, 3
D
(3x, 2y)
(3x, 2y)
0 y
M
=
(3x, 2y)
(3x, 2y)
2, 3
T

(3x + 2, 2y 3)
Rule: (3x + 2, 2y 3).
2 a T
r1
: (x, y) (2x + 1, 3y + 2)
M
y = 0
the D
2, 3
the T
1, 2

1
( , ) (2 1, 3 2)
r
T
x y x y + +

2
(2 1, 3 2) (3 2, 2 1)
y x
M
x y y x
=
+ +

2, 3
(3 2, 2 1) (9 6, 4 2)
D
y x y x

1, 2
(9 6, 4 2) (9 4 4 1)
T
y x y x
Rule: (9y 4, 4x 1)
b T
r2
: (x, y) (2y + 2, 3x + 2)
M
y = x
the D
3, 2
the T
2, 2

2
( , ) ( 2 2, 3 2)
r
T
x y y x + +

0
( 2 2, 3 2) (2 2, 3 2)
y
M
y x y x
=
+ + +

2, 3
(2 2, 3 2) (6 6, 6 4)
D
y x y x + +

1, 2
(6 6, 6 4) (6 4, 6 5)
T
y x y x + + +
Rule: (6y + 4, 6x + 5)
c (x, y)
1 r
T
(2x + 1, 3y + 2)
(2x + 1, 3y + 2)
0 y
M
=
(2x + 1, 3y 2)
(2x + 1, 3y 2)
2, 3
D
(4x + 2, 9y 6)
(4x + 2, 9y 6)
1, 2
T
(4x + 3, 9y 4)
Rule: (4x + 3, 9y 4)
d (x, y)
2 r
T
(2y + 2, 3x + 2)
(2y + 2, 3x + 2)
y x
M
=
(3x 2, 2y 2)
(3x 2, 2y 2)
3, 2
D
(9x 6, 4y 4)
(9x 6, 4y 4)
2, 3
T
(9x 4, 4y 2)
Rule: (9x 4, 4y 2)
3 a D
2, 3
then T
2, 4

x = 2x, y = 3y
then x = 2x + 2, y = 3y + 4,
(2, 3) (2(2) + 2, 3(3) + 4)
(2, 13)
b M
x = 0
then T
1, 2

x = x, y = y
then x = x + 1, y = y 2
(2, 3) ((2) + 1, 3 2)
(3, 1)
c T
2, 3
then D
2, 3

x = x 2, y = y 3
2 = 2(x 2), y = 3(y 3)
(2, 3)(2(2 2), 3(3 3))
(8, 0)
d T
1, 2
then D
2, 2
then M
y = x

x = x + 1, y = y 2
then x = 2(x + 1), y = 2(y 2)
then x = 2(y 2), y = 2(x + 1)
(2, 3)(2(3 2), 2(2 + 1))
(2, 2).
4 a T
2, 4
then D
2, 3

x = x + 2, y = y + 4
then x = 2(x + 2), y = 3(y + 4)
x = 2
2
x
, y = 4
3
y

y =
1
4
3
y
x

=
1
4
2
x

4
3
y
=
2
4 x

Image: y =
6
12
4 x
+

b T
1, 2
then M
x = 0

x = x + 1, y = y 2
then x = x 1, y = y 2
x = x 1, y = y + 2
y =
1
2 y
x
+ =
1
1 x

Image: y =
1
2
1 x
+

c D
2, 3
then T
2, 3

x = 2x, y = 3y
then x = 2x 2, y = 3y 3
x =
2
2
x
, y =
3
3
y +

y =
1 3
3
y
x
+
=
1
2
2
x +

3
3
y +
=
2
2 x +

3 y + =
6
2 x +

Image:
6
3
2 x

+

d D
22
then T
1, 2
then M
y = x

x = 2x, y = 2y
then x = 2x + 1, y = 2y 2
then x = 2y + 2, y = 2x 1
y =
2
2
x
, x =
1
2
y +

y =
1 2
2
x
x

=
1
1
2
y +

2
2
x
=
2
1 y
+

1 y + =
4
2 x

Image: y =
4
1
2 x

5 a y = x
2
y = (x 2)
2
+ 3
y 3 (x 2)
2

x = x 2, y = y 3
x = x + 2, y = y + 3
T
2, 3

Translated 2 right and 3 upward
b y = (x 1)
2
y = 4(x 1)
2

4
y
=
2
( 1) x
x = x, y =
4
y

x = x, y = 4y
D
1, 4

Dilation factor of 4 from x-axis.
c y = 2x
2
y = 2x
2

y = 2x
2

x = x, y = y
M
y = 0

Reflected about x-axis.
d y = 3
x
y = 3
x

x = x, y = y
M
x = 0
.
Reflected about y-axis.
e y = 3
x
y = 3
x + 4

x = x
1
+ 4, y = y
x = x + 4, y = y
T
4, 0

Translated 4 right
f y = 3
2x
y = 3
2x + 1
2
y + 2 = 3
2x + 1

2x = 2x + 1, y = y + 2
x =
2 1
2
x
y = y 2
x =
1
2
x Translated
1
2
left and 2 downward

1
, 2
2
T

g y =
1
x
y =
1
x

x = x, y = y
M
y = 0

Reflected about x-axis
h y =
1
2x
y =
1
2 5 x

2x = 2x 5, y = y
2x = 2x + 5
x
1
=
2 5
2
x +

x =
5
2
x +
Translated
5
2
right.

5
, 0
2
T
i y =
5
1 x

+
y =
5
2 x +

x + 1 = x + 2, y = y
x = x 1
T
1, 0

Translated 1 left
j
2 2
x y + =
2 2
1
4 25
x y
+ = 1
x
2
=
2
( )
4
x
, y
2
=
2
( )
25
y

4x
2
= (x)
2
, 25y
2
= (y)
2

x = 2x, y = 5y
D
2, 5

Dilation factor 2 from y-axis and 5 from x-axis.
k
2 2
4 25
x y
+ =
2 2
1 x y + = 1

2
4
x
=
2
( ) , x
2
25
y
=
2
( ) y
x =
2
x
, y =
5
y

1 1
,
2 5
D
Dilation factor of
1
2
from y-axis and
1
5
from x-axis.
l x
2
y
2
= 1 (x + 4)
2
(y 3)
2
= 1
x
2
= (x + 4)
2
, y
2
= (y 3)
2

x = x + 4, y = y 3
x = x 4, y = y + 3
T
4, 3

Translated 4 left and 3 upward
m
2 2
9 16
x y
=
2 2
1 x y = 1

2
9
x
= (x)
2
,
2
16
y
= (y)
2

x =
3
x
, y =
4
y
.

1 1
,
3 4
D
Dilation factor of
1
3
for y-axis and
1
4
for x-axis.
n y = 4x
2
y = (2x 1)
2

4x
2
= (2x 1)
2
, y = y
2x = 2x 1
2x = 2x + 1

1
2
x x = +

1
, 0
2
T
Translated
1
2
right
o
2 2
x y + =
2 2
4
9 16
x y
+ = 1

2 2
4 4
x y
+ =
2 2
1
9 16
x y
+ = 1

2
4
x
=
2 2
( )
,
9 4
x y
=
2
( )
16
y

x =
3
,
2
x y = 2y

3
, 2
2
D
Dilation factor of
3
2
from y-axis and 2 from x-axis
6 a y = f(x) y = f(x)
x = x, y = y
M
y = 0

Reflected about x-axis
b y = f(x) y = f(x)
x = x, y = y
M
x = 0

Reflected about y-axis
c y = f(x) y = f(x + 1)
x + 1 = x, y = y
x = x + 1
T
1, 0

Translated 1 right.
d y = f(x + 1) y = 2f(x + 1)
x + 1 = x + 1 y = 2y
x = x
D
1, 2

e y = 2f(2x + 1) y = 2f(2(x + 1))
2(x + 1) = 2x + 1, y = y
x + 1 =
2 1
2
x +

x = x
1
2

x = x +
1
2

1
, 0
2
T
Translated
1
2
right.
f y = 2f(2(x + 1)) y = 2f (2x + 5) + 4
2x + 5 = 2x + 2, y = y + 4
2x = 2x 3
x = x +
3
2

3
, 4
2
T
Translated
3
2
right and 4 upward.
7 a y = x y = 2x + 4
2x = x y 4 = 2x
x =
1
2
x
y 4 = y
y = y + 4
M
y = 0
,
1
, 1
2
D , T
0, 4

Reflected about x-axis dilation factor of
1
2
from y-axis
and translated 4 upward.
b y = x
2
y = 2 (x + 1)
2
3
M
y = 0
, D
1, 2
, T
1, 3

Reflected about x-axis, dilation factor of 2 from x-axis
and translated 1 left and 3 downwards.
c y =
1
x
y =
2
4
3 x
+

T
3, 4
, D
1, 2

Translated 3 right and 4 upward, dilation factor of 2 for x-axis.
d y = x
2
y = (2x + 3)
2

(2x + 3)
2
= x
2

2x + 3 = x
x =
3
2 2
x

1 3
,1 , 0
2 2
D T

Dilation factor of
1
2
from y-axis and translated
3
2
left.
e y = 2
x
y = 2
4x + 3

4x + 3 = x, y = y
4x = x 3
x =
3
4 4
x
+

0, 0 1 3
, 1 , 0
4 4
, ,
x y
M D T
= =

Reflected about the x and y-axis, dilation factor of
1
4

from y-axis and translated
3
4
right.
f y = 2
x
y = 3(2
3x 5
)
3x 5 = x y = 3y
3x = x + 5
x =
5
3 2
x

1 5
, 3 , 0
3 3
, D T
Dilation factor of
1
3
from y-axis and 3 x-axis translated
5
3
right
g y = f(x) y = 4 f(2x 1) + 3
2x 1 = x
x =
1
2
x +

0 1 1
, 4 , 3
2 2
, ,
y
M D T
=

Reflected about x-axis and dilation
1
2
from y-axis and
4 from x-axis. Translated by
1
2
right and 3 upward.
h y = f(x) y = 2f(2x 1) 4
2x 1 = x
x =
1
2
x +

0 1 1
, 2 , 4
2 2
, ,
x
M D T
=

Reflected about y-axis, dilation factor of
1
2
from y-axis
and 2 from x-axis. Translated
1
2
left and 4 downward.
i y = x
6
y = (2x + 4)
6
+ 7
2x + 4 = x
x =
4
2
x

0, 0 1 2, 7
, 1
2
, ,
y x
M D T
= =

Reflected about the x- and y-axis. Dilation factor of
1
2

from y-axis and translated 2 right and 7 upward.
8 a y = x
2
y = 2(x 2)
2
1

b y = x
2
, y = (2x 1)
2

c y =
1
x
, y =
2
4
2 3 x
+

d y = 2
x
y = 2
x + 3
+ 4

e y = 2
x
y = 3 (2
2x+ 3
)

f y = 2
x
y = 3(2
2x + 3
) + 1

9 y = f(x) y = f(2x) y = f(2x) f(2x 2)

1
, 1
2
D M
x= 0
T
1, 0
C.
10 T
1, 2
, M
y = x
, D
2, 3
.
y =
1
x

x = x + 1, y = y + 2
x = x 1, y = y 2
y 2 =
1
1 x

y =
1
2
1 x
+

1, 2
T
y =
1
2
1 x
+

x = y, y = x,
x =
1
2
y
+
1

(x 2)(y 1) = 1
y 1 =
1
2 x

y =
1
1
2 x
+

y x
M
=
, y =
1
1
2 x
+

x = 2x, y = 3y
x =
2
x
, y =
3
y

3
y
=
1
1
2
2
x
+

3
y
=
1
1
4 x
x
+

3
y
=
2
1
4 x
+

y =
6
3
4 x
+

2, 3
D
y =
6
3
4 x
+
.
C
Chapter review
Short answer
1 (2, 3) (4, 1)
T
6, 2

x = x + 6, y = y 2
x = x 6, y = y + 2
y = x
2
y + 2 = (x 6)
2

y = (x 6)
2
2
Image: y = (x 6)
2
2.
2 a y = x
2
y = (x + 2)
2
4
x + 2 = x y = y 4
2 x x =
T
2, 4

Translated 2 left and 4 downward.
b y =
1
x
y =
1
1
1 x
+
+

x + 1 = x y = y + 1
x = x 1
T
1, 1

Translated 1 left and 1 upward.
c y = x y = 2 x +
x + 2 = x y = y
x = x 2
T
2, 0

Translated 2 left.
d x
2
+ y
2
= 4 (x 2)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
= 4
x 2 = x, y + 5 = y
x = x + 2, y = y 5
T
2, 5

Translated 2 right and 5 downward.
e y = 5
x
y = 5
x + 3
4
x + 3 = x y = y 4
x = x 3
T
3, 4

Translated 3 left and 4 downward.
f y = x
2
y = x
2
+ 4x 2
=
2 2
2
4 4
4 2
2 2
x x
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .

= (x + 2)
2
2 4
= (x + 2)
2
6
T
2, 6

Translated 2 left and 6 downward
3 a (2, 0)
x D
M
=
(2, 0)
b (0, 3)
y C
M
=
(0, 3)
c (2, 3)
y x
M
=
(3, 2)
d (3, 2)
y x
M
=
(2, 3)
4 a y = 2x, M
x = 0

x = x, y = y
y = 2x

b y = 2x
2
, M
y = 0

x = x, y = y
y = 2x y = 2x
2


c y = 4x
2
, M
y = x
.
x = y, y = x
x = 4y
2
y =
2
x
4 .

d y =
1
1 x +
, M
y = x

x = y, y = x
x =
1
1 y +
y =
1
1
x
+

e y = 2
x
+ 1, M
y = 0

x = x, y = y
y = 2
x
+ 1 y = 2
x
1

f x
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 9, M
y = 0

x = x, y = y
x
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 9

g y = , x M
y = x
.
x = y, y = x.
x = y y = (x)
2
, x 0

h y = x , M
x = 0

x = x, y = y
y = x

5 a (2, 3), D
2, 1

x = 2x , y = y
x =
2
x
, y = y
Original = ,
2
x
y
| |
|
\ .

=
2
, 3
2
| |
|
\ .

= (1, 3).
b (6, 3), D
1, 3

x = x, y = 3y
x = x, y =
3
y

Original = ,
3
y
x
| |
|
\ .

=
3
6,
3
| |
|
\ .

= (6, 1)
c (4, 4),
1 1
,
2 4
D
x =
1
2
x, y =
1
4
y
x = 2x, y = 4y
Original = (2x, 4y)
= (2x
4
, 4 4)
= (8, 16)
6 a y = x
2
, D
2, 2

x = 2x, y = 2y.
y = x
2

2
y
=
2
2
x | |
|
\ .

y = 2
2
( )
4
x
(
(

y =
2
( )
2
x

Image: y =
2
2
x

b y =
1
x
, D
2, 3

x = 2x, y = 3y
y =
1
x

'
3
y
=
1
2
x

3
y
=
2
x

y =
6
x

Image: y =
6
x

c y = x , D
4, 1

x = 4x, y = y
y = x y =
4
x

2
x
y

=
Image: y =
2
x

d y = (x + 1)
2
+ 2, D
3, 2

x = 3x, y = 2y
y = (x + 1)
2
+ 2
2
y
=
2
1 2,
3
x | |
+ +
|
\ .

y =
2
2 1 4
3
x | |
+ +
|
\ .

Image: y =
2
2 1 4
3
x | |
+ +
|
\ .

7 a
2
2
4
x
y + = 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Semi Major: 2
Semi Minor: 1

b
2
( 2) ( 4)
9 4
x y +
+ = 1
Centre: (2, 4)
Semi Major: 3
Semi Minor: 2

c
2 2
( 4) ( 2)
4 16
x y +
+ = 1
Centre: (4, 2)
Semi Major: 4
Semi Minor: 2

d
2 2
( 1) ( 2)
2 3
x y
+ = 1
Centre: (1, 2)
Semi Major: 3
Semi Minor: 2

8 a
2 2
4 16
x y
= 1
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (2, 0)
Asymptotes: y =
4
2
x
y = 2x

b (x 2)
2
2
( 1)
4
y
= 1
Centre: (2, 1)
Vertices: (2 1, 1) (1, 1), (3, 1)
Asymptotes: y 1 =
2
1
(x 2) y = 2x 3, y = 2x + 5

c
2 2
1
4 16
x y
+ =
Centre: (0, 0)
Vertices: (0, 4)
Asymptotes: y =
4
2
x y = 2x

d
2 2
3
4 4
x y ( + )
+ = 1
Centre: (3, 0)
Vertices: (3, 2)
Asymptotes: y =
2
2
(x + 3) y = x + 3, y = x 3

9 a (x, y) (2x 2, 3y 3)
D
2, 3
and T
2, 3

(2, 3) (2 2 2, 3 3 3)
(2, 12): Image
y = x
2

2, 3
D

3
y
=
2
2
x | |
|
\ .

y =
2
3
4
x

y =
2, 3
2
3
4
T x

y + 2 =
2
3( 3)
4
x +

y =
2
3( 3)
2:
2
x +
Image.
b (x, y) (2x 2, 3y + 3)
D
2, 3
and T
2, 3

(3, 2) (2 3 2, 3 2 + 3)
(8, 9): Image.
y = x
2

2, 3
D

3
y
=
2
2
x | |
|
\ .

y =
2
3
4
x

y =
2, 3
2
3
4
T x

y + 2 =
2
3( 3)
2
x

y =
2
3( 3)
2
2
x
Image
c (x, y) (2x + 2, 3y 3)
D
2, 3
and T
2, 3

(2, 1) (2 2 + 2, 3 1 3)
(6, 0): Image.
y =
1
x

2 3
D

2
y
=
1
3
x

y =
6
x

y =
6
x

2, 3
3
T
y
+ =
6
2 x

y =
6
3:
2 x

Image
d (x, y) (y 2, 2x + 4)
M
y = x
and D
2, 1
and T
2, 4

(2, 3) ((3) 2, 2(2) + 4)
(1, 8): Image
y =
1
x

y x
M
x
=
=
1
y

y =
1
x

y =
1
x

2, 1
D
y =
1
1
2
x

y =
2
x

y =
2
x

2, 4
T
y 4 =
2
2 x +

y =
2
4:
2 x
+
+
Image.
10 a T
2, 3
, D
2, 1

T
2, 3
x = x 2, y = y + 3
x = x + 2, y = y 3
Given y = f(x)
y 3 = f(x + 2)
y = f(x + 2) + 3
D
2, 1
x = 2x, y = y
y = 2 3
2
x
f
| |
+ +
|
\ .

Rule: y = 2 3
2
x
f
| |
+ +
|
\ .

b D
2, 1
, T
2, 3

D
2, 1
x = 2x, y = y
x =
2
x
, y = y
Given y = f(x)
y =
2
x
f
| |
|
\ .

y =
2
x
f
| |
|
\ .

T
2, 3
x = x 2, y = y + 3
y 3 =
2
2
x
f
+ | |
|
\ .

Rule: y =
2
3
2
x
f
+ | |
+
|
\ .

c D
2, 2
, T
2, 3
, M
y = x

D
2, 2
x = 2x, y = 2y
Given y = f(x)

2
y
=
2
x
f
| |
|
\ .

y = 2
2
x
f
| |
|
\ .

T
2, 3
x = x + 2, y = y 3
y + 3 =
2
2
2
x
f
| |
|
\ .

y =
2
2 3
2
x
f
| |
|
\ .

M
y = x
x = y, y = x.
x =
2
2 3
2
y
f
| |
|
\ .
.
x =
2
2 3
2
y
f
| |
|
\ .
.
d M
y = x
, D
2, 2
, T
2, 3
.
M
y = x
y = x , x = y
Given y = f(x)
x = f(y)
x = f(y)
D
2, 2
x = 2x, y = 2y

2
x
=
2
y
f
| |
|
\ .

x = 2
2
y
f
| |
|
\ .

T
2, 3
x = x + 2, y = y 3
x 2 =
3
2
2
y
f
+ | |
|
\ .

x =
3
2 2
2
y
f
+ | |
+
|
\ .
.
e T
2, 3
, M
y = x
, D
2, 2

T
2, 3
x = x + 2, y = y 3
Given y = f(x)
y + 3 = f(x 2)
y = f(x 2) 3
M
y = x
x = y, y = x
x = f(y 2) 3
x = f(y 2) 3
D
2, 2
x = 2x, y = 2y

2
x
= 2 3
2
y
f
| |

|
\ .

x = 2 2 3
2
y
f
| |

|
\ .
.
11 a y = 3
x

1
y = 3
x

2
y = 3
x

3
y = 7 (3
x
)
4
y = 7 (3
2x
)
5
y = 7 (3
2x+2
)
1: M
x = 0
Reflection in the y-axis.
2: M
y = 0
Reflection in the x-axis.
3: D
1, 7
Dilation factor of 7 from x-axis (Parallel to
y-axis)
4:
1
, 1
2
D Dilation factor of
1
2
from y-axis (Parallel to
x-axis)
5: T
1, 0
Translation 1 right (positive x direction)
b y =
1
x

1
y =
1
x

2
y =
1
2x

3

y =
1
1
2 1 x
+

1:
0
0
x
y
M
M
=
=
OR Reflection in the y-axis or (x-axis)
2:
1
, 1
2
1
2
from y-axis (parallel to
x-axis)
3:
1
, 1
2
T
Translation
1
2
unit left and 1 unit down.
c y = f(x)
1
y = 2f(x)
2
y = 2f(x)
3

y = 2f(3x)
4
y = 2f(3x)
5
y = 2f
(3x + 2) + 2.
1: D
1, 2
Dilation factor of 2 from x-axis (parallel to y-axis)
2: M
y = 0
3:
1
, 1
3
1
3
from y-axis (parallel to x-axis)
4: M
x = 0
Reflection in the y-axis.
5:
2
, 2
3
T Translation
2
3
of a unit right and 2 units up.
12 a y = x y = 2x + 3
M
y = 0
D
1, 2
Dilation factor of 2 from x-axis
T
0, 3
Translation up 3.

b y = x
2
y = 2(x 1)
2
+ 6.
M
y = 0
D
1, 2
T
1, 6
Translation 1 right and 6 up.

c y = x y = 2 2 1 2 x +
M
y = 0
Reflection in the x-axis

1
, 2
2
D Dilation
1
2
from y-axis and 2 from x-axis

1
, 2
2
T Translation
1
2
right and 2 up.

d y = 3
x
y = 2(3
2x + 2
).
M
y = 0, x = 0
Reflection in the x and y-axis.

1
, 2
x
D Dilation
1
2
from y-axis and 2 from x-axis.
T
1, 0
Translation 1 right

e x
2
+ y
2
= 1
2 2
( 1) ( 2)
4 9
x y +
+ = 1
Circle Ellipse
Radius = 1 Semi Major: 3
Semi Minor: 2

f x
2
y
2
= 1
2 2
( 2)
4 9
x y
= 1
Centre: (0, 0) Centre: (0, 2)
Vertices: (1, 0) Vertices: (2, 2)
Asymptotes: y = x Asymptotes: y 2 =
3
2
(x)
y =
3
2
x + 2, y =
3
2
x + 2

Multiple choice
1 (2, 4) onto (4, 1)
(3, 5) onto (9, 0)
Since (x + 6, y 5)
B
2 T
2, 1
Translation 2 right and 1 down.
y =
1
1
2 x

D.
3 y =
1
x
y =
1
3
2 x
+
+
.
x = 0 left 2 Asymptotes x = 2
y = 0 up 3 y = 3 D.
4 y = x
2
y = x
2

M
y = 0
Reflection in the x-axis
x = x, y = y
(2, 3) (2, 3) E.
5 y = 1 1 x +
M
y= x
: x = y, y = x.
x = 1 1 y +
(x + 1)
2
= y + 1
y =
2
( 1) 1 x +
Image y = (x + 1)
2
1
y = x
2
+ 2x + 1 1
y = x
2
+ 2 A.
6 (x, y) (ax, by)
x = ax, y = by
y = f(x)

y
b
=
x
f
a
| |
|
\ .

y =
x
bf
a
| |
|
\ .

Image y =
x
bf
a
| |
|
\ .
B.
7 (6, 4) Image after
3
1
,
2
D Dilation factor of 3 from y-axis and
1
2
from x-axis
x = 3x, y =
1
2
y
x =
3
x
, y = 2y

6
3
x = , y = 2x 4
x = 2, y = 8
Original (2, 8) (C)
8
2 2 2 2
( 2) ( 2) ( ) ( 7)
1 1
9 16 9 16
x y x y + + +
+ = + =
Translated 2 right and 4 down, T
2, 4
E.
9
2
2
( 2)
( 1) 1
9
x
y
=
y 1 =
1
( 2)
2
x
y =
1
1 1,
2
x + y=
1
1 1
2
x + +
y =
1
,
2
x y =
1
2
2
x + D.
10
2 2
( 1) ( 3)
1
4 9
x y +
=
Centre: (1, 3)
Vertices: (1 2, 3)
(3, 3) and (1, 3) A.
11 T
2, 3
, D
2, 1
, M
y =

x
.

2, 3 2,1 :
( , ) ( 2, 3) (2 4, 3) ( 3, 2 4)
T D My x
x y x y x y y x + + + + + + B.
12
1 2
:( , ) (2 1, 2 2) :( , ) ( 2, 2 )
r r
T x y x y T x y y x + + +

1 0 2, 2 1, 2 2 0 2,1 0, 2
: , , : , , ,
r y r y y x
T M D T T M M D T
= = =

0 1
( , ) (2 1, 2 2) (2 1, 2 2) (2 2, 2 1)
y y x r
M M T
x y x y x y y x
= =
+ + + +

2, 1 0, 2
(2 2, 4 2) (2 , 4 2)
D T
y x y x + + E.
13
1 2
2 2 1 y x y x y x = = = +
1: Dilation factor,
1
2
from y-axis
1
, 1
2
D
2: Translation
1
, 0
2
1
left
2
T
B.
14
1 2
( ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 2) 3. y f x y f x y f x = = = + +
1: Dilation factor
1
2
from y-axis and 2 from x-axis,
1
, 2
2
D
2: Translation 1 unit right and 3 unit up, T
1, 3
. C.
15
2 3
2 3(2 ) 1
x x
y y

= = +
The reflection last could change the image equation
Part (E)
1 3 0
, 3 , 1
2 2
, ,
y
D T M
=

1, 3 3
, 1
0 2 2
2 2 3 2 3
2 3(2 ) 3(2 ) 1 3(2 ) 1
y
D T
M
x x x x
y y y y
=
= = = + =
Which is not: y = 3(2
2x 3
) + 1 E.
Extended response
1 a i x
2
+ y
2
= 1(x 1)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 1
Translated 1 right and 2 down. T
1, 2

ii x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x + 4y 13 = 0.
x
2
+ 2x +
2 2 2 2
2
3 2 4 4
4 13
2 2 2 2
y y

+ + +

= 0
(x + 1)
2
1 + (y + 2)
2
4 13 = 0
(x + 1)
2
+ 1 + (y + 2)
2
= 18
Centre (1, 2), Radius = 18 3 2 =
iii x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x 2y 7 = 0
x
2
+ 2x +
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 7
2 2 2 2
y y

+ +

= 0
(x + 1)
2
1 + (y 1)
2
1 7 = 0
(x + 1)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 9
Centre (0, 0), r = 1 onto (1, 1), r = 3
Translated 1 unit left and 1 unit up. Dilation factor of 3 from the x and y axis. T
1, 1
and D
3, 3

b i
2 2
2 2
( 1)
1 onto ( 3) 1
4 4
x x
y y
+
= =
Centre (0, 0) Centre(1, 3)
Translated 1 unit Left and 3 units Up. T
1, 3.

ii 9x
2
4y
2
+ 18x 8y 31 = 0
9(x
2
+ 2x) 4(y
2
+ 2y) 31 = 0

2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
9 2 4 2 31
2 2 2 2
x x y y

+ + + +

= 0

2 2
9(( 1) 1) 4(( 1) 1) 31 x y + + = 0

2 2
9( 1) 9 4( 1) 4 31 x y + + + = 0

2 2
9( 1) 4( 1) x y + + = 36

2 2
( 1) ( 1)
4 4
x y + +
= 1
Centre: (1, 1)
Semi Major = 3
Semi Minor = 2
iii x
2
y
2
2x 3 = 0 onto x
2
y
2
4x + 2y 1 = 0

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 3
2 2
x x y

+

= 0
2 2 2 2
2 2
4 4 2 2
4 2 1
2 2 2 2
x x y y

+ +

= 0
(x 1)
2
1 y
2
3 = 0 (x 2)
2
4 ((y 1)
2
1) 1 = 0
(x 1)
2
y
2
= 4 (x 2)
2
4 (y 1)
2
+ 1 1 = 0

2 2
( 2) ( 1) 4 x y =

2 2
( 1)
4 4
x y
= 1
2 2
( 2) ( 1)
4 4
x y
= 1
Translated 1 right and 1 up. T
1, 1

Re l a t i o n s a n d f u n c t i o n s A GM1 1 - 3 49

Exercise 3A Relations
1 a {(2, 3), (4, 7), (6, 8)}
Domain: {2, 4, 6}
Range: {3, 7, 8}
b { } (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1)
Domain: {2, 3, 4}
Range: {1}
c { } (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 5)
Domain: { } 2
Range: { } 2, 3, 5
d { } (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 2)
Domain: { } 1, 2, 3 .
Range: { } 2, 3 .
e {(x, y): x z
+
, y 2x 1}
Domain: {x : x z
+
}
Range: { } : , 1 y y z y
f {(x, y): x Z, x 5, y = x}
Domain: {x : x Z, x 5}
Range: {y : y Z, y 5}
g {(x, y): x Z, 4 x 21, y = x 4}
Domain: {x : x Z, 4 x 21}
Range: {y : y Z, 0 y 17}
h {(x, y): x [2, 7), y = x + 1}
Domain: [2, 7)
Range: [3, 8)
i {(x, y): x (2, 4), y = x
2

Domain: [2, 4)
Range: [4, 16)
j
{ }
2
( , ): ( 1, 1), x y x y x =
Domain: [ 1, 1)
Range: (0, 1)
k
{ }
2
( , ): ( 2, 1), x y x y x =
Domain: ( 2, 1)
Range: (1, 4)
l
{ }
2
( , ): 3 x y y x = +
Domain: R
Range: [3, )
m
{ }
2
( , ): 3 x y y x = +
Domain: R
Range: ( , 3]
n
{ }
2 2
( , ): 9 x y x y + =
Domain: [ 3, 3]
Range: [ 3, 3]
o
{ }
2 2
( , ): ( 2) 4 x y x y + =
Domain: [0, 4]
Range: [ 2, 2]
p
{ }
2 2
( , ): [0, 3), 9 x y x x y + =
Domain: [0, 3)
Range: [ 3, 0) (0, 3]
2 a

Range: { } 2, 3
b

Range: { } 2, 3, 5
c

d

Range: [9, 0]
e

Range: [3, )
f

Range: (, 2]
Chapter 3 Relations and functions
A GM1 1 - 3 50 Re l a t i o n s a n d f u n c t i o n s
g

Range: [5, 3]
h

Range: [4, 2]
i

Range: [2 5, 2 5] +
j

Range: [ 3, 5) ( 5, 3]
k

Range: ( 2 2 1, 5 1] [ 5 1, 2 2 1)
l

Range: [0, 3)
m

Range: ( 5, 3]
n

Range: [3, 5]
3 a Domain: [2, )
Range: R
b Domain: R
Range: R
c Domain: \{0} R
Range: R\{0}
d Domain: \{ 5} R
Range: \{5} R
e Domain: \{ 5, 1} R
Range: \{0} R
f Domain: R
Range: [2.5, 0)
g Domain: (, 5) (0, )
Range: R

h Domain: [8, 8]
Range: [5, 5]
i Domain: [, 5) (5, )
Range: R
+
{ } 0
j Domain: \{ 5} R
Range: \{0} R
k Domain: R
Range: (, 2) (2, )
l Domain: \{ 4, 4} R
Range: (4, )
4
2
2
( 3)
( 1)
4
y
x

+ + = 1

Domain: [2, 0]
Range: [1, 5]
B
5
2 2
( 1) ( 2)
4 16
x y +
= 1
Domain: \( 1, 3) R
A

Exercise 3B Functions
1 a f : R R, f(x) = 5 x+ Domain: (5, ) not R
b f : R R, f(x) =
2
x x
x
+
Function not defined when x = 0
c f : [1, 5] R
+
, f(x) = 4 x The range [1, 3] co-domain R
+

d f : R
+
R, f(x) = x Not a function since 1 many
e f : R
+
R
+
, f(x) =
3
3
x
x The range R
{ } 0 co-domain R
+

f f : R R, x = 2 Not a function since 1 many
2 a f : [2, 5) R, f(x) = 3x 2

Range: [4, 13)
b f : R R, f(x) = x
2
+ 2x + 3.
T.P. (1, 2)

Range: [2, ).
c f : R R, f(x) = 3
x
+ 2

Range: (2, ).
d f : (2, 4] R, f(x) = 3 2x

Range: [5, 1)
e f : R R, f(x) = 2x
2
+ 8x + 1

Range: (, 9].
f f : R R, f(x) = 4 2
x

Range: (, 4).
g f : (1, 3) R, f(x) = x
2
+ 4x + 2

Range: (7, 23)
h f : (1, 3) R, f(x) = x
2
4x + 2

Range: [2, 1)
i f : [1, 3) R, f(x) = 2
x
+ 2

Range: (6, 0]
j f : R R, f(x) = 3
x
+ 2

Range: (2, )
k f : [4, ) R, f(x) = + 5 x

Range: [3, )
l f : \{1} R R, f(x) =
2
1 x

Range: R\{0}.
m f : (, 2) R, f(x) =
1
2 x

Range: R
+

n f: R R, f(x) =
1
2 1
x
+

Range: (1, 0)
o f : \{0} R R, f(x) =
2
,
x x
x
+

Range: \{1} R
3 f(x) = x
2
5x + 6
a 0 = x
2
5x + 6 Factors: (3 2) + 6
0 = x
2
3x 2x + 6 + 5
0 = x(x 3) 2(x 3)
0 = (x 3)(x 2) Factors
x = 3, x = 2 Solutions.
b f(x
2
1) =
2 2
(( 1) 3)(( 1) 2) x x
=
2 2
( 4)( 3) x x
0 =
2 2
( 4)( 3) x x
x
2
4 = 0, x
2
3 = 0
x
2
= 4, x
2
= 3
x = 2, x = 3
4 f(x) = 0 Solutions 2 and 6
f(x) could be f(x) = (x 2)(x 6)
a f(x
2
x) = ((x
2
x) 2)((x
2
x) 6)
0 = (x
2
x 2)(x
2
x 6)
x
2
x 2 = 0, x
2
x 6 = 0
(x 2)(x + 1) = 0, (x 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 2, x = 1, x = 3, x = 2
b f(2
x
2) = ((2
x
2) 2)((2
x
2) 6)
0 = (2
x
4)(2
x
8)
2
x
4 = 0, 2
x
8 = 0
2
x
= 2
2
, 2
x
= 2
3

x = 2, x = 3
5 A : Domain wrong
B : Range co-domain
C : Not a function
D : Domain and not a function E
6 f : [4, ) R, f(x) = 5 x + and
f : ( , 2) R, f(x) =
1
2 x

Range: [3, )

Range: ( , 0) or R

A.
Exercise 3C Inverse functions
1 a f: [0, ) R, f(x) = 3x 2

y = 3x 2
x = 3y 2
3y = x + 2
y =
2
3 3
x
+
f
1
(x) =
2
, 2
3 3
x
x +
Domain Range
f(x) [0, ) [2, )
f
1
(x) [2, ) [0, )
b f: [1, 3) R, f(x) = 2x 4


y = 2x 4
x = 3y 4
3y = x + 4
y =
4
3 3
x
+
f
1
(x) =
4
, 2 2
3 3
x
x + <
Domain Range
f(x) [1, 3) [2, 2)
f
1
(x) [2, 2) [1, 3)
c f : (1, 2] R, f(x) = 2x + 4

y = 2x + 4
x = 2y + 4
2y = x + 4
y = 2
2
x
+
f
1
(x) = 2, 0 6
2
x
x
+ <
Domain Range
f(x) (1, 2] [0, 6)
f
1
(x) [0, 6) [1, 2)
d f : ( , 2] R, f(x) = 2x + 1

y = 2x + 1
x = 2y + 1
2y = x 1
y =
1
2 2
x

f
1
(x) =
1
, 5
2 2
x
x
Domain Range
f(x) (, 2] (, 5]
f
1
(x) (, 5] (, 2]
e f : (2, 2] R, f(x) = 2x 2

y = 2x 2
x = 2y 2
2y = x 2
y = 1
2
x

f
1
(x) = 1, 6 2
2
x
x
<
Domain Range
f(x) (2, 2] [6, 2)
f
1
(x) [6, 2) (2, 2]
f f: [4, 2) R, f(x) = x 3

y = x 3
x = y 3
y = x 3
f
1
(x) = x 3, 5 < x 1
Domain Range
f(x) [4, 2) (5, 1]
f
1
(x) (5, 1] [4, 2)
2 a f: (1, ) R, f(x) = x
2
2x + 2

y = x
2
2x + 2
x = y
2
2x + 2
x = y
2
2x +
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

x = (y 1)
2
+ 1
y 1 = 1 x
y = 1 1 x +
f
1
(x) = 1 x + 1, x > 1
Domain Range
f(x) (1, ) (1, )
f
1
(x) (1, ) (1, )
b f : ( , 2] R, f(x) = x
2
+ 4x + 5

y = x
2
+ 4x + 5
x = y
2
+ 4x + 5
x = y
2
+ 4x +
2 2
4 4
5
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

x = (y + 2)
2
+ 1
y + 2 = 1 x
y = 1 2 x
f
1
(x) = 1 x 2, x 1
Domain Range
f(x) (, 2] [1, )
f
1
(x) [1, ) (, 2]
c f : (1, ) R, f(x) = x
2
+ 2x + 3

y = x
2
+ 2x + 3
x = (y
2
2y 3)

2 2
2
2 2
2 3
2 2
x y y
| |
| | | |
= + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

x = ((y 1)
2
4)
y 1 = 4 x +
y = 4 1 x +
f
1
(x) = 4 x + 1, x 4
Domain Range
f(x) (1, ) (, 4)
f
1
(x) (, 4) (1, )
d f :
1
,
2
|
|
.
R, f(x) = 2x
2
+ 2x + 3

y = 2x
2
+ 2x + 3
x = 2
2
3
2
y y
| |

|
\ .

x = 2
2 2
2
1 3 1
2 2 2
y y
| |
| | | |
+ |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

x = 2
2
1 7
2 4
y
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

7
2 4
x
+ =
2
1
2
y
| |
|
\ .

y =
1 1
7 2
2 2
x +
f
1
(x) =
1 1
7 2
2 2
x +
Domain Range
f(x)
1
,
2
|
|
.

7
,
2
| (
(
\

f
1
(x)
7
,
2
| (
(
\

1
,
2
|
|
.

e f : (2, ) R, f(x) = 2 x +

y = 2 x +
x = 2 y +
x
2
= y + 2
y = x
2
2
f
1
(x) = x
2
2, x > 0
Domain Range
f(x) (2, ) R
+

f
1
(x) R
+
(2, )
f f :
1
, ,
2
R
| |

|
\ .
f(x) = 2 1 1 x +

y = 2 1 1 x +
x = 2 1 1 y +
(x 1)
2
= 2y 1
y =
2
1 1
( 1)
2 2
x +
f
1
(x) =
2
1 1
( 1) , 1
2 2
x x + >
Domain Range
f(x)
1
,
2
| |
|
\ .
(1, )
f
1
(x) (1, )
1
,
2
| |
|
\ .

g f : (2, ) R, f(x) = 2 1 x + +

y = 2 1 x + +
x = 2 1 y + +
y + 2 = (1 x)
2

y = (1 x)
2
2
f
1
(x) = (1 x)
2
2, x < 1
Domain Range
f(x) (2, ) (, 1)
f
1
(x) (, 1) (2, )

h f: ( , 3) R, f(x) = 3 2 x +

y = 3 2 x +
x = 3 2 y +
3 y = (2 x)
2

y = (2 x)
2
+ 3
f
1
(x) = (2 x)
2
+ 3, x < 2
Domain Range
f(x) (, 3) (, 2)
f
1
(x) (, 2) (, 3)
3 a f: R\{0} R, f(x) =
1
x

Passes vertical line test
A function
Passes horizontal line test
Inverse a function
11 function
Domain Range
f(x) R\{0}. R\{0}
f
1
(x) R\{0} R\{0}
y =
1
x

x =
1
y

y =
1
x

f
1
(x) =
1
,
x
x R\{0}
b f : R\{0} R, f(x) =
2
1
x

A function
Fails horizontal line test
Not an inverse function
Not a 11 function
Thus the inverse function does not exist
c f: R
1
\
2

`
)
R, f(x) =
1
2 1 x

A function
Passes horizontal line test
Inverse a function
11 function
y =
1
2 1 x

x =
1
2 1 y

2y 1 =
1
x

2y =
1
1
x
+
y =
1 1
2 2 x
+
f
1
(x) =
1 1
,
2 2 x
+ x R\{0}
Domain Range
f(x) R\
1
2

`
)
R\{0}
f
1
(x) R\{0} R\
1
2

`
)

d f : (2, ) R, f(x) =
2
1
( 2) x

A function
Passes the horizontal line test
Inverse is a function
11 function
y =
2
1
( 2) x

x =
2
1
( 2) y

y 2 =
1
x

y = 2
x
x
+
f
1
(x) = 2,
x
x
+ x R
+

Domain Range
f(x) (2, ) R
+

f
1
(x) R
+
(2, )
4 f : [1, ) R, f(x) = 2x
2
4x + 4

y = 2x
2
4x + 4
x = 2y
2
4y + 4
x = 2(y
2
2y + 2)
x =
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
y y

| |
| | | |
+ + |
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

x = 2
2
(( 1) 1) y +

2
2
x
= y 1
y =
2
1
2
x
+
E
Domain Range
f(x) [1, ) [2, )
f
1
(x) [2, ) [1, )
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a {(2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3)}
Domain: {2, 3}
Range: {3, 4}.

b {(x, y) : x Z, y = x}

c {(x, y) : x Z
+
, y = 2
x
}

d
{ }
2 2
( , ) : ( 1) ( 2) 4 x y x y + =
Domain: [1, 3]
Range: [0, 4]

e
2 2
( 1) ( 2)
( , ) : 1
4 16
x y
x y

+ =
`

)

Domain: [1, 3]
Range: [2, 6].

f
2 2
( 1) ( 2)
( , ) : 1
4 16
x y
x y

=
`

)

Domain: ( , 1] [3, )
Range: y R
Centre: (1, 2)
Vertices: (1, 2) and (3, 2)
Asymptotes: y 2 =
4
2
(x 1)
y = 2x, y = 2x + 4

2 a Domain: x R
Range: y R
b Domain x R\{4, 2}
Range: y R\{0}.
c Domain: x R.
Range: (, 6] [2, )
d Domain: x R
Range: y R
e Domain: x R
Range: y R
f Domain: (, 3] (0, )
Range: (, 3] (0, )
3 a f : R R, f(x) =
2
2
1 x
x
+

x 0 Incorrect domain

b f : R
+
R
+
, f(x) = x
2
1
Range = [1, ) and [1, ) R
+
(co-domain)
c f : R R, f(x) = 2 3
2 3 is not a function of x, and not a function
4 a f : [3, 4) R, f(x) = x 4

Range: [1, 0).
b f : R R, f(x) = (x 4)(x 2)

Range: [1, ).
c f : R R, f(x) = e
x
4

Range: (4, )
d f : [4, ) R, f(x) = 5 x +

Range: [3, )
e f : [2, 2] R, f(x) =
2
4 x

Range: [0, 2]
f f : R R, f(x) = 2x
2
+ 4x 1

Range: (, 1].
g f : R\{2} R, f(x) =
3
1
2 x
+

Range: R\{1}.
h f : (2, ) R, f(x) = log
2
(x)

Range: (1, )
i f : R R, f(x) =
2
1
1 x +

Range: (0, 1].
5 a f(x) = x
2
3x + 2(2x 1)
= x
2
2x x + 2
= x(x 2) 1(x 2)
= (x 2)(x 1) Factors
0 = (x 2)(x 1)
x = 2, x = 1 Solutions
b f(x
2
+ 1) = (x
2
+ 1)
2
3(x
2
+ 1) + 2
= x
4
+ 2x
2
+ 1 3x
2
3 + 2
= x
4
x
2

f(x
2
+ 1) =
2 2
(( 1) 2)(( 1) 1) x x + +
= (x
2
1)(x
2
) Factors
0 = (x
2
1)(x
2
)
x
2
1 = 0, x
2
= 0
x = 1, x = 0 Solutions
Multiple choice
1
2 2
( , ) : [ 2, 0], 1
4 9
x y
x y x

+ =
`

)
and
2 2
( , ) : 1 ,
4 9
x y
x y

=
`

)

3
2
y
x
= .

Range: [3, 3] Range: R
B
2
{ }
( , ) : 2
y
x y x = and
{ }
2
( , ) : 25 x y y x =

Domain: R
+
or (0, ) Domain: [5, 5]
A
3 f: [2, 3] R
+
, f(x) = x + 3

Range [0, 1].
Since range [0, 1] co-domain R
+

E
4 f : R
+
R, f(x) = 4 x + and f: R R, f(x) = x
2
+ 2x + 1

Range: (, 2) Range: R
+
or (0, )
E
5 f : R
R, f(x) =
2
1
1 x

1
3
=
2
1
1 x

x
2
1 = 3
x
2
= 4
x = 2 Domain R
x = 2
C

6
2 2
( , ) : [2, ), ( , 0], 1
4 9
x y
x y x y

=
`

)

Vertical line test: Pass Function
Horizontal line test: Pass Inverse function exists
E
7 f : (, 2] R, f(x) = x
2
4x + 1
f(x): Domain: (, 2] y = x
2
4x + 1
Range: [3, ) x = y
2
4x + 1
f
1
(x) Domain [3, ) x = y
2
4x
+
2 2
4 4
1
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

x =
2
( 2) 1 4 y +
x =
2
( 2) 3 y
(x + 3) = (y 2)
2

y 2 = 3 x+
y = 3 x+ + 2
f
1
(x) = 3 2, [ 3, ) x + +
C
Extended response
1 a f : [0, ) R, f(x) = 2x + 1

y = 2x + 1
x = 2y + 1
2y = x 1
y =
1
2 2
x

f
1
(x) =
1
, 1
2 2
x
x
Domain Range
f(x) [0, ) [1, )
f
1
(x) [1, ) [0, )
b f : (2, 4] R, f(x) = 2x + 1

y = 2x + 1
x = 2y + 1
y =
1
2 2
x
+
f
1
(x) =
1
, 7 5
2 2
x
x + <
Domain Range
f(x) (2, 4] [7, 5)
f
1
(x) [7, 5) (2, 4]
c f : [1, ) R, f(x) = x
2
2x 3

y = x
2
2x 3
x = y
2
2y 3
x =
2 2
2
2 2
2 3
2 2
y y
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

x =
2
( 1) 4 y
y = 4 x + + 1
f
1
(x) = 4 1, 4 x x + +
Domain Range
f(x) [1, ) [4, )
f
1
(x) [4, ) [1, )
d f : (, 0) R, f(x) = x
2
2x 1

y = x
2
2x 1
x = y
2
2y 1
x =
2 2
2
2 2
2 1
2 2
y y
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

x =
2
( 1) 2 y
2 x + = y 1
f
1
(x) = 2 1, 1 x x + + >
Domain Range
f(x) (, 0) (1, )
f
1
(x) (1, ) (, 0)
e f: (2, ) R, f(x) = 2 x

y = 2 x
x = 2 y
x
2
= y 2
y = x
2
+ 2
f
1
(x) = x
2
+ 2, x 0
Domain Range
f(x) [2, ) [0, )
f
1
(x) [0, ) [2, )
f f : (, 1) R, f(x) = 1 x

y = 1 x
x = 1 y
x
2
= 1 y
y = 1 x
2

f
1
(x) = 1 x
2
, x 0
Domain Range
f(x) (, 1] (, 0]
f
1
(x) [, 0] (, 1]
g
2
: [ 3, 0] , ( ) 2 1
9
x
f R f x =

y =
2
2 1
9
x

x =
2
2 1
9
y

2
2
x | |
|
\ .
=
2
1
9
y

2

9
y
=
2
1
4
x

y
2
=
2
9 1
4
x
| |
|
|
\ .

y
2
=
2 2
1
3 1 , ( ) 3 1 , 0 2
4 4
x x
f x x
=
Domain Range
f(x) [3, 0] [0, 2]
f
1
(x) [0, 2] [3, 0]
h
2
: [ 3, ] , ( ) 2 1
9
x
f R f x + =

y =
2
2 1
9
x

x =
2
2 1
4
y

2
2
x | |
|
\ .
=
2
1
4
y

2
4 1
2
x
(
| |
+ (
|
\ .
(

= y
2

y =
2
3 1
4
x
+
f
1
(x) =
2
3 1, 0
4
x
x +
Domain Range
f(x) [3, ) [0, )
f
1
(x) [0, ) [3, )
2 a

b P = 6x
c P = 8
8 = 6x

4
3
= x
The largest value of x is
4
3
m.
d Domain:
4
0,
3
(
(

Range: [0, 8]
e {p:
4
0,
3
(
(

R, p(x) = 6x}
f Area = length width
A(x) = 2x x
A(x) = 2x
2
g Let A(x) = 18
18 = 2x
2

9 = x
2

9 x =
x = 3
Length = 3 m
Width = 6 m.
Exam practice 1
Short answer
1 3 72 4 12 300 +
= 3 36 2 4 4 3 100 3 +
= 18 2 8 3 3 + 10
= 18 2 2 3
2 f : [3, 3] R, where f(x) = [2x + 1]


3 Let f: R R, where f(x) = x 2 and Let g: R\{2} R,
where g(x) =
1
( ) f x

4 Show that if z
1
= a + bi and z
2
= c di then
1
2
z
z
equals
2 2
( ) ac bd bc ad i
c d
+ +
+

LHS =
a bi c di
c di c di
+ +
+

=
( )( )
( )( )
a bi c di
c di c di
+ +
+

=
2
2 2
ac bdi adi bci
c di
+ + +

=
2 2
ac bd adi bci
c d
+ +
+

= RHS
Multiple choice
1 z
1
= 4 3i and z
2
= 1 + 2i
Then z
1
z
2

z
1
z
2
= (4 3i)(1 + 2i)
= 4 + 8i 3i 6i
2

= 10 + 5i
D
2 Translation
(x, y) (x + a, y + b)
Reflection in y-axis
(x, y) (x, y)
((x + a), y + b)
B
3 The values of z
1
= 3 2i
z
2
= 2 i
z
1
z
2
= 3 2i (2 i)
= 5 i
Hence point H
A
4 Dilation of 2 from x-axis
(x, y) (x, 2y)
y = 2y
y =
2
y

2
y
= |x 2|
y = 2|x 2|
E
5 The inverse of the function is found by a reflection along
the y = x line
D
Extended response
1 a i
3
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

ii (3, 0)
iii 4 = 2x 3
x =
7
2

=
7
, 4
2
| |
|
\ .

b Reflection in the y-axis
c {(x, y): y = |2x 3|
d Domain =
7 7
,
2 2
(
(

Range = [0, 4]
2 a Dilation by a factor of
1
3

from the x-axis
b A
3
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

B (0, 1)
Gradient =
2
3

y 1 =
2
3
(x 0)
y =
2
3
x + 1
c y =
2
3
x + 1

4
3
=
2
3
x + 1

1
3
=
2
3
x
x =
1
2

d
1
2
(
(

A GM1 1 - 4 62 A l g e b r a
Exercise 4A Review of index laws
1 a
2
12
3
a b
a
= 4ab
b
3 4
8
2
a b
ab
=
8
4
3
a
2
4
b
3
1
2 a
1
b
1

= 4a
2
b
3

c
2 4
3
2
a b
ab
=
1
2
a
21
b
4 3

=
1
2
ab
7

=
7
2
a
b

d
3 2
2
6
a b
a b
3
=
1
2
a
3 2
b
2

1

=
1
2
a
5
b
=
5
2
a b

e
3 3
2 4
2a b 3a
2
b
1

=
3 3
2 1
2 4
2 3a b
+

= 6
5
2
a
1
4
b

=
5
2
1
4
6a
b

f
1 1 5
3 2
3 2 2
8 4 a b a b

=
1 5
2 3
2 2
2a b

=
3 1
2 2
2a b
=
3
2 a b
2 a
3 2 2
4 2
( )
2
x y
x y
=
6 4
4 2
2
x y
x y

=
1
2
x
2
y
2

b
2 3
2 3
(2 )
4
xy
x y
=
3 3 6
2 3
2
4
x y
x y

= 2xy
3

c
3 2 2
2 2 4
(3 )
4( )
x y
x y
=
2 6 4
8 8
3
4
x y
x y

=
2 4
9
4x y

d
2 2 3
3 3
2( )
(2 )
x y
x y
=
6 6
3 9 3
2
2
x y
x y

=
3
3
4
y
x

e
3 2 2
( )
2
m n
mn

=
6 4
2
m n
mn

=
7 5
1
2m n

f
1 2 3
2 2 4
(2 )
2( )
m n
m n

=
3 3 6
8 8
2
2
m n
m n

=
14
5
16
n
m

g
2 2
2 2 3
(5 )
(3 )
m n
m n

1
3m
n

=
2 4 2
3 6 6
5
3
m n
m n

1
3m
n

=
25 3
27
m
41 6
n
261

=
25
9
m
9
n
5

=
9
5
25
9
m
n

h
3 3
2 1 3
( 2 )
(5 )
v w
v w

2
2
2
( )
w
vw

=
3 9 3 2
3 6 3 2 2
( 2) 2
5
v w w
v w v w

=
17 3 2 3 2
16
125
v w
+

=
6
17
16
125
w
v

i
1 2 2
2 2 3
(4 )
( 3 )
v w
m n

2 2 2
2
( )
2
v w
w

=
2 2 4
3 6 6
4
( 3)
v w
m n

4 4
2
2
v w
w

=
2 6
2 6
16
27 2
v m
w n

=
2 6
2 6
8
27
v m
w n

j
2 3 2
2 1 2 3 2
( 3 ) 9
(2 ) ( 2 )
vw w
v w v

=
3 3 6 2 6
2 4 2 2
( 3) ( 2)
2 9
v w v
v w w

=
3 4 6 2
3 2 2 6 2
1
( 3) 2 ( 2) 9
v w
v w

=
7 4
6 2
1
27 4 4 9
v w
v w

=
13 6
1
3888v w

3 ab =
1
1
2
1
2
2
( ) ab

=
1
8
( ) ab E
4 a 2
n 1
4
n

+ 1
16
n

= 2
n1
2
2(n+1)
2
4n

= 2
n 1 + 2n + 2 + 4n

= 2
7n + 1

b 3
n + 2
9
n 1
27
= 3
n+2
3
2(n1)
3
3

Chapter 4 Algebra
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 63
= 3
n + 2 + 2n 2 + 3

= 3
3n + 3

c
3 1
5 3
75
n n
n
+

=
3 1
5 3
(25 3)
n n
n
+

=
3 1
2
5 3
5 3
n n
n n
+

=
3
5 3
n

d
2
1
27 4
16 3
n
n
+

=
3 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
n
n
+

=
2
4
3
4
n
n
+
+
=
2
2 8
3
2
n
n
+
+

e
2
6
2 3
n
n n +
=
2
(2 3)
2 3
n
n n +

= 2
n(n+2)
3
n n

= 2
2
3
2n

=
2
3
4
n

f 72
m2
4 3
2m

= (3
2
2
3
)
m2
2
2
3
2m

= 3
2(m 2)

+ 2m
2
3(m 2)

+ 2

= 3
4m 4
2
3m 4

Exercise 4B Standard form and significant
figures
1 a 3.604 10
5

b 2.13457 10
2

c 1.029398 10
3

d 3.24 10
2

e 1.0031 10
4

f 5.70201009 10
8

2 a
2800
350
=
4
2
2.8 10
3.5 10

= 0.8 10
2

= 80
b
5
3
4.2 10
1.4 10

= 3 10
2

= 300
c
7
3
1.12 10
2.8 10

= 0.4 10
4

= 4000
d
7
4
8 10
1.6 10

= 5 10
3

= 5000
e
6
3
3.1 10
1.55 10

= 2 10
3

= 2000
f
6
3
7.5 10
1.5 10

= 5 10
3

= 5000
g
0.00024
0.3

=
4
2.4 10
0.3

= 8 10
4

= 0.0008
h
5
2
1.8 10
6 10

= 0.3 10
3

= 0.0003
i
5
2
5.6 10
3.5 10

= 1.6 10
3

= 0.0016
j
4
3
8.4 10
2.1 10

= 4 10
1

= 0.4
k
6
2
5.8 10
2 10

= 2.9 10
8

l
5
3
1.3 10
2.6 10

= 0.5 10
8

= 5 10
7

m
3
4
6.6 10
1.1 10

= 6 10
7

n
5
5
9.5 10
1.9 10

= 5 10
10

o
4 3
2
1.8 10 4.5 10
9 10

=
4.5
5
10
1

= 0.9 10
1

= 0.09
p
3 3
4.9 10 1.75 10
35

= 0.245
q
7 5
3
7.5 10 2.5 10
1.25 10

= 6 2.5 10
1

= 15 10
1

= 1.5
r
7 9
3
2.56 10 4 10
6.4 10

=
8
5
10
1

= 16
3 10.0673 = 1.00673 10
A
4 a 0.023 : 2 sf.
b 10.21: 4 sf
c 3045 : 4 sf
d 210 50 : 5 sf
e 10 10 : 4 sf
f 34700.002 : 8 sf
g 0 12010 : 5 sf
h 7620 : 3 sf
i 190 0 : 4 sf
A GM1 1 - 4 64 A l g e b r a
j 0.000002 : 1 sf
k 4730 90 : 6 sf
l 28 00000: 2 sf
5 a

2.456
0.9
3.356

3 as 1 sf
b

12.340
1.02
13.360

13.4 as 3 sf
c

120.350
2.04
118.310

118 as 3 sf
d

0.2507
0.120
0.1307

0.131 as 3 sf
e 1.903 230.576
= 438.786128
438.8 as 4 sf
f 28.1 2.1020
= 59.0662
59.1 as 3 sf
g 403.5 5.1
= 79.117647
79 as 2 sf
h 2.01 0.05080
= 39.566929
39.6 as 3 sf
6

130.70
28.9913
101.7087

5 sf 101.71 A
7 32.3695 1.870
= 17.30989
17.31 as 4 sf D
8 a
1.35km
0.0007km
= 1928.5714
1 sf 2000 steps.
b
250g
3.24g
= 77.1605
2 sf 77 sugar cubes
9
9
6
8.4 10
4.2 10
= 0.002
10
2500000
625
= 4000
2 sf 4.0 10
3
days.
11
21
18
5970 10
73500 10

= 81.224489
3 sf 8122%
8120%
Exercise 4C Transposition
1 a 5y + 4x = 20
5y = 4x + 20
y =
4
5
x + 4
4x = 5y + 20
x =
5
4
y + 5
x = 5
5
4
y
b 3x 4y + 12 = 0
3x + 12 = 4y

3
4
x +
12
4
= y

3
4
x + 3 = y
y =
3
4
x + 3
c m = 3a 14
m + 14 = 3a

14
3 3
m
+ = a
a =
14
3 3
m
+
a =
1 14
3 3
m+
d 5p = 2 3k
5p 2 = 3k

5
3
p +
2
3
= k
k =
5 2
3 3
p
+
k =
2 5
3 3
p
e
1
2
a =
3
4
b
a =
3
4
2
2
1
1
b
a =
3
2
b
or

1
2
1
4
2
3
a = b

2
3
a = b
b =
2
3
a
f 10 3a = 2a b
10 + b = 2a + 3a
10 + b = 5a

10
5
b +
= a
2 +
1
5
b = a
a = 2 +
1
5
b
or
10 3a 2a = b
10 5a = b
10 + 5a = b
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 65
5a 10 = b
b = 5a 10
g a = 3b 0.5c
a + 0.5c = 3b
0.5c = 3b a

1
2
c = 3b a
c = 6b 2a
c = 2a + 6b
h
2( 3)
5
a
= b
2(a 3) = 5b
2a 6 = 5b
2a = 5b + 6
a =
5 6
2 2
b
+
a =
5
2
b + 3
i 5(3 2d) = 6(f + 4)
15 10d = 6f + 24
10d = 6f + 24 15
10d = 6f + 9
d =
6 9
10
f

5(3 2d) = 6(f + 4)
15 6d = 6f + 24
15 10d 24 = 6f
9 10d = 6f

9 10
6
d
= f
f =
10 9
6
d

j
7( 4 )
3
a b
=
5( 2 )
4
b a

7 28
3
a b
=
5 10
4
b a

4(7a 28b) = 3(5b 10a)
28a 112b = 15b 30a
28a + 30a = 15b + 112b
58a = 127b or
58
127
a
= b
a =
127
58
b
k
3 2( 3 )
2 3
a b a +
+ = 1
LCD = 6

3
6
3
2
a
2
1
6 +
2( 3 )
3
b a +
1
= 1 6
9a + 4(b + 3a) = 6
9a + 4b + 12a = 6
21a + 4b = 6
21a = 6 4b
a =
6 4
21
b

a =
2 4
7 21
b
or
4b = 6 21a
b =
6 21
4
a

b =
3 21
2 4
a
l
2
5
x
6 =
3 6
10
x y

LCD = 10
10
2
2
5
x
1
6 10 = 10
3 6
10
x y

4x 60 = 3x 6y
4x 3x = 6y + 60
x = 6y + 60
or x 60 = 6y

1
6
x + 10 = y
2 a v
2
= u
2
+ as
v
2
u
2
= as
a =
2 2
v u
s

v
2
= u
2
+ as
u
2
= v
2
as
u =
2
v as
b S = 4 r
2

4
S
= r
2

r =
4
S

c
1
R
=
1 2
1 1
R R
+

1
R
=
2 1
1 2
R R
R R
+

R =
1 2
2 1
R R
R R +

1
R
=
1 2
1 1
R R
+

2
1 1
R R
=
1
1
R

2
2
R
R R
R
=
1
1
R

R
1
=
2
2
RR
R R

d A =
0
1
100
r
A

+

0
A
A
= 1
100
r
+

0
1
A
A
=
100
r

r =
0
100 1
A
A

e s = ( )
2
t
u v +
2s = t(u + v)
t =
2s
u v +

s = ( )
2
t
u v +
2s = t(u + v)

2s
t
= u + v
u =
2s
v
t

A GM1 1 - 4 66 A l g e b r a
f T = 2
L
z
g

2
T
=
L
g

2
2
4
T
=
L
g

L =
2
2
4
T g

2
2
4
T
=
g
L

g =
2
2
4 L
T

g C =
2 2
( ) a b +
C
2
= a
2
+ b
2

b
2
= C
2
a
2

b =
2 2
C a
h s =
2
1
2
ut at +
s ut =
2
1
2
at
2s 2ut = at
2

a =
2
2 2 s ut
t

=
2
2( ) s ut
t

i P = I
2
R

P
R
= I
2

I =
P
R

P = I
2
R
R =
2
P
I

j R =
2 1
mv mv
t

Rt = mv
2
mv
1

= m(v
2
v
1
)
m =
2 1
( )
Rt
v v

R =
2 1
mv mv
t

Rt = mv
2
mv
1

Rt mv
2
= mv
1

v
1
=
2
Rt mv
m

=
2
mv Rt
m

or v
1
= v
2

Rt
m

3 A gardener charges a $40 fixed fee for each visit plus $12
per hour of work
C = 12t + $40
B. when t = 4
C = 12 4 + 40
= 48 + 40
= 84
not 76
D. when t = 5
C = 12 5 + 40
= 60 + 40
= 100
The answer is D
4 Check that equation is equivalent to C = 12t + 40
A C + 40 = 12t
C = 12t 40
B C = 12t + 40
C 12t + 40 C = 0
C = 12t 40
C = 12t + 40
The answer is C
5 C = 12t + 40
C 40 = 12t

40
12 12
C
= t

10
12 3
C
= t

1
3
12 3
C
= t
t =
1
3
12 3
C

The answer is E
6 C = 12t + 40
If C = 79 t = ?
79 = 12t + 40
79 40 = 12t

39
12
= t
3.25 = t
t = 3 hours 15 mins
The answer is B
7 V =
2
1
3
s h
3V = s
2
h

3V
h
= s
2

s =
3V
h

The answer is E
8 V =
2
1
3
s h
3V = s
2
h
h =
2
3V
s

s = 5, V = 75
h =
2
3 75
5

=
225
25

h = 9 cm
The answer is B
9 V =
2
1
3
s h
s = 25, h = 2h
V =
2
1
(2 ) 2
3
s h
=
2
1
4 2
3
s h
=
2
1
8
3
s h
The volume increases 8 times
The answer is E
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 67
10 V =
2
1
3
s h
h =
2
3V
s

s = 2s, V = V
h =
2
3
(2 )
V
s

=
2
3
4
V
s

=
2
1 3
4
V
s

The height becomes
1
4
of the original size
The answer is C
11 a S = (n 2) 180

180
S
= n 2

180
S
+ 2 = n
n =
180
S
+ 2
b
Polygon No. of sides Sum of interior angles
Triangle 3 S = (3 2) 180 = 180
Hexagon 6 S = (6 2) 180 = 720
Dodecagon 12 S = (12 2) 180 = 1800
Nonagon 9 S = (9 2) 180 = 1260
Heptagon 7 S = (7 2) 180 = 900

Octagon: n =
1080
180
+ 2 = 6 + 2 = 8
Pentagon: n =
540
180
+ 2 = 3 + 2 = 5
Quadrilateral: n =
360
180
+ 2 = 2 + 2 = 4
Decagon: n =
1440
180
+ 2 = 8 + 2 = 10

Polygon Number
of sides
(n)
Sum of
interior
angles (S)
Triangle 3 180
Hexagon 6 720
Dodecagon 12 1800
Nonagon 9 1260
Heptagon 7 900
Octagon 8 1080
Pentagon 5 540
Quadrilateral 4 360
Decagon 10 1440
12 a S = [2 ( 1) ]
2
n
a n d +
2S = n[2a + (n 1)d]

2S
n
= 2a + (n 1)d
2a =
2
( 1)
S
n d
n

a =
( 1)
2
S n d
n

=
2 ( 1)
2
S n n d
n

n = 26, d = 3, S = 1079
a =
2 1079 26(26 1) 3
2 26

=
2158 26 25 3
52

=
2158 1950
52

=
208
52

a = 4
b S = [2 ( 1) ]
2
n
a n d +
2S = n[2a + (n 1)d]

2S
n
= 2a + (n 1)d

2
2
S
a
n
= (n 1)d
d =
2
2
( 1)
S
a
n
n

=
2 2
( 1)
S an
n n

n = 20, a = 18, S = 20
d =
2 20 2 18 20
20(20 1)

=
40 720
20 19

=
760
380

d = 2
Exercise 4D Solving linear equations and
simultaneous equations
1 a x + 3 = 16
x + 3 3 = 16 3
x = 19
b 3 2x = 10
2x = 7
x =
7
2

x =
1
3
2

c 0.2x = 10
x =
10
0.2

x = 50
d
6
7
x
= 5
6x = 5 7
x =
35
6

x =
5
5
6

A GM1 1 - 4 68 A l g e b r a
e
4
x
=
1
2

x =
1
2
4
x = 2
f
3
4
x
+ 11 = 20

3
4
x
= 20 11
3x = 4 9
x =
36
3

x = 12
g
2
5
x
+ 3 = 7

2
5
x
= 7 3
2x = 5 10
x =
50
2

x = 25
h
9
7
x
= 5
x 9 = 5 7
x = 35 + 9
x = 44
i
6
13
x
= 5
6 x = 5 13
x = 65 6
x = 59
x = 59
j
11 2
5
x +
= 7
11x + 2 = 7 5
11x = 35 2
x =
33
11

x = 3
k 6
2
x
= 15

2
x
= 15 6
x = 9 2
x = 18
x = 18
l 17
2
3
x
= 20

2
3
x
= 20 + 17
2x = 3 3
x =
9
2

x = 4
1
2

2 a 2x = 7 + 9x
7 = 9x 2x
7 = 7x

7
7
= x
1 = x
x = 1
b 15x + 22 = 7x
15x + 7x = 22
22x = 22
x =
22
22

x = 1
c 12 17x = 5x
12 = 5x + 17x
12 = 12x
1 = x
x = 1
d 3x + 4 = x 6
3x x = 6 4
2x = 10
x = 5
e 5x + 2 = 3x + 18
2 18 = 3x + 5x
16 = 8x

16
8
= x
2 = x
x = 2
f 5x 3 = 3 5x
5x + 5x = 3 + 3
10x = 0
x =
0
10

x = 0
g 2x 7 = 2x + 1
2x + 2x = 1 + 7
4x = 8
x =
8
4

x = 2
h 15x + 2 = 13x 10
15x 13x = 10 2
2x = 12
x = 6
i 8 3x = 4 x
8 4 = x + 3x
4 = 2x

4
2
= x
2 = x
x = 2
j 13 3x = 4 6x
13 4 = 6x + 3x
9 = 3x

9
3
= x
3 = x
x = 3
k 9 + 11x = 3 x
11x + x = 3 + 9
12x = 6
x =
6
12

x =
1
2

3 a 4(x 20) = 16
4x 80 = 16
4x = 16 + 80
x =
96
4

x = 24
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 69
b (5 + 6x) = 13
5 6x = 13
5 13 = 6x
18 = 6x

18
6
= x
3 = x
x = 3
c 2(2x 7) = 3x
4x + 14 = 3x
14 = 3x + 4x
14 = 7x

14
7
= x
2 = x
x = 2
d 8(2x + 1) = 2(7 3x)
16x + 8 = 14 + 6x
16x 6x = 14 8
10x = 22
x =
22
10

x = 2
1
5
(or 2.2)
e 4(x + 3) = 2(7 4x) + 5
4x + 12 = 14 8x + 5
4x + 8x = 14 + 5 12
12x = 7
x =
7
12

f 5(2x 4) 3 + 7(2 x) = 0
10x 20 3 + 14 7x = 0
3x 9 = 0
3x = 9
x =
9
3

x = 3
4 a
4
3
x +
=
2 1
2
x +

4
3
x +
6 =
2 1
2
x +
6
2(x + 4) = 3(2x + 1)
2x + 8 = 6x + 3
8 3 = 6x 2x
5 = 4x

5
4
= x
x = 1
1
4

b
7
x
x = 12

7
x
7 x 7 = 12 7
x 7x = 84
6x = 84
x =
84
6

x = 14
c x +
2
6
x
3 = 0
x 6 +
2
6
x
6 3 6 = 0
6x + 2x 18 = 0
8x 18 = 0
8x = 18
x =
18
8

x =
9
4

x = 2
1
4

d
7 1
4
x
=
2 3
5
x

7 1
4
x
20 =
2 3
5
x
20
5(7x 1) = 4(2 3x)
35x 5 = 8 12x
35x + 12x = 8 + 5
47x = 13
x =
13
47

e
7
3
x
=
3(2 3 ) 5
2 8
x x
+

7
3
x
=
6 9 5
2 8
x x
+
LCD = 24
24
8
7
3
x
= 24
12
(6 9 ) 5
2 8
x x
+
1
24
3

56x = 12(6 9x) + 15x
56x = 72 108x + 15x
56x = 72 93x
56x + 93x = 72
149x = 72
x =
72
149

f
3 2 7 2 1
4 3 2
x x x +
+ =
1
6

LCD = 12

12
3
(3 2)
4
x
1
12
+
4
(7 )
3
x
1
12
6
(2 1)
2
x +
1
=
1
6
1
12
2
1

9x 6 + 28 4x 12x 6 = 2
7x + 16 = 2
7x = 14
x =
14
7

x = 2
g
7
5
x
4 =
2(3 6)
3
x

7 4
5 1
x
=
6 12
3
x

LCD = 15

15
3
(7 )
5
x
1
4 15
1
=
15
5
(6 12)
3
x
1

21 3x 60 = 30x 60
39 + 60 = 30x + 3x
21 = 33x

21
33
= x
x =
7
11

A GM1 1 - 4 70 A l g e b r a
h
4(6 2 )
9
x
= 5
3( 7)
6
x +

24 8
9
x
=
5 3 21
1 6
x +

LCD = 18

18
2
(24 8 )
9
x
1
=
5 18
18
1

3
(3 21)
6
x +
1

48 16x = 90 3(3x + 21)
48 16x = 90 9x 63
48 16x = 27 9x
48 27 = 9x + 16x
21 = 7x
x =
21
7

x = 3
5 a i
2 1
1 x x
+
=
4
x

Undefined when x = 0 or 1
ii
3 4
1 x x
+
=
2
3x

iii
2(3 6) 1
( 1)( 1) ( 1)
x
x x x
+
+ +
=
4
( 1) x +

iv
5 7
2 4 x x
= 1
Undefined when x = 0
v
3(7 4)
2
x
x

= 4
Undefined when x = 2
vi
15 11
4 8 x x
=
3
3 x

Undefined when x = 0 or x = 3
b i
2 1
1 x x
+
=
4
x

LCD = x(x + 1)

2
1 x +
( 1) x x +
1
x

x(x + 1) =
4
x
x ( 1) x +
2x (x + 1) = 4(x + 1)
2x x 1 = 4x + 4
x 1 = 4x + 4
x 4x 1 = 4
3x = 4 + 1
3x = 5
x =
5
3

ii
3 4
1 x x
+
=
2
3x

LCD = 3x(x 1)

3
1 x
3 ( 1) x x
4
x
+
3 x ( 1) x =
2
3 x
3 x ( 1) x
9x + 12(x 1) = 2(x 1)
9x + 12x 12 = 2x 2
21x 12 = 2x 2
21x 2x 12 = 2
19x = 2 + 12
19x = 10
x =
10
19

iii
2(3 6) 1
( 1)( 1) ( 1)
x
x x x
+
+ +
=
4
( 1) x

LCD = (x 1)(x + 1)

2(3 6)
( 1)
x
x

( 1) x +
( 1) x ( 1) x + +
1
1 x +
( 1) x ( 1) x + =
4
1 x
( 1) x ( 1) x +
2(3x 6) + (x 1) = 4(x + 1)
6x 12 + x 1 = 4x + 4
7x 13 = 4x + 4
7x 4x 13 = 4
3x = 4 + 13
3x = 17
x =
17
3

iv
5 7
2 4 x x
= 1
LCD = 4x

5
2 x
2
4x
7
4x
4x = 1 4x
10 7 = 4x
3 = 4x

3
4
= x
x =
3
4

v
3(7 4)
2
x
x

= 4
LCD = (x 2)

3(7 4)
2
x
x

( 2 x ) = 4( 2) x
21x 12 = 4x + 8
21x + 4x 12 = 8
25x = 8 + 12
25x = 20
x =
20
25

x =
4
5

vi
15 11
4 8 x x
=
3
3 x

LCD = 8x(x 3)
28x
15
( 3)
4
x
x
8x
11
( 3)
8
x
x

= 8 ( 3 x x
3
)
3 x

2(x 3) 15 (x 3) 11 = 8x 3
30x 90 11x + 33 = 24x
19x 57 = 24x
43x = 57
x =
57
43

6 a 3x + y = 6
(1) y-intercept: x = 0
0 + y = 6
y = 6
(0, 6)
(2) x-intercept: y = 0
3x = 6
x = 2
(2, 0)
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 71
y-intercept: x = 0
x 2y = 2
2y = 2
y = 1
(0, 1)
x + y = 0
x = 2
(2, 0)

b x + 3y = 3
3y = 3
y = 1
(0, 1)
x = 3
x = 3
(3, 0)
2x + 3y = 12
3y = 12
y = 4
(0, 4)
2x = 12
x = 6
(6, 0)

c x = y + 2
0 = y + 2
y = 2
(0, 2)
x = 0 + 2
x = 2
(2, 0)
2y x = 0
2y = 0
y = 0
(0, 0)
(2) Let x = 2 y = ?
2y 2 = 0
2y = 2
y = 1
(2, 1)

d 3x + 2y = 6
2y = 6
y = 3
(0, 3)
3x = 6
x = 2
(2, 0)
y = 1 x
y = 1 0
y = 1
(0, 1)
0 = 1 x
x = 1
(1, 0)

7 y = x + 5 y = x 1
m = 1 m = 1
Same gradient parallel so no intersection
The answer is C
8 2x 2y = 4 y = x 2
2y = 2x + 4 m = 1
y = x 2
m = 1
Actually same line therefore infinite number of solutions.
The answer is D
9 a If two lines with different gradients go through the
origin, then the solution to the pair of simultaneous
equations defining these lines would be (0, 0).
b If two lines have the same gradient but different y-intercept,
then the pair of simultaneous equations defining such lines
will have no solution (as they are parallel lines).
c If both lines are defined by the equation y = mx + c and have
the same value of c but a different value of m, then the
solution to such pairs of simultaneous equation will be (0, c).
10 a y = 2x + 3 (1)
6x + y = 11 (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
6x + 2x + 3 = 11
8x + 3 = 11
A GM1 1 - 4 72 A l g e b r a
8x = 8
x = 1
Sub x into (1)
y = 2 + 3
y = 5
(1, 5)
b x = y (1)
6x 2y = 10 (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
6y 2y = 10
4y = 10
y = 2.5
Sub y into (1)
x = 2.5
(2.5, 2.5)
c y = 3x 6 (1)
y = 16 + 5x (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
3x 6 = 16 + 5x
3x 5x = 16 + 6
2x = 22
x = 11
Sub x into (1)
y = 33 6
y = 39
(11, 39)
d x = y (1)
3x 6y = 36 (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
3y 6y = 36
9y = 36
y = 4
Sub y into (1)
x = 4
(4, 4)
e 2y 6 = x (1)
7x + 3y = 25 (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
7(2y 6) + 3y = 25
14y 42 + 3y = 25
17y = 25 + 42
17y = 17
y = 1
Sub y into (1)
x = 2 6
x = 4
(4, 1)
f x = 5 4y (1)
2y 3x = 13 (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
2y 3(5 4y) = 13
2y 15 + 12y = 13
14y = 13 + 15
14y = 28
y = 2
Sub y into (1)
x = 5 8
x = 3
(3, 2)
11 a 2x + y = 3 (1)
4x y = 9 (2)
(1) + (2)
2x + 4x = 3 9
6x = 6
x = 1
Sub x into (1)
2 + y = 3
y = 5
(1, 5)
b x y = 7 (1)
y + x = 1 (2)
(1) + (2)
x + x = 7 1
2x = 6
x = 3
Sub x into (1)
3 y = 7
y = 7 3
y = 4
y = 4
(3, 4)
c 3x 2y = 1 (1)
3x 6y = 9 (2)
(1) (2)
2y + 6y = 1 + 9
4y = 8
y = 2
Sub y into (1)
3x 4 = 1
3x = 1 + 4
3x = 3
x = 1
(1, 2)
d x + 3y = 7 (1)
5x 3y = 19 (2)
(1) + (2)
x + 5x = 7 19
6x = 12
x = 2
Sub x into (1)
2 + 3y = 7
3y = 9
y = 3
(2, 3)
e 2x + 4y = 24 (1)
6x + 4y = 8 (2)
(1) (2)
2x + 6x = 24 8
8x = 16
x = 2
Sub x into (1)
4 + 4y = 24
4y = 20
y = 5
(2, 5)
f 2x y = 0 (1)
2x 4y = 9 (2)
(1) (2)
y + 4y = 0 + 9
3y = 9
y = 3
Sub y into (1)
2x 3 = 0
2x = 3
x =
3
2

x = 1.5
(1.5, 3)
12 2x 3y = 5 (1)
3x + 4y = 10 (2)
eliminate x
(1) 3
(2) 2
eliminate y
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 73
(1) 4
(2) 3
(this one does not appear in the choices)
The answer is C
13 a 2x 3y = 8 (1) 3
3x + 4y = 5 (2) 2
eliminate x
6x 9y = 24 (3)
6x + 8y = 10 (4)
(3) (4)
9y 8y = 24 + 10
17y = 34
y = 2
Sub y into (1)
2x + 6 = 8
2x = 2
x = 1
(1, 2)
b x 2y = 4 (1)
3x + y = 9 (2) 2
eliminate y
x 2y = 4 (1)
6x + 2y = 18 (3)
(1) + (3)
x + 6x = 4 + 18
7x = 14
x = 2
Sub x into (1)
2 2y = 4
2y = 6
y = 3
(2, 3)
c
2
3
x +
1
3
y = 5 ( 3)
2x + y = 15 (1)
2x y = 3 (2)
(1) (2)
y + y = 15 + 3
2y = 18
y = 9
Sub y into (1)
2x 9 = 3
2x = 6
x = 3
(3, 9)
d 2y x = 10 (1)
3y + x = 5 (2)
(1) + (2)
2y + 3y = 10 5
5y = 15
y = 3
Sub y into (1)
6 x = 10
x = 4
x = 4
(4, 3)
e 5y 2x = 4 (1)
6x + y = 4 (2) 5
5y 2x = 4 (1)
5y + 30x = 20 (3)
(1) (3)
2x 30x = 4 20
32x = 16
x =
1
2

Sub x =
1
2
into (2)
6
1
2
+ y = 4
3 + y = 4
y = 1

1
, 1
2

f
1
5
x +
3
5
y = 5 (1) 5
2y + x = 20 (2)
x + 3y = 25 (3)
x + 2y = 20 (2)
(3) (2)
y = 5
Sub y = 5 into (2)
10 + x = 20
x = 10
(10, 5)
14 When is x undefined? (3, 1, 0)
The answer is E
15
3( 1) 5
2 1
x
=
4 2
3
x

LCD = 6
Each term needs to be multiplied by 6
The answer is E
16
2
3
x
= 4
2x = 4 3
x = 4
3
2

2
or
3

answer C
17 a line 1: Using pts (0, 2), (1, 0)
m =
0 2
1 0

= 2.
y = mx + c
m = 2, c = 2
y = 2x 2
Answer B
b line 2: Using pts (0, 2), (3, 0)
m =
0 2 2
3 0 3
=
y = mx + c; m =
2
3
, c = 2
y =
2
3
x + 2
3y = 2x + 6
3y + 2x = 6 Answer E
c Using G. Calculator: pt of intersection
3
, 1
2

Answer D
18 Substitute x = 1 into the equation.

3
1 2 1 1
z
+
=
8 1
(1 2)(1 1)
+

3
1 2
z
=
8
1 2

3
2
z
= 4
A GM1 1 - 4 74 A l g e b r a

2
z
= 4 + 3
z = 1 2
z = 2
z = 2
19
5
2 2 x
=
4 6
1 2 x x
+

LCD = 2(x 1)(x 2)
2(x 1) ( 2 x
5
)
2 2 x

= 2 ( 1) x
4
( 2)
1
x
x

+ 2( 1) ( 2) x x
6
2 x

(x 2) 5 = 2(x 2) 4 + 2(x 1) 6
5x 10 = 8x 16 + 12x 12
5x 10 = 20x 28
18 = 15x
x =
18
15

=
6
5

20 2x + 3y z = 7 (1)
3x + 2y + z = 2 (2)
(1) + (2)
5x + 5y = 5 (3)
2x + 3y z = 7 (1) 2
4x + 6y 2z = 14 (4)
x 4y + 2z = 15 (5)
(4) + (5)
5x + 2y = 1 (6)
5x + 5y = 5 (3)
5x + 2y = 1 (6)
(3) (6)
5y 2y = 5 1
3y = 6
y = 2
Sub y = 2 into (3)
5x 10 = 5
5x = 5
x = 1
Sub x = 1, y = 2 into (1)
2 6 z = 7
4 z = 7
z = 3
z = 3
(x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3)
Exercise 4E Applications
1 Let x + 1, x + 3, x + 5 = consecutive odd numbers

1 3 5
3
x x x + + + + +
= 3

3 9
3
x +
= 3
3x + 9 = 9
3x = 9 9
x =
18
3

x = 6
The numbers are 5, 3, 1
The largest number is 1
2 Let x = a certain number
3 26
2
x

= 18
78
3
2
x
= 18

3
2
x
= 18 78
3x = 2 60
x =
120
3

x = 40
The certain number is 40
3 Let x = an unknown number

3
x
+ 5 = 27

3
x
= 27 5
x = 22 3
x = 66
the certain number is 66
4 Let x = the number of red tulip bulbs
Let 28 x = the number of yellow tulip bulbs
Total cost of red tulip bulbs = 6.4x
Total cost of yellow tulip bulbs = 5.2(28 x)
6.4x + 5.2(28 x) = 167.2
6.4x + 145.6 5.2x = 167.2
1.2x = 167.2 145.6
1.2x = 21.6
x =
21.6
1.2

x = 18
There are 18 red tulip bulbs and 28 18 = 10 yellow
tulip bulbs
5 Length (l) = width (w) 2.5
p = 2(l + w) if p = 56
56 = 2(w 2.5 + w)
56 = 2 3.5w
56 = 7w

57
7
= w
8 = w
l = 8 2.5
= 20
The width is 8 cm and the length is 20 cm
6

32 = 2x 8 + x + x
32 = 4x 8
32 + 8 = 4x
40 = 4x

40
4
= x
The dimensions are 10 cm, 10 cm, and 20 8 = 12 cm
7

A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 75
180 = + 3 + ( 20)
180 = 5 20
200 = 5
40 =
(i) angle measurements are 40, 120, 20
(ii) obtuse triangle ( = 120)
8 15% reduction = 85% of original price
Let original price = x
85% of x = 84.15
0.85 x = 84.15
x =
84.15
0.85

x = 99
The original price was $99
9 a Let x = a certain number
52 7x = 3
52 3 = 7x
49 = 7x

49
7
= x
7 = x
The answer is B
b Let x = a certain number

4
x
+ 10 = 15

4
x
= 15 10
x = 5 4
x = 20
The unknown number is 20
The answer is D
10 a Carlas age = c
Ninas age = n
My age = m
m = 3 c
c = 3
1
3
n
m + c + n = 43
substitute m = 3c
3c + c + n = 43
substitute c =
10
3
n

3
10
c
= n
3c + c +
3
10
c
= 43
LCD = 10
30c + 10c + 3c = 430
43c = 430
c =
430
43

c = 10
My cousin is 10 years old
b Z = Zaras age
Carla = 10 yrs Nina = c
3
10

=
30
10

= 3
(Zaras age Carlas age) Ninas age = Zaras age
(Z 10) 3 = Z
3Z 30 = Z
2Z = 30
Z = 15
Zara is 15 years old.
11 a Length of stay in USA = x
Length of stay in Germany = x + 1
Lived in London = 2(x + 1)
Lived in Melbourne = x 2
x + x + 1 + 2(x + 1) + x 2 = 16
x + x + 1 + 2x + 2 + x 2 = 16
5x + 1 = 16
5x = 16 1
x =
15
5

x = 3
Simon left USA at the age of 3
b He lived in USA = 3 yrs
Germany = 4
London = 2(3 + 1)
= 8
Australia = 3 2
= 1
12 x = the number of kg of Golden delicious
35 x = the number of kg of Jonathans
Cost: 2.8x + 3.50(35 x) = 3.10(x + 35 x)
2.8x + 122.5 3.5x = 108.5
122.5 0.7x = 108.5
14 = 0.7x
20 = x
The number of Golden delicious = 20 kg
The number of Jonathans = 35 20
= 15 kg
13 Let x = the time taken for Alex to catch Nat.
Nats travel time = x + 0.25
Nats speed = 10 km/h
Alexs travel time = x
Alexs speed = 12 km/h
Nats distance = 10(x + 0.25)
Alexs distance = 12 x
12x = 10(x + 0.25)
12x = 10x + 2.5
2x = 2.5
x = 1.25
Alex will catch up to Nat in 1.25 hours at 11.30 am.
14 x km/h = Samuels constant speed
1 hr 20 min as a fraction =
4
3

4
3
=
distance
2 x +
4 =
distance
2 x

4 8
3
x +
= distance
4x 8 = distance

4 8
3
x +
= 4x 8
4x + 8 = 3(4x 8)
4x + 8 = 12x 24
32 = 8x
4 = x
Samuels constant speed is 4 km/h.
15 x = faster typist time
1.5x = slower typist time
Slower typist takes 15 hours
1.5x = 15
x =
15
1.5

x = 10
It will take the faster typist 10 hours
A GM1 1 - 4 76 A l g e b r a
16 x = total amount of money
Plumber works at
28
x
per day
Carpenter works at
21
x
per day
Total need to pay per day is

28 21
x x
+ =
3 4
84
x x +

=
12
x

Therefore total amount of money divided over 12 days, so
Maya can hire tradesmen for 12 days - but she cannot wait
14 days for the next pay cheque.
17 Let x = no. of students who achieved a score > 99.4
Let (1 + 0.15)x = no. of students who achieved a score
between 99.4 and 99.0
x + (1 + 0.15)x = 43
x + 1.15x = 43
2.15x = 43
x =
43
2.15

x = 20
20 students achieved a score greater than 99.4
18 x = first number
y = 2nd number
x + y = 89 (1)
y = x + 1 (2)
Sub (2) into (1)
x + x + 1 = 89
2x + 1 = 89
2x = 88
x = 44
Sub x = 44 into (2)
y = 44 + 1
y = 45
The two numbers are 44 and 45
19 x = first number
y = second number
3x + 2y = 13 (1)
4(x y) = 44
4x 4y = 44 (2)
3x + 2y = 13 2
6x + 4y = 26 (3)
4x 4y = 44 (2)
(3) + (2)
10x = 70
x = 7
Sub x = 7 into (1)
3 7 + 2y = 13
21 + 2y = 13
2y = 8
y = 4
The two numbers are 7 and 4
20 Let x = first number
y = second number

2
x y +
= x 6
both sides by 2
x + y = 2(x 6)
x + y = 2x 12
y = x 12 (1)

3
x y
= y 1
both sides by 3
x y = 3(y 1)
x y = 3y 3
x 4y = 3 (2)
y = x 12 (1)
Sub (1) into (2)
x 4(x 12) = 3
x 4x + 48 = 3
3x + 48 = 3
3x = 51
x = 17
Sub x = 17 into (1)
y = 17 12
y = 5
Two numbers are 17 and 5
21 x = first number
y = second number
5x = 2 4y 20(x y) = 3
5x = 8y (1) 20x 20y = 3 (2)
x =
8
5
y (3)
Sub 3 into (2)

4
20
8
5
1
20 y y = 3
32y 20y = 3
12y = 3
y =
1
4

Sub y =
1
4
into (3)
x =
2
8 1
5 4
1

x =
2
5

The two numbers are
2
5
and
1
4

22 L = W + 2 (1)
P = 2(L + W)
24 = 2(L + W) (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
24 = 2(W + 2 + W)

24
2
= 2W + 2
12 = 2W + 2
10 = 2W
5 = W
Sub W = 5 into (1)
L = 7
Area = 5 7
= 35 cm
2

The length = 7 cm
The width = 5 cm
The area = 35 cm
2

23 x + 2 = 10
x = 8
2x 1 = 16 1
= 15
x = 15 cm
5 + y = 15
y = 10
y = 10 cm
Perimeter = 10 + 10 + 15 + 15
= 50 cm
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 77
24

x + y = 2x 3
y = x 3 (1)
x + y = 3y 1
x 2y = 1 (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
x 2(x 3) = 1
x 2x + 6 = 1
x = 7
x = 7
Sub x = 7 into (1)
y = 4
Sides = 7 + 4
= 11 cm
P = 3 11
= 33 cm
25

x = side lengths
y = length of diagonal AC
4x = 2x + y + 10
2x y = 10 (1)
y = x 2 (2)
Sub (2) into (1)
2x (x 2) = 10
2x x + 2 = 10
x + 2 = 10
x = 8
y = 8 2
y = 6
The diagonal AC = 6 cm
26 a

b P = 2(2x + 5y)
70 = 2(2x + 5y) (1)
65 = 8x + 5y (2)
65 8x = 5y (3)
Sub (3) into (1)
70 = 2(2x + 65 8x)
70 = 2(65 6x)
70 = 130 12x
12x = 60
x = 5
Sub x = 5 into (3)
65 40 = 5y
25 = 5y
5 = y
The dimensions of each cell are 5 5 cm, so they are
squares
27 x = number of people who say yes
y = number of people who say no
x + y = 72 (1)
3x = y (2)
Sub (2) into (1)
x + 3x = 72
4x = 72
x = 18
Sub. x = 18 into (2)
y = 54
18 people said yes, so 54 people said no
According to the survey
18 1
72 4

of the population uses the
Internet at home
28 t = toasters s = sandwich makers
5t + 2s = 149.65 (1)
3t + 3s = 134.70 (2)
(1) 3: 15t + 6s = 448.95 (3)
(2) 2: 6t + 6s = 269.4 (4)
(3) (4)
9t = 179.55
t = $19.95
Sub t = $19.95 into (1)
5 19.95 + 2s = 149.65
2s = 149.65 99.75
2s = 49.90
s = $24.95
toaster costs $19.95
Sandwich maker costs $24.95
29 pool/spa = x
pool/spa/sauna/steam = y
3.50x + 5.20y = 799.6 (1)
x + y = 193 (2)
x = 193 y (3)
Sub (3) into (1)
3.50(193 y) + 5.20y = 799.6
675.5 3.5y + 5.2y = 799.6
1.7y = 124.1
y = 73
The cashier sold 73 pool/spa/sauna/steam tickets, so, they
sold 193 73 = 120 pool/spa tickets
30 x = number of 5c coins
y = number of 10c coins
x + y = 42 (1)
0.05x + 0.1y = 2.5 (2)
x = 42 y (3)
Sub (3) into (2)
0.05(42 y) + 0.1y = 2.5
2.1 0.05y + 0.1y = 2.5
0.05y = 0.4
y = 8
There are 8 10-cent coins, so, there are 42 8 = 34 5-cent
coins.
31 L = amount of lamb purchased
P = amount of pork purchased
Mayas family:
3L + 1.5P = 13.5 (1)
Roses family:
1.5L + 4.5P = 13.5 + 8.25
A GM1 1 - 4 78 A l g e b r a
1.5L + 4.5P = 21.75 (2)
(2) 2 3L + 9P = 43.5 (3)
(3) (1)
7.5P = 30
P = 4
Sub P = 4 into (1)
3L + 6 = 13.5
3L = 7.5
L = 2.5
Pork costs $4 per kg and lamb costs $2.50 per kg.
32 Bellas age = x
x + y = 100 (1)
Boris age = y
y = x + 4 (2)
Sub (2) into (1)
x + x + 4 = 100
2x + 4 = 100
x = 48
Bella is 48 years old now, so she was 48 25 = 23 on her
wedding day
33 x = scientific text y = fiction
0.6x + y = 8
y = 8 0.6x (1)
0.95x + 1.5y = 12.5 (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
0.95x + 1.5(8 0.6x) = 12.5
0.95x + 12 0.9x = 12.5
0.05x = 0.5
x = 10
Sub x = 10 into (1)
y = 8 0.6 10
y = 2
10 scientific pages and 2 pages of fiction can be
translated
34 x = dim sim y = spring roll,
51 minutes =
51
60

= 0.85 of an hour
0.2x + 0.25y = 2 (1)
0.05x + 0.15y = 0.85 (2) 4
0.2x + 0.6y = 3.4 (3)
(1) (3)
0.25y 0.6y = 2 3.4
0.35y = 1.4
y = 4
Sub y = 4 into (1)
0.2x + 0.25 4 = 2
0.2x + 1 = 2
0.2x = 1
x = 5
He can make 4 spring rolls and 5 dim sims
Exercise 4F Algebraic fractions
1 a
3
7 4
a a
+
=
4 21
28
a a +

=
25
28
a

b
2 5
3 4
b b
+
=
8 15
12
b b +

=
23
12
b

c
4
5 3
d d

=
3 20
15
d d

=
17
15
d

d
3 4
2 3
g g

=
9 8
6
g g

=
6
g

e
4
5
h
h
+
=
2
20
5
h
h
+

f
2 5
3 2
k
+
=
4 15
6
k +

g
2
7
m
m

=
2
14
7
m
m

h
1 2
3 3
n
n

=
2
1 2
3
n
n

2 a
2 3
2 p p
+
+

=
2( 2) 3
( 2)
p p
p p
+ +
+

=
2 4 3
( 2)
p p
p p
+ +
+

=
5 4
( 2)
p
p p
+
+

b
3 5
2 5 q q
+
+

=
3( 5) 5(2 )
2 ( 5)
q q
q q
+ +
+

c
4 3
1 2 r r
+
+

=
4( 2) 3( 1)
( 1) ( 2)
r r
r r
+ +
+

=
4 8 3 3
( 1)( 2)
r r
r r
+ +
+

=
7 5
( 1) ( 2)
r
r r +

d
1 7
3 4 s s +

=
4 7( 3)
( 3)( 4)
s s
s s
+
+

=
4 7 21
( 3)( 4)
s s
s s
+ +
+

=
6 25
( 3)( 4)
s
s s
+
+

A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 79
e
3 2
(2 3) ( 1) t t +

=
3( 1) 2(2 3)
(2 3)( 1)
t t
t t
+
+

=
3 3 4 6
(2 3)( 1)
t t
t t +

=
9
(2 3)( 1)
t
t t +

f
3 5
2 3 8
v
v
+
=
3 8 5 (2 3)
8(2 3)
v v
v
+

=
2
24 10 15
8(2 3)
v
v
+

=
2
9 10
8(2 3)
v
v
+

g
3 5
2 2
w
w

=
3 ( 2) 10
2( 2)
w w
w

=
2
3 6 20
2( 2)
w w
w

h
10( 1) 3( 3)
6
x x + +

=
10 10 3 9
6
x x + +

=
13 1
6
x

3 a
3 7
3 3 y y +

=
3( 3) 7( 3)
( 3)( 3)
y y
y y
+
+

=
3 9 7 21
( 3)( 3)
y y
y y +

=
4 30
( 3)( 3)
y
y y +

b
1 5
2 2 z z
+
+

=
2 5 ( 2)
( 2)( 2)
z z
z z
+ +
+

=
6 8
( 2)( 2)
z
z z
+
+

c
1 4
3 2 2 x x
+
=
2 4(3 2 )
(3 2 ) ( 2)
x x
x x
+

=
2 12 8
(3 2 )( 2)
x x
x x
+

=
7 10
(3 2 )( 2)
x
x x
+

d
3 2
1 3 y y
+
+

=
3( 3) 2(1 )
(1 )( 3)
y y
y y
+ +
+

=
3 9 2 2
(1 )( 3)
y y
y y
+ +
+

=
11
(1 ) ( 3)
y
y y
+
+

e
2
2 5
3 ( 3) a a
+
+ +

=
2
2 5( 3)
( 3)
a
a
+ +
+

=
2
5 17
( 3)
a
a
+
+

f
2
1 7
3 2 (3 2) b b

=
2
3 2 7
(3 2)
b
b

=
2
3 9
(3 2)
b
b

4 3(x 3)
2

D
5
2
3 3 2 2
2 ( 1) 4 4 1
2 (2 )
a a a a
a b a b
+

=
2 1 a
2
2 3
1
4
a b

2
4 2
(2 1)
a b
a (2 1) a

=
4 2
2 3
2
(2 1)
a b
a b a

=
2
2
(2 1)
a
b a

A
6
2 3
2
9
2( 3)
e e
e e

+

=
3
2
(3 )(3 )
2( 3)
e e e
e e
+
+

=
(3 )
2
e e

Answer C
7 a
3
2
2 2( 2)
( 2) 10
x x
x x
+
+

=
2
5
x

b
2
3 2( 5)
3( 5) 8
b b
b b
+
+

=
1
4b

c
2
3 2
5 12
3 2 10
d d
d d
+
+

=
2
2 2
5 4
2( 5)
d
d d
+
+

=
2
2
d

d
2
2
9 2
(3 )
e e
e e

+

=
(3 )(3 ) 2
(3 )
e e
e e
+
+

=
2(3 ) e
e

A GM1 1 - 4 80 A l g e b r a
e
2
2
(2 ) 3
6 4
g g g
g

=
3
(2 )
2(2 )(2 )
g g
g g +

=
3
2(2 )
g
g

f
2
3 2
7 ( 2) 12
2 7 14
h h h
h h
+
+

=
2
2
7 ( 2) 6
1 7 ( 2)
h h h
h h
+
+

= 6h
8 a
2 2
( 3) ( 2) 12( 3) ( 7)
3( 7) 2( 2)
j j j j
j j
+ +
+ +

=
2
2( 3)
( 7)( 2)
j
j j + +

b
2
3 3
2( 1) ( 2) 15( 5) ( 2)
5( 5) 3( 1)
k k k k
k k
+ +
+ +

=
2
2
2( 2)
( 5) ( 1)
k
k k + +

c
2
2
2 3 3
6( 1) 2 (2 3)
m m m
m m m

=
2
(2 3) ( 1) 3
6( 1) 2 (2 3)
m m m
m m m
+

=
( 1)
4( 1)(2 3)
m
m m
+

d
2
2 2
( 1) 9
6 ( 1)
n n
n n
+

=
2
( 1) 3
2 ( 1)( 1)
n
n n n
+
+

=
3( 1)
2 ( 1)
n
n n
+

e
3 21
7 3( 3)
p p
p
+
+

= p
f
2
( 2) ( 3) 3( 5)
( 5) ( 2)
q q q
q q
+ +
+

=
3( 3)
2
q
q
+

g
2
2 3
3 (3 2)
2(3 5 2) 15
r r
r r r
+
+ +

=
(3 2) 1
2(3 2) ( 1) 5
r
r r r
+
+ +

=
1
10 ( 1) r r +

h
2
2
3( 4) 2 4
18 27 (4 9)
s s
s s

=
3( 2) ( 2) (2 3)(2 3)
9(2 3) 2( 2)
s s s s
s s
+ +

=
( 2)(2 3)
6
s s + +

Exercise 4G Linear literal equations
1 a
x
b
= c
x = bc
b
2x
w
= y
2x = wy
x =
2
wy

c
2( ) x m
n
= p
2(x m) = np
(x m) =
2
np

x =
2
np
m +
d
x r
s
+
= 3t
x + r = 3st
x = 3st r
e
d
f
x
= g

d
x
= f + g

x
d
=
1
f g +

x =
d
f g +

f
3k
l
x l
+
+
= 4

3k
x l +
= 4 l

3
x l
k
+
=
1
4 l

x + l =
3
4
k
l

x =
3
4
k
l
l

g ax + b =
1
c

ax =
1
c
b
x =
1
b
ac a

h 2bx c = 4a
2bx = 4a + c
x =
4
2
a c
b
+

i a(b x) = b a
b x =
b a
a

x = b
b a
a

x =
a b
b
a
+
j
1
m
x n
= m

1
x
=
m
m
n
+
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 81

1
x
=
nm m
n
+

x =
( 1)
n
m n +

k ( ) r x s =
1
b

x s =
1
br

x =
1
s
br
+
l nx p(x q) = n(x + p)
nx px + pq = nx + np
px + pq = np
px = pq + np
x =
pq np
p
+

x = q + n
x = q n
m
1
e
x d
+
+
=
1
( ) f x d +

1 + e(x + d) =
1
f

e(x + d) =
1
1
f

x + d =
1 1
ef e

x =
1
f
d
ef

n
mbx cnx
nm
+
= n

( ) x mb cn
nm
+
= n
x (mb + cn) = n
2
m
x =
2
n m
mb cn +

o
2
c x d
x x
+
+ =
3
e
x

2
d
c x + + =
3
e

x =
3 2
e d
c
p
dx
x
e
= x f

dx
e
= f
x =
ef
d

2
x
a
=
y
c
b
+
x =
ay
ac
b
+
x =
abc ay
b
+

x =
( ) a bc y
b
+

D.
3 a ax + by = a
2
+ b
2
(1)
ax by = a
2
b
2
(2)
(1) + (2) 2ax = 2a
2

x = a.
y = b.
b ax + by = a
2
ab + 2b
2
(1)
ax by = a
2
ab 2b
2
(2)
(1) + (2) 2ax = 2a
2
2ab (2a)
x = a b.
(2) (1) 2by = 4b
2
y = 2b
c
x y
a b
+ = 1 (1)

x y
a b
= 2 (2)
(1) + (2)
2x
a
= 4
x = 2a.
(2) (1)
2y
b
= 2
y = b.
d
x y
a b
+ = 1
a b
a
+
+ (1)

2
x y
a b
+ =
2
a b
a
+
(2)
(1) (2)
2
x
a
=
2
a b
a
+
+ 1
x = a + b + 2a
x = 3a + b

3a b y
a b
+
+ = 1
a b
a
+
+

y
b
=
3
a b a a b
a a a
+
+

y
b
=
a
a

y = b
e
x
by
a
+ =
2
a b
a
+
(1)

x
y
b
+ =
2 2
a b
ab
+
(2)
(1) a x + aby = a + b
2
(3)
(2) ab ax + aby = a
2
+ b
2
(4)
(4) (3) (a 1) x = a
2
a
x =
( 1) a a
1
1 a
1

x = a
Sub into (2)

a
y
b
+ =
2 2
a b
ab
+

y =
2 2
a b a
ab b
+

y =
2 2 2
a b a
ab ab
+

y =
2
b
ab

y =
b
a
.
f ( )
y
a b x
b
+ = 4 (1)
( )
3
y
b a x
b
+ = 0 (2)
A GM1 1 - 4 82 A l g e b r a
(1) + (2)
1 1
3
y
b b

= 4

2
3
y
b
= 4
y =
3
2
b

Sub into (2)

3 1
( )
2 3
b
b a x
b
+ = 0

1
( )
2
b a x + = 0
x =
1
2( ) b a

g a
2
x + by = ab 2b
2
(1)

y
bx
a
+ =
2
2 b b
a
(2)
(2) ab ab
2
x + by = b
3
2b
2
(3)
(3) (1) (ab
2
a
2
)x = ab b
3

x =
3
2 2
ab b
ab a

x =
2
2
( )
( )
b a b
a a b

x =
b
a

Sub into (1)

2
b
a by
a

+

=
2
2 ab b
ab + by = ab 2b
2

a + y = a 2b
y = 2a 2b
h
x
by
a
=
b
a
(1)

x
ay
b
+ =
a b
b
(2)
(1) a x aby = b (3)
(2) b x + aby = a b (4)
(3) + (4) 2x = a 2b
x =
2
2
a b

(4) (3) 2aby = a 2b
y =
2
2
a b
ab

4 a S = [2 ( 1) ]
2
n
a n d +

2
2 ( 1)
S
a n d
n
= +

2
( 1) 2
S
n d a
n
=

2 ( 1)
2 2
S n d
a
n

=
When n = 26, d = 3 and S = 1079
a =
2 1079 (26 1) 3
2 26 2

= 4
b S = [2 ( 1) ]
2
n
a n d +

2
2 ( 1)
S
a n d
n
= +

2
2 ( 1)
S
a n d
n
=

2 2
( 1) 1
S a
d
n n n
=

When n = 20, a = 18 and S = 20
d = 2
Chapter review
Short answer
1
2
2 4 1
2
5 3 3
5 3 x y x y

=
2 4 2
2 4
5 3 3
5 3 x y x y

=
2 2 4
4
5 3 3
45x y

=
4 16
15 3
45x y

2 a 4.5 10
5
1.2 10
8

= 3.75 10
3

= 0.00375
b 1.2 10
5
3.4 10
1

= 4.08 10
6

= 0.000 004 08
c 2.45 10
2
1.7 10
4

4.165 10
6

4 165 000
3 a 3.2418
103.27
106.5118

to 5 sf: 106.51
b 1.0065 1200
= 1207.8
to 2 sf 1200
4 a 6x 12y + 15 = 0
6x = 12y 15
x =
12 15
6
y

x = 2y
15
6

x = 2y
5
2

b
7(3 4 )
5
d
=
8( 7)
3
e +
3
LCD = 15

3
15 7(3 4 )
5
d
1
=
3
15 8( 7)
3
e +
1
15 3
21(3 4d) = 40(e + 7) 45
(1) 63 84d = 40e + 280 45
84d = 40e + 235 63
84d = 40e + 172
d =
40 172
84
e

d =
10 43
21 21
e

(2) 63 84d = 40e + 235
63 84d 235 = 40e
84d 172 = 40e

84 172
40
d
= e
e =
21 43
10 10
d

A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 83
5
2 3 6 3
5 4
x x
= 2 +
7
3
x

LCD = 60

60(2 3) 60(6 2 )
5 4
x x
= 60 2 +
60 7
3
x

12(2x 3) 15(6 3x) = 2 60 + 20 7x
24x 36 90 + 45x = 120 + 140x
69x 126 = 120 + 140x
126 + 120 = 140x 69x
6 = 71x

6
71
= x
x =
6
71

6 a (0, 4) (8, 0) (1, 0) (0, 2)
m =
4 0
0 8
m =
0 2
1 0

m =
1
2
m = 2
y =
1
2
x + 4 y = 2x + 2
b 2y = x + 8 (1)
y = 2x + 2 (2)
Sub (2) into (1)
2(2x + 2) = x + 8
4x + 4 = x + 8
5x = 4
x =
4
5

x = 0.8
Sub x = 0.8 into (2)
y = 2 0.8 + 2
y = 1.6 + 2
y = 3.6
(0.8, 3.6)
7 a 6x + 2y = 12 (1)
x 2y = 2 (2)
(1) + (2)
7x = 14
x = 2
Sub x = 2 into (1)
12 + 2y = 12
2y = 0
y = 0
(2, 0)
b 8y 24 = 4x
2y 6 = x
x = 2y 6 (1)
7x + 3y = 25 (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
7(2y 6) + 3y = 25
14y 42 + 3y = 25
17y = 17
y = 1
Sub y = 1 into (1)
x = 2 6
x = 4
(4, 1)
c 15 3x 3y = 30
3x 3y = 15
x + y = 5 (1)
2x + y = 4 (2)
(2) (1)
x = 1
Sub x = 1 into (1)
1 + y = 5
y = 6
(1, 6)
8 x = number of 10-cent coins
2x = number of 5-cent coins
4x = number of 20-cent coins
0.1x + 0.05 2x + 0.2 4x = 5
0.1x + 0.1x + 0.8x = 5
x = 5
If he has 5 10-cent coins then he has:
2 5 = 10 5-cent coins and
4 5 = 20 20-cent coins.
9 n = number of days
T = total cost of work
e = number of extra days
T = 2300 + 500n 135e
Find formula for n:
T 2300 + 135e = 500n

2300 135
500
T e +
= n
n =
2300 135
500
T e +

Formula for e:
T 2300 500n = 135e
T + 2300 + 500n = 135e

2300 500
135
n T +
= e
e =
2300 500
135
n T +

10 J = Jessicas age and R = Rebeccas age
J = R + 3 (1)
J + 5 = 3(R 2) (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
R + 3 + 5 = 3R 6
R + 8 = 3R 6
14 = 2R
7 = R
Rebecca is 7 years old Jessica is 10 years old.
11 a
5 4 6
2 3
m m +

=
3(5 4) 2( 6)
6
m m +

=
15 12 2 12
6
m m

=
13 24
6
m

b
1 4
3 4
x
x

=
4(3 4)
(3 4)
x x
x x

=
12 16
(3 4)
x x
x x
+

=
11 16
(3 4)
x
x x
+

c
3 2
( 1)( 2) ( 3)( 1) x x x x
+
+ + +

=
3( 3) 2( 2)
( 1)( 2)( 3)
x x
x x x
+ +
+ +

=
3 9 2 4
( 1)( 2)( 3)
x x
x x x
+ +
+ +

=
5 5
( 1)( 2)( 3)
x
x x x
+ +

A GM1 1 - 4 84 A l g e b r a
12
3 ( 2) g
1
2
4
( 3)
4( 1)
g
g
+
2
2
12 ( 1) g
1
5
( 3)
( 2)
g
g
+
1

=
5
2
36( 3)
4( 1)
g
g
+

=
5
2
9( 3)
( 1)
g
g
+

13
2
2
25 15 9
2 8 4( 16)
w w
w w

=
2
2
5(5 3) 4( 16)
2( 4) 9
w w
w w

=
5(5 3) 4 ( 4) w w ( 4)
2 ( 4)
w
w
+
( 3)( 3) w w +

=
10(5 3)( 4)
( 3)( 3)
w w
w w
+
+

14 a
b ax
g
= mn
b ax = gmn
b gmn = ax
x =
b gmn
a

b
3
px w x
k
+ = pk [3k]
k(px w) + 3x = 3pk
2

kpx kw + 3x = 3pk
2

kpx + 3x = 3pk
2
+ kw
x(kp + 3) = 3pk
2
+ kw
x =
2
3
3
pk kw
kp
+
+

15 a 2ax by = 1 + 2b
2
(1)
bx
y
a
=
5
2
b
a
(2)
(1) ab ab
2
x by =
2
5
2
b
(3)
(3) (1) (ab
2
2a)x =
2
2
5
1 2
2
b
b
x =
2
2
1
1
2
2
b
ab a

x =
2
1
( 2)
2
b
2
( 2) a b

x =
1
2a

Sub into (2)
b
1
2
y
b
a a
=
5
2
b
a

2
b
y =
5
2
b
y =
5
2 2
b
b
y = 2b
Multiple choice
1
3
2
4
3m
n

=
3 6
12
3 m
n

=
6
12
27m
n

B
2 20.034
5 s. figures
D
3 1303.45
23000
24303.45
2 s. figures 24000
E
4 25.69 2.5040
= 64.3272
4 s. figures
64.33
B
5 A =
2 3
4
B +

4A = 2B + 3
4A 3 = 2B

4 3
2
A
= B
2A
3
2
= B
B = 2A
3
2

The answer is A
6 P = 3x +
11
7
x

7P = 21x + 11x
7P = 32x

7
32
P
= x
The answer is A
7 x =
7 8
32

x = 1.75 cm.
The answer is E
8
2
3
x
5 = 1

2
3
x
= 1 + 5
2x = 4 3
x =
12
2

x = 6
The answer is E
9 12
3
4
x
= 6

3
4
x
= 6
x =
6 4
3

x = 8
The answer is D
10 2(3x 1) = 5x + 3
6x 2 = 5x + 3
6x 5x 2 = 3
x 2 = 3
The answer is C
11
1 2
3
x
+
4
x
= 2

12
4
(1 2 )
3
x
1
12
+
3
4
x
1
= 12 2
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 85
4(1 2x) + 3x = 24
4 8x + 3x = 24
4 5x = 24
5x = 20
x = 4
The answer is D
12
6 8
1 x x
+
=
4
x

LCD = x(x + 1)
( 1) x x +
6
1 x
+
x
8
( 1) x
x
+ = x
4
( 1) x
x
+
x 6 (x + 1)8 = (x + 1) 4
6x 8x 8 = 4x + 4
2x 8 = 4x + 4
12 = 6x
x = 2
The answer is D
13 y + x = 12 (1)
2y 6 = x (2)
Sub (2) into (1)
y + 2y 6 = 12
3y = 18
y = 6
Sub y = 6 into (2)
x = 12 6
x = 6
sum = 6 + 6
= 12
The answer is B
14 y = 3x 4 (1)
y = 5 + 4x (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
3x 4 = 5 + 4x
4 = 5 + x
9 = x
Sub x = 9 into (1)
y = 27 4
y = 31
9, 31
The answer is A
15 (0, 4) (5, 0)
m =
4 0
0 5

=
4
5

y =
4
5
x + 4
5y = 4x + 20 (1)
(2, 0) (0, 2)
m =
2 0
0 2
+

= +1
y = x + 2 (2)
5y = 4x + 20 (1)
Sub (2) into (1)
5(x + 2) = 4x + 20
5x + 10 = 4x + 20
9x + 10 = 20
9x = 10
x =
10
9

Sub x =
10
9
into (2)
y =
10
9
+ 2
y = 3
1
9

1 1
1 , 3
9 9

The answer is D
16 y + x = 22 (1) 3x y = 26
y = 3x 26 (2)
Sub (2) into (1)
3x 26 + x = 22
4x = 48
x = 12
Sub x = 12 into (2)
y = 36 26
y = 10
A. True 10 + 12 = 22
B. 3 12 = 36
36 10 = 26 True
C. 3 10 = 30
30 12 26 False
D. 3 12 10 = 26 True
E. 22 10 = 12
22 12 = 10 True
The answer is C
17 6 3x = 9
3x = 3
x = 1
The answer is B
18 Let x = side length of hexagon
6x = 4x + 12.6
2x = 12.6
x = 6.3 cm
The answer is E
19 Let x = the number
8
2
x
= 2x + 2
8
2
x
= 2 + 2x
The answer is C
20 Let x = first number
y = second number
x + y = 42 (1)
x y = 4 (2)
(1) + (2)
2x = 46
x = 23
Sub x = 23 into (1)
y = 42 23
y = 19
The answer is D
21 B = Bens age, E = Esters age
B + 1 = 2E (1)
B + E = 20
E = 20 B (2)
Sub (2) into (1)
B + 1 = 2(20 B)
B + 1 = 40 2B
3B = 39
B = 13
The answer is C
22
5( 1) ( 3)
3 2
x x
x
+

=
10 ( 1) 3( 3)
6
x x x
x
+

A GM1 1 - 4 86 A l g e b r a
=
2
10 10 3 9
6
x x x
x

=
2
10 13 9
6
x x
x

a = 10 b = 13 c = 9
D
23
2
2 3
9 2( 3) e e
e e
+

=
(3 ) (3 ) e e +
1
2
e
3
1
e
2 ( 3)
e
e +
1
=
(3 )
2
e e

C
24
2
mx
x = x 3p

2
mx
= 3p
mx = 6p
x =
6p
m

B
Extended response
1 a W = 600 + 0.02s
b i W = 600 + 0.02s
= 600 + 0.02 20 000
= 1000
$1000
ii W = 600 + 0.02s
= 600 + 0.02 65 000
= 1900
$1900
iii W = 600 + 0.02s
= 600 + 0.02 100 000
= 2600
$2600
c i W = 600 + 0.02s
1300 = 600 + 0.02s
1300 600 = 0.02s

700
0.02
= s
s = $35 000
ii W = 600 + 0.02s
1800 = 600 + 0.02s
1800 600 = 0.02s

1200
0.02
= s
s = $60 000
iii W = 600 + 0.02s
2400 = 600 + 0.02s
2400 600 = 0.02s

1800
0.02
= s
s = $90 000
d Brett is paid $860 regardless of whether or not he makes a
sale
Adrian is paid $600 fortnightly. He must make sales in
order to obtain more money
e s = 860
f W = 600 + 0.02s
860 = 600 + 0.02s
860 600 = 0.02s

260
0.02
= s
s = $13 000
2 He places x in the bank
I
1
=
6
100
x

I
1
= 0.06x
Therefore he places 15 000 x in the building society
I
2
=
11(15000 )
100
x

I
2
=
165000 11
100
x

I
2
= 1650 0.11x
I
1
+ I
2
= 1200
0.06x + 16.50 0.11x = 1200
1650 0.05x = 1200
1 0.05x = 450
x = $9000
This means he should place $9000 in the bank
15000 9000 = 6000
He should place $6000 in the building society
3 Line 1 has a fixed cost of $40 (or y-intercept of 40)
The equation for this line is C = 40 + 0.05n
a Line 1 represents company B
b The 25 and 40 represent fixed costs
c Point of intersection represent the amount that is the same
for both companies
d C = 25 + 0.08n (1)
C = 40 + 0.05n (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
25 + 0.08n = 40 + 0.05n
0.03n = 15
n = 500
when
n = 500 c = 25 + 0.08 500
= 65
Point of intersection: (500, 65)
e Trip = 700 km
Company A Company B
C = 25 + 0.08 700 C = 40 + 0.05 700
= $81 = $75
Company B will cost less.
f Trip = 300 km
Company A Company B
C = 25 + 0.08 300 C = 40 + 0.05 300
C = $49 C = $55
Company A costs less.
g At 500 km both companies are the same.
Under 500 km choose A.
Over 500 km choose B.
h d = 25 + 0.08n 40 0.05n
d = 0.03n 15.
i d d
n 1
= 0.03 d
0
= 15
A l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 4 87
j
Distance Difference in
cost of A to B
0 15
100 12
200 9
300 6
400 3
500 0
600 3
700 6
800 9
900 12
1000 15
Company A will exceed Company B between 800 and
900 km.
4 a C = 15n + 21 000
b SP = 45n
c

No because there are initial costs involved prior to puzzles
being manufactured
d Refer to graph in part c
Yes, no sales, no money
e Break even occurs when expenses equal selling price
No profit, no loss
f (700, 31 500)
Equate the two equations
45n = 15n + 21 000
45n 15n = 21 000
30n = 21000
n = 700
When n = 700,
SP = 45 700
= 31 500
g Refer to part c
Expenses greater than selling price.
h Refer to part c.
Selling price greater than expenses; profit made
i P = SP Expenses
= 45n (15n + 21 000)
= 45n 15n 21 000
= 30n 21 000
j i P = 30n 21 000
= 30 400 21 000
= 9000
loss of $9000
ii P = 30n 21 000
= 30 600 21 000
= 3000
loss of $3000
iii P = 30n 21 000
P = 30 800 21 000
= 3000
profit of $3000
iv P = 30n 21 000
= 30 1000 21 000
= 9000
profit of $9000
A GM1 1 - 5 88 T r i g o n o me t r i c r a t i o s a n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s
Exercise 5A Trigonometry of right-angled
triangles
1 a

b

c

d

2 a

sin() =
O
H

sin(40) =
10
x

10 sin(40) = x
x = 10 sin(40)
x = 10 0.642 787 6
x = 6.428
x = 6.43
b

tan() =
O
A

tan(3214) =
7.5
x

x tan(3214) = 7.5
x =
7.5
tan(32 14 )

=
7.5
0.630 546

= 11.894
x = 11.89
c

cos() =
A
H

cos(478) =
17
x

x cos(478) = 17
x =
17
cos(47 8 )

=
17
0.680 295

= 24.989
x = 24.99
d

tan() =
O
A

tan(6238) =
684
x

x tan(6238) = 684
x =
684
tan(62 38 )

=
684
1.931945 7

= 354.047
x = 354.05
e sin() =
O
H

sin(1425) =
1.03
x

Chapter 5 Trigonometric ratios and their applications
T r i g o n o me t r i c r a t i o s a n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s A GM1 1 - 5 89

x sin(1425) = 1.03
x =
1.03
sin(14 25 )

=
1.03
0.248 972

= 4.137
x = 4.14
f

tan() =
O
A

tan(78) =
3.85
x

x = 3.85 tan(78)
= 3.85 4.7046 30
= 18.112
x = 18.11
g

cos() =
A
H

cos(2747) =
504
x

x = 504 cos(2747)
= 504 0.884 717
= 445.897
x = 445.90
h

x: tan() =
O
A

tan(3848) =
17
x

x tan(3848) = 17
x =
17
tan(38 48 )

=
17
0.804 021

= 21.143
x = 21.14
y: sin() =
O
H

sin(3848) =
17
y

y sin(3848) = 17
y =
17
sin(38 48 )

=
17
0.628 604

= 27.130
y = 27.13
3 a

sin() =
O
H

sin() =
7
10

= sin
1
7
10

= sin
1
(0.7)
= 44.427
= 4426
b

tan() =
O
A

tan() =
12
5

=
1
12
tan
5

= tan
1
(2.4)
= 67.380
= 6723
c

cos() =
A
H

cos() =
20
28

=
1
20
cos
28

= cos
1
(0.7143)
= 44.415
= 4425
d

tan() =
O
A

tan() =
2.1
6.8

=
1
2.1
tan
6.8

= tan
1
(0.3088)
= 17.162
= 1710
e

cos() =
A
H

cos() =
4.2
11.7

=
1
4.2
cos
11.7

= cos
1
(0.3590)
= 68.963 = 6858
f

sin() =
O
H

sin() =
30
48

=
1
30
sin
48

= sin
1
(0.625)
= 38.682
= 3841
g

cos() =
A
H

cos() =
53.2
78.1

=
1
53.2
cos
78.1

= cos
1
(0.6812)
= 47.064
= 474
h

tan() =
O
A

tan() =
3.26
1.74

=
1
3.26
tan
1.74

= tan
1
(1.8736)
= 61.909
= 6155
4

a tan() =
O
A

tan(30) =
6
h

h = 6 tan(30)
= 6
1
3

=
6
3

=
6 3
3

= 2 3 cm
b A =
1
2
bh
=
1
2
12 2 3
= 12 3 cm
2

c cos() =
A
H

cos(30) =
6
x

x cos(30) = 6
x =
6
cos( )

=
6
3
2

=
12
3


=
12 3
3

= 4 3
Perimeter = 2 4 3 + 12
= (8 3 + 12) cm
5

tan() =
O
A

tan(60) =
26
x

x tan(60) = 26
x =
26
tan(60 )

x =
26
3
=
26 3
3

sin() =
O
H

sin(60) =
26
y

y sin(60) = 26
y =
26
sin(60)

=
26
3
2

=
52
3
=
52 3
3

P = 14 + 26 + 14 + x + y
=
26 3 52 3
54
3 3
+ +
= (54 + 26 3) cm
6 a

sin() =
O
H

sin(50) =
6.5
h

h = 6.5 sin(50)
= 6.5 0.766 04
= 4.98 m
b New height = 4.98 + 1 = 5.98 m

sin() =
O
H

sin() =
5.98
6.5

=
1
5.98
sin
6.5

= sin
1
(0.92)
= 66.926
= 6656
7

sin() =
O
H

sin() =
50
400

=
1
50
sin
400

= sin
1
(0.125)
= 7.1808
= 711
8

sin() =
O
H

sin() =
3
15

=
1
3
sin
15

= sin
1
(0.2)
= 11.537
= 1132
The angle is 2
Angle = 2 1132
= 234
9

tan() =
O
A

tan(65) =
4
h

h = 4 tan(65)
= 4 2.1445
= 8.578
= 8.58 m
10

tan() =
O
H

tan(27.5) =
0.75
h

h tan(27.5) = 0.75
h =
0.75
tan(27.5 )

=
0.75
0.52057

= 1.4407
1.44 m
11

sin() =
O
H

sin(60) =
8
x

x = 8 sin(60)
= 8
3
2

= 4 3
cos() =
A
H

cos(60) =
8
y

y = 8 cos(60)
= 8 0.5
= 4 cm
The dimensions are 4 cm and 4 3 cm.
12 sin() =
O
H

sin(50) =
7
a

a = 7 sin(50)
a = 5.36
cos() =
A
H

cos(50) =
7
b

b = 7 cos(50)
b = 4.50
tan() =
O
A

tan(30) =
a
b c +

tan(30) =
5.36
4.5 c +

(4.5 + c) tan(30) = 5.36
4.5 + c =
5.36
tan(30 )

=
5.36
0.5774

= 9.284
c = 9.284 4.5
c = 4.784
4.78
sin() =
O
H

sin(30) =
a
d

=
5.36
d

d sin(30) = 5.36
d =
5.36
sin(30 )

d = 10.72
13 sin() =
O
H

sin(70) =
14
a

a sin(70) = 14
a =
14
sin(70 )

a = 14.90
sin() =
O
H

sin(48) =
a
b

=
14.9
b

b sin(48) = 14.9
b =
14.9
sin(48 )

b = 20.05

14

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(33) =
6
z

z tan(33) = 6
z =
6
tan(33 )

=
6
0.6494

z = 9.24

2
z
=
9.24
2

= 4.62
tan( ) =
O
A

tan(58) =
4.62
y

y = 4.62 tan(58)
= 7.39
x = y + 6
x = 7.39 + 6
x = 13.39
15

sin( ) =
O
H

sin(75) =
120
h

h = 120 sin(75)
= 115.91
The height is 115.91 metres.
16

sin() =
O
H

sin( ) =
8.5
20

= 0.425
= sin
1
(0.425)
= 25.1507
= 259
cos( ) =
A
H

cos(x) =
8.5
20

= 0.425
x = cos
1
(0.425)
= 64.8493
= 6451
Therefore A = 2
= 5018
B = C = 6451
17

sin( ) =
O
H

sin(30) =
12
x

x = 12 sin(30)
x = 6
cos( ) =
A
H

cos(30) =
12
y

y = 12 cos(30)
= 10.39
A =
1
2
(a + b)h
A =
1
2
(4 + (x + 4)) y
A =
1
2
(4 + 6 + 4) 10.39
A = 72.73 m
2

15 cm = 0.15 m
Volume = AH
= 72.73 0.15
= 10.91
The volume is 10.91 m
3

18

a sin( ) =
O
H

sin( ) =
2.7
8.3

= 0.3253
= sin
1
(0.3253)
= 18.984
= 1859
The angle of the sides is 1859.
b cos( ) =
A
H

cos( ) =
8.3
x

cos(1859) =
8.3
x

x = 8.3 cos(1859)
= 7.849
x = 7.85 m
2x = 15.7 m
The base is 15.7 m long.
19 a

sin( ) =
O
H

sin(55) =
10
x

x = 10 sin(55)
= 8.19

sin( ) =
O
H

sin(48) =
10
y

y = 10 sin(48)
y = 7.43
x y = 8.19 7.43
= 0.76
The ladder slips 0.76 metres.
b

cos( ) =
A
H

cos(55) =
10
a

a = 10 cos(55)
= 5.74 m

cos( ) =
A
H

cos(48) =
10
b

b = 10 cos(48)
= 6.69 m
b a = 6.69 5.74
= 0.95
The ladder slides 0.95 metres across the floor. Therefore
the foot of the ladder does not move the same distance as
the top of the ladder.
Exercise 5B Elevation, depression and
bearings
1

tan() =
O
A

tan(6) =
60
x

x tan(6) = 60
x =
60
tan(6 )

= 570.86
The fire is 571 metres away from the tower.
2

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(55) =
20
x

x = 20 tan(55)
x = 28.6
h = x + 1.7
= 28.6 + 1.7
= 30.3
The building is 30 metres high.
3

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(25) =
57
x

x tan(25) = 57
x =
57
tan(25 )

= 122.2
tan( ) =
O
A

tan(15) =
57
y

y tan(15) = 57

y =
57
tan(15 )

= 212.7
Distance travelled = y x
= 212.7 122.2
= 90.5
The ship travels 91 metres.
4

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(27) =
22
x

x =
22
tan(27 )

= 43.18
The river is 43.18 m wide.
5

a tan() =
O
A

tan(62) =
42
x

x tan(62) = 42
x =
42
tan(62 )

x = 22.33
Denis is 22.33 m from the building.
b tan( ) =
O
A

tan(68) =
y
x

tan(68) =
22.33
y

y = 22.33 tan(68)
= 55.27
h = y 42
= 55.27 42
= 13.27
The height of the crane is 13.27 metres.
6 4.2 km = 4200 m

tan( ) =
O
A

tan( ) =
500
4200

= 0.119 05
= tan
1
(0.119 05)
= 6.789
= 647
The angle of depression is 647.
7 a

b

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(42) =
2500
x

x = 2500 tan(42)
x = 2251.01
tan( ) =
O
A

tan(55) =
2500
y

y = 2500 tan(55)
y = 3570.37
Distance apart = y x
= 3570.37 2251.01
= 1319.36
The two survivors are 1319.36 m apart.
8

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(15.7) =
5.8
x

x = 5.8 tan(15.7)
= 1.6303
tan(15.9) =
5.8
y

y = 5.8 tan(15.9)
= 1.6522
h = y x
= 1.6522 1.6303
= 0.0219 km
h = 0.0219 1000 m
h = 21.9 m
h 22
The height of the lookout tower is 22 m.
9

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(60) =
50
x

x tan(60) = 50
x =
50
tan(60 )

=
50
3

=
50 3
3

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(45) =
50
y

y tan(45) = 50
y =
50
tan(45 )

=
50
1

= 50
d = y x
= 50
50 3
3

The distance from A to B is
50 3
50
3

m.
10 a N 35 W is (360 35) T
= 325 T
b S 47 W is (180 + 47) T
= 227 T
c N 58 E is 058 T
d S 17 E is (180 17) T
= 163 T
11 a 246 T is S(246 180) W
= S66 W
b 107 T is S(180 107) E
= S73 E
c 321 T is N(360 321) W
= N39 W
d 074 T is N 74 E
12 a S30 E = (180 30) T
= 150 T
The answer is C.
b 280 T = N(360 280) W
= N80 W
The answer is D.
13

cos() =
A
H

cos(20) =
1800
x

x = 1800 cos(20)
= 1691.4
She is 1691 m North of her starting point.
14

a x
2
= 2
2
+ 5
2

= 4 + 25 = 29
x = 29
= 5.385
The final leg is 5.39 km long.
b tan( ) =
O
A

tan( ) =
2
5

tan( ) = 0.4
= tan
1
(0.4)
= 21.801
= 2148
The bearing is N 2148 W.
15

tan( ) =
O
A

=
8
20
= 0.4
= tan
1
(0.4)
= 21.8014 = 2148
Bearing from starting point is 180 + 2148
= 20148T.
16


a

sin( ) =
O
H

sin(30) =
2
x

x = 2 sin(30)
= 1.0
cos(30) =
2
y

y = 2 cos(30)
= 1.732

d
2
= 4
2
+ (1.732)
2

= 16 + 3
= 19
d = 19
= 4.36
The competitor is 4.36 km from his starting point.
b tan() =
O
A

tan() =
1.732
4

= 0.433
= tan
1
(0.433)
= 23.41
= 2325
The true bearing is = 180 2325
= 15635T
17

a d
2
= 7
2
+ 10
2

= 49 + 100
= 149
d = 149
= 12.2
The two hikers are 12.2 km apart.
b tan( ) =
O
A

tan( ) =
7
10

=
1
7
tan
10

= tan
1
(0.7)
= 34.99
35

= 43 + 35
= 78
Bearing is 270 + 78 = 348T
or 360 348 = 12
N 12 W
18

a

cos( ) =
A
H

cos(40) =
3
x

x = 30 cos(40)
x = 22.98

sin( ) =
O
H

sin(20) =
20
y

y = 20 sin(20)
y = 6.84
Distance south = x + y
= 22.98 + 6.84
= 29.82
Ship is 29.82 km south of its starting point.
b

sin( ) =
O
H

sin(40) =
30
a

a = 30 sin(40)
a = 19.284

cos( ) =
A
H

cos(20) =
20
b

b = 20 cos(20)
b = 18.794
Distance west = a + b
= 19.284 + 18.794
= 38.078 38.08
Ship is 38.08 km west of its starting point.
c

tan( ) =
O
A

tan( ) =
29.82
38.08

= 0.78309
= tan
1
(0.783 09)
= 38.06 38
The ship is (270 38) True.
That is, 232 T from its original position.
19

a Distance = speed time
d = 40 3
= 120
sin( ) =
O
H

sin(70) =
x
d

=
120
x

x = 120 sin(70)
= 112.76
The distance between Arley and Bracknaw is
112.76 km.
b time =
distance
speed

Time between
A and B =
112.76
45

= 2.506 hours
= 2 hours and 30 minutes
Total time = 2 hours and 30 minutes + 3 hours
= 5 hours and 30 minutes
20 a

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(46) =
85
d

d tan(46) = 85
d =
85
tan(46 )
= 82.08
From A, the tower is 82.08 m away.
b

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(32) =
85
x

x tan(32) = 85
x =
85
tan(32 )
= 136.03
From B, the tower is 136.03 m away.
c


tan( ) =
O
A

tan( ) =
82.08
136.03

= 0.6034
= tan
1
(0.6034)
= 31.107
= 316
The tower is (270 + 316) = 3016 T from B.
21 a i

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(5) =
50
x

x tan(5) = 50
x =
50
tan(5 )

x = 571.5
At noon, the bird is 571.5 m away.
ii

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(4) =
50
y

y tan(4) = 50
y =
50
tan(4 )

y = 715.03
At 12.02 pm, the bird is 715 m away.
b i Distance travelled
= 715 571.5
= 143.5 m
The bird has travelled 143.5 m.
ii Speed =
distance
time

=
143.5 1000
2
60

=
0.1435
0.03333

= 4.31
The speed of the bird is 4.31 km/h.
Exercise 5C The sine rule
1

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
b
B

10
sin( ) A
=
12
sin(58 )

10 sin(58) = 12 sin(A)
sin(A) =
10sin(58 )
12

= 0.7067 07
A = sin
1
(0.7067 07)
= 44.9676
= 4458
C = 180 (58 + 4458)
= 772

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
b
B

sin(77 2 )
c

=
12
sin(58 )

c =
12 sin(77 2 )
sin(58 )

= 13.7893
c = 13.79
2

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

17.35
sin( ) C
=
26.82
sin(101 47 )

17.35 sin(10147) = 26.82 sin(C)
sin(C) =
17.35sin(101 47 )
26.82

= 0.633 27
C = sin
1
(0.633 27)
= 39.292
C = 3918
B = 180 (10147 + 3918)
= 3855

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(38 55 )
b

=
26.82
sin(101 47 )

b =
26.82 sin(38 55 )
sin(101 47)

= 17.2107
b 17.21
3

C = 180 (80 + 30)
= 70

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(80 )
b
=
5
sin(30 )

b =
5sin(80 )
sin(30 )

= 9.848 08
b = 9.85

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(70 )
c
=
5
sin(30 )

c =
5sin(70 )
sin(30 )

= 9.3969
c = 9.40
4

B = 180 (105 + 42)
= 33

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(105 )
a
=
27
sin(42 )

a =
27 sin(105 )
sin(42 )

= 38.9759
a = 38.98

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(33 )
b
=
27
sin(42 )

b =
27 sin(33 )
sin(42 )

= 21.976 66
b = 21.98
5

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

5
sin( ) C
=
7
sin(68 )

5 sin(68) = 7 sin(C)
sin(C) =
5sin(68 )
7

= 0.66227
C = sin
1
(0.662 27)
= 41.4735
= 4128
B = 180 (68 + 4128)
= 7032

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(70 32 )
b

=
7
sin(68 )

b =
7sin(70 32 )
sin(68 )

= 7.12
Perimeter = a + b + c
= 7 + 7.12 + 5
= 19.12
6

C = 180 (57 + 72)
= 51

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(72 )
b
=
48.2
sin(57 )

b =
48.2sin(51 )
sin(57 )

= 54.66

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(51 )
c
=
48.2
sin(57 )

c =
48.2sin(51 )
sin(57 )

= 44.66
7

A = 180 (105 + 15)
= 60

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(105 )
b
=
105
sin(60 )

b =
105sin(105 )
sin(60 )

= 117.11

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(15 )
c
=
105
sin(60 )


c =
105sin(15 )
sin(60 )

c = 31.38
8

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

51
sin( ) B
=
32
sin(28 )

51 sin(28) = 32 sin(B)
sin(B) =
51sin(28 )
32

= 0.748 22
B = sin
1
(0.748 22)
= 48.436 or 131.564
= 4826 or 13134
C = 180 (28 + 4826) or
C = 180 (28 + 13134)
C = 10334 or C = 2026

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(103 34 )
c

=
32
sin(28 )
or

sin(20 26 )
c

=
32
sin(28 )

c =
32sin(103 34 )
sin(28 )

or
c =
32sin(20 26 )
sin(28 )

c = 66.26 or c = 23.80
Solution B = 4826, C = 10334,
c = 66.26 or
B = 13134, C = 2026, c = 23.80
9

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

6.2
sin( ) B
=
7.8
sin(50 )

6.2 sin(50) = 7.8 sin(B)
sin(B) =
6.2sin(50 )
7.8

= 0.608 91
B = sin
1
(0.608 91)
= 37.5105
B = 3731
C = 180 (50 + 3731)
= 9229

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(92 29 )
c

=
7.8
sin(50 )

c =
7.8sin(92 29 )
sin(50 )

= 10.17
= 7.8 + 6.2 + 10.17
= 24.17
10

B = 180 (40 + 80)
= 60

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(60 )
b
=
3
sin(80 )

b =
3sin(60 )
sin(80 )

= 2.64
The answer is A.
11

or

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
c
C

10
sin( ) A
=
8
sin(50 )

10 sin(50) = 8 sin(A)
sin(A) =
10sin(50 )
8

= 0.957 56
A = sin
1
(0.957 56)
A = 73.247
A = 7315
or A = 180 7315
= 10645
B = 180 (7315 + 50)
= 5645
or B = 180 (10645 + 50)
= 2315

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
c
C


sin(56 45 )
b

=
8
sin(50 )
or

sin(23 15 )
b

=
8
sin(50 )

b =
8sin(56 45 )
sin(50 )

= 8.73
or b =
8sin(23 15 )
sin(50 )

= 4.12
Solution is A = 7315, b = 8.73 or
A = 10645, b = 4.12
12

or

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
b
B

20
sin( ) A
=
12
sin(35 )

20 sin(35) = 12 sin(A)
sin(A) =
20sin(35 )
12

= 0.955 96
A = sin
1
(0.955 96)
= 72.933
A = 7256
or A = 180 7256
= 1074
C = 180 (35 + 7256)
C = 724
or C = 180 (35 + 1074)
C = 3756

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
b
B

sin(72 4 )
c

=
12
sin(35 )
or

sin(37 56 )
c

=
12
sin(35 )

c =
12sin(72 4 )
sin(35 )

= 19.90
or c =
12sin(37 56 )
sin(35 )

= 12.86
= 20 + 12 + 19.90 or
= 20 + 12 + 12.86
= 51.90 or 44.86
13

C = 180 (27 + 43)
= 110

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(27 )
a
=
6.4
sin(110 )

a =
6.4sin(27 )
sin(110 )

a = 3.09

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(43 )
b
=
6.4
sin(110 )

b =
6.4sin(43 )
sin(110 )

b = 4.64
C = 110, a = 3.09, b = 4.64
14

B = 180 (100 + 42)
= 38

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
b
B

sin(100 )
a
=
2.1
sin(38 )

a =
2.1sin(100 )
sin(38 )

a = 3.36

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
b
B

sin(42 )
c
=
2.1
sin(38 )

c =
2.1sin(42 )
sin(38 )

= 2.28
B = 38, a = 3.36, c = 2.28
15

or

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

17
sin( ) B
=
13
sin(25 )

17 sin(25) = 13 sin(B)
sin(B) =
17sin(25 )
13

= 0.552 65
B = sin
1
(0.552 65)
B = 33.549
B = 3333
or B = 180 3333
= 14627
C = 180 (25 + 3333)
= 12127
or C = 180 (25 + 14627)
C = 833

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(121 27 )
c

=
13
sin(25 )

or
sin(8 33 )
c

=
13
sin(25 )

c =
13sin(121 27 )
sin(25 )

= 26.24
or c =
13sin(8 33 )
sin(25 )

= 4.57
Solution is B = 3333, C = 12127, c = 26.24 or
B = 14627, C = 833, c = 4.57
16

B = 180 64
= 116
C = 180 (48 + 116)
= 16

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(116 )
b
=
18
sin(16 )

b =
18sin(116 )
sin(16 )

= 58.69

sin() =
O
H

sin(48) =
58.69
h

h = 58.69 sin(48)
= 43.62
The height of the building is 43.62 metres.
17

a C = 180 (43 + 35)
= 102

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(43 )
x
=
10
sin(102 )

x =
10sin(43 )
sin(102 )

= 6.97
The distance from the second bearing to the tree is 6.97
metres.
b

cos() =
A
H

cos(55) =
6.97
w

w = 6.97 cos(55)
= 3.9978
The width of the river is 4 metres.
18

a B = 180 (65 + 20)
= 95

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
b
B

14
sin( ) C
=
20
sin(95 )

14 sin(95) = 20 sin(C)
sin(C) =
14sin(95 )
20

= 0.697 336
C = sin
1
(0.697 336)
= 44.214
= 4413
A = 180 (95 + 4413)
= 4047

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
b
B

sin(40 47 )
x

=
20
sin(95 )

x =
20sin(40 47 )
sin(95 )

= 13.11
The ship is 13.11 km from its starting point.
b

+ 20 = 4047
= 2047
The 20 km leg is sailed on a bearing or N 2047 W.
19

a B = 30 + 53
= 83
C = 180 (60 + 83)
= 37
Distance = speed time
c = 8
45
60

= 6 km

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(60 )
a
=
6
sin(37 )

a =
6sin(60 )
sin(37 )

= 8.634
The second leg is 8.63 km long.
b Speed =
distance
time

=
8.634
80
60

=
8.634 60
80

= 6.48
The speed is 6.48 km/h.
c
sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(83 )
b
=
6
sin(37 )

b =
6sin(83 )
sin(37 )

= 9.896
She needs to run 9.90 km to get back to the start.
20

A = 180 (42 + 63)
= 75
B = 63 12
= 51
C = 180 (75 + 51)
= 54

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(75 )
a
=
23
sin(54 )

a =
23sin(75 )
sin(54 )

= 27.46

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(51 )
b
=
23
sin(54 )

b =
23sin(51 )
sin(54 )

= 22.09
The fire is 22.09 km from A and 27.46 km from B.

21

B = 85 + 15
= 100
A = 90 15
= 75
C = 180 (100 + 75)
= 5

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
c
C

sin(100 )
b
=
10
sin(5 )

b =
10sin(100 )
sin(5 )

= 112.99
or b = 113 km
The answer is D.
22

A = 90 30
= 60
C = 30 + (90 10)
= 110

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(110 )
c
=
8
sin(60 )

c =
8sin(110 )
sin(60 )

= 8.68
The answer is B.
23

A = 180 (40 + 25)
= 115
B = 25
C = 40

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

sin(25 )
x
=
37
sin(115 )

x =
37sin(25 )
sin(115 )

= 17.25

sin() =
O
H

sin(50) =
17.25
y

y = 17.25 sin(50)
= 13.21
h = 37 y
= 37 13.21
= 23.79
Total length of rope required
= 2 + x + h
= 2 + 17.25 + 23.79
= 43.04 metres
Therefore 45 m is enough rope since only 43 m is required.
Exercise 5D The cosine rule
1

c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C)
= 3.4
2
+ 7.8
2
2 3.4 7.8 cos(80)
= 11.56 + 60.84 9.2103
= 63.1897
c = 63.1897
= 7.9492
c = 7.95
2

a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos(A)
= 64.5
2
+ 38.1
2
2 64.5 38.1 cos(5834)
= 4160.25 + 1451.61 4914.9 0.5215
= 5611.86 2563.1504
= 3048.7096
a = 3048.7096
= 55.215
a = 55.22
3

b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac cos(B)
= 10
2
+ 17
2
2 10 17 cos(115)
= 100 + 289 340 (0.4226)
= 389 + 143.6902
b
2
= 532.6902
b = 532.6902
= 23.080
= 23.08
cos(A) =
2 2 2
2
b c a
bc
+

=
2 2 2
23.08 10 17
2 23.08 10
+

=
532.6902 100 289
461.6
+

=
343.6902
461.6

= 0.744 563
A = cos
1
(0.744 563)
= 41.878
= 4153
C = 180 (4153 + 115)
= 237
4

Smallest angle is opposite the shortest side.
cos(B) =
2 2 2
2
a c b
ac
+

=
2 2 2
6 8 4
2 6 8
+

=
36 64 16
96
+

=
84
96

= 0.875
B = cos
1
(0.875)
= 28.955
= 2857
5

Largest angle is opposite the longest side.
cos(A) =
2 2 2
2
b c a
bc
+

=
2 2 2
207 296 356
2 207 296
+

=
42 849 87 616 126 736
122 544
+

=
3729
122 544

= 0.030 43
A = cos
1
(0.030 43)
= 88.256
= 8815
6

cos(A) =
2 2 2
2
b c a
bc
+

=
2 2 2
17.3 26.4 23.6
2 17.3 26.4
+

=
439.29
913.44

= 0.480 92
A = cos
1
(0.480 92)
= 61.2546
A = 6115
cos(B) =
2 2 2
2
a c b
ac
+

=
2 2 2
23.6 26.4 17.3
2 23.6 26.4
+

=
954.63
1246.08

= 0.7661
B = cos
1
(0.7661)
= 39.994
= 3960
= 40
C = 180 (6115 + 40)
= 7845
7

f
2
= d
2
+ e
2
2de cos(60)
= 3
2
+ 7
2
2 3 7 cos(60)
= 9 + 49 42
1
2

= 58 21
= 37
f = 37 cm
8

C = 180 (30 + 40)

= 110
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C)
= 1200
2
+ 1500
2
2 1200 1500 cos(110)
= 1 440 000 + 2 250 000 3 600 000 (0.342 021 43)
= 3 690 000 + 1 231 272.516
= 4 921 272.516
C = 4 921 272.516
= 2218.394
The two rowers are 2218 m apart.
9

a B = 180 (34 + 68)
= 78
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac cos(B)
= 7
2
+ 12
2
2 7 12 cos(78)
= 49 + 144 168 0.2079
= 193 34.9292
= 158.0708
b = 158.0708
= 12.573
She is 12.57 km from her starting point.
b cos(C) =
2 2 2
2
a b c
ab
+

=
2 2 2
7 12.57 12
2 7 12.57
+

=
63.0049
175.98

= 0.358 023
C = cos
1
(0.358 023)
= 69.021
= 691

= 691 34
= 351
The bearing of the starting point from the finishing point
is S 351 E.
10

a Smallest angle is opposite the smallest side.
cos(C) =
2 2 2
2
a b c
ab
+

=
2 2 2
4.5 5.2 3
2 4.5 5.2
+

=
38.29
46.8

= 0.818 16
C = cos
1
(0.818 16)
= 35.099
= 356
b

sin() =
O
H

sin(356) =
4.5
h

h = 4.5 sin(356)
= 2.59
Area =
1
2
bh
=
1
2
5.2 2.59
= 6.73
The area is 6.73 m
2
.
11

cos(A) =
2 2 2
26
b c a
c
+

=
2 2 2
7 5.2 3
2 7 5.2
+

=
67.04
72.8

= 0.920 88
A = cos
1
(0.920 88)
= 22.945
= 2257
23
The shot must be made within 23.
12

cos(A) =
2 2 2
2
b c a
bc
+

=
2 2 2
5 110 100
2 35 120
3 +

=
5625
8400

= 0.669 64
A = cos
1
(0.669 64)
= 47.960
= 4758
sin() =
O
H

sin(4758) =
120
h

h = 120 sin(4758)
h = 120 sin(47.96)
h = 89.12
The balloon can fly 89.12 m.
13

a B = 70 10
= 60
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac cos(B)
= 150
2
+ 80
2
2 150 80 cos(60)
= 28 900 12 000
= 16 900
b = 16 900
= 130
The plane is 130 km from its starting point.
b cos(A) =
2 2 2
2
b c a
bc
+

=
2 2 2
130 80 150
2 130 80
+

=
800
20 800

= 0.038 462
A = cos
1
(0.038 462)
= 87.796
= 8748
= 180 (8748 + 70)
= 2212
The plane is on a bearing of S 2212 E from its starting
point.
14

C = 117 53 = 64
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C)
= 16.2
2
+ 31.6
2
2 16.2 31.6 cos(64)
= 1261 448.8219
= 812.1781
c = 812.1781
= 28.499
The ships are 28.5 km apart.
15

C = 35 + 90 + 10
= 135
Distance travelled by plane A
= 120
25
60

= 50 km
Distance travelled by plane B
= 90
20
60

= 30 km
So a = 50 km, b = 30 km.
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C)
= 50
2
+ 30
2
2 50 30 cos(135)
= 3400 3000 (0.707 11)
= 3400 + 2121.3203
= 5521.3203
c = 5521.3203
= 74.3
At 10.25 am the planes are 74.3 km apart.
16

a = 5 + 6 = 11
b = 6 + 8 = 14
c = 5 + 8 = 13
Largest angle is opposite the longest side.
cos(B) =
2 2 2
2
a c b
ac
+


=
2 2 2
11 13 14
2 11 13
+

=
94
286

= 0.328 67
B = cos
1
(0.328 67)
= 70.8118
B = 7049
The largest angle is 7049.
17

a d
2
= 7
2
+ 10
2
2 7 10 cos(60)
= 149 70
= 79
d = 79
= 8.89
The diagonal is 8.89 m long.
b cos(B) =
2 2 2
7 8.89 10
2 7 8.89
+

=
28.0321
124.46

= 0.225 23
B = cos
1
(0.225 23)
= 76.984
= 7659
c

A = 150 7659
= 731
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos(A)
x
2
= 8.89
2
+ 8
2
2 8.89 8 cos(731)
= 143.0321 41.5474
= 101.4847
x = 101.4847
= 10.07 m
18

sin() =
O
H

sin(47) =
68
x

a sin(47) = 68
a =
68
sin(47 )

a = 92.98
sin() =
O
H

sin(15) =
68
b

b sin(15) = 68
b =
68
sin (15 )

b = 262.73
47 15 = 32
y
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(32)
= 92.98
2
+ 262.73
2
2 92.98 262.73 cos(32)
= 77 672.333 41 433.315
= 36 239.018
y = 36 239.018
= 190.37
Speed =
distance
time

=
190.37 1000
10
60

1.14
Speed of the yacht is 1.14 km/h.
Exercise 5E Area of triangles
1

A =
1
2
ab sin(C)
=
1
2
7 4 sin(68)
= 14 0.927 18
= 12.98 06
= 12.98
2

A =
1
2
ac sin(B)
=
1
2
7.3 10.8 sin(10440)
= 39.42 0.967 415
= 38.1355
= 38.14
3

A =
1
2
bc sin(A)
=
1
2
23.1 18.6 sin(8217)
= 214.83 0.990 944
= 212.8845
= 212.88
4

Area =
1
2
de sin (F)
=
1
2
6 9 sin(60)
= 27
3
2

=
27 3
2

5

Area =
1
2
pr sin (Q)
=
1
2
12 10 sin (45)
= 60
2
2

= 30 2
6

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
b
B

15
sin( ) A
=
20
sin(50 )

15 sin(50) = 20 sin(A)
sin(A) =
15sin(50 )
20

= 0.574 53
A = sin
1
(0.574 53)
= 35.067
= 354
C = 180 (354 + 50)
= 9456
Area =
1
2
ab sin(C)
=
1
2
15 20 sin(9456)
= 149.44 m
2

The answer is C.
7

Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(5 + 6 + 8)
= 9.5
Area = 9.5(9.5 6)(9.5 8)(9.5 5)
= 9.5 3.5 1.5 4.5
= 224.4375
= 14.98 cm
2

8

Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(40 + 30 + 57)
= 63.5
Area = 63.5(63.5 30)(63.5 57)(63.5 40)
= 63.5 33.5 6.5 23.5
= 324 937.4375
= 570.03 mm
2

9

Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(1.6 + 3 + 2.7)
= 3.65
Area = 3.65(3.65 1.6)(3.65 3)(3.65 2.7)
= 3.65 2.05 0.65 0.95
= 4.620 44
= 2.15 cm
2

10 s =
4 4 4
2
+ +
= 6
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
= 6(6 4)(6 4)(6 4)

= 6 2 2 2
= 48
= 4 3
11 s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
s =
1
2
(10 + 14 + 20)
= 22
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
= 22(22 10)(22 14)(22 20)
= 22 12 8 2
= 4224
= 64.99 cm
2

65 cm
2

The answer is B.
12

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
c
C

10
sin( ) A
=
14
sin(48 )

10 sin(48) = 14 sin(A)
sin(A) =
10sin(48 )
14

= 0.530 82
A = sin
1
(0.530 82)
= 32.061
A = 324
B = 180 (324 + 48)
= 9956
Area =
1
2
ac sin(B)
=
1
2
14 10 sin(9956)
= 70 0.985 01
= 68.951
= 68.95 cm
2

13

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
c
C

17
sin( ) A
=
22
sin(56 )

17 sin(56) = 22 sin(A)
sin(A) =
17sin(56 )
22

= 0.640 62
A = sin
1
(0.640 62)
A = 39.838
= 3950
B = 180 (3950 + 56)
= 8410
Area =
1
2
ac sin(B)
=
1
2
17 22 sin(8410)
= 186.032
= 186.03 m
2

14

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
b
B

15
sin( ) C
=
32
sin(38 )

15 sin(38) = 32 sin(C)
sin(C) =
15sin(38 )
32

= 0.288 59
C = sin
1
(0.288 59)
= 16.774
= 1646
A = 180 (38 + 1646)
= 12514
Area =
1
2
bc sin(A)
=
1
2
32 15 sin(12514)
= 196.034
= 196.03 mm
2

15 s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(114 + 72 + 87)
= 136.5
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
= 136.5(136.5 114)(136.5 72)(136.5 87)
= 136.5 22.5 64.5 49.5
= 980 5733.438
= 3131.41 mm
2

16

sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
b
B

35
sin( ) C
=
62
sin(115 )

35 sin(115) = 62 sin(C)
sin(C) =
35sin(115 )
62

= 0.511 625
C = sin
1
(0.511 625)
= 30.772
C = 3046
A = 180 (115 + 3046)
= 3414
Area =
1
2
bc sin(A)
=
1
2
62 35 sin(3414)
= 610.38 cm
2

17

a Area =
1
2
ac sin(B)
=
1
2
30 25 sin(30)
= 187.5 cm
2

b b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac cos(B)
= 30
2
+ 25
2
2 30 25 cos(30)
= 1525 1299.04
= 225.96
b = 225.96
= 15.03 cm
c s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(30 + 25 + 15.03)
= 35.015
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c

= 35.015(35.015 30)(35.015 15.03)(35.015 25)
= 35.015 5.015 19.985 10.015
= 35146.35
= 187.47 cm
2

18

b
2
= 1
2
+ 2
2

= 1 + 4
= 5
b = 5
= 2.24
ABC,
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(5 + 2.24 + 4)
= 5.62
Area = 5.62(5.62 2.24)(5.62 5)(5.62 4)
= 5.62 3.38 0.62 1.62
= 19.0792
= 4.37 m
2

ACD, Area =
1
2
b h
=
1
2
2 1
= 1 m
2

Total area = 4.37 + 1
= 5.37 m
2

Number of fish =
5.37
0.3

= 17.9
So, the pond can hold 17 goldfish.
19

Area =
1
2
ac sin(B)
ABC,
Area =
1
2
5 8 sin(60)
= 17.32 m
2

b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac cos(60)
= 8
2
+ 5
2
2 5 8 0.5
= 89 40
= 49
b = 49
= 7
ACD,
s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
s =
1
2
(4 + 3.5 + 7)
= 7.25
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
= 7.25(7.25 4)(7.25 3.5)(7.25 7)
Area = 7.25 3.25 3.75 0.25
= 22.0898
= 4.70 m
2

Total area = 4.70 + 17.32
= 22.02 m
2

20

a ABC,
Area =
1
2
5 8.5 sin(125)
= 17.407 cm
2


ACE,
Area =
1
2
5 8.5 sin(55)
= 17.407 cm
2

Area of parallelogram
= 2 17.407 + 2 17.407
= 69.63 cm
2

b c
2
= a
2
+ e
2
2ae cos(C)
x
2
= 5
2
+ 8.5
2
2 5 8.5 cos(125)
= 97.25 + 48.754
= 146.004
x = 146.004
= 12.08
c
2
= a
2
+ e
2
2ae cos(C)
y
2
= 5
2
+ 8.5
2
2 5 8.5 cos(55)
= 97.25 48.754
= 48.496
y = 48.496
= 6.96
The dimensions of the parallelogram are 12.08 cm and
6.96 cm.
21 s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(11 + 15 + 17.2)
= 21.6
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
= 21.6(21.6 11)(21.6 15)(21.6 17.2)
= 21.6 10.6 6.6 4.4
= 6648.9984
= 81.54 m
2

Amount of grass seed =
81.54
5
(kg)
= 16.3
That is, 17 kg of grass seed will be required to cover all the
lawn.
22

c
2
= 2000
2
+ 200
2

= 4 040 000
c = 4 040 000
= 2010
ABD,
Area =
1
2
200 2000
= 200 000 m
2

ABC,
s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(1800 + 400 + 2010)
= 2105
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
= 2105(2105 1800)(2105 400)(2105 2010)
= 2105 305 1705 95
= 103991999 400
= 322 477.9 m
2

Total area = 200 000 + 322 477.9
= 522 477.9 m
2

= 522 477.9 10 000 hectares
= 52.2
The fire has burnt 52.2 hectares of land.
23

ABC,
a
2
= 2
2
+ 5
2
2 2 5 cos(50)
= 29 12.856
= 16.144
a = 16.144
= 4.02

sin( )
b
B
=
sin( )
a
A

5
sin( ) B
=
4.02
sin(50 )

5 sin(50) = 4.02 sin(B)
sin(B) =
5sin(50 )
4.02

= 0.952 79
B = sin
1
(0.952 79)
= 72.325
B = 7219
BCD,
DBC = 130 7219
= 5741
DCB = 180 (100 + 5741)
= 2219

sin(22 19 )
x

=
4.02
sin(100 )

x =
4.02sin(22 19 )
sin(100 )

= 1.55
Area of BCD =
1
2
1.55 4.02 sin(5741)
= 2.633 m
2

Area of ABC =
1
2
2 5 sin(50)
= 3.830 m
2

Total area = 3.830 + 2.633
= 6.463 m
2

Volume = A L
= 6.463 27
= 174.501
174.5
The volume of the embankment is 174.5 m
3
.
24

Area = 2
1
2
18 14 sin(72)
= 252 0.951 056 5
= 239.7 cm
2

The answer is D.
25

h
2
= 15
2
9
2

= 225 81
= 144
h = 144
= 12
Area =
1
2
b h
=
1
2
18 12
= 108 m
2

Total area to be painted = 2 108
= 216 m
2

Amount of paint required =
216
12

= 18 L
The answer is B.
Exercise 5F Trigonometric identities
1 sin
2
( ) + cos
2
( ) = 1
sin
2
( ) +
2
4
5

= 1
sin
2
( ) +
16
25
= 1
sin
2
( ) =
9
25

sin( ) =
3
5

As is in the first quadrant sin( ) =
3
5
.
2 sin
2
( ) + cos
2
( ) = 1

2
12
13

+ cos
2
( ) = 1

144
169
+ cos
2
( ) = 1
cos
2
( ) =
25
169

cos( ) =
5
13

As is in the first quadrant cos( ) =
5
13
.
3 sin
2
( ) + cos
2
( ) = 1

2
6
10

+ cos
2
( ) = 1

36
100
+ cos
2
( ) = 1
cos
2
( ) =
64
100

cos( ) =
8
10

8
10
=
4
5
.
4 sin
2
( ) + cos
2
( ) = 1
sin
2
( ) +
2
2
7

= 1
sin
2
( ) +
4
49
= 1
sin
2
( ) =
45
49

sin( ) =
45
7

=
3 5
7

As is in the first quadrant sin( ) =
3 5
7
.
5 sin(30) =
1
2
, cos(30) =
3
2

sin
2
(30) + cos
2
(30)
=
2
2
1 3
2 2

+

=
1 3
4 4
+
=
4
4

= 1
So sin
2
( ) + cos
2
( ) = 1 is true for = 30.
6 sin( ) = cos(90 )
= 12
sin(12) = cos(90 12)
= cos(78)
= 0.208
7 cos( ) = sin(90 )
= 42
cos(42) = sin(90 42)
= sin(48)
= 0.743
Exercise 5G Radian measurement
1 a 30 = 30
180

=
30
180

=
6

b 60 = 60
180

=
60
180

=
3


c 120 = 120
180

=
120
180

=
2
3

d 150 = 150
180

=
150
180

=
5
6

e 225 = 225
180

=
225
180

=
5
4

f 270 = 270
180

=
270
180

=
3
2

g 315 = 315
180

=
315
180

=
7
4

h 480 = 480
180

=
480
180

=
8
3

i 72 = 72
180

=
72
180

=
2
5

j 200 = 200
180

=
200
180

=
10
9

2 a
4
=
4

180

=
180
4

= 45
b
3
2
=
3
2

180

=
3 180
2

= 270
c
7
6
=
7
6

180

=
7 180
6

= 210
d
5
3
=
5
3

180

=
5 180
3

= 300
e
7
12
=
7
12

180

=
7 180
12

= 105
f
17
6
=
17
6

180

=
17 180
6

= 510
g
12
=
12

180

=
180
12

= 15
h
13
10
=
13
10

180

=
13 180
10

= 234
i
11
8
=
11
8

180

=
11 180
8

= 247.5
j 8 = 8
180

= 8 180
= 1440
3 a 27 = 27
180

=
27
180

= 0.4712
b 109 = 109
180

=
109
180

= 1.9024
c 243 = 243
180

=
243
180

= 4.2412
d 351 = 351
180

=
351
180

= 6.1261
e 7 = 7
180

=
7
180

= 0.1222
f 6342 = 63.7
= 63.7
180

=
63.7
180

= 1.1118
g 13821 = 138.35
= 138.35
180

=
138.35
180

= 2.4147
h 2748 = 274.133 333 3
= 274.133 333 3
180

=
274.1333333
180

= 4.7845
i 32653 = 326.883 333 3
= 326.883 333 3
180

=
326.8833333
180

= 5.7052
j 472 = 47.033 333 33
= 47.033 333 33
180

=
47.0333333
180

= 0.8209
4 a 2.345
c
= 2.345
180

=
2.345 180

= 134.358 603
= 13422
b 0.6103
c
= 0.6103
180

=
0.6103 180

= 34.967 614 24
= 3458
c 1
c
= 1
180

=
1 180

= 57.295 779 51
= 5718
d 1.61
c
= 1.61
180

=
1.61 180

= 92.246 205 02
= 9215
e 3.592
c
= 3.592
180

=
3.592 180

= 205.806 44
= 20548
f 7.25
c
= 7.25
180

=
7.25 180

= 415.394 401 5
= 41524
g 0.182
c
= 0.182
180

=
0.182 180

= 10.427 831 87
= 1026
h 5.8402
c
= 5.8402
180

=
5.8402 180

= 334.618 811 5
= 33437
i 4.073
c
= 4.073
180

=
4.073 180

= 233.365 71
= 23322
j 6.167
c
= 6.167
180

=
6.167 180

= 353.343 072 3
= 35321
Exercise 5H Arcs, sectors and segments
1 65 = 65
180

=
65
180

= 1.1345
l = r
= 14 1.1345
= 15.883
= 15.88 cm
2 153 = 153
180

=
153
180

= 2.6704
l = r
= 75 2.6704
= 200.28 mm
3 135 = 135
180

=
135
180

=
3
4

l = r

= 10
3
4

=
15
2
cm
4 41 = 41
180

=
41
180

= 0.7156
l = r
3.5 = r 0.7156
r =
3.5
0.7156

= 4.891
= 4.89 cm
5 205 = 205
180

=
205
180

= 3.5779
l = r
27.8 = r 3.5779
r =
27.8
3.5779

r = 7.77 cm
6 60 = 60
180

=
60
180

=
3

l = r
4 = r
3

r =
12
cm
7 a l = r
20 = 75
=
20
75

= 0.2667
c

b = 0.2667
180

= 15.2808
= 1517
8 a l = r
8 = 5
=
8
5

= 1.6
c

b = 1.6
c

= 1.6
180

= 91.6732
= 9140
9 l = r
8 = 13
=
8
13

= 0.6154
c

=
0.6154 180

= 35.2598
= 3516
10 l = r
245 = 180
=
245
180

= 1.3611
c

= 1.3611
180

= 77.985
= 7759
11 =
20
60
360
= 120
= 120
180

= 2.0944
l = r
= 35 2.0944
= 73.304
= 73.3 cm
12 = 42
= 42
180

= 0.7330
c

l = r
= 3 0.7330
= 2.199
= 2.20 m
13 = 56
= 56
180

= 0.9774
A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
17
2
0.9774
= 141.2343
= 141.23 cm
2

14 = 256
= 256
180

= 4.468 04
A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
6.2
2
4.468 04
= 85.875 73
= 85.88 cm
2

15 100 = 100
180

=
100
180

=
5
9

A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
6
2

5
9

= 10 cm
2

16 70 = 70
180

= 1.2217
A =
1
2
r
2

825 =
1
2
r
2
1.2217
r
2
=
2 825
1.2217

= 1350.577 065
r = 1350.577 065
= 36.7502
= 36.75 cm
17 A =
1
2
r
2

309 =
1
2
18.2
2

= 165.62
=
309
165.62

= 1.8657
c

= 1.8657
180

= 106.897
= 10654
18 l = r
18 = 30
=
18
30

= 0.6
c

A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
30
2
0.6
= 270 cm
2

19 a l = r
5 = 4
=
5
4

= 1.25
c

A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
4
2
1.25
= 10 m
2

b V = A h, h = 10 cm = 0.1 m
= 10 0.1
= 1 m
3

20 =
40
60
360
= 240
= 240
180

= 4.188 79
c

A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
62
2
4.188 79
= 8050.85 cm
2

21 a = 150
= 150
180

= 2.617 99
c

A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
12
2
2.617 99
= 188.495
= 188.50 cm
2

b Length of arc:
l = r
l = 12 150
180

l = 10
Circumference of base of cone
= length of arc.
C = 2 r
10 = 2 r
r =
10
2

r = 5 cm
22 100 = 100
180

= 1.745 33
c

A =
1
2
r
2
( sin( ))
r = 25, = 1.745 33
c
or = 100
A =
1
2
25
2
(1.745 33 sin(100))
=
1
2
625(1.745 33 0.984 81)
= 312.5 0.760 52
= 237.6632
= 237.66 cm
2

23 = 8520
= 85.333
= 85.333
180

= 1.489 35
c

A =
1
2
r
2
( sin( ))
r = 4.7, = 1.489 35
c
or = 8520
=
1
2
4.7
2
(1.489 35 0.996 68)
=
1
2
4.7
2
0.492 67
= 5.441
= 5.44 m
2

24 75 = 75
180

= 1.3090
c

A =
1
2
r
2
( sin( ))
A = 100, = 1.309 or = 75
100 =
1
2
r
2
(1.3090 sin(75))
200 = r
2
(1.3090 0.9659)
200 = r
2
0.3431
r
2
=
200
0.3431

r
2
= 582.9204

r = 582.9204
r = 24.14 cm
25 A =
1
2
r
2

100 =
1
2
15
2

=
2
2 100
15

=
200
225

= 0.8889
c

= 0.8889
180

= 50.9302
= 5056
26

3, 4 and 5 form a Pythagorean triad, therefore they form a
right-angled triangle.

sin(a) =
3
5

= 0.6
a = sin
1
(0.6)
= 36.87
= 36.87
180

= 0.6435
c

2a = 73.74 or 2a = 1.287
c

sin(b) =
4
5

= 0.8
b = sin
1
(0.8)
= 53.13
= 53.13
180

= 0.9273
c

2b = 106.26 or 2b = 1.8546
c

Area = Sum of area of two segments
=
1
2
r
1
2
(2a sin(2a)) +
1
2
r
2
2
(2b sin(2b))
=
1
2
4
2
(1.287 sin(73.74)) +
1
2
3
2

(1.8546 sin(106.26))
= 8 (0.3270) + 4.5 (0.8946)
= 2.616 + 4.0257
= 6.6417
= 6.64 cm
2

27 l = r
28 = 20
=
28
20

= 1.4
c

The answer is D.
28 A =
1
2
r
2
( sin( ))
60 = 60
180

= 1.0472
r = 12, = 1.0472 or = 60
A =
1
2
12
2
(1.0472 sin(60))
= 72 0.1812
= 13.04 cm
2

The answer is E.
29

cos(a) =
2 2 2
7 10 4
2 7 10
+

=
133
140

= 0.95
a = cos
1
(0.95)
= 18.195
= 18.195
180

= 0.3176
c

2a = 36.39 or 2a = 0.6352
c

cos(b) =
2 2 2
4 10 7
2 4 10
+

=
67
80

= 0.8375
b = cos
1
(0.8375)
= 33.123
b = 33.123
180

= 0.5781
c

2b = 66.246 or 2b = 1.1562
c

Area = Sum of area of two segments
=
1
2
r
1
2
(2a sin(2a)) +
1
2
r
2
2

(2b sin(2b))
=
1
2
7
2
(0.6352 sin(36.39)) +
1
2
4
2

(1.1562 sin(66.246))
= 24.5 (0.0419) + 8 (0.2409)
= 1.0266 + 1.9272
= 2.9538
= 2.95 m
2

30 l = r
= 10 50
180

=
500
180

= 8.727
= 8.73 cm
The answer is A.
Chapter review
Short answer
1

tan(60) =
1
h

h = tan(60)
h = 3 = 1.73 m
2

tan() =
O
A

tan(30) =
12
x

x tan(30) = 12
x =
12
tan(30 )

= 20.785
= 20.8 m
3
sin(45 )
m
=
12
sin(30 )

m
2
2
= 12
1
2

2
2
m
= 24
m = 12 2 cm
4

Largest angle is opposite the longest side, that is, B.
cos(B) =
2 2 2
2
a c b
ac
+

=
2 2 2
15 12 20
2 15 12
+

=
31
360

= 0.086 11
5 Area =
1
2
20 25 sin(45)
= 250
2
2

= 125 2 m
2

6 s =
4 5 7
2
+ +
= 8
Area = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
= 8(8 4)(8 5)(8 7)
= 8 4 3 1
= 48
= 4 3 m
2

7 sin
2
( ) + cos
2
( ) = 1

2
3
8

+ cos
2
( ) = 1

9
64
+ cos
2
( ) = 1
cos
2
( ) =
55
64

cos( ) =
55
8

55
.
8

8 a i 80 = 80
180

=
80
180

=
4
9

ii 125 = 125
180

=
125
180

=
25
36

iii 640 = 640
180

=
640
180

=
32
9

b i
20
c
=
20

180

=
180
20

= 9
ii
15
8
c
=
15
8

180

=
15 180
8

= 337.5
iii 7
c
= 7
180

= 7 180
= 1260

9

= 60
= 60
180

= 1.0472
c

a l = r
= 75 1.0472
= 78.54 m
Perimeter = 2 75 + 78.54
= 150 + 78.54
= 228.54 m
b A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
75
2
1.0472
= 2945.25 m
2

Multiple choice
1 tan( ) =
O
A

tan( ) =
5
4

= 1.25
= tan
1
(1.25)
= 51.34
51
The answer is C.
2

sin( ) =
O
H

sin( ) =
2
4.5

= 0.4444
= sin
1
(0.4444)
= 26.39
26
The answer is B.
3

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(62) =
18
h

h = 18 tan(62)
h = 33.85
Height of building = 33.85 + 1.8
= 35.65
36 m
The answer is C.
4 310T = N(360 310)W
= N 50 W
The answer is B.
5

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
b
B

10
sin( ) A
=
7
sin(40 )

10 sin(40) = 7 sin(A)
sin(A) =
10sin(40 )
7

= 0.918 27
A = sin
1
(0.918 27)
= 66.674 or 180 66.674
= 6640 or = 113.326
= 11320
C = 180 (40 + 6640)
= 7320
73
or
C = 180 (40 + 11320)
= 2640
27
The answer is D.
6

a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos(A)
= 10
2
+ 15
2
2 10 15 cos(135)
= 325 300 (0.7071)
= 325 + 212.132
= 537.132
a = 537.132
= 23.18 km
The answer is E.
7

The largest angle is opposite the longest side.
cos(B) =
2 2 2
2
a c b
ac
+

=
2 2 2
8 5 10
2 8 5
+

=
11
80

= 0.1375
B = cos
1
(0.1375)
= 97.9
98
The answer is C.
8

A =
1
2
ab sin(C )
=
1
2
8 10 sin(72)
= 40 0.951 056 5
= 38.042
= 38.04 m
2

The answer is D.
9 s =
1
2
(a + b + c)
=
1
2
(4 + 5.2 + 7)
= 8.1
A = ( )( )( ) s s a s b s c
= 8.1(8.1 4)(8.1 5.2)(8.1 7)
= 8.1 4.1 2.9 1.1
= 105.9399
= 10.293
Volume = Ah, h = 250 mm = 0.25 m
= 10.293 0.25
= 2.57 m
3

The answer is B.
10 75 = 75
180

=
75
180

=
5
12

The answer is D.
11 5.321
c
= 5.321
180

= 304.871
= 30452
The answer is B.
12 l = r
3.5 = 5
=
3.5
5

= 0.7
c

= 0.7
180

= 40.1
40
The answer is B.
13 = 30
= 30
180
c

= 0.5236
c

A =
1
2
r
2

40 =
1
2
r
2
0.5236
80 = r
2
0.5236
r
2
=
80
0.5236

= 152.7887
r = 152.7887
= 12.36
l = r
= 12.36 0.5236
= 6.47 cm
The answer is D.
14 = 120
= 120
180
c

= 2.0944
c

A =
1
2
r
2
(
c
sin( ))
r = 40, = 2.0944
c
or = 120
=
1
2
40
2
(2.0944 sin(120))
= 800 (2.0944 0.8660)
= 800 1.2284
= 982.7
983 cm
2

The answer is E.
15 =
48
60
360
= 288
= 288
180
c

= 5.0265
c

A =
1
2
r
2

=
1
2
75
2
5.0265
= 14 137.2 cm
2

= 1.413 72 m
2

1.41 m
2

answer is C.
Extended response
1 a

a = 2 + 3 = 5 cm
b = 3 + 4 = 7 cm
c = 2 + 4 = 6 cm
cos(A) =
2 2 2
2
b c a
bc
+


=
2 2 2
7 6 5
2 7 6
+

=
60
84

= 0.7143
A = cos
1
(0.7143)
= 44.415
= 4425
cos(B) =
2 2 2
2
a c b
ac
+

=
2 2 2
5 6 7
2 5 6
+

=
12
60

= 0.2
B = cos
1
(0.2)
= 78.463
= 7828
C = 180 (4425 + 7828)
= 577
The three angles are 4425, 577 and 7828.
b Area =
1
2
ab sin(C)
=
1
2
5 7 sin(577)
=
1
2
5 7 0.8398
= 14.697 cm
2

c Shaded area = Area of Triangle Area of 3 sectors.
Triangle of radius 2 cm:
A =
1
2
r
2

r = 2 cm, = B = 7828
7828 = 78.467
= 78.467
180

= 1.3695
c

A =
1
2
2
2
1.3695
= 2.739 cm
2

A =
1
2
r
2

r = 3 cm, = C = 577
577 = 57.1167
= 57.1167
180

= 0.9969
c

A =
1
2
3
2
0.9969
= 4.486
A =
1
2
r
2

r = 4 cm, = A = 4425
4425 = 44.4167
= 44.4167
180

= 0.7752
c

A =
1
2
4
2
0.7752
= 6.202
Shaded Area = 14.697 (2.739 + 4.486 + 6.202)
= 1.270
The shaded area is 1.270 cm
2
.
2

a
sin( )
c
C
=
sin( )
b
B

sin(42 )
c
=
3.2
sin(33 )

c =
3.2sin(42 )
sin(33 )

= 3.931.
The river frontage is 3.931 km long.
b Area =
1
2
bc sin(A)
=
1
2
3.2 3.931 sin(105)
= 6.075 km
2

c

ABD: Area =
1
2
6.075
= 3.0375 km
2

Area =
1
2
3.931 x sin(33)
3.0375 =
1
2
3.931 x 0.544 64
6.075 = 3.931 0.544 64 x
= 2.141x
x =
6.075
2.141

= 2.8375
y
2
= 3.931
2
+ 2.8375
2
2 3.931 2.8375 cos(33)
= 23.5042 18.7094
= 4.7948
y = 4.7948
y = 2.190 (Length of fence)

sin( )
x
=
sin(33 )
y

2.8375
sin( )
=
2.190
sin(33 )

2.8375 sin(33) = 2.19 sin( )
sin( ) =
2.8375sin(33 )
2.19

= 0.705 67
= sin
1
(0.705 67)
= 44.884
= 4453
Bearing is N (45 + 4453)E = N 8953E
d From part c the length of fence is y, that is, 2.190 km.
3 a

i B = 90 + 25
= 115
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2ac cos(B)
= 8.2
2
+ 6.7
2
2 8.2 6.7 cos(115)
= 112.13 + 46.44
= 158.57
b = 158.57
= 12.59 km
ii
sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
b
B

6.7
sin( ) A
=
12.59
sin(115 )

6.7 sin(115) = 12.59 sin(A)
sin(A) =
6.7sin(115 )
12.59

= 0.4823
A = sin
1
(0.4823)
= 28.836
= 2850
= 65 2850
= 3610
Direction is S3610E.
b

tan( ) =
O
A

tan(47) =
3500
h
x

1.072 37 =
3500
h
x

h = (3500 x) 1.072 37
h = 3753.295 1.072 37x [1]
tan(72) =
h
x

3.077 68 =
h
x

3.077 68x = h
x =
3.077 68
h
[2]
Substitute x into equation [1]
h = 3753.295 1.072 37
3.077 68
h

= 3753.295 0.348 43h
1.348 43h = 3753.295
h =
3753.295
1.348 43

= 2783.46
The height is 2783 m.
4 a and b
Triangle 1:

sin( )
a
A
=
sin( )
b
B

56
sin( ) A
=
124
sin(95 )

sin( )
56
A
=
sin(95 )
124

sin(A) =
56sin(95 )
124

A =
1
56sin(95 )
sin
124

= 26.736 907 67
= 2644
B = 180 (95 + 2644)
= 5816
Length OA
C
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C )
OA
2
= OB
2
+ AB
2
2 OB AB cos(5816)
OA
2
= 56
2
+ 124
2
2 56 124 cos(5816)
= 11 207.376 64
OA = 11207.376 64
= 105.86 m
Triangle 2:

c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C)
BC
2
= OB
2
+ OC
2
2 OB OC cos(64)
= 56
2
+ 52
2
2 56 52 cos(64)
= 3286.926 441
BC = 3286.926 441
= 57.33 m
Triangle 3:

c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C )
DC
2
= OC
2
+ OD
2
+ 2 OC OD cos(80)
= 52
2
+ 68
2
2 52 68 cos(80)
= 6099.960 088
DC = 6099.960 088
= 78.10 m
Triangle 4:

c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C )
DE
2
= OD
2
+ OE
2
2 OD OE cos(25)
= 68
2
+ 43
2
2 68 43 cos(25)
= 1172.912 061
DE = 1172.912 061
= 34.25 m
DOE = 360 (95 + 64 + 80 + 58 + 38)
= 360

(335)
= 25
Triangle 5:

c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C )
EF
2
= OE
2
+ OF
2
2 OE OF cos(58)
= 43
2
+ 85
2
2 43 85 cos(58)
= 5200.290 178
EF = 5200.290178
= 72.11 m
Triangle 6:

c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos(C )
AF
2
= OA
2
+ OF
2
2 OA OF cos(38)
= 105.86
2
+ 85
2
2 105.86 85 cos(38)
= 4250.140 476
AF = 4250.140 476
= 65.19 m
c Total length
= 124 + 56 + 105.86 + 57.33 + 52 + 78.10 + 68 + 34.25
+ 43 + 72.11 + 85 + 65.19
= 840.84 m
d Sold by the metre only
840.84 m 841 m required
Cost = 841 4.50
= $3784.50
e Area 1
A =
1
2
ab sin(C )
=
1
2
105.86 56 sin(95)
= 2952.80 m
2

Area 2
A =
1
2
ab sin(C )
=
1
2
56 52 sin(64)
= 1308.64 m
2

Area 3
A =
1
2
ab sin(C )
=
1
2
52 68 sin(80)
= 1741.14 m
2

Area 4
A =
1
2
ab sin(C )
=
1
2
43 68 sin(25)
= 617.87 m
2

Area 5
A =
1
2
ab sin(C )
=
1
2
85 43 sin(58)
= 1549.81 m
2

Area 6
A =
1
2
ab sin(C )
=
1
2
105.86 85 sin(38)
= 2769.89 m
2

Total area
= 2952.80 + 1308.64 + 174.14 + 617.87 + 1549.81
+ 2769.89
= 10 940.15 m
2

(Note: depending on which values were used this answer
may vary slightly.)
A GM1 1 - 6 126 S e q u e n c e s a n d s e r i e s
Exercise 6A Describing sequences
1 a Add 3 to the previous term. The next three terms are 10,
13, 16.
b Subtract 1 from the previous term. The next three terms
are 3, 4, 5.
c Multiply the previous term by 4. The next three terms are
256, 1024, 4096.
d Divide the previous term by 2. The next three terms are
3 3 3
, ,
8 16 32
.
e Add three to the magnitude of the previous term and then
change the sign. The next three terms are 17, 20, 23.
f The difference between the terms increases by 1 for each
successive pair. The next three terms are 27, 35, 44.
g Add the previous two terms. The next three terms are 29,
47, 76.
h Add 3b a to the previous term. The next three terms are
2a + 7b, 3a + 10b, 4a + 13b.
i Many possible answers. Subtract 1 for the first two
differences, then add 1 for the next two differences, then
repeat is one possibility. The next three terms are 0, 1, 0.
j Append 1 to the decimal expansion of the previous term.
The next three terms are 1.111, 1.1111, 1.11111.
k Divide the previous term by 2. The next three terms are
64, 32, 16.
2 a t
n
= 2n 5
t
1
= 2 1 5
= 3
t
5
= 2 5 5
= 5
t
10
= 2 10 5
= 15
b t
n
= 4 3
n 2

t
1
= 4 3
1 2

=
4
3

t
5
= 4 3
5 2

= 4 3
3

= 108
t
10
= 4 3
10 2

= 4 3
8

= 26 244
c t
n
=
1
n
n +

t
1
=
1
1 1 +

=
1
2

t
5
=
5
5 1 +

=
5
6

t
10
=
10
10 1 +

=
10
11

d t
n
= 17 3.7n
t
1
= 17 3.7 1
= 13.3
t
5
= 17 3.7 5
= 1.5
t
10
= 17 3.7 10
= 20
e t
n
=
1
5
2
n

t
1
=
1
1
5
2

=
5
2

t
5
=
5
1
5
2

=
5
32

t
10
=
10
1
5
2

=
5
1024

f t
n
=
3
1
5
2
n

t
1
=
3 1
1
5
2

=
5
4

t
5
=
3 5
1
5
2

= 20
t
10
=
3 10
1
5
2

= 640
g t
n
= (1)
n
+ n
t
1
= (1)
1
+ 1
= 0
t
5
= (1)
5
+ 5
= 1 + 5
= 4
t
10
= (1)
10
+ 10
= 1 + 10
= 11
h t
n
= 3
n
2
n

t
1
= 3
1
2
1

=
3
2

t
5
= 3
5
2
5

=
243
32

t
10
= 3
10
2
10

=
59 049
1024

i t
n
= n
2
n + 41
t
1
= 1
2
1 + 41
= 41
t
5
= 5
2
5 + 41
= 61
t
10
= 10
2
10 + 41
= 131
Chapter 6 Sequences and series
S e q u e n c e s a n d s e r i e s A GM1 1 - 6 127
j t
n
= a + (n 1)d
t
1
= a + (1 1)d
= a
t
5
= a + (5 1)d
= a + 4d
t
10
= a + (10 1)d
= a + 9d
k t
n
= ar
n 1

t
1
= ar
1 1

= a
t
5
= ar
5 1

= ar
4

t
10
= ar
10 1

= ar
9

3 a u
a

+

1
= u
n
+ 2
u
1
= 3
u
2
= 3 + 2
= 5
u
3
= 5 + 2
7 =
u
4
= 7 + 2
= 9
u
5
= 9 + 2
= 11
u
6
= 11 + 2
= 13
u
7
= 13 + 2
= 15
u
8
= 15 + 2
17 =
u
9
= 17 + 2
= 19
u
10
= 19 + 2
21 =
b u
n + 1
= u
n
2
u
1
=
1
2

u
2
=
1
2
2

=
1
1
2

u
3
=
1
1 2
2

1
3
2
=
u
4
=
1
3 2
2

=
1
5
2

u
5
=
1
5 2
2

=
1
7
2

u
6
=
1
7 2
2

=
1
9
2

u
7
=
1
9 2
2

1
11
2
=
u
8
=
1
11 2
2

1
13
2
=
u
9
=
1
13 2
2

=
1
15
2

u
10
=
1
15 2
2

1
17
2
=
c u
n + 1
= 3u
n

u
1
= 0.85
u
2
= 3 0.85
= 2.55
u
3
= 3 2.55
7.65 =
u
4
= 3 7.65
= 22.95
u
5
= 3 22.95
= 68.85
u
6
= 3 68.85
= 206.55
u
7
= 3 206.55
= 619.65
u
8
= 3 619.65
1858.95 =
u
9
= 3 1858.95
= 5576.85
u
10
= 3 5576.85
16 730.55 =
d u
n + 1
= 2u
n

u
1
= 3
u
2
= 2 3
= 6
u
3
= 2 6
12 =
u
4
= 2 12
= 24
u
5
= 2 24
= 48
u
6
= 2 48
= 96
u
7
= 2 96
= 192
u
8
= 2 192
384 =
u
9
= 2 384
= 768
u
10
= 2 768
1536 =
e
1 n
u
+
=
3
4
n
u
u
1
=
4
3

u
2
=
3 4
4 3

= 1
u
3
=
3
1
4


3
4
=
u
4
=
3 3
4 4

=
9
16

u
5
=
3 9
4 16

=
27
64

u
6
=
3 27
4 64

=
81
256

u
7
=
3 81
4 256

=
243
1024

u
8
=
3 243
4 1024

729
4096
=
u
9
=
3 729
4 4096

=
2187
16 384

u
10
=
3 2187
4 16 384

6561
65 536
=
f
1
7
n n
u u
+
=
u
1
= 14
u
2
= 7

3
0 u =
u
4
= 7
u
5
= 14
u
6
= 21
u
7
= 28

8
35 u =
u
9
= 42

10
49 u =
g u
n + 1
= u
n
+ 2
u
1
= 3
u
2
= 3 + 2
= 1
u
3
= (1) + 2
= 3
u
4
= (3) + 2
= 1
u
5
= (1) + 2
= 3
u
6
= 3 + 2
= 1
u
7
= (1) + 2
= 3
u
8
= 3 + 2
= 1
u
9
= (1) + 2
= 3
u
10
= 3 + 2
= 1
h
1
( 1)
n
n n n
u u u
+
= +
u
1
= 3
u
2
= 3 + (1)
1
3
u
3
= 0 + (1)
3
0
0 =
u
4
= 0
u
5
= 0
u
6
= 0
u
7
= 0

8
0 u =
u
9
= 0

10
0 u =
i u
n
= 2u
n 1

u
1
=
1
4

u
2
=
1 1
2
4 2
=

3
1
2 1
2
u = =
u
4
= 2x 1 = 2
u
5
= 2x 2 = 4
u
6
= 2x 4 = 8
u
7
= 2x 8 = 16

8
2 16 32 u x = =
u
9
= 2x 32 = 64

10
2 64 128 u x = =
j u
n + 1
= au
n
+ a
u
1
= a
u
2
= a
2
+ a
u
3
= a(a
2
+ a) + a
= a
3
+ a
2
+ a
u
4
= a(a
3
+ a
2
+ a) + a
= a
4
+ a
3
+ a
2
+ a
u
5
= a(a
4
+ a
3
+ a
2
+ a) + a
= a
5
+ a
4
+ a
3
+ a
2
+ a
u
6
= a
6
+ a
5
+
+ a
u
7
= a
7
+ a
6
+
+ a

8 7
8
u a a a = + + +
u
9
= a
9
+ a
8
+
+ a

10 9
10
u a a a = + + +
k u
n + 2
= u
n + 1
+ u
n

u
1
= 1
u
2
= 1
u
3
= 1 + 1
= 2
u
4
= 2 + 1
= 3
u
5
= 3 + 2
= 5
u
6
= 5 + 3
= 8
u
7
= 8 + 5
= 13
u
8
= 13 + 8
= 21
u
9
= 21 + 13
= 34
u
10
= 34 + 21
= 55
l u
n + 1
= u
n
2
2
u
1
= 3
u
2
= 3
2
2
= 11
u
3
= (11)
2
2
= 123
u
4
= (123)
2
2
= 15 131
u
5
= (15 131)
2
2
= 228 947 163
u
6
= (228 947 163)
2
2
= 5.24 10
16

u
7
= (5.24 10
16
)
2
2
= 2.75 10
33

66
8
7.55 10 u =
u
9
= 5.70 10
133

267
10
3.2 10 u =
4 a a = 0.8, t
0
= 0.5
t
n + 1
= 0.8 t
n
(1 t
n
)
t
1
= 0.8 t
0
(1 t
0
)
= 0.8 0.5(1 0.5)
= 0.2
t
2
= 0.8 t
1
(1 t
1
)
= 0.8 0.2(1 0.2)
= 0.128
t
3
= 0.8 t
2
(1 t
2
)
= 0.8 0.128(1 0.128)
= 0.0 892 928
and so on.
So t
4
= 0.0650556767
t
5
= 0.0486587485
t
6
= 0.0370328598
Sequence converges to 0.
b a = 0.4, t
0
= 0.6
t
n + 1
= 0.4 t
n
(1 t
n
)
t
1
= 0.4 0.6(1 0.6)
= 0.096
t
2
= 0.4 0.096(1 0.096)
= 0.0 347 136
and so on. So:
t
3
= 0.0134034264
t
4
= 0.0052895098
t
5
= 0.0021046124
t
6
= 0.0008400732
Sequence converges to 0.
c a = 1.1, t
0
= 0.9
t
n + 1
= 1.1t
n
(1 t
n
)
t
1
= 1.1 t
0
(1 t
0
)
= 1.1 0.9(1 0.9)
= 0.099
t
2
= 1.1 t
1
(1 t
1
)
= 1.1 0.099(1 0.099)
= 0.0981189
t
3
= 0.0973407396
t
4
= 0.096652072
t
5
= 0.0960414939
t
6
= 0.0954992779
Sequence converges to
1
11
.
d a = 1.9, t
0
= 0.4
t
n + 1
= 1.9t
n
(1 t
n
)
t
1
= 1.9t
0
(1 t
0
)
= 1.9 0.4(1 0.4)
= 0.456
t
2
= 1.9t
1
(1 t
1
)
= 1.9 0.456(1 0.456)
= 0.4713216
t
3
= 0.4734373438
t
4
= 0.4736594081
t
5
= 0.4736817291
t
6
= 0.4736839624
9
19
.
All other parts are done in the same manner. Here are the
results.
e a = 2.1, t
0
= 0.5
t
1
= 0.525
t
2
= 0.5236875
t
3
= 0.5238216949
t
4
= 0.5238083064
t
5
= 0.5238096455
t
6
= 0.5238095116
11
21
.
f a = 2.5, t
0
= 0.3
t
1
= 0.525
t
2
= 0.6234375
t
3
= 0.586907959
t
4
= 0.6061175167
t
5
= 0.5968476816
t
6
= 0.6015513164
3
5
.
g a = 3, t
0
= 0.2
t
1
= 0.48
t
2
= 0.7488
t
3
= 0.56429568
t
4
= 0.7375981966
t
5
= 0.5806412909
t
6
= 0.7304909466
Sequence oscillates between 2 points.
h a = 3.4, t
0
= 0.7
t
1
= 0.714
t
2
= 0.6942936
t
3
= 0.7216499898
t
4
= 0.6829623589
t
5
= 0.7361842358
t
6
= 0.660337823
Sequence oscillates between 2 points.
i a = 4.2, t
0
= 0.1
t
1
= 0.378
t
2
= 0.9874872
t
3
= 0.0518961653
t
4
= 0.206652404
t
5
= 0.6885781893
t
6
= 0.9006407194
Sequence is diverging.
j a = 4.5, t
0
= 0.8
t
1
= 0.72
t
2
= 0.9072
t
3
= 0.37884672
t
4
= 1.058948472
t
5
= 0.2809052764
t
6
= 1.619158728
Sequence is diverging.
Note: to establish convergence/divergence many more terms
need to be generated first use the graphics calculator.
5 a 15, 20 Difference between successive terms increases
by 1.
b 4, 3 The difference decreases by 2; that is, 5, 3, 1, 1,
3,
c No clear pattern.
d
3
16
,
3
256
Each successive term is multiplied by an
increasing power of
1
2
.
That is,
1
1
2

,
0
1
2

,
1
1
2

e 34, 55 Each successive term is the sum of the previous
two terms.
f 31, 63 Each term is one less than powers of two 2
1
, 2
2
, 2
3
.
g 5, 4 Add 2 to find the next term then subtract 1 to find
the following term then repeat.
6 a Choose t
n
= 5 2n
(Since successive terms decrease by 2)
t
1
= 5 2 1
= 3
t
2
= 5 2 2
= 1
t
3
= 5 2 3
= 1
The answer is D.
b Each successive term is obtained by multiplying the
previous term by
1
2
.
t
n + 1
=
2
n
t

The answer is E.
c t
n
=
2
6 12
2
n

t
1
=
2
6 1 12
2

= 3
t
2
=
2
6 2 12
2

= 6
t
3
=
2
6 3 12
2

= 28
Sequence is {3, 6, 21, }
The answer is C.
7 a Each successive term decreases by 2.
t
n + 1
= t
n
2, t
1
= 7
b Each successive term is divided by 2.
t
n + 1
= ,
2
n
t
t
1
= 12
c Each successive term has 0.6 added to it.
t
n + 1
= t
n
+ 0.6, t
1
= 12
d Each successive term is 5 times the previous term plus
one.
t
n + 1
= 5t
n
+ 1, t
1
= 2
e Each successive term is multiplied by 3.
t
n + 1
= 3t
n
, t
1
= 4
f Each successive term is the square of the previous term.
t
n + 1
= (t
n
)
2
, t
1
= 2
8 a p
n + 1
= 1.3p
n
(1 p
n
) 2004: p
0
= 0.28 (since p
n
is in
hundreds).
2005: p
1
= 1.3 0.28(1 0.28) = 0.26208 (hundreds)
2006: p
2
= 1.3 0.26208(1 0.26208) = 0.2514122957
(hundreds)
so expected number of cats (to the nearest whole number)
are: 26 and 25.
b Continuing the iterative process shows that the sequence
converges to
3
13
(or 0.230769), so the limiting number
is 23.
9 p
n + 1
= 0.3 p
n
(1 p
n
). Substituting 0.62 for p
0
gives the
following sequence: 0.07068, 0.0197053017,
0.0057951007, 0.0017284553 .. Sequence converges to
0. If we consider to the nearest whole number, all cats will
be gone in 4 years time, or by 2009.
Exercise 6B Arithmetic sequences
1 a t
2
t
1
= 7 12
= 5
t
3
t
2
= 2 7
= 5
the sequence is arithmetic.
b t
2
t
1
= 3.48 0.12
= 3.6
t
3
t
2
= 7.08 3.48
= 3.6
c t
2
t
1
=
3 3
8 8

=
3
4

t
3
t
2
=
9 3
8 8

=
3
4

d t
2
t
1
= 1.7 2.3
= 4
t
3
t
2
= 5.7 1.7
= 4
e
2 1
t t =
1 5
9 9

=
2
3

3 2
t t =
7 1
9 9

=
2
3

f t
2
t
1
= 18 18
= 36
t
3
t
2
= 54 18
= 36
g
2 1
t t =
4 2
7 5
15 3

=
3
1
5

3 2
t t =
13 4
8 7
15 15

=
3
1
5

h t
2
t
1
= 2x + 7 (x + 9)
= x 2
t
3
t
2
= 3x + 5 (2x + 7)
= x 2
i t
2
t
1
= 5x
2
2x (3x
2
4x)
= 2x
2
+ 2x
t
3
t
2
= 7x
2
(5x
2
2x)
= 2x
2
+ 2x
j t
2
t
1
= 2(2 x) 3(2 x)
= 1(2 x)
= (2 x) = x 2
t
3
t
2
= 2 x 2(2 x)
= (2 x) = x 2
2 a t
2
t
1
= 5 3 = 2
t
3
t
2
= 7 5 = 2
The sequence is arithmetic with the common
difference d = 2.
t
4
= t
3
+ 2
= 7 + 2
= 9
t
n
= a + (n 1)d with a = 3, d = 2
t
n
= 3 + (n 1)2
= 1 + 2n
b t
2
t
1
= 7 4 = 3
t
3
t
2
= 11 7 = 4
There is no common difference so the sequence is not
arithmetic.
c t
2
t
1
= 6 3 = 3
t
3
t
2
= 12 6 = 6
arithmetic.
d t
2
t
1
= 0 3 = 3
t
3
t
2
= 3 0 = 3
The sequence is arithmetic with the common difference
d = 3.
t
4
= t
3
+ 3
= 3 + 3
= 6
t
n
= a + (n 1) with a = 3, d = 3
t
n
= 3 + (n 1)3
= 6 + 3n
e t
2
t
1
= 6 2 = 4
t
3
t
2
= 10 6 = 4
The sequence is arithmetic with the common difference
d = 4.
t
4
= t
3
4
= 10 4
= 14
t
n
= (a d) + nd
a = 2, d = 4
t
n
= (2 4) + 4 n
= 2 4n
f t
2
t
1
=
11 2 1
14 7 2
=

3 2
t t =
9 11 1
7 14 2
=
The sequence is arithmetic with common difference
1
2
d = .
t
4
=
3
1
2
t +
=
9 1
7 2
+
=
18 9
14 14
+
=
25
14

t
n
= (a d) + nd
a =
2 1
,
7 2
d =
t
n
=
2 1
7 2 2
n
1
+

=
4 7
14 14 2
n
+

=
3
14 2
n
+
g
2 1
t t =
3 3 3
2 4 4
=

3 2
t t =
3 3 3
1 2 2
=
arithmetic.
h
2 1
t t =
3 3 3
2 4 4
=

3 2
t t =
9 3 3
4 2 4
=
d =
3
4
.

4
t =
3
3
4
t +
=
9 3
4 4
+
= 3
t
n
= (a d) + nd
a =
3
4
, d =
3
4

n
t =
3 3 3
4 4 4
n

+

=
3
4
n

i
2 1
t t =
3 1 7
2 4 4
=

3 2
t t =
13 13 7
4 2 4

=
d =
7
4

4
t =
3
7
4
t
=
13 7
4 4

= 5
t
n
= (a d) + nd
a =
1
4
, d =
7
4

t
n
=
1 7 7
4 4 4
n

+

= 2
7
4
n

j t
2
t
1
= 4 + 1 (2 + 3)
= 2 2
t
3
t
2
= 6 1 (4 + 1)
= 2 2
d = 2 2
t
4
= t
3
+ 2 2
= 6 1 + 2 2
= 8 3
t
n
= (a d) + nd
a = 2 + 3, d = 2 2
t
n
= [2 3 (2 2)] + (2 2) n +
= 5 + 2( 1)n
3 a a = 4, d = 5
t
n
= a + (n 1)d
t
21
= 4 + (21 1) 5
= 4 + 20 5
= 104
b a = 2, d = 12
t
n
= 2 + (n 1) 12
t
58
= 2 + 57 12
= 682
c a = 27, d = 15
t
n
= 27 + (n 1) 15
t
100
= 27 + 99 15
= 1458
d a = 2, d = 13
t
n
= 2 + (n 1) 13
t
2025
= 2 + 2024 13
= 26 310
4 a t
n
= (a d) + nd
a = 5, d = 3
t
n
= (5 3) + n 3
= 8 3n, n = 1, 2, 3,
b t
n
= (a d) + nd
a = 2.5, d =
1
2

t
n
=
1 1
2.5
2 2
n

+

= 2 +
1
2
n, n = 1, 2, 3,
c t
n
= (a d) + nd
a = 3, d = 3
t
n
= (3 3) + n 3
= 6 + 3n, n = 1, 2, 3,
d t
n
= (a d) + nd
a = 2x, d = 5x
t
n
= (2x 5x) + n 5x
= 3x + 5nx, n = 1, 2, 3,
5 t
n
= a + (n 1)d
a = 6
t
3
= 6 + (3 1)d
= 6 + 2d
6 + 2d = 10
2d = 4
d = 2
t
n
= 6 + (n 1)2
= 6 + 2n 2
t
n
= 4 + 2n, n = 1, 2, 3,
6 t
n
= a + (n 1)d
a = 3
t
3
= 3 + (3 1)d
= 3 + 2d
3 + 2d = 13
2d = 10
d = 5
t
n
= 3 + (n 1) 5
= 3 + 5n 5
= 2 + 5n
t
n
= 5n 2, n = 1, 2, 3,
7 x, y and z in arithmetic sequence, y =
2
x z +

x = 16, y = m, z = 27
m =
16 27
2
+

=
1
21
2
=
2
t
d = t
2
t
1

=
1
21 16
2

=
1
5
2

t
4
= t
3
+ d
n = t
4
=
1
27 5
2
+
=
1
32
2

8 t
2
=
( 3 ) ( 3 5 )
2
x y x y + +

= x + y
t
4
= t
3
+ d
d = x + y (x 3y)
= 2x + 4y
t
4
= (3x + 5y) + (2x + 4y)
= 5x + 9y
9 t
n
= a + (n 1)d
a = 6
t
7
= a + 6d
6 + 6d = 10
6d = 16
d =
16
6

=
8
3

t
4
= a + 3d
=
8
6 3
3
+
= 6 8
= 2
t
n
= a + (n 1)d
= 6 + (n 1)
8
3

=
26 8
3 3
n
10 t
n
= a + (n 1)d
t
10
: a + 9d = 100 [1]
t
15
: a + 14d = 175 [2]
[2] [1]:
a + 14d a 9d = 175 100
5d = 75
d = 15
Substitute d = 15 into [1]
a + 9 15 = 100
a + 135 = 100
a = 35
t
n
= 35 + (n 1) 15
= 35 + 15n 15
= 15n 50
11 t
n
= a + (n 1)d
t
10
: a + 9 =
1
2
[1]
t
13
: a + 12d =
3
4
[2]
[2] [1]
a + 12d a 9d =
3
4

1
2

3d =
5
4

d =
5
12

Substitute d =
5
12
into [1]

5
9
12
a + =
1
2

15
4
a + =
1
2

a =
1 15
2 4

=
17
4

=
1
4
4

n
t =
1 5
4 ( 1)
4 12
n +
=
1 5 5
4
4 12 12
n +
=
2 5
4
3 12
n +
12 t
n
= a + (n 1)d
Let t
1
= a = 8
and let t
6
= a + 5d = 36
8 + 5d = 36
5d = 28
d =
28
5

t
n
=
28
8 ( 1)
5
n +
= 8 + 5.6n 5.6
= 2.4 + 5.6n
n = 2: t
2
= 2.4 + 5.6 2
= 13.6
n = 3: t
3
= 2.4 + 5.6 3
= 19.2
n = 4: t
4
= 2.4 + 5.6 4
= 24.8
n = 5: t
5
= 2.4 + 5.6 5
= 30.4
13 t
n
= a + (n 1)d
t
1
= a = 22
t
4
= a + 3d = 37
22 + 3d = 37
3d = 15
d = 5
t
2
= m = 22 + (n 1) 2
= 22 + 5
= 27
t
3
= n = t
2
+ 5
= 32
14 a d = 7 3
= 4
t
n + 1
= t
n
+ 4; t
1
= 3
b d = 0 3
= 3
t
n + 1
= t
n
+ 3; t
1
= 3
c d = 6 2
= 4
t
n + 1
= t
n
4; t
1
= 2
d d =
11 2
14 7

=
11 4
14 14

=
7
14

=
1
2

t
n

+

1
= t
n
+
1
2
; t
1
=
2
7

e d =
3 3
2 4

=
3
4

t
n +

1
= t
n
+
3
4
; t
1
=
3
4

f d =
3 1
2 4

=
7
4

t
n + 1
= t
n

7
4
; t
1
=
1
4

g d = 4 + 1 (2 + 3)
= 2 2
t
n + 1
= t
n
+ 2 2; t
1
= 2 + 3
15 t
1
= a = 37
t
2
= a + d = 32
37 + d = 32
d = 5
t
n
= 37 + (n 1) 5
= 37 5n + 5
= 42 5n
t
k
= 42 5k = 3
5k = 45
k = 9
16 t
1
= a = x [1]
t
2
= a + d = 3x + 4 [2]
t
3
= a + 2d = 10x 7 [3]
[2] [1]
a + d a = 3x + 4 x
d = 2x + 4
[3] [2]
a + 2d a d = 10x 7 3x 4
d = 7x 11
2x + 4 = 7x 11
4 = 5x 11
15 = 5x
x = 3
17 a = 4
d = 7
t
4
= a + 3d
= 4 + 3 7
= 25
t
10
= a + 9d
t
10
= 4 + 9 7
= 67
t
10
t
4
= 67 25
= 42
The answer is B.
18 t
3
= a + 2d = 2 [1]
t
10
= a + 9d = 12 [2]
[2] [1]
a + 9d a 2d = 12 2
7d = 14
d = 2
a + 2 2 = 2
a + 4 = 2
a = 6
The answer is E.
19 a
1
2
t
t
=
3
4
a
a d
=
+

4a = 3a + 3d
a = 3d

3
4
t
t
=
2
3
a d
a d
+
+

Substitute a = 3d

3
4
t
t
=
3 2
3 3
d d
d d
+
+

=
5
6
d
d

=
5
6

b
1
n
n
t
t
+
=
( 1) a n d
a nd
+
+

Substitute a = 3d

1
n
n
t
t
+
=
3 ( 1)
3
d n d
d nd
+
+

=
3 1
3
n
n
+
+

=
2
3
n
n
+
+

Exercise 6C Arithmetic series
1 S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a a = 1, d = 2 1 = 1,
n = 10: S
10
=
10
(2 1 9 1)
2
+
= 55
n = 50: S
50
=
50
(2 1 49 1)
2
+
= 1275
n = 100: S
100
=
100
(2 1 99 1)
2
+
= 5050
b a = 1, d = 2
n = 5: S
5
=
5
(2 1 4 2)
2
+
= 25
n = 10: S
10
=
10
(2 1 9 2)
2
+
= 100
n = 20: S
20
=
20
(2 1 19 2)
2
+
= 400
c a = t
1

= 3 1 + 7
= 10
t
2
= 3 2 + 7
= 13
d = 13 10
= 3
n = 5: S
5
=
5
(2 10 4 3)
2
+
= 80
n = 10: S
10
=
10
(2 10 9 3)
2
+
= 235
n = n: S
n
= (2 10 ( 1) 3)
2
n
n +
= (20 3 3)
2
n
n +
= (17 3 )
2
n
n +
=
2
17 3
2
n n +

d a = t
1
= 4 1 + 15
= 11
t
2
= 4 2 + 15
= 7
d = 7 11
= 4
n = 5: S
5
=
5
(2 11 4 4)
2
+
= 15
n = 10: S
10
=
10
(2 11 9 4)
2
+
= 70
n = n: S
n
= (2 11 ( 1) 4)
2
n
n +
= (22 4 4 )
2
n
n +
= (26 4 )
2
n
n
=
2
26 4
2
n n

= 13n 2n
2

= n(13 2n)
e a = 2.5, d = 5.5
n = 5: S
5
=
5
(2 2.5 4 5.5)
2
+
= 67.5
n = 10: S
10
=
10
(2 2.5 9 5.5)
2
+
= 272.5
n = 20: S
20
=
20
(2 2.5 19 5.5)
2
+
= 1095
f a = 2, d =
n = 5: S
5
=
5
(2 2 4 )
2
+
20 =
n = 10: S
10
=
10
(2 2 9 )
2
+
= 65
n = 20: S
20
=
20
(2 2 19 )
2
+
= 230
g a = 4, d = 3
n = 4: S
4
=
4
(2 4 3 3)
2
+
= 34
n = 16: S
16
=
16
(2 4 15 3)
2
+
= 424
n = 64: S
64
=
64
(2 4 63 3)
2
+
= 6304
h a = 14, d =
1
3
2

n = 4: S
4
=
4 1
2 14 3 3
2 2

+

= 35
n = 9: S
9
=
9 1
2 14 8 3
2 2

+

= 0
n = 14: S
14
=
14 1
2 14 13 3
2 2

+

=
1
122
2

i a = 50
t
10
= a + 9d = 40
50 + 9d = 40
9d = 90
d = 10
n = 10: S
10
=
10
(2 50 9 10)
2
+
= 50
j t
5
: a + 4d = 10 [1]
t
8
: a + 7d = 16 [2]
[2] [1]
a + 7d a 4d = 16 10
3d = 6
d = 2
a + 4 2 = 10
a + 8 = 10
a = 2
n = 5: S
5
=
5
(2 2 4 2)
2
+
= 30
n = 50:
50
S =
50
(2 2 49 2)
2
+
= 2550
n = 500:
500
S =
500
(2 2 499 2)
2
+
= 250 500
2 a S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a = 1, d = 1, n = 50
Sum of first 50 positive integers is
S
50
=
50
2
(2 1 + 49 1)
= 1275
b Sum of first 100 positive integers is
S
100
=
100
(2 1 99 1)
2
+
= 5050
3 a
n
S = (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a =
1
2
, d = 1, n = 100
S
100
=
100 1
2 99 1
2 2

+

= 5000
b Each of the 100 terms is
1
2
less than those in
question 2b. Therefore the sum is
1
100 50
2
= less than
the answer to 2b.
4 t
2
: a + d = 8 [1]
t
13
: a + 12d = 41 [2]
[2] [1]
a + 12d a d = 41 8
11d = 33
d = 3
a + 3 = 8
a = 5
S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a = 5, d = 3, n = 12
S
12
=
12
(2 5 11 3)
2
+
= 258
5 S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a a = 15, d = 6
n = 13:
13
S =
13
(2 15 12 6)
2
+
= 273
n = 16:
16
S =
16
(2 15 15 6)
2
+
= 480
n = 19:
19
S =
19
(2 15 18 6)
2
+
= 741
b t
10
+ t
11
+ + t
15
= S
15
S
9

S
9
=
9
(2 15 8 6)
2
+

= 81
S
15
=
15
(2 15 14 6)
2
+
= 405
S
15
S
9
= 405 81
= 324
6 a t
1
= 2 1 7
= 5
t
2
= 2 2 7
= 3
d = t
2
t
1
= 3 5
= 2
a = 5, d = 2
n = 20: S
20
=
20
(2 5 19 2)
2
+
= 280
b t
21
+ t
22
+ " + t
40
= S
40
S
20

S
40
=
40
(2 5 39 2)
2
+
= 1360
S
40
S
20
= 1360 280
= 1080
c Average of first forty terms =
40
40
S

=
1360
40

= 34
7 S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a = 1, d = 1
S
n
= (2 1 ( 1) 1)
2
n
n +
= (2 1)
2
n
n +
= (1 )
2
n
n +
=
( 1)
2
n n +

8 a S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a = 1, d = 2 for odd integers
S
n
= (2 1 ( 1) 2)
2
n
n +
= (2 2 2)
2
n
n +
= 2
2
n
n
= n
2

b S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a = 2, d = 2 for even integers
S
n
=
(2 2 ( 1) 2)
2
n
n +

= (4 2 2)
2
n
n +
= (2 2 )
2
n
n +
= n(1 + n)
= n
2
+ n
9 S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a = 5, d = 2
S
n
= (2 5 ( 1) 2)
2
n
n +
= (10 2 2)
2
n
n +
= (8 2 )
2
n
n +
= n(4 + n)
If S
n
= 357:
n(4 + n) = 357
n
2
+ 4n = 357
n
2
+ 4n 357 = 0
(n + 21)(n 17) = 0
n = 21 (discard) or n = 17
17 terms are required for the sum of 357.
10 S
n
= (2 ( 1) )
2
n
a n d +
a = 1, d = 1
S
n
= (2 1 ( 1) 1)
2
n
n +
= (2 1)
2
n
n +
= ( 1)
2
n
n +
If S
n
= 1000:
( 1)
2
n
n + = 1000
n(n + 1) = 2000
n
2
+ n = 2000
n
2
+ n 2000 = 0
n =
2
1 1 4 1( 2000)
2

=
1 7999
2

=
1 89.4
2
+
or
1 89.4
2

= 44.2 or 45.2 (reject)
So the sum will first exceed 1000 when n = 45.
11 a a = 201, d = 3
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
= 201 + (n 1) 3
= 201 + 3n 3
= 198 + 3n
If 198 + 3n 400
3n 202
n
1
67
3

n = 67
S
67
=
67
(2 201 66 3)
2
+
= 20 100
b a = 204, d = 6
t
n
= a + (n 1) d
= 204 + (n 1) 6
= 204 + 6n 6
= 198 + 6n
If 198 + 6n 400
6n 202
n
2
33
3

n = 33
S
33
=
33
(2 204 32 6)
2
+
= 9900
12 a = 5
S
20
:
20
(2 5 19 )
2
d + = 1240
10(10 + 19d ) = 1240
100 + 190d = 1240
190d = 1140
d = 6
13 S
4
= 58, first four terms
S
8
S
4
= 2 58, next four terms
= 116
S
8
= 116 + 54
= 116 + 58
= 174
S
4
:
4
(2 3 )
2
a d + = 58
4a + 6d = 58 [1]
(or 2a + 3d = 29)
S
8
:
8
(2 7 )
2
a d + = 174
8a + 28 d = 174
or 4a + 14 d = 87 [2]
[2] [1]
8d = 29
d =
29
8

Substitute d =
29
8
into [1]
4a + 6
29
8
= 58
4a +
3
21
4
= 58
4a =
1
36
4

a =
1
9
16

S
12
=
12 1 29
2 9 11
2 16 8

+

=
1 7
6 18 39
8 8

+

= 6 58
= 348
S
12
S
8
= 348 174
= 174
14 S
n
= 4n
2
+ 3
S
n + 1
= 4(n + 1)
2
+ 3(n + 1)
= 4(n
2
+ 2n + 1) + 3n + 3
= 4n
2
+ 8n + 4 + 3n + 3
= 4n
2
+ 11n + 7
t
n + 1
= S
n + 1
S
n

= 4n
2
+ 11n + 7 4n
2
3n
= 8n + 7
t
n
= 8(n 1) + 7
Therefore S
n
is an arithmetic series with d = 8 and a = 7
Functional equation is t
n
= 8n 1, n = 1, 2, 3,
Iterative equation is t
n + 1
= t
n
+ 8, t
1
= 7
Exercise 6D Geometric sequences
1 a
2
1
t
t
=
6
3

= 2

3
2
t
t
=
9
6

=
1
1
2

The ratios are not equal so the sequence is not geometric.
b
2
1
t
t
=
12
4

= 3

3
2
t
t
=
36
12

= 3
The sequence is geometric with common ratio r = 3
t
4
= t
3
r
= 36 3
= 108
t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 4, r = 3
t
n
= 4 3
n1

c
2
1
t
t
=
6
3

= 2

3
2
t
t
=
12
6

= 2
t
4
= t
3
2
= 12 2
= 24
t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 3, r = 2
t
n
= 3 2
n1

d
2
1
t
t
=
6
4

=
3
2

3
2
t
t
=
9
6

=
3
2

The sequence is geometric with common ratio r =
3
2

t
4
=
3
3
2
t
=
3
9
2

=
1
13
2

t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 4, r =
3
2

t
n
=
1
3
4
2
n

=
1
2
1
3
2
2
n
n

= 3
n 1
2
3 n

e
2
1
t
t
=
1
3

=
1
3

3
2
t
t
=
1
3
1

=
1
3

The sequence is geometric with common ratio
r =
1
3
.
t
4
= t
3
r
=
1 1
3 3

=
1
9

t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 3, r =
1
3

t
n
=
1
1
3
3
n

= 3 (3)
1 n

= (3)
2 n

f
2
1
t
t
=
6
2

= 3

3
2
t
t
=
18
6

= 3
t
4
= t
3
r
= 18 3
= 54
t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 2, r = 3
t
n
= 2 (3)
n1

g
2
1
t
t
=
6
14
2
7

=
3
2

3
2
t
t
=
9
14
6
14

=
3
2

The sequence is geometric with common ratio r =
3
2

t
4
= t
3
r
=
9 3
14 2

=
27
28

t
n
= ar
n 1

a =
2
7
, r =
3
2

t
n
=
1
2 3
7 2
n

h
2
1
t
t
=
3
2
3
4

= 2

3
2
t
t
=
3
1
3
2

= 2
t
4
= t
3
r
=
3
2
1

= 6
t
n
= ar
n 1

a =
3
4
, r = 2
t
n
=
1
3
(2)
4
n

=
1
2
3
2
2
n

= 3 2
n 3

i
2
1
t
t
=
3
2
3
4

= 2

3
2
t
t
=
9
4
3
2

=
3
2

The ratios are not equal so the sequence is not geometric
j
2
1
t
t
=
3
2
1
4

= 6

3
2
t
t
=
9
3
2

= 6
t
4
= t
3
r
= 9 6
= 54
t
n
= ar
n 1

a =
1
4
, r = 6
t
n
=
1
1
( 6)
4
n

k
2
1
t
t
=
2
4
2

= 2

3
2
t
t
=
3
2
8
4

= 2
t
4
= t
3
r
= 8
3
2
= 16
4

t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 2, r = 2
t
n
= 2 (2)
n1

= (2)
n

2 a i
2
1
t
t
=
10
5

= 2

3
2
t
t
=
20
10

= 2
The sequence is geometric with r = 2
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 5, r = 2
t
n
= 5 2
n1

n = 6: t
6
= 5 2
5

= 160
n = 10: t
10
= 5 2
9

= 2560
b i
2
1
t
t
=
5
2

= 2.5

3
2
t
t
=
12.5
5

= 2.5
The sequence is geometric with r = 2.5.
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 2, r = 2.5
t
n
= 2 (2.5)
n1

n = 6: t
6
= 2 (2.5)
5

= 195.31
n = 10: t
10
= 2 (2.5)
9

= 7629.39
c i
2
1
t
t
=
3
1

= 3

3
2
t
t
=
9
3

= 3
The sequence is geometric with r = 3.
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 1, r = 3
t
n
=
1
1 ( 3)
n

= (3)
n 1

n = 6: t
6
= (3)
5

= 243
n = 10: t
10
= (3)
9

= 19 683
d i
2
1
t
t
=
4
2

= 2

3
2
t
t
=
8
4

= 2
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 2, r = 2
t
n
=
1
2 ( 2)
n

n = 6: t
6
= 2 (2)
5

= 64
n = 10: t
10
= 2 (2)
9

= 1024
e i
2
1
t
t
=
3.45
2.3

= 1.5

3
2
t
t
=
5.175
3.45

= 1.5
The sequence is geometric with r = 1.5.
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 2.3, r = 1.5
t
n
=
1
2.3 (1.5)
n

n = 6: t
6
= 2.3 (1.5)
5

= 17.47
n = 10: t
10
= 2.3 (1.5)
9

= 88.42
f i
2
1
t
t
=
1
1
2

= 2

3
2
t
t
=
2
1

= 2
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a =
1
2
, r = 2
t
n
=
1 1 1
1
(2) 2 2
2
n n
=
= 2
n 2

n = 6: t
6
= 2
4

= 16
n = 10: t
10
= 2
8

= 256
g i
2
1
t
t
=
1
12
1
3

=
1
4

3
2
t
t
=
1
48
1
12

1
4
=
The sequence is geometric with r =
1
4
.
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a =
1
3
, r =
4
1

t
n
=
1
1 1
3 4
n

n = 6: t
6
=
5
1 1
3 4

=
1
3072

n = 10: t
10
=
9
1 1
3 4

=
1
786 432

h i
2
1
t
t
=
1
5
3
5

=
1
3

3
2
t
t
=
1
15
1
5

=
1
3

1
3
.
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a =
3
5
, r =
1
3

t
n
=
1
3 1
5 3
n

n = 6: t
6
=
5
3 1
5 3

=
1
405

n = 10: t
10
=
9
3 1
5 3

=
1
32 805

i i
2
1
t
t
=
4
3x
x

= 3x
3


3
2
t
t
=
7
4
9
3
x
x

= 3x
3

The sequence is geometric with r = 3x
3
.
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a = x, r = 3x
3

t
n
= x
3 1
(3 )
n
x

n = 6: t
6
= x (3x
3
)
5

= 243 x
16

n = 10: t
10
= x (3x
3
)
9

= 19 683 x
28

j i
2
1
t
t
=
2
2
1
x
x

=
2
x

3
2
t
t
=
3
2
4
2
x
x

=
2
x

2
x
.
ii t
n
= ar
n 1

a =
1
x
, r =
2
x

t
n
=
1
1 2
n
x x

n = 6: t
6
=
1
x
5
2
x

=
6
32
x

n = 10: t
10
=
1
x
9
2
x

=
10
512
x

3 a t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 2, t
3
= 18
18 = 2 r
3 1

= 2 r
2

r
2
=
18
2

= 9
r = 9
r = 3
t
n
= 2 3
n 1
or 2 (3)
n 1

n = 10: t
10
= 2 3
9

= 39 366
or t
10
= 2 (3)
9

= 39 366
There are two possible answers since r = 3 or 3.
b t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 1, t
3
= 4
4 = 1 r
2

r
2
= 4
r = 2
t
n
= (2)
n 1
or t
n
= (2)
n 1

n = 10: t
10
= 29
= 512
or t
10
= (2)
9

= 512
There are two possible answers since r = 2 or 2.
c t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 5, t
4
= 40
40 = 5 r
3

r
3
= 8
r = 2
t
n
= 5 2
n 1

n = 10: t
10
= 5 2
9

= 2560
d t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 1, t
2
= 2
2 = 1 r
1

r = 2
t
n
= 1 (2)
n 1

n = 10: t
10
= 1 (2)
9

= 512
e t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 9, t
3
=
1
81

1
81
= 9 r
2

r
2
=
1
9 81

=
1
729

r =
1
729

=
1
27

t
n
=
1
1
9
27
n

or t
n
=
1
1
9
27
n

t
n
= 3
5 3n
or t
n
= (3)
5 3n

n = 10: t
10
= 3
5 3 10
= 3
25

or t
10
= (3)
5 3n
= (3)
25
= 3
25

4 t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 6, t
7
=
3
32

3
32
= 6 r
6

r
6
=
3
32 6

=
1
64

r =
6
1
64

=
1
2

t
n
=
1
1
6
2
n

or t
n
=
1
1
6
2
n

n = 4: t
4
= 6
3
1
2

=
3
4

or t
4
=
3
1
6
2

=
3
4

5 t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 3, t
4
= 6 2
6 2 = 3 r
3

r
3
= 2 2
r = 2
t
n
=
1
3 ( 2)
n

=
1
1
2
3 2
n

=
1
2
3 2
n

6 r =
2
1
3
t m
t
=
r
3
=
4
1
192
3
t
t
=
= 64
r = 4
4 =
3
m

m = 12

3
2
t
t
=
n
m
= 4

12
n
= 4
n = 48
7 r =
2
1
t
t
=
16
m

r
2
=
3
1
t
t
=
81
16

r =
81
16

= +
9
4
or
9
4
(reject since m, n > 0)

16
m
=
9
4

m = 36
n = 81
9
4

=
729
4

8 r =
2
1
t
t
=
15
a

r
2
=
4
2
t
t
=
0.0375
15

= 0.0025
r = 0.05
or 0.005 (reject since a, b > 0)

15
a
= 0.05
0.05a = 15
a = 300
b = 15 0.05
= 0.75
9 t
n
= ar
n 1

n = 3: ar
2
= 100 [1]
n = 5: ar
4
= 400 [2]

[2]
[1]

4
2
ar
ar
=
400
100

r
2
= 4
r = 4
r = 2
Substitute r = 2 into [1]
r = 2: a 2
2
= 100
a = 100 4
a = 25
r= 2: a (2)
2
= 100
a = 100 4
a = 25
a = 25, r = 2
t
n
= 25 2
n 1
or t
n
= 25 (2)
n 1

10 t
n
= ar
n 1

n = 2: ar =
1
2
[1]
n = 5: ar
4
=
27
16
[2]

[2]
[1]

4
ar
ar
=
27
16
1
2

r
3
=
27
8

r =
3
2

Substitute r =
3
2
into [1]

3
2
a =
1
2

a =
1
2
3
2

=
1
3

a =
1
3
, r =
3
2

t
n
=
1
1 3
3 2
n

=
2
1
3
2
n
n

t
n
=
2 1
3 2
n n

11
3 4
1
x
x
+
=
6 8
3 4
x
x
+
+

(3x + 4)
2
= (6x + 8)(x 1)
9x
2
+ 24x + 16 = 6x
2
+ 8x 6x 8
= 6x
2
+ 2x 8
3x
2
+ 22x + 24 = 0
(3x + 4)(x + 6) = 0
3x + 4 = 0 or x + 6 = 0
3x = 4 or x = 6
x =
4
3
or x = 6
reject x =
4
3
since this would make 3x + 4 = 0 and
3x + 4 is the middle term of the sequence.
x = 6
12 t
n
= ar
n 1

a = 8
n = 5:
1
32
= ar
4

= 8r
4

r
4
=
1
32 8

=
1
256

r =
1
4

t
2
= 8
1
4
or t
2
= 8
1
4

= 2 = 2
t
2
= 8
2
1
4

or t
2
= 8
2
1
4

=
1
2
=
1
2

t
2
= 8
3
1
4

or t
2
= 8
3
1
4

=
1
8
=
1
8

The three terms are 2,
1
2
,
1
8
or 2,
1
2
,
1
8

13 a t
2
t
1
= ar a = 6
a(r 1) = 6 [1]
t
3
t
2
= ar
2
ar = 3
ar(r 1) = 3 [2]

[2]
[1]

( 1)
( 1)
ar r
a r
=
3
6
=
1
2

r =
1
2

Substitute r =
1
2
into [1]

1
1
2
a

= 6
a
1
2
= 6
a = 12
t
3
= ar
2

=
2
1
12
2

= 3
t
4
= ar
3

=
3
1
12
2

=
3
2

t
3
t
4
=
3
3
2

=
3
2

b t
n
= ar
n 1

=
1
1
12
2
n

=
1
24 1
2 2
n

=
24
2
n

14 t
1
= a = 120
t
2
= ar = 24

2
1
t
t
=
ar
a
=
24
120

r =
1
5

t
k
= ar
k 1

=
1
1
120
5
k

1
1
120
5
k

= 0.0384
(0.2)
k 1
= 0.000 32
(0.2)
k 1
= (0.2)
5

k 1 = 5
k = 6
Exercise 6E Geometric series
1 a S
n
=
1
( )
1
n
a r
r

t
n
: {1, 2, 4, }
a = 1, r = 2
n = 5: S
5
=
5
1(2 1)
2 1

=
32 1
1

= 31
n = 10: S
10
=
10
1(2 1)
2 1

=
1024 1
1

= 1023
n = 20: S
20
=
20
1(2 1)
2 1

=
1048 575
1

= 1 048 575
b S
n
=
( 1)
1
n
a r
r

t
n
: {1, 3, 9, }
a = 1, r = 3
n = 5: S
5
=
5
1(3 1)
3 1

=
242
2

= 121
n = 10: S
10
=
10
1(3 1)
3 1

=
59 048
2

= 29 524
n = 20: S
20
=
20
1(3 1)
3 1

=
348 678 440
2

= 1 743 392 200
c S
n
=
( 1)
1
n
a r
r

t
n
= 3(2)
n 1

t
1
= 3(2)
0
,
= 3
t
2
= 3(2)
1

= 6
a = 3, r =
6
3

= 2
n = 5: S
5
=
5
3(( 2) 1)
2 1

=
3 33
3

= 33
n = 10: S
10
=
20
3(( 2) 1)
2 1

=
3 1023
3

= 1023
n = 20: S
20
=
20
3(( 2) 1)
2 1

=
3 1048 575
3

= 1 048 575
d S
n
=
1
( )
1
n
a r
r

t
n
= 4(1.2)
n 1

t
1
= 4 1.2
0

= 4
t
2
= 4(1.2)
1

= 4.8
a = 4, r =
4.8
4
= 1.2
n = 1: S
1
= a
= 4
n = 10: S
10
=
10
( 4)(1.2 1)
1.2 1

=
20.766 945 69
0.2

= 103.8
n = 20: S
20
=
20
( 4)(1.2 1)
1.2 1

=
149.3504
0.2

= 746.8
e S
n
=
1
( )
( 1)
n
a r
a r

t
n + 1
= 2t
n
; t
1
=
3
2

t
2
=
3
2
2

= 3
a =
3
2
, r = 2
n = 1: S
1
= a
=
3
2

n = 5: S
5
=
5
3
(2 1)
2
2 1

=
93
2

= 46.5
n = 10: S
10
=
10
3
(2 1)
2
2 1

=
1534.5
1

= 1534.5
f S
n
=
1
( )
1
n
a r
r

t
n + 1
=
1
2
t
n
, t
1
=
2
3

t
2
=
1
2

2
3

=
1
3

a =
2
3
, r =
1
2

n = 1: S
1
= a
=
2
3

n = 5: S
5
=
5
2 1
1
3 2
1
1
2

=
2 31
3 32
1
2

=
31
24

n = 10: S
10
=
10
2 1
1
3 2
1
1
2

=
2 1023
3 1024
1
2

=
341
256

g a = 3000, r = 1.05
n = 4: S
4
=
4
3000(1.05 1)
1.05 1

=
64.651875
0.05

= 12 930
n = 16: S
16
=
16
3000(1.05 1)
1.05 1

=
3548.6238
0.05

= 70 972
n = 64: S
64
=
64
3000(1.05 1)
1.05 1

=
65114.0016
0.05

= 1 302 280
h a = 1400, r = 1.1
n = 4: S
4
=
4
1400(( 1.1) 1)
1.1 1

=
649.74
2.1

= 309
n = 9: S
9
=
9
1400(( 1.1) 1)
1.1 1

=
4701.127
2.1

= 2239
n = 14: S
14
=
14
1400(( 1.1) 1)
1.1 1

=
3916.498
2.1

= 1865
i a = 20, r = 5
n = 5: S
5
=
5
20(5 1)
5 1

=
62 480
4

= 15 620
n = 10: S
10
=
10
20(5 1)
5 1

=
195 312 480
4

= 48 828 120
j a = 2, r =
1
2

n = 5: S
5
=
5
1
2 1
2
1
1
2

=
2.0625
1
1
2

= 1.375
n = 10: S
10
=
10
1
( 2) 1
2
1
1
2

=
1.998 046 875
1.5

= 1.332
2 a a = 440
t
12
= ar
11

= 880
440r
11
= 880
r
11
= 2
r = 1.065 04
S
6
=
6
( 1)
1
a r
r

=
6
440((1.065 04) 1)
1.065 04 1

=
202.17
0.065 04

= 3108
b t
n
= ar
n 1

n = 5: ar
4
= 1 [1]
n = 8: ar
7
= 8 [2]

[2]
[1]

7
4
ar
ar
=
8
1

r
3
= 8
r = 2
Substitute r = 2 into [1]
a 2
4
= 1
a =
1
16

S
n
=
1
(2 1)
16
2 1
n

=
1
(2 1)
16
n

n = 1: S
1
= a
=
1
16

n = 10: S
10
=
10
1
(2 1)
16

=
15
63
16

n = 20: S
20
=
20
1
(2 1)
16

=
15
66 535
16

3 t
n
= ar
n 1

n = 2: ar =
8
3
[1]
n = 5: ar
4
= 9 [2]

[2]
[1]

4
ar
ar
=
9
8
3

r
3
=
27
8

r =
3
2

Substitute r =
3
2
into [1].

3
2
a =
8
3

a =
8 2
3 3

=
16
9

S
12
=
12
16 3
1
9 2
3
1
2

=
228.88
0.5

458
4 a = 2, r =
3
2
= 1.5
S
n
=
2(1.5 1)
1.5 1
n
> 100

2(1.5 1)
0.5
n
> 100
4(1.5
n
1) > 100
1.5
n
1 > 25
1.5
n
> 26
(1.5)
8
= 25.6
(1.5)
9
= 38.4
Therefore 9 terms are required for a sum greater
than 100.
5 S
4
=
( 1)
1
n
a r
r
= 312
S
8
S
4
= r
4
S
4
= 625 S
4

r
4
= 625
S
12
S
8
= r
4
(S
8
S
4
)
= 625 (625 S
4
)
= 625
2
312
= 121 875 000
6 2
9
= 512 > 500
2
15
= 32 768 < 50 000
2
16
= 65 536 > 50 000
2
9
2
15
is 7 terms, with a = 512, r = 2, n = 7
S
7
=
7
512(2 1)
2 1

= 65 024
7 4
5
= 1024 > 500
4
7
= 16 384 < 50 000
4
8
= 65 536 > 50 000
4
5
4
7
is 3 terms
with a = 1024, r = 4, n = 3
S
3
=
3
1024(4 1)
4 1

=
64 512
3

= 21 504
8 a t
n
= ar
n 1

a =1, r =
1
2

S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
1
1
1
2

=
1
1
2

= 2
b a = 1, r =
1
2

S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
1
1
1
2

=
1
3
2

=
2
3

c a = 1, r =
1
3

S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
1
1
1
3

=
1
2
3

=
3
2

d a = 1, r =
2
3

S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
1
2
1
3

=
1
1
3

= 3
e a = 1, r =
2
3

S
=
1
2
1
3

=
1
5
3

=
3
5

9 a =
1
2
, r =
1
2

S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
1
2
1
1
2

= 1
t
1
=
1
2
:
1
2
100
1

= 50% of sum.
t
2
=
1
4
:
1
4
100
1

= 25% of sum.
t
3
=
1
8
:
1
8
100
1

= 12.5% of sum.
10 a = 1, r =
1
4

S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
1
1
1
4

=
1
3
4

=
4
3

t
1
= 1:
1
100
4
3

= 75% of sum.
t
2
=
1
4
:
1
4
100
4
3

= 18.75% of sum.
t
3
=
1
16
:
1
16
100
4
3

= 4.6875% of sum.
11 a = 1, r =
3
4

S
=
3
1
4
a
; r < 1
=
1
3
1
4

=
1
1
4

= 4
t
1
= 1:
1
100
4

= 25% of sum.
t
2
=
3
4
:
3
4
100
4

= 18.75% of sum.
t
3
=
9
16
:
9
16
100
4

= 14.06%
12 a S
n
=
( 1)
1
n
a r
r

t
n
=
1
1
3
2
n

,
n {1, 2, 3, }
t
1
=
0
1
3
2

= 3
t
2
=
1
1
3
2

=
3
2

a = 3, r =
3
2
3
=
1
2

n = 20: S
20
=
20
1
3 1
2
1
1
2

=
20
1
3 1
2
1
2

=
20
1
3 1
2
1
2

=
20
1
6 1
2

= 5.999 994 278
b n = 40: S
40
=
40
1
3 1
2
1
1
2

=
40
1
3 1
2
1
2

=
40
1
6 1
2

= 6
S
40
S
20
= 6 5.999 994 278
= 5.722 10
6

c S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
3
1
1
2

=
3
1
2

= 6
13 a t
n
= {9, 3, 1, }
a = 9, r =
3
9
=
1
3

n = 9: S
9
=
9
1
9 1
3
1
1
3

=
9
1
9 1
3
4
3

=
9
1
9 1
3
4
3

=
9
27 1
1
4 3

= 6.750 343
b n = 15: S
15
=
15
1
9 1
3
1
1
3

=
15
1
9 1
3
4
3

=
15
1
9 1
3
4
3

=
15
27 1
1
4 3

= 6.750 000 47
S
15
S
9

= 6.750 000 47 6.750 343
= 0.00 034 25 or 3.425 10
4

c S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
9
1
1
3

=
9
1
1
3
+

=
9
4
3

=
3
6
4

14 t
1
= 5 a = 5
t
4
= 0.078 125
ar
3
= 0.078 125
5r
3
= 0.078 125
r
3
= 0.015 625
r = 0.25
S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
5
1 0.25

=
5
0.75

= 6.6667 or
2
6
3

15 S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
32 =
1
a
r
[1]
S
4
=
4
( 1)
1
a r
r

30 =
4
( 1)
1
a r
r

or 30 =
4
(1 )
1
a r
r
[2]
Substitute
1
a
r
= 32
(from [1]) into [2]
30 = 32(1 r
4
)

30
32
= 1 r
4

r
4
= 1
30
32

r
4
=
2
32

=
1
16

r =
1
2

Substitute r =
1
2
into [1]
32 =
1
2
a
r

=
1
2
a

a =
1
32
2

= 16
t
1
= a = 16
t
2
= ar =
1
16
2

= 8
t
3
= ar
2
=
2
1
16
2

= 4
16 r =
5 3
5 3
+

=
5 3 5 3
5 3 5 3

+

=
5 2 15 3
5 3
+

=
8 2 15
2

= 4 15
a = 5 3 +
S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
=
5 3
1 (4 15)
+

=
5 3 15 3
15 3 15 3
+ +
+

=
75 3 5 45 3 3
15 9
+ + +

=
5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3
6
+ + +

=
8 3 6 5
6
+

=
4 3 3 5
3
+

17 1 + 3x + 9x
2
+ =
2
3

a = 1, r = 3x
S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
where S
=
2
3

2
3
=
1
1 3x

2(1 3x) = 1 3
2 6x = 3
6x = 1
x =
1
6

18 S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
S
= 6, a = 4
6 =
4
1 r

6 6r = 4
6r = 2
r =
2
6

=
1
3

19 S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
S
= 100, r = 0.99
100 =
1 0.99
a

=
0.01
a

a = 100 0.01
= 1
t
1
= a = 1
t
2
= ar = 1 0.99
= 0.99
20 x
n
1 for n {1, 2, 3, }
n = 1: x 1 = 1(x 1)
n = 2: x
2
1 = (x 1)(x + 1)
n = 3: x
3
1 = (x 1)(x
2
+ x + 1)
n = 4: x
4
1 = (x
2
1)(x
2
+ 1)
= (x 1)(x + 1)(x
2
+ 1)
= (x 1)(x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1)
n = 5:
x
5
1 = (x 1)(x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1)
In general
x
n
1 = (x 1)(x
n 1
+ x
n 2
+ + x + 1)
So (x 1) is always a factor of x
n
1
for n {1, 2, 3, }
21 (1) The road is 10 metres wide.
Let t
1
= first attempt at crossing the road.
t
1
= 10 2 = 5 m
Let t
2
= second attempt at crossing the road.
t
2
= 5 +
1
(10 )
2
t

= 5 + 2.5
= 7.5 m
Let t
3
= third attempt at crossing the road.
t
3
= 7.5 +
2
(10 )
2
t

= 7.5 + 1.25
= 8.75 m
Continuing this sequence,
t
4
= 8.75 +
(10 8.75)
2

= 9.375 m
t
5
= 9.375 +
(10 9.375)
2

= 9.6875 m
t
6
= 9.6875 +
(10 9.6875)
2

= 9.843 75 m
Mathematically, the student will never make it past the
other side of the road. After each attempt, the distance
remaining is halved and this result is the extra distance
walked at the next attempt. Thus the distance travelled
across the road approaches, but never reaches,
10 metres.
(2) As shown in part 1, the extra distance travelled at each
attempt is equal to half the remaining distance from the
previous attempt. Given that there will always be an
amount remaining to travel, only half this amount can be
achieved on the next attempt, regardless of the width of
the road.
Exercise 6F Applications of sequences
and series
1 a
Year 1970 1975 1980
Value 60 000 69 000 79 350

69 000
60 000
= 1.15 and

79 350
69 000
= 1.15 so the three terms form a geometric
sequence with common ratio r = 1.15 and a = 60 000.
i 1985: t
4
= t
3
r
= 79 350 1.15
= 91 252.5
The value in 1985 would be $91 253.
ii 1995: t
6
= ar
5

= 60 000 (1.15)
5

= 120 681.4
The value in 1995 would be $120 681.
b 2010: t
9
= ar
8

= 60 000 (1.15)
8

= 3.059 60 000
So it increases by a factor of 3.059.
2 a Her salary has $2500 added on each successive year. It is
therefore an arithmetic sequence with common
difference d = 2500.
b a = 28 000
t
15
= a + 14d
= 28 000 + 14 2500
= 28 000 + 35 000
= 63 000
She earns $63 000 in her 15th year.
c S
15
=
15
2
[2 28 000 + 14 2500]
= 7.5(91 000)
= 682 500
She earns a total of $682 500 in her first 15 years.
d i
2500
100
28 000
= 8.93%
ii t
14
= a + 13d
= 28 000 + 13 2500
= 60 500
Increase at end of 14th year is
2500
100
60 500
= 4.13%
3 a Her salary increases by a factor of 4% or 0.04 each year.
This is a geometric sequence with common ratio
r = 1.04.
b a = 28 000, r = 1.04
t
15
= ar
14

= 28 000 (1.04)
14

= 48 486.9
Her salary in her 15th year is $48 487.
c S
15
=
15
28 000(1.04 1)
1.04 1

=
22 426.42
0.04

= 560 660.4
In 15 years she earns $560 660.
d i t
2
t
1
= ar a
= 28 000 1.04 28 000
= 29 120 28 000
= 1120
Increase after the first year is $1120.
ii t
15
t
14
= ar
14
ar
13

= 48 487 28 000 1.04
13

= 48 487 46 622
= 1865
Increase after 14th year is $1865.
4 a a = 20, d = 28 20
= 8
After day 2: t
3
= 20 + 2 8
= 36 mg
Day 3: t
4
= 20 + 3 8
= 44 mg
Day 10: t
11
= 20 + 10 8
= 100 mg
nth Day: t
n + 1
= 20 + n 8
= 8n + 20 mg
b 8n + 20 = 200
8n = 180
n = 22.5
It first exceeds 200 mg on the 23rd day.
c a = 20, r =
28
20
= 1.4
Day 2: t
3
= 20 1.4
2

= 39.2 mg
Day 3: t
4
= 20 1.4
3

= 54.88 mg
Day 10: t
11
= 20 1.4
10

= 578.5 mg
nth Day: t
n + 1
= 20 1.4
n

d t
5
= 20 (1.4)
4
= 76.83 mg
t
6
= 20 (1.4)
5
= 107.57 mg
t
7
= 20 (1.4)
6
= 150.59 mg
t
8
= 20 (1.4)
7
= 210.83 mg
It first exceeds 200 mg on the 7th day
5 a a = 6, d = 1, n = 20
S
20
=
20
(2 6 19 1)
2
+
= 310
There is a total of 310 logs.
b S
n
=
2
n
[2 6 + (n 1) 1]
=
310
2

(12 1)
2
n
n + = 155
n(11 + n) = 310
n
2
+ 11 n 310 = 0
n =
2
11 11 4(1)( 310)
2

=
11 1361
2

=
11 36.9
2
+
or
11 36.9
2

(reject)
= 12.95
Therefore the workers will take logs from the 13th row
down before half the stack is removed.
6 a = 1, r = 7, n = 5
S
5
=
5
1(7 1)
7 1

=
16 806
6

= 2801
7 S
n
= [2 ( 1) ]
2
n
a n d +
S
n
100, a = 1, d = 1
[2 1 ( 1) 1]
2
n
n + 100
(2 1)
2
n
n + 100
n(n + 1) 200
n
2
+ n 200
n
2
+ n 200 0
n =
2
1 1 4(1)( 200)
2 1

=
1 801
2
+

=
1 28.3
2
+
or
1 28.3
2

(reject)
= 13.65
The last person to receive tickets is the 13th.
t
13
= a + 12d
= 1 + 12
= 13
S
13
=
13
(2 1 12 1)
2
+
= 91
So the last person receives 13 tickets and Frank has
9 tickets left.
8 S
n
=
( 1)
1
n
a r
r

S
n
200, a = 1, r = 2

1(2 1)
2 1
n
200
2
n
1 200
2
n
201
n = 7, since 2
n
= 128 and 2
8
= 256.
t
7
= ar
6

= 1 2
6

= 64
S
7
=
7
1(2 1)
2 1

= 127
The last person received 64 tickets and Kate has
73 tickets left.
9 a S
n
=
( 1)
1
n
a r
r

a = 1, r = 2, n = 64
S
64
=
64
1(2 1)
2 1

= 1.84 10
19
grains of rice.
b Weight
= 1.84 10
19
0.1 10
3
kg.
= 1.84 10
15
kg.
10 a S
n
= [2 ( 1) ]
2
n
a n d +
a = 1, d = 2, n = 64
S
64
=
64
[2 1 63 2]
2
+
= 4096 grains of rice.
b Weight = 4096 0.1 10
3
kg.
= 0.41 kg.
11 S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
a = 1, r =
1
2

S
=
1
1
1
2

= 2
The student will only travel 2 m and so will not get closer
than (3 2) = 1 m from the door.
12 S
=
1
a
r
; r < 1
a = 36, r =
2
3

S
=
36
2
1
3

=
36
1
3

= 108
The hiker will cover 100 km.
S
n
=
( 1)
1
n
a r
r

a = 36, r =
2
3
, S
n
= 100

2
36 1
3
2
1
3
n

= 100

2
36 1
3
1
3
n

= 100

2
108 1
3
n

= 100

2
1
3
n

=
100
108

2
3
n

=
8
108

= 0.0741

6
2
3

= 0.008

7
2
3

= 0.059
So n = 7
The hiker completes 100 km on the 7th day.
13 a 0.111 = 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 +
a = 0.1, r =
0.01
0.1
= 0.1
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.1
1 0.1

=
0.1
0.9

0.1111 =
1
9

b 0.333 333 = 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 +
a = 0.3, r =
0.03
0.3
= 0.1
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.3
1 0.1

=
0.3
0.9

=
3
9

0.3333 =
1
3

c 0.5757 = 0.57 + 0.0057 +
a = 0.57, r =
0.0057
0.57
= 0.01
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.57
1 0.01

=
0.57
0.99

0.5757 =
57
99

d 2.343 434 = 2 + (0.34 + 0.0034 + )
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.34
1 0.01

=
0.34
0.99

0.343434 =
34
99

2.343434=
34
2
99

e 3.142 142 142 = 3 + (0.142 + 0.000 142 + )
a = 0.142, r =
0.000142
0.142
= 0.001
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.142
1 0.001

=
0.142
0.999

0.142142 =
142
999

3.142141 =
142
3
999

f 21.2121 = 21 + (0.21 + 0.0021 + )
a = 0.21, r =
0.0021
0.21
= 0.01
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.21
1 0.01

=
0.21
0.99

=
21
99

0.2121 =
7
33

21.2121 =
7
21
33

g 16.666 = 16 + (0.6 + 0.06 +)
a = 0.6, r =
0.06
0.6
= 0.1
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.6
1 0.1

=
0.6
0.9

0.666 =
2
3

16.666 =
2
16
3

14 a a = 100, r = 1.2
t
6
= ar
5

= 100 1.2
5

= 248.8
In 1995 there were 249 students.
b S
n
=
( 1)
1
n
a r
r

n = 10: S
10
=
10
100((1.2) 1)
1.2 1

=
519.1736
0.2

= 2595.9
Over the decade, 2596 students enrolled in the subject.
15 t
1
= a, r =
8.5
1
100

= 1 0.085
= 0.915
t
n
= ar
n 1

t
n
= 0.5a
0.5a =
1
(0.915)
n
a

where (n 1) is the number of years after purchase taken to
reach half the initial value.
(0.915)
n 1
= 0.5
(0.915)
7
= 0.536
(0.915)
8
= 0.49
The computer will be sold after 8 years.
16 t
n
: {a, b,
2 2
} a b +
b =
2 2
2
a a b + +
, b is the arithmetic mean of a and
2 2
a b +
a +
2 2
a b + = 2b [1]
Perimeter = a + b +
2 2
a b +
= 72 [2]
Substitute a +
2 2
a b + = 2b into [2]
2b + b = 72
3b = 72
b = 24
Substitute b = 24 into [1]

2 2
24 a a + + = 2 24

2
576 a a + + = 48

2
576 a + = 48 a
a
2
+ 576 = (48 a)
2

= 2304 96a + a
2

576 = 2304 96a
1728 = 96 a
a = 18

2 2
a b + =
2 2
18 24 +
= 30
The three sides are 18 m, 24 m and 30 m.
17 a
2
A r =
A
1
=
2
1
=
A
2
=
2 2
2 1
= 3
A
3
=
2 2
3 2
= 5
A
4
=
2 2
4 3
= 7
Areas are
2
, 3 , 5 , 7 cm
3 = 2,
5 3 = 2,
7 5 = 2
It is an arithmetic sequence with a = and d = 2.
b Total area = 4
2

= 16
Pr(Hit A
1
) =
1
16 16
=
Pr(Hit A
2
) =
3 3
16 16
=
Pr(Hit A
3
) =
5 5
16 16
=
Pr(Hit A
4
) =
7 7
16 16
=
18 a t
n
= a + (n 1)d
a = 180, d = 12
t
n
= 180 + (n 1) 12
= 192 12n m/s
b 192 12n = 0
12n = 192
n = 16
Average speed is 0 m/s in the 16th second.
c S
16
=
16
(2 180 15 12)
2
+
= 1440
The maximum height is 1440 m.
19
74 20 54
80 60
= = 0.9

68.6 20 48.6
80 54
= = 0.9
A geometric sequence with a = 60 and r = 0.9.
t
n
= ar
n 1

If t
n
30
30 60 (0.9)
n 1

0.9
n 1
0.5
0.9
7
= 0.478
0.9
6
= 0.531
1 7 n =
n = 8
The coffee will not be drunk after 8 minutes since the
coffee temperature drops below 50 C during the seventh
minute.
20 t
n
= 2n 3,
u
n
= 3n
t
n
u
n
= 3n(2n 3)
n = 1: t
1
u
1
= 3(1)
= 3
n = 2: t
2
u
2
= 6(1)
= 6
n = 3: t
3
u
3
= 9(3)
= 27
Let S
1
= 3,
S
2
= 6,
S
3
= 27
Let a
n
be the sequence from this series

1 1
3 a S = =
a
2
= S
2
S
1
= 6 3
= 9
a
3
= S
3
S
2
= 27 6
= 21
Sequence a
n
= { 3, 9, 21, }
a
2
a
1
= 9 3 = 12
a
3
a
2
= 21 9 = 12
The sequence is arithmetic with a = 3 and d = 12
a
n
= a + (n 1)d
= 3 + (n 1) 12
a
n
= 12n 15
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a 11 = 2 7 3
19 = 2 11 3
35 = 2 19 3
t
n + 1
= 2t
n
3, t
1
= 7
b 5 = (2)
2
+ 1
26 = (5)
2
+ 1
677 = (26)
2
+ 1
t
n + 1
= (t
n
)
2
+ 1, t
1
= 2.
2 a t
n
= a + (n 1)d
n = 3, t
n
= 10
a + 2d = 10 [1]
n = 6, t
6
= 478
a + 5d = 478 [2]
[2] [1]
3d = 468
d = 156
a + 2 156 = 10
a + 312 = 10
a = 302
t(n) = 302 + (n 1) 156
= 302 + 156n 156
= 156n 458
b t
n + 1
= t
n
+ d, t
1
= a
= t
n
+ 156, t
1
= 302
3 a a = 0.5, d = 1.0 0.5
= 0.5
t
10
= a + 9d
= 0.5 + 9 0.5
= 5
The car travels 5 m in the 10th second.
b S
n
= [2 ( 1) ]
2
n
a n d +
S
10
=
10
[2 0.5 9 0.5]
2
+
= 27.5
The car has travelled 27.5 m after 10 seconds.
c S
n
= [2 ( 1) ]
2
n
a n d +
S
n
1000, a = 0.5, d = 0.5
[2 0.5 ( 1) 0.5]
2
n
n + 1000
(1 0.5 0.5)
2
n
n + 1000
(0.5 0.5 ) n n + 2000

2
0.5 0.5 n n + 2000

2
n n + 4000

2
4000 n n + 0
For n
2
+ n 4000 = 0
n =
2
1 1 4(1)( 4000)
2 1

=
1 16 001
2

=
1 126.5
2
+

1 126.5
or
2

=
125.5
2
(reject since negative)
= 62.75
The car travels 1000 m after 63 seconds.
4 a a = 1000, r =
800
1000

= 0.8
t
10
= ar
9

= 1000 0.8
9

= 134.2
The exposure after 10 days is 134.2 milli-rem.
b S
n
=
1
( )
1
n
a r
r

S
5
=
5
1000(0.8 1)
0.8 1

=
672.32
0.2

= 3361.6
The total exposure after 5 days is 3361.6 milli-rem.
5 S
=
1
a
r
; | | 1 r <
S
= 99, a = 10
99 =
10
1 r

99 99 r = 10
99 r = 89
r =
89
99

6 a 1 +
1
4
+
1
16
+
1
64
+

a = 1, r =
1
4
1

=
1
4

S
=
1
a
r
; | | 1 r <
=
1
1
1
4

=
1
3
4

=
4
3

b
2 4 8
1
3 9 27
+ +

a = 1, r =
2
3
1

=
2
3

S
=
1
a
r
; | | 1 r <
S
=
1
2
1
3

=
1
5
3

=
3
5

7 a 0.222 222
= 0.22 + 0.0022 + 0.000 022 +
a = 0.22, r =
0.0022
0.01
0.22
=
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.22 0.22
1 0.01 0.99
=

=
2
9

b 2.454 545
= 2 + 0.45 + 0.0045 + 0.000 045
= 2 + (geometric series)
a = 0.45, r =
0.0045
0.01
0.45
=
S
=
1
a
r

=
0.45 0.45 45
1 0.01 0.99 99
= =

2.45

= 2 +
45
99

=
243
99

5
2
11

Multiple choice
1 t
n + 1
= 2t
n
+ 4; t
3
= 12
t
3
= 2t
2
+ 4
12 = 2t
2
+ 4
2t
2
= 8
t
2
= 4
The answer is D.
2 The successive difference is the sequence 7, 11, 15, and so
on.
t
5
= 36 + 19
= 55
The answer is E.
3 Arithmetic sequence with a = 7, d = 4
t
23
= a + 22d
= 7 + 22 4
= 81
The answer B.
4 a =
52 41
2
+

= 46.5
Difference d = 41 46.5
= 5.5
b = 41 5.5
= 35.5
a 3b = 46.5 3 35.5
= 60
The answer is A.
5 3x 4y =
( 2 ) (4 7 )
2
x y x y +

=
5 9
2
x y

6x 8y = 5x 9y
y = x
The answer is B.
6 a = 2, d = 1.5
S
15
=
15
(2 2 14 1.5)
2
+
= 187.5
The answer is C.
7 S
4
=
4
(2 3 )
2
a d +
= 2(2a + 3d)
2(2a + 3d) = 70
2a + 3d = 35 [1]
S
6
=
6
(2 5 )
2
a d +
= 3 (2a + 5d)
3(2a + 5d) = 63
2a + 5d = 21 [2]
[2] [1]
2d = 14
d = 7
2a + 3 7 = 35
2a 21 = 35
2a = 56
a = 28
t
6
= a + 5d
= 28 + 5 7
= 7
The answer is B.
8 t
4
= ar
3
= 5 [1]
t
7
= ar
6
= 625 [2]
[2] [1]

6
3
ar
ar
= r
3
= 125
r = 5
Substitute r into [1]
a (5)
3
= 5
a =
5
125

=
1
25

t
2
= ar
=
1
5
25

= 0.2
The answer is E.
9 S
=
1
a
r
; | | 1 r <
S
= 5.6, r = 0.2
5.6 =
1 0.2
a

=
0.8
a

a = 5.6 0.8
= 4.48
S
4
=
4
( 1)
1
a r
r

=
4
4.48(0.2 1)
0.2 1

=
4.472832
0.8

= 5.59
Which is closest to 5.6
The answer is D.
10 S
n
=
1
( )
1
n
a r
r

S
10
= 400, r = 3
400 =
10
(3 1)
3 1
a

=
59048
2
a

800 = 59048 a
a =
800
59048

=
100
7381

The answer is C.
11 t
9
=
8
1
81
3

=
1
81

S
9
= 1 0.1 9
= 0.1

9
9
t
S
=
1
81
0.1

=
10
81

The answer is E.
Extended response
1

a Perimeter = 4 2
= 8
b

x =
2 2
1 1 +
= 2
ABCD Perimeter = 4 2
c

y =
2 2
2 2
2 2

+

=
2 2
4 4
+
= 1
= 1
EFGH Perimeter = 4 1
= 4
d Sequence is 8, 4 2, 4,
This is geometric with
a = 8
r =
4 2
8

=
2
2

Perimeter, P
n
= ar
n 1

= 8
1
2
2
n

2 a t
n + 1
= t
n

3
4
, t
1
=
1
8

i t
1
=
1
8

t
2
=
1
8

3
4

=
5
8

t
3
=
5
8

3
4

=
11
8

t
2
t
1
=
5
8

1
8

=
3
4

t
3
t
2
=
11
8

5
8

=
3
4

The sequence is arithmetic.
ii t
4
= t
3

3
4

=
11
8

3
4

=
17
8

b t
n + 1
= at
n
, t
1
= b
2

i t
1
= b
2

t
2
= ab
2

t
3
= a (ab
2
)
= a
2
b
2

2
1
t
t
=
2
2
ab
b

= a

3
2
t
t
=
2 2
2
a b
ab

= a
The sequence is geometric.
ii t
4
= at
3

= a(a
2
b
2
)
= a
3
b
2

c t
n + 1
= 3t
n
2
1.5, t
1
= 0.5
i t
1
= 0.5
t
2
= 3 0.5
2
1.5
= 0.75
t
3
= 3 ( 0.75)
2
1.5
= 0.1875
t
2
t
1
= 1.25
t
3
t
2
= 0.2625
The sequence is not arithmetic.

2
1
t
t
= 1.5

3
2
t
t
= 0.25
The sequence is not geometric.
ii t
4
= 3 (t
3
)
2
1.5
= 3 (0.1875)
2
1.5
= 1.394 531 25
3 p
n + 1
= 0.5p
n
(1 p
n
)
a i January 2004 p
0
= 0.8 (Fish number in thousands)
January 2005:

p
1
= 0.5 0.8(1 0.8)
= 0.08 (80 fish)
ii January 2006:

p
2
= 0.5 0.08(1 0.08)
= 0.0368 (37 fish)
iii January 2007:

p
3
= 0.5 0.0368(1 0.0368)
= 0.017 722 88 (18 fish)
b Continuing the sequence from part a, the sequence
converges to 0. It will take 9 years from 2004 to
reach 0.
c p
0
= 0.037
January 2007:

p
1
= 1.6 0.037(1 0.037)
= 0.057 009 6 (57 fish)
January 2008:

p
2
= 1.6 0.057 009 6 (1 0.057 009 6)
= 0.086 015 208 8 (86 fish).
d Continuing the sequence, the values for p
n
increase,
resulting in the trout population increasing.
e No, the sequence eventually converges to 0.375 (or 375
fish).
4 a Population A:
geometric sequence with
a = 10 000, r = 1.12
A
n
= 10 000 (1.12)
n 1

Population B:
arithmetic sequence with
a = 15 000, d = 1000
B
n
= 15 000 + (n 1)1000
= 15 000 + 1000 n 1000
= 14 000 + 1000 n
Year n A
n
= 10 000
(1.12)
n 1

B
n
= 14 000 + 1000 n Difference
B
n
A
n

1990 1 10 000 15 000 5000
1991 2 11 200 16 000 4800
1992 3 12 544 17 000 4456
1993 4 14 049 18 000 3951
1994 5 15 735 19 000 3265
1995 6 17 623 20 000 2377
1996 7 19 738 21 000 1262
1997 8 22 107 22 000 107
1998 9 24 760 23 000 1760
1999 10 27 731 24 000 3731
2000 11 31 058 25 000 6058
b A
n
> B
n
in 1997
c n = 11: Let A
11
= B
11
and
B
n
= 15 000 + (n 1)d
B
11
= 15 000 + (11 1)d
= 15 000 + 10d
But A
11
= 310 58
15 000 + 10d = 31 058
10d = 16 058
d = 1605.8
The annual increment of species B needs to be 1606
d Let A
11
= 10 000(r)
10

But B
11
= 25 000
10 000r
10
= 25 000
r
10
= 2.5
r =
1
10
(2.5)
= 1.0959
The growth rate of species A needs to be 1.095 96.
5 a S
n
= 2n
2
+ 3n
S
1
= 2 1
2
+ 3 1
= 5
S
2
= 2 2
2
+ 3 2
= 14
S
3
= 2 3
2
+ 3 3
= 27
S
4
= 2 4
2
+ 3 4
= 44
t
1
= S
1
= 5
t
2
= S
2
S
1
= 14 5
= 9
t
3
= S
3
S
2
= 27 14
= 13
t
4
= S
4
S
3
= 44 27
= 17
Sequence t
n
is {5, 9, 13, 17, }
9 5 = 13 9 = 17 13 = 4.
Sequence is arithmetic with a = 5 and d = 4.
t
n
= a + (n 1)d
= 5 + (n 1) 4
= 5 + 4n 4
= 1 + 4n
b S
n
= an
2
+ bn
S
1
= a + b
S
2
= 4a + 2b
S
3
= 9a + 3b
t
1
= S
1
= a + b
t
2
= S
2
S
1
= 4a + 2b (a + b)
= 3a + b
t
3
= S
3
S
2
= 9a + 3b (4a + 2b)
= 5a + b
Sequence is t
n
is
{a + b, 3a + b, 5a + b, }
3a + b (a + b) = 5a + b (3a + b) = 2a
The sequence is arithmetic with
a = a + b and d = 2a
t
n
= a + (n 1)d
= a + b + (n 1) 2a
= a + b + 2an 2a
= b a + 2an
6 a i
2200
2000
=
2420
2200
= 1.1
ii 1.1 100 = 110 hence 10% increase
iii 2000 1.1
4
= 2928
iv S
10
=
10
2000(1.1 1)
0.1
= 31784
v Geometric sequence hence 1.1 and 0 b c = =
b i 3500 + 3 80 = 3740
ii 3500 + 80n 4400
80n 900
n 11.25
hence number of heating systems = 11 + 5 = 16
iii 20 squares requires 12 outlets so 35 squares requires
35
12 21
20
= outlets
Cost = 3500 80 16 $4780 + =
c i 2224 = 1.2 S
2
200
2424 = 1.2 S
2

S
2
= 2020
2020 = 1.2 S
1
200
2220 = 1.2 S
1

S
1
= 1850
ii Total sold = S
1
+ S
2
+ S
3

= 1850 + 2020 + 2224
= 6094
Total produced = P
1
+ P
2
+ P
3

= 1850 + 2200 + 2420
= 6620

6094
100 92.1%
6620
=
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 157

Exercise 7A Direct variation
1 a
3
2
=
4.5 6 7.5
3 4 5
= = which is constant.

The given points fit perfectly on a straight line.
The extended line passes directly through the origin.
y varies directly as x.
b
4 2
1
1 2
3 3
3 4 5 6
= = = =
1
3
which is constant.

The given points fit perfectly on a straight line.
The extended line passes through the origin.
b varies directly as a.
c
2 8 14
1 4 6
= which is not constant.

All points do not fit perfectly on a straight line.
r does not vary directly as p.
d
1 1.5 4 5
2 3 8 10
= = = =
1
2
which is constant.

All points fit perfectly on a straight line.
n varies directly as m.
e
1 2 5 9
3 6 15 18
= = =

which is not constant.

All points do not fit perfectly on a straight line.
t does not vary directly as s
f
5 4 7 8
10 8 14 16

= = =

which is constant.

All points fit perfectly on a straight line.
v varies directly as u.
2 Graphs i, ii, iv, v and vi are not straight lines through the
origin.
The answer is C.
3 a and b Ratio =
C
n

First pair:
20
0
is undefined.
or (0, 20) means a straight line does not pass through the
origin. Therefore C is not directly proportional to n and
Sam is correct.
4 a i k =
y
x

=
23
10

= 2.3
ii k =
y
x

=
18
9

= 2
iii k =
y
x

=
2.2
2

= 1.1
iv k =
7.5
3

= 2.5
v k =
20.8
4

= 5.2
vi k =
10
3
5

=
2
3

vii k =
4.5
9

= 0.5
viii k =
1
4

b
y
x
= k
Chapter 7 Variation
A GM1 1 - 7 158 V a r i a t i o n
i
y
x
= 2.3
1st pair:
4
y
= 2.3
y = 9.2
2nd pair:
5
y
= 2.3
y = 11.5
3rd pair:
18.4
x
= 2.3
18.4 = 2.3 x
x =
18.4
2.3

= 8
5th pair:
27.6
x
= 2.3
27.6 = 2.3 x
x =
27.6
2.3

= 12
x 4 5 8 10 12
y 9.2 11.5 18.4 23 27.6
ii
y
x
= 2
1st pair:
4
y
= 2
y = 8
2nd pair:
7
y
= 2
y = 14
4th pair:
36
x
= 2
36 = 2x
x = 18
5th pair:
40
x
= 2
40 = 2x
x = 20
6th pair:
45
x
= 2
45 = 2x
x = 22.5
x 4 7 9 18 20 22.5
y 8 14 18 36 40 45
iii
y
x
= 1.1
2nd pair:
1.1
x
= 1.1
1.1 = 1.1x
x = 1
3rd pair:
3
y
= 1.1
y = 3.3
4th pair:
5
y
= 1.1
y = 5.5
5th pair:
9.9
x
= 1.1
9.9 = 1.1x
x = 9
x 2 1 3 5 9
y 2.2 1.1 3.3 5.5 9.9
iv
y
x
= 2.5
2nd pair:
2
y
= 2.5
y = 5
3rd pair:
2.5
x
= 2.5
2.5 = 2.5x
x = 1
5th pair:
12.5
x
= 2.5
12.5 = 2.5x
x = 5
6th pair:
30
x
= 2.5
30 = 2.5x
x = 12
x 3 2 1 1 5 12
y 7.5 5 2.5 2.5 12.5 30
v
y
x
= 5.2
1st pair:
10.4
x
= 5.2
10.4 = 5.2x
x = 2
3rd pair:
6
y
= 5.2
y = 31.2
4th pair:
41.6
x
= 5.2
41.6 = 5.2x
x = 8
5th pair:
72.8
x
= 5.2
72.8 = 5.2x
x = 14
x 2 4 6 8 14
y 10.4 20.8 31.2 41.6 72.8
vi
y
x
=
2
3

1st pair:
2
3
x
=
2
3

2
3
=
2
3
x
x = 1
2nd pair:
3
y
=
2
3

y = 2
4th pair:
6
y
=
2
3

y = 4
5th pair:
8
x
=
2
3

8 =
2
3
x
x = 12
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 159

x 1 3 5 6 12
y
2
3
---

2
10
3
------

4 8
vii
y
x
= 0.5
1st pair:
1
x
= 0.5
1 = 0.5x
x = 2
2nd pair:
2
y
= 0.5
y = 1
3rd pair:
2
x
= 0.5
2 = 0.5x
x = 4
4th pair:
5
y
= 0.5
y = 2.5
x 2 2 4 5 9
y 1 1 2 2.5 4.5
viii
y
x
=
1
4

1st pair:
2
y
=
1
4

y =
1
2

2nd pair:
3
y
=
1
4

y =
3
4

4th pair:
1.5
x
=
1
4

1.5 =
1
4
x
x = 6
5th pair:
7
4
x
=
1
4

7
4
=
1
4
x
x = 7
x 2 3 4 6 7
y
1
2
---

3
4
---

1 1.5
7
4
---

5
n
m
=
3
9
= k =
1
3

The answer is C.
6 m =
1
3
n
The answer is D.
7 m = 4,
4
n
=
1
3

n =
4
3

m = 12,
12
n
=
1
3

n = 4
The answer is B.
8 k =
a
b

=
21
15

= 1.4
when a = 49,
49
b
= 1.4
49 = 1.4b
b = 35
The answer is D.
9 a K =
d
t

=
234
2.6

= 90
t = 3,
3
d
= 90
d = 90 3
= 270
He will travel 270 km in three hours.
b d = 117,
117
t
= 90
117 = 90t
t = 1.3
= 1 hour + (0.3 60) mins
= 1 hour 18 mins
To travel 117 km will take 1 hour and 18 minutes.
c speed =
d
t
= k
= 90
The speed of the truck is 90 km/h.
10 a k =
1
2
5
= 0.1 (half a cup in 5 litres)
Volume of water
(L)
1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 30
Amount of clean
(cups)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1
2
1 1.5 2 3
b Multiples of 5 litres of water will be convenient to use.
11 a k =
P
s

=
12
4

= 3
s = 12.3,
12.3
P
= 3
P = 36.9 cm
b P = 88.2,
88.2
5
= 3
88.2 = 3s
s = 29.4 cm
c The shape must have three equal sides and hence is an
equilateral triangle.
12 a Area = 10 3 + 2 2 + 4 3
= 46
The floor area to be polished is 46 m
2
.
b k =
A
V

=
34.5
3

= 11.5
A GM1 1 - 7 160 V a r i a t i o n

A
V
= 11.5
Since polished twice, A = 46 2
= 92

92
V
= 11.5
92 = 11.5V
V = 8
To polish the floors, 8 L of varnish is required, so 3 cans
must be purchased
c
1
3
of a can of varnish is wasted (1 litre =
1
3
can)
Cost = 12.60
1
3

= $4.20 worth of wasted varnish.
13 a The graph is a straight line through the origin: so F
varies directly as a.
b k =
F
a

=
1600
2

= 800
c 800 =
F
a

F = 800a
d a = 4, F = 800 4
= 3200 N
e F = 1000, 1000 = 800a
a = 1.25 m/s
2

14 a k =
km
Miles

=
8
5

= 1.6
M = 26,
km
26
= 1.6
km = 41.6
So 26 miles is approximately equivalent to
41.6 kilometres.
b k =
km
Miles

=
8.045
5

= 1.609
M = 26,
km
26
= 1.609
km = 41.834
c Difference = 41.834 41.6
= 0.234 km.
d Percentage =
0.234
100
41.834

= 0.56%
15 k =
2
a
and k =
12.5
a

2
a
=
12.5
a

a
2
= 25
a = 5 or 5
k =
5
2
or
5
2

= 2.5 or 2.5
Exercise 7B Further direct variation
1 a i : x 1 2 3 4
ii : x 1 3 5 7
iii : x 2 4 6 8
b i

Direct variation exists between y and , x k = 3
ii

Direct variation exists between y and , x k = 5
iii

Direct variation does not exist between y and x
2 a i x
2
: 1 4 9 16
ii x
2
: 1 9 25 36
iii x
2
: 4 16 36 64
iv x
2
: 1 4 16 36
b i

Direct variation exists between y and x
2
, k = 2
ii

2
, k =
1
2

iii

V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 161

Direct variation does not exist between y and x
2
.
iv

2
, k =
1
6
.
3 a i x
3
: 1 8 27 64 125
ii x
3
: 8 27 125
iii x
3
: 8 64 216
iv x
3
: 1 8 64 216
b i
3
y
x
:
1
4
1
=
1
4

2
8
=
1
4

7
27

1
4

16
14
=
1
4

32
125

1
4

Since
3
y
x
is not constant, direction variation does not
exist between y and x
3
.
ii
3
:
y
x

24
8
= 3

81
27
= 3

375
125
= 3
Since
3
y
x
= 3 for all pairs, direct variation exists
between y and x
3
.
iii
3
:
y
x

2
3
8
=
1
12

16
3
64
=
1
12

18
216
=
1
12

Since
3
y
x
=
1
12
for all pairs, direct variation exists
between y and x
3
.
iv
3
:
y
x

5
1
= 5

40
8
= 5

300
64
5

1080
216
= 5
Since
3
y
x
is not constant, direct variation does not
3
.
4
x 1 4 16 36
x
1 2 4 6
x
2
1 16 256 1296
y 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.8
Between y and x

Not a straight line so not direct variation.
Between y and x

The graph is a straight line through the origin, so direct
variation exists between y and . x
Between y and x
2

The graph is not a straight line, so direct variation does not
2
.
5 a k =
n
m
=
1
2
4

=
1
2
2

=
1
4

b
n
m
=
1
4

n =
1
4
m
c m = 1, n =
1
4
1
=
1
4

n =
3
4
,
3
4
=
1
4
m
3 = m
m = 9
n = 1, 1 =
1
4
m
4 = m
A GM1 1 - 7 162 V a r i a t i o n
m = 16
m = 25, n =
1
25
4

=
5
4

m 1 4 9 16 25
n
1
4
---

1
2
---

3
4
---

1
5
4
---

6 k =
2
a
b

=
2
16
8

=
16
64

=
1
4

a = 1,
2
1
b
=
1
4

b
2
= 4
b = 2
The answer is B.
7 k =
m
n

=
3
4

=
3
2

n = 64,
4
m
=
3
2

8
m
=
3
2

m = 12
The answer is D.
8 k =
3
p
s

=
3
72
6

=
72
216

=
1
3

p = 9,
3
9
s
=
1
3

9 =
3
1
3
s
27 = s
3

s = 3
The answer is C.
9 a i A r
2

ii V s
3

iii E v
2

iv r A
v d h
b i A = kr
2

ii V = ks
3

iii E = kv
2

iv r = k A
v d = k h
10 a A r
2

A = kr
2

1256 = k (10)
2

= 100k
k =
1256
100

= 12.56
b A = 12.56 r
2

r = 12.5, A = 12.56 (12.5)
2

= 1962.5 cm
2

c A = 12.56 r
2

A = 2826, 2826 = 12.56r
2

r
2
=
2826
12.56

= 225
r = 15 cm
11 a V r
2

V = kr
2

113.04 = k 3
2

= 9k
k =
113.04
9

= 12.56
b V = 12.56r
2

r = 3.5, V = 12.56 (3.5)
2

= 153.86 mL
r = 4, V = 12.56 4
2

= 200.96 mL
r = 4.5, V = 12.56 (4.5)
2

= 254.34 mL
12 T L
T = k L
1.9 = k 0.9
= k 0.95
k = 2
T = 2 L
T = 2.5, 2.5 = 2 L
1.25 = L
L = 1.56 m
L = 2 m, T = 2 2
= 2.83 s
13 a V s
3

V = ks
3

9 = k 3
3

= k 27
k =
1
3

V =
1
3
s
3

b s = 25 = 5
V =
1
3
5
3

=
125
3

= 41.67 cm
3

c V = 576,
576 =
1
3
s
3

1728 = s
3

s = 12 cm.
d h = s. So the height of the pyramid is equal to the side
length of the square base.
14 a V I
V = kI
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 163

V
new
= k(2I)
= 2kI
= 2V
The voltage is doubled if the current is doubled.
b V
new
= k(3I)
= 3kI
= 3V
The voltage is tripled if the current is tripled.
c V
new
=
1
2
k I

=
1
2
kI
=
1
2
V
The voltage is halved if the current is halved.
15 a m n
2

m = kn
2

i m
new
= k(2n)
2

= k 4n
2

= 4(kn
2
)
= 4m
m is quadrupled.
ii m
new
= k(3n)
2

= k 9n
2

= 9(kn
2
)
= 9m
m is multiplied by 9.
iii m
new
= k(4n)
2

= k 16n
2

= 16(kn
2
)
= 16 m
iv m
new
=
2
1
2
k n

= k
2
1
4
n
=
2
1
( )
4
kn
=
1
4
m
m is multiplied by
1
4
.
b m n
3

m = kn
3

i m
new
= k(2n)
3

= k 8n
3

= 8(kn
3
)
= 8m
ii m
new
= k(3n)
3

= k 27n
3

= 27(kn
3
)
= 27m
iii m
new
= k(4n)
3

= k 64n
3

= 64(kn
3
)
= 64m
iv m
new
=
3
1
2
k n

= k
3
1
8
n
=
3
1
8
kn
=
1
8
m
m is multiplied by
1
8
.
c m n
m = k n
i m
new
= 2 k n
= 2k n
= 2m
ii m
new
= 3 k n
= 3( ) k n
= 3m
iii m
new
= 4 k n
= 2( ) k n
= 2m
m is doubled.
iv m
new
=
1
2
k n
=
1
( )
2
k n
=
1
2
m
m is multiplied by
1
2
.
16 a y x
2

y = kx
2

x
2
=
y
k

x =
y
k

i x
new
=
4y
k

= 2
y
k

= 2x
x is doubled.
ii x
new
=
4
y
k

=
1
2
y
k

=
1
2
x
x is halved.
b y x
y = k x

y
k
= x
x =
2
2
y
k

i x
new
=
2
2
(4 ) y
k

A GM1 1 - 7 164 V a r i a t i o n
=
2
2
16
y
k

= 16x
x is multiplied by 16.
ii x
new
=
2
2
1
4
y
k

=
2
2
1
16
y
k

=
1
16
x
x is multiplied by
1
16
.
17 A r
2

A = kr
2

a i A
new
= k(2r)
2

= k 4r
2

= 4(kr
2
)
= 4A
Area is multiplied by 4.
ii A
new
= k(3r)
2

= k 9r
2

= 9(kr
2
)
= 9A
iii A
new
= k(8r)
2

= k 64r
2

= 64(kr
2
)
= 64A
iv A
new
= k(10r)
2

= k 100 r
2

= 100(kr
2
)
= 100 A
v A
new
=
2
1
2
k r

=
2
1
4
k r
=
1
4
(kr
2
)
=
1
4
A
Area is multiplied by
1
4
.
vi A
new
=
2
1
3
k r

= k
2
1
9
r
=
2
1
( )
9
kr
=
1
9
A
Area is multiplied by
1
9
.
b r = 7, A = 154
Using answers from part a
r 8, r
new
= 56, A
new
= 64 154
= 9856 cm
2

r 10, r
new
= 70, A
new
= 100 154
= 15 400 cm
2

1
3
r , r
new
=
1
2
3
, A
new
=
1
9
154
=
1
17
9
cm
2

r 2, r
new
= 14, A
new
= 4 154
= 616 cm
2

1
2
r , r
new
= 3.5, A
new
=
1
4
154
= 38.5 cm
2

r 3, r
new
= 21, A
new
= 9 154
= 1386 cm
2

18 a y is multiplied by n.
b y is multiplied by n
2
.
c y is multiplied by . n
d y is multiplied by n
3
.
19 a Let y x
2

y = kx
2

(2, b): b = kx
2

b = 4k
k =
4
b
[1]
, 4
3
b
b

: 4b = k
2
3
b

4b =
2
9
b
k
k =
2
9
4b
b

=
36
b
[2]
Equate [1] and [2]
k =
4
b
=
36
b

b
2
= 144
b = 12
b Substitute b = 12 into [1]
k =
12
4

= 3
c a = 3 3
2

= 27
Exercise 7C Inverse variation
1 a Product = xy
1st pair: 1 12 = 12
2nd pair: 2 6 = 12
3rd pair: 3 4 = 12
4th pair: 4 3 = 12
Since the product is constant (= 12), y varies inversely
as x.
b Product = xy
1st pair: 1 18 = 18
2nd pair: 3 6 = 18
3rd pair: 6 3 = 18
4th pair: 9 2 = 18
as x.
c Product = xy
1st pair: 1 28 = 28
2nd pair: 2 14 = 28
3rd pair: 3
1
9
3
= 28
4th pair: 4 7 = 28
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 165

as x.
d Product = xy
1st pair: 2 5 = 10
2nd pair: 4 2.5 = 10
3rd pair: 5 2 = 10
4th pair: 6
2
1
3
= 10
Since the product is constant (= 10), y varies inversely as
x.
e Product = xy
1st pair: 4 15 = 60
2nd pair: 5 12 = 60
3rd pair: 6 10 = 60
4th pair: 10 8 = 80
Since the product is not constant, y does not vary
inversely as x.
f Product = xy
1st pair:
4
5
5
= 4
2nd pair:
2
6
3
= 4
3rd pair:
1
8
2
= 4
4th pair:
1
16
4
= 4
5th pair:
2
25
10
= 5
Since the product is not constant, y does not vary
inversely as x.
2 a
x 2 4 8 10
1
x

1
2

1
4

1
8

1
10

y 60 30 15 12

The graph of y against
1
x
is a straight line directed from
the origin. Hence y
1
x
.
b
x 1 4 5 8
1
x
1
1
4

1
5

1
8

y 40 10 8 6

The points of y against
1
x
do not all lie on a straight line.
So y is not proportional to
1
x
.
c
x
1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1
x
2 3 4 5
y 5 7.5 10 12.5

The graph of y against
1
x
is a straight line directed from
the origin, so y
1
x
.
d
x
1
4

1
2
2 4
1
x
4 2
1
2

1
4

y 20 10 5 2.5

1
x
1
x
.
e
x 3 5 8 10
1
x

1
3

1
5

1
8

1
10

y 13 8 5 4

1
x
1
x
.
A GM1 1 - 7 166 V a r i a t i o n
f
x
2
3

3
5

1
4
1
1
x

3
2

5
3
4 1
y 18 20 48 12

1
x
lie on a straight line directed
from the origin. So y
1
x
.
3 m
1
n

k = mn
=
1
6
2

= 3
(3, 1) belongs to the same relationship.
The answer is C.
4 y
1
x
is represented by iii and v.
The answer is D.
5 a k = xy
i k = 2 6
= 12
ii k = 4 15
= 60
iii k =
1
6 5
3

= 32
iv k = 3
2
8
3

= 26
v k =
1
20
4

= 5
vi k = 4 4
= 16
vii k = 30
1
60

=
1
2

viii k = 3
2
6
3

= 20
b i 2nd pair: y =
12
2.5

= 4.8
3rd pair: y =
12
3

= 4
4th pair: x =
12
2.4

= 5
x 2 2.5 3 5
y 6 4.8 4 2.4
ii 1st pair: x =
60
30

= 2
3rd pair: x =
60
12

= 5
4th pair: y =
60
10

= 6
x 2 4 5 10
y 30 15 12 6
iii 1st pair: y =
32
1

= 32
2nd pair: x =
32
16

= 2
3rd pair: y =
32
4

= 8
x 1 2 4 6
y 32 16 8
1
5
3

iv 1st pair: y =
26
1

= 26
2nd pair: x =
26
13

= 2
4th pair: x =
26
1
6
2

= 4
x 1 2 3 4
y 26 13
2
8
3

1
6
2

v 1st pair: y =
5
1
5

= 25
3rd pair: y =
5
1
2

= 10
4th pair: x =
5
5

= 1
5th pair: y =
5
2

= 2.5
x
1
5

1
4

1
2
1 2
y 25 20 10 5 25
vi 1st pair: x =
16
16

= 1
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 167

2nd pair: x =
16
8

= 2
4th pair: y =
16
32

=
1
2

5th pair: y =
16
48

=
1
3

x 1 2 4 32 48
y 16 8 4
1
2

1
3

vii 1st pair: x =
1
2
1
4

= 2
2nd pair: x =
1
2
1
10

= 5
3rd pair: y =
1
2
8

=
1
16

4th pair: y =
1
2
20

=
1
40

x 2 5 8 20 30
y
1
4

1
10

1
16

1
40
1
60

viii 2nd pair: y =
20
4

= 5
3rd pair: x =
20
2

= 10
4th pair: x =
20
4
3

= 15
5th pair: y =
20
30

=
2
3

x 3 4 10 15 30
y
2
6
3
5 2
4
3

2
3

6 u goes on the vertical axis and
1
v
on the horizontal axis.
The answer is E.
7 k = uv
= 4 15
= 60
The answer is E.
8 2nd pair: u =
60
5

= 12
3rd pair: v =
60
10

= 6
u = 2v
The answer is A.
9 a Let p = the price of the prizes
Let n = the number of prizes
n
1
p

n =
k
p

when p = 3.2, n = 40
40 =
3.2
k

k = 128
n =
128
p

when p = 4, n =
128
4
= 32
So she can buy 32 of the better quality items.
b When n = 80, 80 =
128
p

p =
128
80
= 1.6
So maximum cost for 80 prizes is $1.60 each.
10 a Let d = number of days to complete a job
Let n = number of bricklayers
n
1
d

n =
k
d

when d = 12, n = 5
5 =
12
k

k = 5 12
= 60
n =
60
d

4 =
60
d

4d = 60
d = 15
To complete the job, 15 days are required with 4
bricklayers.
b 1st 5 days;
1
3
of job is completed with 4 bricklayers.

2
3
of job left with 5 bricklayers taking
2
12
3
= 8
days.
Total time in these circumstances is 13 days.
c For 5 days, 5 bricklayers complete
5
12
of job. So
7
12
of
job left to do with 6 bricklayers, takes:

5
7
6
days
6 days
It takes (5 + 6) = 11 days to complete the job.
A GM1 1 - 7 168 V a r i a t i o n
11 Area = 4 9
= 36 m
2

a If l = 9 3 = 6 and w = 4 + 3 = 7
Area = 6 7
= 42 m
2

Area is greater, so there is not enough fertiliser.
b l = 9 2 = 4.5 and w = 4 2 = 8
Area = 4.5 8
= 36 m
2

Area is the same, so there is enough fertiliser.
c A = x
2
, where x is the side length of square.
36 = x
2

x = 6 m
12 f
1

f =
k

a k = f
= 1000 0.34
= 340
i f =
340

=
340
200

= 1.7
ii f =
340
800

= 0.425
b k = v = 340
f =
v

=
340

13 a m
1
a

m =
k
a

k = ma
= 20 5
= 100
m =
100
a

or a =
100
m

i a
new
=
100
2m

=
1 100
2 m

=
1
2
a
The acceleration is halved.
ii a
new
=
100
3m

=
1 100
3 m

=
1
3
a
The acceleration is divided by 3.
iii a
new
=
100
1
2
m

=
100
2
m

= 2a
The acceleration is doubled.
b F = k = ma
= 20 5
= 100 N
14 W
d
= F
d

F =
d
W
d
or d =
d
W
F

if W
d
is fixed as a constant, the other two variables vary
inversely.
15 a Water = 20 1
= 19 mL
b Water = 15 19
= 285 mL
c Total Volume = 285 + 15
= 300 mL
d Betadine =
Water
19

=
190
19

= 10 mL
e Volume used = 100 mL
Total volume = 300 mL
% used =
100 100
300 1

= 33.33%
16 s
1
d

s =
k
d

k = sd
= 70 4
= 280
when d = 1, s =
280
1

= 280 revolutions per minute
17 s
1
t

s =
k
t

k = st
= 20 300
= 6000
a gears 2 and 4: t = 8
s =
6000
t

=
6000
8

gear 3: t = 40
s =
6000
40

b k = st
= 300 8
= 2400
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 169

gear 1: t = 20
s
1
=
2400
t

=
2400
20

gear 2: t = 8
s
2
=
2400
8

gear 3: t = 40
s
3
=
2400
40

Exercise 7D Further inverse variation
1 a
x 1 2 3 4
x
3
1 8 27 64
y 60 7.5
20
9

15
16

Product = x
3
y
1st pair: 1 60 = 60
2nd pair: 8 7.5 = 60
3rd pair:
20
27
9
= 60
4th pair:
15
64
16
= 60
Since the product is constant, y
3
1
x
.
b
x 2 3 4 5
x
3
8 27 64 125
y 15 4.4 1.875 0.96
Product = x
3
y
1st pair: 8 15 = 120
2nd pair: 27 4.4 = 118.8
Since the product is not constant, y is not proportional
to
3
1
.
x

c
x 2 4 5 6
x
3
8 64 125 216
y 130
1
4
16

2
2
25

11
1
64

Product = x
3
y
1st pair: 8 130 = 1040
2nd pair: 64
1
4
16
= 260
Since the product is not constant, y is not proportional
to
3
1
.
x

d
x 1 3 5 7
x
3
1 27 125 343
y 343
19
12
27

93
2
125
1

Product = x
3
y
1st pair: 1 343 = 343
2nd pair: 27
19
12
27
= 343
3rd pair: 125
93
2
125
= 343
4th pair: 343 1 = 343
Since the product is constant, y
3
1
.
x

2 a
x 1 4 9 25
x
1 2 3 5
y 60 30 20 12

Yes, y
1
.
x

b
x 1 4 9 16
x 1 2 3 4
y 30 15 10 7.5

Yes, y
1
.
x

c
x 4 9 16 36
x
2 3 4 6
y 45 30 20 15

No, y is not proportional to
1
.
x

d
x 4 16 25 49
x 2 4 5 7
y 10 5 4
6
2
7

A GM1 1 - 7 170 V a r i a t i o n

Yes, y
1
.
x

3
n 16 36 64
n 4 6 8
n
2
256 1296 4096
n
3
4096 46 656 262 144
m 1296 256 81

No, m is not proportional to
1
.
n

No m is not proportional to
1
.
n

Yes, m
2
1
.
n

No, m is not proportional to
3
1
.
n

p = kq
3

4 a k = pq
3

= 6
3

17
4
27

= 216
17
4
27

= 1000
b p =
3
1000
q
or
q
3
=
1000
p

q =
10
3 p

1st pair: q = 2 p =
3
1000
2

=
1000
8

= 125
2nd pair: q = 3 p =
3
1000
3

=
1000
27

=
1
37
27

3rd pair: p =
5
15
8
q =
3
10
5
15
8

=
10
2.5

= 4
4th pair: p = 8 q =
3
10
8

=
10
2

= 5
q 2 3 4 5 6
p 125
1
37
27
5
15
8
8
17
4
27

5 a i I
1
R

ii F
2
1
d

iii R
2
1
d

iv n
1
l

v t
1
v

vi I
2
1
d

b i I =
p
R

ii F =
2
p
d

iii R =
2
p
d

iv n =
p
l

v t =
p
v

vi I =
2
p
d

6 a I
2
1
d

I =
2
k
d

V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 171

5.5 =
2
7
k

5.5 =
49
k

k = 5.5 49
= 269.5
I =
2
269.5
d

I = 12, 12 =
2
269.5
d

12d
2
= 269.5
d
2
=
269.5
12

= 22.458
d = 4.74 m
b d = 1.75, I =
2
269.5
1.75

=
269.5
3.0625

= 88 units
7 a I
1
A

I =
k
A

I = 0.5, where A = 2 5
= 10 m
2

0.5 =
10
k

k = 5
I =
5
A

i A = 0.7
2

= 0.49
=
5
0.49

= 10.20 W/m
2

ii A = 3 1.5
= 4.5
=
5
4.5

= 1.11 W/m
2

b I =
5
9
,

5
9
=
5
A

A = 9
x
2
= 9, where x is the side
length of a square
x = 3 m.
8 T
1
k

T =
p
k

2
7
=
10
p

p =
2 10
7

2.84
T =
2.84
k

a k = 25, T =
2.84
25

=
2.84
5

= 0.57
b T =
32
7

14.36
14.36 =
2.84
k

14.36 k = 2.84
k =
2.84
14.36

= 0.198
k = 0.0391
9 I
2
1
d

I
2
k
d

a d =
2 2
2 1
= 1.732 m
b I
A
=
2
2
k

=
4
k

I
B
=
2
( 3)
k

=
3
k

I
C
=
4
k

B
A
I
I
=
B
C
I
I
=
3
4
k
k

=
4
3

10 H
2
1
s

H =
2
k
s

a H
new
=
2
(2 )
k
s

=
2
4
k
s

=
2
1
4
k
s

=
1
4
H
The height is multiplied by
1
.
4

b H
new
=
2
2
k
s

=
2
4
k
s

= 4
2
k
s

= 4H
The height is multiplied by 4.
c H
new
=
2
(4 )
k
s

=
2
16
k
s

=
2
1
16
k
s

=
1
16
H
The height is multiplied by
1
16
.
d H
new
=
2
4
k
s

=
2
16
k
s

= 16
2
k
s

= 16 H
The height is multiplied by 16.
11 a y =
k
x

If x is tripled.
y
new
=
3
k
x

=
1
3
k
x

=
1
3
y
The answer is B.
b m
1
n

m =
k
n

m
new
=
2
k
n

= 2
k
n

= 2m
The answer is C.
c p
2
1
s

p =
2
k
s

4
p
=
2
4
k
s

=
2
(2 )
k
s

s
new
= 2s
The answer is C.
A GM1 1 - 7 172 V a r i a t i o n
Exercise 7E Joint variation
1 a x yz
x = kyz
k =
x
yz

k =
4
2 1

=
4
2

= 2,
k =
12
3 2

=
12
6

= 2,
k =
24
4 3

=
24
12

= 2,
k =
40
5 4

=
40
20

= 2
k is constant for each set of values
for x, y, z.
x varies jointly as y and z.
b x = kyz
k =
x
yz

k =
6
2 1

=
6
2

= 3,
k =
36
4 3

=
36
12

=

3,
k =
48
4 4

=
48
16

= 3,
k =
75
5 5

=
75
25

= 3
for x, y, z.
c k =
x
yz

k =
1
1 2

=
1
2
,
k =
3
2 3

=
1
2
,
k =
8
3 5

=
8
15

k is not constant.
x does not vary jointly as y
and z.
d k =
x
yz

k =
2
2 4

=
2
8

=
1
4
,
k =
6
4 6

=
6
24

=
1
4
,
k =
10
8 5

=
10
40

=
1
4
,
k =
15
6 10

=
15
60

=
1
4

of x, y, z.
2 x
y
z

x =
ky
z

xz = ky
k =
xz
y

a k =
2 2
1

=
4
1

= 4,
k =
4 2
2

=
8
2

= 4,
k =
6 2
3

=
12
3

= 4,
k =
8 2
4

=
16
4

= 4
k is constant, for each set of
values of x, y, z.
x
y
z

b k =
5 4
1

=
20
1

= 20,
k =
4 10
2

=
40
2

= 20,
k =
3 20
3

=
60
3

= 20,
k =
2 40
4

=
80
4

= 20
k is constant, for each set of
values of x, y, z.
x
y
z

c k =
1 6
2

=
6
2

= 3,
k =
2 6
4

=
12
4

= 3,
k =
3 6
6

=
18
6

= 3,
k =
5 6
8

=
30
8

=
3
3
4

k is not constant for each set of
values of x, y, z.
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 173

x does not vary jointly as y and z.
x is not proportional to .
y
z

d k =
2 3
2

=
6
2

= 3,
k =
3 4
3

=
12
3

= 4
k is not constant for each set of
values of x, y, z.
x does not vary jointly as y and z.
x is not proportional to
y
z

3 a m n
2
p
m = kn
2
p
k =
2
m
n p

=
2
450
10 9

=
450
900

=
1
2

m =
1
2
n
2
p
1st group: 6 =
2
1
3
2
n
12 = 3n
2

n
2
= 4
n = 2
2nd group: 18 =
2
1
3
2
p
36 = 9p
p = 4
3rd group: m =
2
1
5 6
2

= 3 25
= 75
4th group: 126 =
2
1
6
2
p
252 = 36 p
p = 7
b
n 2 3 5 6 10
p 3 18 6 7 9
m 6 4 75 126 450
4 v
u
w

v =
ku
w

k =
v w
u

=
2 36
4

=
2 6
4

= 3
v =
3u
w

1st group: 9 =
3 3
w

9 w = 9
w = 1
w = 1
2nd group: v =
3 4
4

=
12
2

= 6
3rd group: 5 =
3 5
w

5 w = 15
w = 3
w = 9
4th group: 6 =
3
16
u

6 =
3
4
u

24 = 3u
u = 8
5th group: 6 =
3 10
w

6 w = 30
w = 5
w = 25
u 3 4 5 8 10
w 1 4 9 16 25
v 9 1 5 1 6
5 a P
2
v
R

P =
2
kv
R

b P RI
2

P = kRI
2

c E v
2
m
E = kv
2
m
d F
m
R

F =
km
R

e F
t
m

F = k
t
m

6 V r
2
h
r = 12 cm, h = 15 cm,
V = 6785.84 cm
3

a V = ? r is tripled, h remains the
same
V = k r
2
h
6785.84 = k 12
2
15
6785.84 = k 2160
k =
6785.84
2160

k = 3.1416
V = 3.1416 r
2
h
r = 3 12 = 36 cm, h = 15 cm
V = 3.1416 36
2
15
= 61 072.70 cm
3

b h = ? r = 7 cm, V = 1328.7 cm
3

V = 3.1416 r
2
h
1328.7 = 3.1416 7
2
h
= 153.9384 h
h =
1328.7
153.9384

h = 8.63 cm
7 a u mh
u = kmh
140 = k 10 1.4
= 14 k
k =
140
14

= 10
u = 10mh
m = 20, h = 1
u = 10 20 1
= 200 J
b 220.5 = 10 m 3.5
= 35 m
m =
220.5
35

= 6.3 kg
c 0.75 = 10 0.25 h
= 2.5h
h =
75
2.5

= 30 m
8 a E wt
E = kwt
615 = k 52 30
= 1560 k
k =
615
1560

=
41
104

E =
41
104
wt
E =
41
102 120
104

= 4825.4 J
b 2091 =
41
102
104
t
t =
2091 104
41 102

= 52 min
c If E is the same, w is less
t is greater and play time is
longer.
d i more
ii shorter.
9 a m
2
n
p

m =
2
k n
p

A GM1 1 - 7 174 V a r i a t i o n
2.4 =
2
16
3
k

=
4
9
k

k =
2.4 9
4

= 5.4
m =
2
5.4 n
p

b m =
2
5.4 9
6

=
5.4 3
36

=
16.2
36

= 0.45
c 4.536 =
2
5.4 441
p

4.536 p
2
= 5.4 21
= 113.4
p
2
=
113.4
4.536

= 25
p = 5
10 a R
l
A

R =
kl
A

2.848 =
6
800
5 10
k

=
6
00
5 10
k

2.848 5 10
6
= 800k
14.24 10
6
= 800k
k =
6
14.24 10
800

= 1.78 10
8

b R =
8
6
1.78 10 4000
16 10

= 4.45 ohm
11 v r
2
h
v = Kr
2
h
r = 10, h = 20,
v = k 10
2
20
= 2000k
V
new
= k (20)
2
10
= 4000k
= 2 2000k
= 2V
The answer is C.
12 2094 = 2000k
k =
2094
2000

= 10 047
The answer is B.
13 V
new
= k 5
2
h
= 25hk
But V = 2000k
If V
new
= V
25h = 2000
h =
2000
25

= 80 cm
The answer is E.
14 F
1 t
l m

F
t
l m

F =
k t
l m

The answer is D.
15 R
2
l
d

R =
2
kl
d

l
new
= l + 30% l
= 1.30l
d
new
= d 15% d
= 0.85 d
R
new
=
2
1.30
(0.85 )
k l
d

=
2
1.30
0.7225
k l
d

=
2
1.7993 kl
d

R =
2
kl
d

R
new
= 1.7993 R
R
new
= 179.93% of R
The resistance has increased by
79.93%.
16 F
2
v
R

F =
2
kv
R

a i v
new
= v + 0.10v
= 1.1 v
F
new
=
2
(1.1 ) k v
R

=
2
1.21kv
R

= 1.21F
F
new
= 121% of F
The force increase by 21%.
ii v
new
= v 10% v
= v 0.10 v
= 0.9 v
F
new
=
2
(0.9 ) k v
R

=
2
0.81kv
R

= 0.81F
F
new
= 81% of F
The force decreases by 19%.
b R
new
= R + 0.25R
= 1.25R
F
new
=
2
1.25
k v
R

= 0.8
2
kv
R

= 0.8 F
The force decreases by 20%.
c F
new
= F
=
2
kv
R

v
new
= 1.15v
F
new
=
2
new
(1.15 ) k v
R

=
2
new
1.3225 k v
R

= 1.3225
2
new
kv
R

new
1.3225
R
=
1
R

new
1.3225
R
= R
R
new
= 1.3225 R
R
new
= 132.25% of R
The radius increases by 32.25%.
17 a F
1 2
2
q q
r

F =
1 2
2
kq q
r

b i F
new
=
1 2
2
(2 )
kq q
r

=
1 2
2
4
kq q
r

=
1 2
2
1
4
kq q
r
=
1
4
F
The force is multiplied by
1
.
4

ii F
new
=
1 2
2
2
kq q
r

=
1 2
2
4
kq q
r

=
1 2
2
4kq q
r
= 4F
The force is multiplied by 4.
iii F
new
=
1 2
2
(2 ) k q q
r

=
1 2
2
2kq q
r
= 2F
The force is doubled.
iv F
new
=
1 2
2
(2 )(2 ) k q q
r

=
1 2
2
4kq q
r

= 4F
The force is multiplied by 4.
Exercise 7F Part variation
1 a y = ax
2
+ b
b l = a m +
3
b n
c y =
a
x
+ b
d y = ax
3
+ bz
2

V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 175

2 a Let A = total amount to be paid in dollars
n = number of calls
A = kn + 48
when n = 400, A = 232,
232 = k 400 + 48
k =
23
50

A =
23
48
50
n +
b n = 440
A =
23
440 48
50
+
= 250.40
$250.40 is paid.
3 Let C = Total cost
n = The number of people.
F = The fixed cost.
C = kn + F
a 4500 = 100k + F [1]
5750 = 150k + F [2]
[1] 3: 13 500 = 300k + 3F [3]
[2] 2: 11 500 = 300k + 2F [4]
[3] [4]: 2000 = F
The fixed cost is $2000.
b Substitute F = 2000 into [1]
4500 = 100k + 2000
100k = 2500
k = 25
C = 25n + 2000
c C = 25 120 + 2000
= 3000 + 2000
= 5000
The cost is $5000.
d

4 Let C = total cost.
n = number of loaves made.
F = Fixed cost of bread maker.
C = kn + F
a 243 = k 20 + F
243 = 20 k + F [1]
299 = 100 k + F [2]
5 [1] 1215 = 100 k + 5 F [3]
[3] [2] 916 = 4F
F = 229
The breadmaker costs $229.
b Substitute F = 229 into [1]
243 = 20 k + 229
14 = 20 k
k =
14
20

= 0.7
The cost of flour and other ingredients is 70 cents per
loaf.
c C = 0.7n + 229
C = 0.7 500 + 229
= 350 + 229
= 579
The cost is $579.
d Revenue: R = 2.5n
Profit = R C
2.5n (0.7n + 229) = 0
2.5n 0.7n 229 = 0
1.8n = 229
n =
229
1.8

= 127.2
So 128 loaves need to be sold for a profit.
5 a Let C = cost
n = number of weeks
F = Fixed cost.
C = kn + F
501 = 12 k + F [1]
633 = 18 k + F [2]
[1] 3 1503 = 36k + 3F [3]
[2] 2 1266 = 36k + 2F [4]
[3] [4] 237 = F
Substitute F = 237 into [1]
501 = 12k + 237
12k = 264
k = 22
C = 22n + 237
n = 16, C = 22 16 + 237
= 352 + 237
= 589
The cost is $589.
b 721 = 22n + 237
22n = 484
n = 22
The customer was on the program 22 weeks.
c The joining fee is F, $237.
The weekly fee is k, $22.
6 m = kn + c
A, B and C are not linear
D: 3 =
2 6
10.5
5 5
+
= 4.2 + 1.2
3 5.4
E: 10.5 3 = 2.5 3
7.5 = 7.5
The answer is E.
7 a v =

mt + c
20 = 5m + c [1]
26 = 8m + c [2]
[2] [1] 6 = 3m
m = 2
Substitute m = 2 into [1]
20 = 5 2 + c
= 10 + c
c = 10
v = 2t + 10
b t = 0, v = 2 0 + 10
v = 10 m/s
c t = 28, v = 2 28 + 10
= 56 + 10
v = 66 m/s
d 34 = 2t + 10
2t = 24
t = 12 s
8 a y
2
1
x
x
+
y = ax
2
+
b
x

11 = 4a +
2
b
[1]
A GM1 1 - 7 176 V a r i a t i o n
47.5 = 16a +
4
b
[2]
[2] 2: 95 = 32a +
2
b
[3]
[3] [1]: 84 = 289
a = 3
Substitute a = 3 into [1]
11 = 4 3 +
2
b

= 12 +
2
b

2
b
= 1
b = 2
y = 3x
2

2
x

b i y = 3 5
2

2
3

= 3 25
2
5

= 75 0.4
= 74.6
ii y = 3
2
1 2
1
3
3

= 3
1
9
6
=
1
6
3

=
2
5
3

9 a y x
2
+ 11
y = ax
2
+ 11b
5 = 4a + 11b [1]
2 = a + 11b [2]
[1] [2]: 3 = 3a
a = 1
2 = 1 + 11b
1 = 11b
b =
1
11

y = x
2
+ 11
1
11

y = x
2
+ 1
b y =
2
1
1
3

+

=
1
1
9

+

y =
1
1
9

10 m n + n
3

m = an + bn
3

14 = 2a + 8b [1]
5.5 = a b [2]
[2] 2: 11 = 2a 2b [3]
[1] + [3] : 3 = 6b
b =
1
2

Substitute b =
1
2
into [2]
5.5 = a 0.5
5 = a
a = 5
m = 5n +
1
2
n
3

n = 4, m = 5 4 +
1
2
4
3

= 20 +
1
2
64
= 20 + 32
= 52
11 a y
1
x
+ b
y =
a
x
+ b
6 =
5
a
+ b [1]
4.5 =
10
a
+ b [2]
[1] [2]
6 = 0.2a + b
(4.5 = 0.1a + b)
1.5 = 0.1a
a = 15
6 =
15
5
+ b
6 = 3 + b
b = 3
y =
15
x
+ 3
b y =
15
x
+ 3
x = 12, y = ?
y =
15
12
+ 3
= 1.25 + 3
= 4.25
c x = ? y = 30
30 =
15
x
+ 3
30 3 =
15
x

27 =
15
x

27x = 15
x =
15
27

=
5
9

12 6.25 = 9 4
4
b
+
6.25 = 2a +
4
b
[1]
17 = 1
1
b
a +
17 = a + b [2]
[2] 2 34 = 2a + 2b [3]
[3] [1] 40.25 =
7
4
b

7b = 161
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 177

b = 23
17 = a 23
a = 6
a The answer is A.
b The answer is D.
c r =
23
6 p
p

p = 25, r =
23
6 25
25

= 6 5 0.92
= 30 0.92
= 29.08
The answer is C.
d 59.77 =
23
6 p
p

p = 36, RHS = 6 6
23
6

=
1
32
6

p = 49, RHS =
23
6 7
49

=
26
41
49

p = 64, RHS = 6 8
23
64

=
41
47
64

p = 81, RHS = 6 9
23
81

=
58
53
81

p = 100, RHS = 6 10
23
100

= 60 0.23
= 59.77
= LHS
The answer is E.
13 a A r + r
2

A = ar + br
2

703.36 = 8a + 64b [1]
942 = 10a + 100b [2]
[1] 10: 7033.6 = 80a + 640b [3]
[2] 8: 7536 = 80a + 800b [4]
[4] [3]: 502.4 = 160b
b = 3.14
Substitute b = 3.14 into [2]
942 = 10a + 100 3.14
= 10a + 314
628 = 10a
a = 62.8
A = 62.8r + 3.14r
2

b i A = 62.8 9 + 3.14 9
2

= 565.2 + 254.34
= 819.54 cm
2

ii A = 62.8 11 + 3.14 11
2

= 690.8 + 379.94
= 1070.74 cm
2

Exercise 7G Transformation of data
1 a

b The graph is not a straight line.
So y is not proportional to x.
The graph resembles a parabola.
So assume y x
2

y = kx
2

k =
2
y
x

1st pair: k =
2
1.76
1

= 1.76
2nd pair: k =
2
7.04
2

=
7.04
4

= 1.76
3rd pair: k =
2
15.84
3

=
15.84
9

= 1.76
4th pair: k =
2
28.16
4

=
28.16
16

= 1.76
5th pair: k =
2
44
5

=
44
25

= 1.76
k is constant and equals 1.76.
y x
2
and y = 1.76x
2
.
2 a

The graph is a hyperbola.
b
1
x
1
1
2
1
4
1
5
1
10

25
2

y 100 50 25 20 10 8

A GM1 1 - 7 178 V a r i a t i o n

The graph is a straight line which could pass through the
origin.
y
1
x

Note: No need to graph y and
2
1
x

c y
1
x

y =
k
x

y =
100
x

3 a

The shape is possibly a parabola or cubic.
So V is not proportional to D.
b
D
2
484 676 900 1156 1444 1764
D
3
10 648 17 576 27 000 39 304 54 872 74 088
V 5575 9203 14 137 20 580 28 731 38 792
If V D
2

V = KD
2

k =
2
V
D

1st pair: k =
5575
484

= 11.52
2nd pair: k =
9203
676

= 13.61
k is not constant, hence V is not propotional to D
2

If V D
3

V = kD
3

k =
3
V
D

1st pair: k =
5575
10648

= 0.5236
2nd pair: k =
9203
17576

= 0.5236
3rd pair: k =
14137
27000

= 0.5236
4th pair: k =
20580
39304

= 0.5236
5th pair: k =
28731
54872

= 0.5236
6th pair: k =
38792
74088

= 0.5236
k is constant, hence V D
3

V = kD
3

V = 0.5236 D
3

4 a From graphics calculator: type of graph is logarithmic.
b y = a log
10
(x) + b
x = 1, y = 5
x = 10, y = 7
y = a log
10
(x) + b
5 = a log
10
(1) + b [1]
5 = b
7 = a log
10
(10) + b [2]
7 = a + b
7 = a + 5
7 5 = a
a = 2
a = 2, b = 5
y = 2 log
10
(x) + 5
5 n
1
m
since n versus m is a hyperbola.
The answer is D.
6 If s t
2
, then s versus t is a parabola through the origin.
The answer is B.
7 a The graphics calculator shows that t does not vary directly
as d.
b The graphics calculator shows that:
t does not vary directly as d
2

t varies directly as d
c t d
t = k d when t = 0.0779, d = 3
0.0779 = k 3
k =
0.0779
3

= 0.045
t = 0.045 d
d d = 20 cm
t = 0.045 20
= 0.2012 seconds
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a W d
W = kd
84 = 4k
k = 21
b W = 21d
W = 21 12
= 252 J
c 136.5 = 21d
d =
136.5
21

= 6.5 m
2 a TSA l
2

TSA = kl
2

96 = k 4
2

= 16k
k = 6
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 179

b TSA = 6l
2

= 6 12
2

= 6 144
= 864 cm
2

c 384 = 6l
2

l
2
= 64
l = 8 cm
3 a k = xy
= 6 8
= 48
b y =
48
x

1st pair: x =
48
19.2

= 2.5
2nd pair: y =
48
5

= 9.6
4th pair: y =
48
12

= 4
x 2.5 5 6 12
y 19.2 9.6 8 4
4 a I
1
A

I =
k
A

If A = 4 8
= 32
0.6 =
32
k

k = 19.2
=
19.2
A

i A = 2
2

= 4
I =
19.2
4

= 4.8 W/m
2

ii A = 7 3
= 21
I =
19.2
21

= 0.91 W/m
2

b 1.2 =
19.2
A

1.2 A = 19.2
A =
19.2
1.2

= 16
But A = x
2
= 16 for a square opening of side length x.
x = 4 m
5 a Joint variation.
b P
W
t

c P =
kW
t

i P
new
=
2
kW
t

=
1
2
kW
t

=
1
2
P
P is halved.
ii P
new
=
3
kW
t

=
1
3
kW
t

=
1
3
P
P as multiplied by
1
.
3

d W = kd
P =
kd
t

i P
new
=
2
2
k d
t

=
kd
t

= P
No change to P.
ii P
new
=
2
1
2
k d
t

= 4
kd
t

= 4P
P is multiplied by 4.
Multiple choice
1 k =
m
n

1
1
m
n
=
2
2
m
n

or m
1
n
2
= n
1
m
2
or
1
1
m
n
=
2
2
m
n
or
2
1
m
m
=
2
1
n
n
or
1
2
n
n
=
1
2
m
m

The answer is A.
2 a b
k =
a
b

=
12
48

=
1
4

a =
4
b

=
10
4

= 2.5
The answer is C.
3 y = kx
y
new
= k(4x)
= 4kx
= 4y
y is quadrupled.
The answer is C.
4 y x
y = k x
k =
y
x

A: k =
6
2
, k =
12
3

A GM1 1 - 7 180 V a r i a t i o n
= 3 = 4, No
B: k =
6
2
, k =
16
4

= 3 = 4, No
C: k =
12
3
, k =
16
4

= 4 = 4
The answer is C.
5 m versus n is a parabola through the origin.
m n
2

The answer is C.
6 TSA s
2

TSA = ks
2

k =
2
TSA
s

=
2
24
2

=
24
4

= 6
TSA = 6s
2

s = 11, TSA = 6 11
2

= 6 121
= 726
The answer is B.
7 a b
3

a = kb
3

a
new
= k(2b)
3

= k 8b
3

= 8kb
3

= 8a
a is multiplied by 8.
The answer is E.
8 a
1
b
is shown in graphs i and ii.
The answer is C.
9 m
1
n

The answer is C.
10 y
1
x

y =
k
x

y
new
=
3
k
x

y =
1
3

k
x

y is divided by 3.
The answer is B.
11 r
2
1
s

r versus s
2
is a straight line
s
2
is on the horizontal axis.
The answer is D.
12 If k = pm = 24, 36, 48
p is not proportional to
1
m
.
If k =
p
m
= 1.5,
4
9
,
3
16

p is not proportional to m.
If k = p m = 12, 12, 12
p
1
m

The answer is E.
13 k = 12 = 3 4
The answer is B.
14 y
2
x z
w

y =
2
kx z
w
A
kx z = w
2
y B
kx =
2
yw
z
C

2
yw
kx
= z D
The answer is E.
15 x b
2
c
3

x = kb
2
c
3

x
new
= k(2b)
2
3
2
c

= k 4b
2

3
8
c

=
1
2
kb
2
c
3

=
1
2
x
The answer is A.
16 h
2
V
r

h =
2
kV
r

5 =
2
15.7
1
k

5 = k 15.7
k =
5
15.7

1
3

The answer is B.
17 A part linear variation between x and y is represented by a
straight line not passing through the origin, that is, graph iii
The answer is C.
18 A, B, C and E are linear relations.
The answer is D.
19 11 = a + b [1]
6 = 2a +
4
b
[2]
[2] 4: 24 = 8a + b [3]
[3] [1]: 35 = 7a
a = 5
11 = 5 + b
b = 16
The answer is C.
20 The graph is a parabola.
A straight line is produced by graphing t against p
2
.
The answer is A.
21 If y versus x produces a straight line.
The y versus x is a sideways parabola starting from the
origin and including the top half of the parabola only.
The answer is B.
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 181

Extended response
1 a M
o e
L
f f

M =
o e
kL
f f

2.508 =
12
52 2.3
k

k =
2.508 52 2.3
12

25
M =
25
o e
L
f f

b M =
25 10
48 3.5

=
250
168

= 1.488
2 l T + c
l = kT + c
a l = 20 + 0.0048
= 20.0048 m.
b l = kT + c
20.0048 = k 20 + c [1]
T = 0, 20 = c
Substitute c = 20 into [1]
20.0048 = 20k + 20
0.0048 = 20k
k = 0.00024
L = 0.00024T + 20
c k = 20
0.00024 = 20
= 0.000 012
= 1.2 10
5

3
x 1 4 9 16 25
x
2
1 16 81 256 625
x 1 2 3 4 5
y
3
20

2
2
5

3
12
20

2
38
5
3
93
4

i

The graph of y versus x appears to be a parabola
passing through the origin.
ii

The graph of y versus x
2
is a straight line through the
origin confirming that y x
2
.
iii

The graph of y versus x is not a straight line.
a y x
2

b y = kx
2

3
20
= k 1
2

k =
3
20

y =
3
20
x
2

4 a From the graphics calculator, type of graph hyperbola.
V =
k
p
Ratio V p = k
1 114 = 114
V =
114
p
2 57 = 114
b 4 28.5 = 114
6 19 = 114
8 14.25 = 114
10 11.4 = 114
c Inversely
5 a

The graph has a hyperbolic shape implying inverse
variation.
b M
1
u

= k
1
u

c k = Mu
1st pair: k = 1 40 = 40
2nd pair: k = 2 20 = 40
3rd pair: k = 4 10 = 40
4th pair: k = 5 8 = 40
k is constant, confirming inverse variation.
d

The graph is a straight line through the origin.
e M varies directly as v.
f M
v
u

M =
kv
u

A GM1 1 - 7 182 V a r i a t i o n
M =
v
u
(since k = 1)
6
E 695 556 772 840 850 124 927 408 1 000 692
E
2
4.84 10
11
5.97 10
11
7.23 10
11
8.60 10
11
1.00 10
12

1
E
1.44 10
5
1.29 10
6
1.18 10
6
1.08 10
6
9.99 10
7

m 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
a

The graph is a straight line through the origin, therefore m E. No need to graph m versus E
2
and m versus
1
.
E

b k =
m
E

1st pair: k =
1800
695556

= 2.59 10
3

2nd pair: k =
2000
772840

= 2.59 10
3

3rd pair: k =
2200
850124

= 2.59 10
3

4th pair: k =
2400
927408

= 2.59 10
3

5th pair: k =
2600
1000692

= 2.59 10
3

c

The graph is hyperbolic, suggesting inverse variation between m and v.
d
1
v
0.034 0.036 0.038 0.039 0.041
2
1
v
0.001 16 0.001 29 0.001 42 0.001 55 0.001 68
1
v
0.184 0.190 0.195 0.197 0.202
m 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 183

The graph is not a straight line through the origin. So m is
not proportional to
1
v

The graph is a straight line through the origin,
so m
2
1
.
v

No need to graph m versus
1
.
v

e m varies directly as E and inversely as the square of V.
f m
2
E
v

m =
2
E
k
v

2000 =
2
912040
(30.2)
k

=
912040
912.04

k =
2000 912.04
912040

k = 2
m =
2
2E
v

g v = 135 km/h = 135 3.6 m/s
= 37.5 m/s
m =
2
2 E
v

2100 =
2
2
(37.5)
E

=
2
1406.25
E

2E = 2 953 125
E = 1 476 562.5 J.
7 a R
2
1
d

b R =
2
kl
d

15 =
0.5
4
k

15 4
0.5
= k
k = 120
R =
2
120l
d

=
2
120 0.8
4

= 6
R =
2
120l
d

12 =
120
9
l

12 9
120
= l
l = 0.9
R =
2
120l
d

=
120 3.75
25

= 18
R =
2
120l
d

20 =
2
120 1
d

20d
2
= 120
d
2
= 6
d = 6 (reject negative as were dealing with
length.)
c R =
2
120l
d

d i R =
2
120l
d
l becomes 2l
R
new
=
2
120 2l
d

=
2
240l
d

R is doubled.
ii R =
2
120l
d
d becomes 2d
R
new
=
2
120
(2 )
l
d

=
2
120
4
l
d

=
2
30l
d

R is
1
4
of its original value.
iii R =
2
120l
d

l = 2l
d = 2d
R
new
=
2
120 2
(2 )
l
d

=
2
240
4
l
d

=
2
60l
d

R is halved.
e i R =
2
120l
d

l = 0.8l
d = 0.4d
R =
2
120 0.8
(0.4 )
l
d

=
2
96
0.16
l
d

=
2
600l
d

Increase.
R is 5 times as large.
ii R =
2
120l
d

l = 0.9l
d = 1.2d
A GM1 1 - 7 184 V a r i a t i o n
R =
2
120 0.9
(1.2 )
l
d

=
2
108
1.44
l
d

=
2
75l
d

Decrease.
R is
5
8
of its original value.
f R =
2
120l
d

l = 0.25l
d = xd
R =
2
120 0.25
( )
l
xd

R =
2 2
30l
x d

2
30
x
= 120
30 = 120x
2

30
120
= x
2

x
2
=
1
4

x =
1
2

d must be halved.
Exam practice 2
Short answer
1 =
2(2 1) 5(3 1)
(2 1)(3 1)
x x
x x
+
+

=
4 2 15 5
(2 1)(3 1)
x x
x x
+ +
+

=
7 11
(2 1)(3 1)
x
x x
+

2 ax + by = c (1)
x y = d (2)
multiply (2) by b
bx by = bd (2)
ax + by = c (1)
(1) + (2)
bx + ax = bd + c
x(b + a) = bd + c
x =
bd c
b a
+
+
subs. into (2)
(2) y = x d
y =
bd c
d
b a
+
+

y =
( ) bd c d b a
b a
+ +
+

y =
bd c db da
b a
+
+

y =
c da
b a
+

3 =
1 1
( 2) 2 ( 2) 1
+

=
( 2) 1 ( 2) 2
(( 2) 2) ( 2) 1)
+
+

=
3
2 ( 2) 2( 2) 2
+

=
3
2

=
3
2

4 A =
1
2
r
2
( sin( ))
2 3 3 =
2
1 3
2 3 2
r

2(2 3 3) = r
2 2 3 3
6

12(2 3 3) = r
2
(2 3 3)
r
2
=
12(2 3 3)
(2 3 3)

r = 12
r = 2 3
Multiple choice
1
1
1 3.4
cos
2 5.4

= 24.584
B.
2 Solving 7.2 = k
1
3

gives k = 2.4
Solving 9.8 =
2.4
n

gives n = 0.2449.
A.
3 A =
2
1
( )
2
r
A =
2
1 5
25
2 24

A = 204.53
A.
4 S
10
=
10
(2 3 9 1.5)
2
+
= 97.5
97.5 + 2 = 99.5.
D.
5 Solving 2b + 3m = 10.5
and 3b + 4m = 14.95
for b and m
gives b = 2.85
and m = 1.6
5 2.85 = 14.25
D.
6 (0.8)
2
1.1 = 0.704
C.
Extended response
1 a 50, 75, 100, 1100
Require number of terms
Arithmetic sequence
a = 50
d = 25
1100 = 50 + (n 1)25
1050 = (n 1)25
42 = n 1
n = 43
V a r i a t i o n A GM1 1 - 7 185

b S
=
1
a
r

S
=
85
1 0.85

S
=
85
0.15

S
= 566.67
After the injury + 500, before the injury 1066.7 km; Theo
will not reach Sydney.
2 a

cos(30) =
3.5
x

3
2
=
2
7
x

x =
7 3
km
4

b

= 30 + 45

c

Using cosine rule:
d =
2 2
(3.5) (4.5) 2 3.5 4.5 cos(75) +
Distance is 4.93 km.
d tan(15.2) =
(2 )
y
x +

(2 + x) tan(15.2) = y
y = 2 tan(15.2) + x tan(15.2)
e tan(32.35) =
y
x

x =
tan(32.35 )
y

Substitute into part d.
y = 2tan(15.2) (tan15.2)
tan(32.35)
y
+
2 tan(15.2) tan(32.35) + y tan(15.2) = y tan(32.35)
y =
2tan(15.2) tan(32.35)
tan(32.35) tan(15.2)

y = 0.95156
Therefore vertical height of the lookout from the hotel is
952 m.
A GM1 1 - 8 186 F u r t h e r a l g e b r a
Exercise 8A Polynomial
identities
1 a i Yes
ii 4
b i No
c i Yes
ii 6
d i Yes
ii 2
2 (2a + b)x
3
+ (b c)x
2
+ (a + 2c)x + 5
= 3x
3
5x
2
+ 10x + 5
Equating coefficients gives
2a + b = 3 [1]
b c = 5 [2]
a + 2c = 10 [3]
From [1] b = 3 2a
From [2] 3 2a c = 5
2a + c = 8
c = 8 2a sub into [3]
a + 2(8 2a) = 10
a + 16 4a = 10
3a = 6
a = 2
b = 3 2 2
b = 1
c = 8 2 2
c = 4
Hence, a = 2, b = 1, c = 4
3 x
3
+ 2x
2
13x + 16
= (x 2)(ax
2
+ bx + c) + 6
RHS = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx 2ax
2
2bx
2c + 6
= ax
3
+ (b 2a)x
2
+ (c 2b)x
2c + 6
Hence a = 1
b 2a = 2
b 2 = 2
b = 4
c 2b = 13
c 8 = 13
c = 5
hence a = 1, b = 4, c = 5
4 2x
3
5x
2
+ 10 = (x 2)
2
(2x + a)
+ bx + c
RHS = (x
2
4x + 4)(2x + a) + bx + c
= 2x
3
+ ax
2
8x
2
4xa + 8x
+ 4a + bx + c
= 2x
3
+ (a 8)x
2
+ (8 + b
4a)x + 4a + c
hence a 8 = 5
a = 3
8 + b 4a = 0
8 + b 12 = 0
b = 4
4a + c = 10
12 + c = 10
c = 2
hence a = 3, b = 4, c = 2
5 m
4
+ 25 = (m
2
+ am + 5)(m
2
+ bm + 5)
RHS = m
4
+ bm
3
+ 5m
2
+ am
3
+ abm
2

+ 5am + 5m
2
+ 5bm + 25
= m
4
+ (b + a)m
3
+ (10 + ab)m
2

+ (5a + 5b)m + 25
hence b + a = 0 b = a
10 + ab = 0 10 a
2
= 0
so, a
2
= 10
a = 10
a = 10, b = 10 or
a = 10, b = 10
6 x
2
= a(x + 1)
2
+ b(x + 1) + c
= ax
2
+ 2ax + a + bx + b + c
= ax
2
+ (2a + b)x + a + b + c
Equating coefficients
a = 1
2a + b = 0
b = 2
a + b + c = 0
1 2 + c = 0
c = 1
hence, a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
7 ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d = (2x 1)
2
(mx + n)
RHS = (4x
2
4x + 1)(mx + n)
= 4mx
3
+ 4nx
2
4mx
2
4nx
+ mx + n
= 4mx
3
+ (4n 4m)x
2

+ (m 4n)x + n
hence
a = 4m [1]
b = 4n 4m [2]
c = m 4n [3]
d = n [4]
Sub [1] and [4] into [2]
b = 4d a
From [3]
4n = m c
4d = m c
From [1]
m =
4
a

4d =
4
a
c
16d = a 4c
a = 16d + 4c
Since b = 4d a
b = 4d (16d + 4c)
b = 4d 16d 4c
b = 12d 4c
8 (x 2)(x
2
+ ax + b) = x
3
+ 3x
2
16x
+ 12
x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx 2x
2
2ax 2b
= x
3
+ 3x
2
16x + 12
x
3
+ (a 2)x
2
+ (b 2a)x 2b
= x
3
+ 3x
2
16x + 12
hence a 2 =3
a = 5
b 2a = 16
b 10 = 16
b = 6
So the other factor is x
2
+ 5x 6
9 (x + 1)(x
2
+ ax + b) = x
3
x
2
+ x +3
x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + x
2
+ ax + b
= x
3
x
2
+ x + 3
x
3
+ (a + 1)x
2
+ (a + b)x + b
= x
3
x
2
+ x + 3
hence a + 1 = 1
a = 2
a + b = 1
2 + b = 1
b = 3
So factor is x
2
2x + 3
10 2x
3
+ 7x
2
7x 5
= (2x + 1)(ax
2
+ bx + c)
= 2ax
3
+ 2bx
2
+ 2cx + ax
2
+ bx + c
= 2ax
3
+ (2b + a)x
2
+ (2c + b)x + c
By equating eoefficients
a = 1
c = 5
2b + a = 7
2b + 1 = 7
2b = 6
b = 3
So the other factor is x
2
+ 3x 5
Exercise 8B Partial fractions
1 a
2 3
1
x
x
+
=
2( 1) 5
1
x
x
+
+

=
5
2
1 x
+

b
4 7
2
x
x
+
=
4( 2) 15
2
x
x
+

=
15
4
2 x
+

c
7
2 1
x
x
+
=
1 15
(2 1)
2 2
2 1
x
x
+

=
1 15
2 2(2 1) x
+

d
3 4
2 2
x
x
+
=
3
(2 2) 7
2
2 2
x
x
+
+

=
3 7
2 2 2 x
+

2 a
6
( 1)( 4)
x
x x
+
+
=
1 4
A B
x x
+
+

x + 6 = A(x 4) + B(x + 1)
x + 6 = Ax 4A + Bx + B
x + 6 = (A + B)x 4A + B
A + B = 1, B = 1 A
4A + B = 6
4A + 1 A = 6
5A = 5
A = 1, B = 2

2 1
4 1 x x
+

b
2
5
5 6
x
x x
+
=
5
( 3)( 2)
x
x x

=
3 2
A B
x x
+

x 5 = A(x 2) + B(x 3)
x 5 = (A + B)x 2A 3B
A + B = 1, B = 1 A
2A 3B = 5
2A 3(1 A) = 5
Chapter 8 Further algebra
F u r t h e r a l g e b r a A GM1 1 - 8 187
2A 3 + 3A = 5
A = 2, B = 3

3 2
2 3 x x

c
2
2 1
8 9
x
x x
+
=
2 1
( 9)( 1)
x
x x
+

=
9 1
A B
x x
+
+

2x 1 = A(x 1) + B(x + 9)
2x 1 = Ax A + Bx + 9B
2x 1 = (A + B)x A + 9B
A + B = 2, A = 2 B
A + 9B = 1
(2 B) + 9B = 1
2 + B + 9B = 1
10B = 1
B =
1
,
10
A =
19
10

19 1
10( 9) 10( 1) x x
+
+

d
2
3 2
2 9 7
x
x x
+
+
=
3 2
(2 7)( 1)
x
x x
+

=
2 7 1
A B
x x
+

3x + 2 = A(x 1) + B(2x 7)
3x + 2 = (A + 2B)x A 7B
A + 2B = 3, A = 3 2B
A 7B = 2
(3 2B) 7B = 2
3 + 2B 7B = 2
5B = 5
B = 1
A = 5

5 1
2 7 1 x x

3 a
2
1
( 2)
x
x
+
=
2
2 ( 2)
A B
x x
+
+ +

x 1 = A(x + 2) + B
x 1 = Ax + 2A + B
A = 1
2A + B = 1, B = 3

2
1 3
2 ( 2) x x
+ +

b
2
4
6 9
x
x x
+
=
2
4
( 3)
x
x

=
2
3 ( 3)
A B
x x
+

x 4 = A(x 3) + B
x 4 = Ax 3A + B
A = 1
3A + B = 4
3 + B = 4
B = 1

2
1 1
3 ( 3) x x

c
2
2 14
( 1)( 3)
x
x x
+
+

=
2
1 3 ( 3)
A B C
x x x
+ +
+ +

2x + 14 = A(x + 3)
2
+ B(x 1)
(x + 3) + C(x 1)
2x + 14 = Ax
2
+ 6Ax + 9A + Bx
2

+ 2Bx 3B + Cx C
2x + 14 = (A + B)x
2
+ (6A + 2B
+ C)x + 9A 3B C
A + B = 0, A = B
6A + 2B + C = 2
6B + 2B + C = 2
4B + C = 2 [1]
9A 3B C = 14
9A 3B C = 14
12B C = 14 [2]
[1] + [2]
16B = 16
B = 1, A = 1
9 + 3 C = 14
C = 2

2
1 1 2
1 3 ( 3) x x x

+ +

d
2
3 5
( 2)( 1)
x
x x
+

=
2
2 1 ( 1)
A B C
x x x
+ +
+ +

3x 5 = A(x + 1)
2
+ B(x 2)(x + 1)
+ C(x 2)
3x 5 = Ax
2
+ 2Ax + A + Bx
2
Bx
2B + Cx 2C
3x 5 = (A + B)x
2
+ (2A B + C)x
+ A 2B 2C
A + B = 0, B = A
2A B + C = 3
2A + A + C = 3
3A + C = 3 [1]
A 2B 2C = 5
A + 2A 2C = 5
3A 2C = 5 [2]
[1] [2]
3C = 8
C =
8
3

8
3
3
A+ = 3
3A =
1
3

A =
1
,
9
B =
1
9

2
1 1 8
9( 2) 9( 1) 3( 1) x x x
+
+ +

4 a
2
2
3 18
( 1)( 2 5)
x x
x x x
+ +
+ +

=
2
1 2 5
A Bx C
x x x
+
+
+ +

x
2
+ 3x + 18 = A(x
2
2x + 5)
+ (Bx + C)(x + 1)
x
2
+ 3x + 18 = Ax
2
2Ax + 5A
+ Bx
2
+ Bx + Cx + C
A + B = 1, B = 1 A
B 2A + C = 3
1 A 2A + C = 3
1 3A + C = 3
C 3A = 2 [1]
C + 5A = 18 [2]
[2] [1]
8A = 16
A = 2, B = 1
1 6 + C = 3
C = 8

2
2 8
1 2 5
x
x x x
+
+ +

b
2
2
5
( 3 1)
x
x x x
+
+ +
=
2
3 1
A Bx C
x x x
+
+
+ +

x
2
+ 5 = A(x
2
+ 3x + 1) + x(Bx + C)
x
2
+ 5 = (A + B)x
2
+ (3A + C)x + A
A + B = 1
3A + B = 0
A = 5
B = 4
C = 15

2
5 4 15
3 1
x
x x x
+

+ +

c
2
2
( 5 5)( 2) x x x +

=
2
2 5 5
A Bx C
x x x
+
+
+

2 = A(x
2
5x + 5) + (Bx + C)
(x 2)
2 = Ax
2
5Ax + 5A + Bx
2
2Bx
+ Cx 2C
A + B = 0, B = A
C 5A 2B = 0
C 5A + 2A = 0
C 3A = 0, C = 3A
5A 2C = 2
5A 6A = 2
A = 2
B = 2, C = 6

2
2 2 6
2 5 5
x
x x x

+
+

d
2
3
5 1
27
x x
x
+
=
2
2
5 1
( 3)( 3 9)
x x
x x x
+
+ +

=
2
3 3 9
A Bx C
x x x
+
+
+ +

x
2
+ 5x 1 = A(x
2
+ 3x + 9) +
(Bx + C)(x 3)
= Ax
2
+ 3Ax + 9A + Bx
2

3Bx + Cx 3C
= (A + B)x
2
+ (3A 3B + C)x
+ 9A 3C
A + B = 1, B = 1 A
3A 3B + C = 5
3A 3(1 A) + C = 5
3A 3 + 3A + C = 5
6A + C = 8 [1]
9A 3C = 1 [2]
[1] 3 + [2]
27A = 23
A =
23
,
27
B =
4
27

23
9 3
27
C = 1
3C =
23
1
3

3C =
26
3

C =
26
9

2
2
23 4
27( 3) 27( 3 9)
26
9( 3 9)
x
x x x
x x
+
+ +
+
+ +

5 a
2
3 1
2
x x
x
+ +
+

2
2
1
2 3 1
2
1
2
1
x
x x x
x x
x
x
+
+ + +
+
+
+

1
1
2
x
x
+
+

b
3
2 3
4
x x
x
+

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
4 18
4 0 2 3
4
4 2
4 16
18 3
18 72
69
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +
+ +

2
69
4 18
4
x x
x
+ + +

c
3 2
2
3 2 4 5
6
x x x
x x
+ +
+ +

2 3 2
3 2
2
2
3 1
6 3 2 4 5
3 3 18
22 5
6
21 11
x
x x x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
+ + + +
+ +
+

+

2
11 21
3 1
6
x
x
x x
+
+ +

d
3
3
2 1
x
x
+

2
3 2
3 2
2
2
1 1 1
2 4 8
2 1 0 0 3
1
2
1
0
2
1 1

2 4
1
3
4
1 1

4 8
25

8
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +
+ + +

2
1 25
2 4 8 8(2 1)
x x
x
+ + +

Exercise 8C Simultaneous
equations
1 a y = x [1]
y = x
2
+ 5x + 4 [2]
Substitute [1] into [2]
x
2
+ 5x + 4 = x
x
2
+ 4x + 4 = 0
(x + 2)
2
= 0
x = 2
Substitute x = 2 into [1]
y = 2
Solution is (2, 2)
b y = x [1]
y = x
2
+ 3x + 4 [2]
x
2
+ 3x + 4 = x
x
2
+ 4x + 4 = 0
(x + 2)
2
= 0
x = 2
y = (2)
= 2
Solution is (2, 2)
c y = 2x [1]
y = x
2
+ 4x + 1 [2]
x
2
+ 4x + 1 = 2x
x
2
+ 2x + 1 = 0
(x + 1)
2
= 0
x = 1
y = 2x 1
= 2
Solution (1, 2)
d y = 3x [1]
y = x
2
+ 8x + 6 [2]
x
2
+ 8x + 6 = 3x
x
2
+ 5x + 6 = 0
(x + 2) (x + 3) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3
Substitute x = 2 and x = 3 into [1]
x = 2, y = 3x 2
= 6
x = 3, y = 3x 3
= 9
Solution is (2, 6) or (3, 9)
e y = 2x [1]
y = x
2
2x 1 [2]
x
2
2x 1 = 2x
x
2
1 = 0
(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
Substitute 2 into [1]
x = 1, y = 2 [1]
= 2
x = 1, y = 2(1)
= 2
f y = x + 5 [1]
y = x
2
4x + 11 [2]
x
2
4x + 11 = x + 5
x
2
5x + 6 = 0
(x 2)(x 3) = 0
x = 2 or x = 3
Substitute x into [1]
x = 2, y = 2 + 5 = 7
x = 3, y = 3 + 5 = 8
g y + x = 1
or y = 1 x [1]
y = 3x
2
+ 2x 1 [2]
3x
2
+ 2x 1 = 1 x
3x
2
+ 3x 2 = 0
a = 3, b = 3, c = 2
x =
2
3 (3) 4(3) ( 2)
2 3
+

=
3 9 24
6
+

=
3 33
6

x =
3 33
6

y =
3 33
1
6

=
6 3 33
6
+

=
9 33
6

x =
3 33
6

,
y =
3 33
1
6

=
6 3 33
6
+ +

=
9 33
6
+

Solution is

3 33 9 33
,
6 6

+

or

3 33 9 33
,
6 6

+

h 2x + 3y = 6
3y = 6 2x
y =
2
2
3
x [1]
y =
2
4
2
x
[2]

2
4
2
x
=
2
2
3
x
(6) 3x
2
24= 12 4x
3x
2
+ 4x 36 = 0
a = 3, b = 4, c = 36
x =
2
4 (4) 4(3)( 36)
2 3

=
4 16 432
6
+

=
4 448
6

=
4 8 7
6

=
2 4 7
3

x =
2 4 7
,
3

y =
2 2 4 7
2
3 3

=
4 8 7
2
9 9
+
=
22 8 7
9

x =
2 4 7
,
3

y =
2 2 4 7
2
3 3

=
4 8 7
2
9 9
+ +
=
22 8 7
9
+

Solution is

2 4 7 22 8 7
,
3 9

+

2 4 7 22 8 7
or ,
3 9

+

i 2x 4y = 12
x 2y = 6
2y = x 6
y =
1
3
2
x [1]
y = 2x
2
+ x + 6 [2]
2x
2
+ x + 6 =
1
3
2
x
4x
2
+ 2x + 12 = x 6
4x
2
+ x + 18 = 0
a = 4, b = 1, c = 18
x =
2
1 1 4( 4)(18)
2 4

=
1 1 288
8
+

=
1 289
8

=
1 17
8

=
16 18
or
8 8

=
9
2 or
4

x = 2, y =
1
( 2) 3
2

= 4
x =
9
4
, y =
1 9
3
2 4

=
9
3
8

=
15
8

Solution is (2, 4) or
9 15
,
4 8

j 2y + 6x = 4
y + 3x = 2
y = 2 3x [1]
y = 4 3x
2
[2]
4 3x
2
= 2 3x
3x
2
3x 2 = 0
a = 3, b = 3, c = 2
x =
2
3 ( 3) 4(3)( 2)
2 3

=
3 9 24
6
+

=
3 33
6

x =
3 33
6
+

y =
3 33
2 3
6

+

=
3 33
2
2
+

=
1 33
2 2

x =
3 33
6

y =
3 33
2 3
6

=
3 33
2
2

=
1 33
2 2
+
Solution is
3 33 1 33
,
6 2

+

or
3 33 1 33
,
6 2

+

2 a y = x [1]
y
2
+ x
2
= 1 [2]
x
2
+ x
2
= 1
2x
2
= 1
x
2
=
1
2

x =
1
2

=
2
2

x =
2
2
, y =
2
2

x =
2
2
, y =
2
2

Solution is
2 2 2 2
, or ,
2 2 2 2

b y = x [1]
y
2
+ x
2
= 1 [2]
x
2
+ x
2
= 1
2x
2
= 1
x
2
=
1
2

x =
2
2

x =
2
2
, y =
2
2

x =
2
2
, y =
2
2

Solution is
2 2 2 2
, or ,
2 2 2 2

c y = 2x [1]
x
2
+ y
2
= 4 [2]
x
2
+ (2x)
2
= 4
x
2
+ 4x
2
= 4
5x
2
= 4
x
2
=
4
5

x =
2
5

=
2 5
5

x =
2 5
,
5
y =
2 5
2
5

=
4 5
5

x =
2 5
5
, y =
2 5
2
5

=
4 5
5

Solution is
2 5 4 5
,
5 5

or
2 5 4 5
,
5 5

d y = 1 x [1]
4 = y
2
+ x
2
[2]
4 = (1 x)
2
+ x
2
4 = 1 2x + x
2
+ x
2
or 2x
2
2x 3 = 0
a = 2, b = 2, c = 3
x =
2
2 ( 2) 4(2) ( 3)
2 2

=
2 4 24
4
+

=
2 28
4

=
2 2 7
4

=
1 7
2

x =
1 7
2
+
, y =
1 7
1
2
+

=
1 7
2

x =
1 7
2
, y =
1 7
1
2

=
1 7
2
+

Solution is
1 7 1 7
,
2 2

+

or
1 7 1 7
,
2 2

+

e x + y = 2
or y = 2 x [1]
x
2
+ y
2
9 = 0 [2]
x
2
+ (2 x)
2
9 = 0
x
2
+ 4 4x + x
2
9 = 0
2x
2
4x 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 4, c = 5
x =
2
4 ( 4) 4(2)( 5)
2 2

=
4 16 40
4
+

=
4 56
4

=
4 2 14
4

=
2 14
2

x =
2 14
2
, y =
2 14
2
2

=
2 14
2

x =
2 14
2
, y =
2 14
2
2

=
2 14
2
+

Solution is
2 14 2 14
,
2 2

+

or
2 14 2 14
,
2 2

+

f y x 3 = 0
y = x + 3 [1]
(x + 3)
2
+ y
2
= 16 [2]
(x + 3)
2
+ (x + 3)
2
= 16
2(x + 3)
2
= 16
(x + 3)
2
= 8
x + 3 = 8
= 2 2
x = 3 2 2
x = 3 + 2 2 , y = 3 + 2 2 + 3
= 2 2
x = 3 2 2 , y = 3 2 2 + 3
= 2 2
Solution is (3 + 2 2 , 2 2 )
or (3 2 2 , 2 2 )
g y = 1
2
x
[1]
(x 2)
2
+ y
2
1 = 0 [2]
(x 2)
2
+
2
1
2
x

1 = 0
x
2
4x + 4 + 1 x +
2
4
x
1 = 0
(4) 4x
2
16x + 16 + 4 4x
+ x
2
4 = 0
5x
2
20x + 16 = 0
a = 5, b = 20, c = 16
x =
2
20 ( 20) 4(5)(16)
2 5

=
20 400 320
10

=
20 80
10

=
20 4 5
10

=
10 2 5
5

x =
10 2 5
5
+
, y =
1 10 2 5
1
2 5

+

=
5 5
1
5

=
5
5

x =
10 2 5
5
,
y =
1 10 2 5
1
2 5

=
5 5
1
5
+

=
5
5

Solution is
10 2 5 5
,
5 5

+

or

10 2 5 5
,
5 5

h y + 2 = 3x
or y = 3x 2 [1]
(x 1)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 4 [2]
(x 1)
2
+ (3x 2 + 3)
2
= 4
(x 1)
2
+ (3x + 1)
2
= 4
x
2
2x + 1 + 9x
2
+ 6x + 1 = 4
10x
2
+ 4x + 2 = 4
10x
2
+ 4x 2 = 0
5x
2
+ 2x 1 = 0
a = 5, b = 2, c = 1
x =
2
2 2 4(5)( 1)
2 5

=
2 24
10

=
2 2 6
10

=
1 6
5

x =
1 6
5
+
,
y =
1 6
3 2
5

+

=
3 3 6 10
5 5

=
13 3 6
5

x =
1 6
5

,
y =
1 6
3 2
5

=
3 3 6 10
5 5

=
13 3 6
5

Solution is
1 6 13 3 6
,
5 5

+ +

or
1 6 13 3 6
,
5 5

i 2x + 4y = 4
4y = 4 2x
y = 1
2
x
[1]
x
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 25 [2]

2
2
1 1
2
x
x

+ +

= 25

2
2
2
2
x
x

+

= 25
x
2
+ 4 2x +
2
4
x
= 25
or 4x
2
+ 16 8x + x
2
= 100
5x
2
8x 84 = 0
a = 5, b = 8, c = 84
x =
2
8 ( 8) 4(5)( 84)
2 5

=
8 64 1680
10
+

=
8 1744
10

=
8 4 109
10

=
4 2 109
5

x =
4 2 109
,
5
+

y =
1 4 2 109
1
2 5

+

=
2 109
1
5
+

=
3 109
5

x =
4 2 109
,
5
+

y =
1 4 2 109
1
2 5

=
2 109
1
5

=
3 109
5
+

Solution is
4 2 109 3 109
,
5 5

+

or
4 2 109 3 109
,
5 5

+

j 6x 3y = 12
2x y = 4
or y = 2x 4 [1]
(x 2)
2
+ (y 1)
2
36 = 0 [2]
(x 2)
2
+ (2x 4 1)
2
36 = 0
(x 2)
2
+ (2x 5)
2
36 = 0
x
2
4x + 4 + 4x
2
20x + 25 36 = 0
5x
2
24x 7 = 0
a = 5, b = 24, c = 7
x =
2
24 ( 24) 4(5) ( 7)
2 5

=
24 576 140
10
+

=
24 716
10

=
24 2 179
10

=
12 179
5

x =
12 179
,
5
+

y =
12 179
2 4
5

+

=
24 2 179
4
5
+

=
4 2 179
5
+

x =
12 179
,
5

y =
12 179
2 4
5

=
24 2 179
4
5

=
4 2 179
5

Solution is
12 179 4 2 179
,
5 5

+ +

or
12 179 4 2 179
,
5 5

3 a y = 2x [1]
y =
2
1 x
[2]
2x =
2
1 x

2x(x 1) = 2
2x
2
2x = 2
2x
2
2x 2 = 0
x
2
x 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
x =
2
1 ( 1) 4(1)( 1)
2 1

=
1 1 4
2
+

=
1 5
2

x =
1 5
2
+
, y =
1 5
2
2

+

= 1 + 5
x =
1 5
2
, y =
1 5
2
2

= 1 5
Solution is
1 5
, 1 5
2

+
+

or
1 5
, 1 5
2

b y = x + 1 [1]
y =
4
2 x
[2]
x + 1 =
4
2 x

(x + 1)(2 x) = 4
2x x
2
+ 2 x = 4
x
2
+ x + 2 = 4
x
2
+ x 2 = 0
a = 1, b = 1, c = 2
x =
2
1 ( 1) 4( 1) ( 2)
2 1

=
1 7
2

No real solutions.
c y = 3x 4 [1]
y =
4
1 2x
[2]
3x 4 =
4
1 2x

(3x 4)(1 2x) = 4
3x 6x
2
4 + 8x = 4
6x
2
+ 11x 4 = 4
6x
2
+ 11x 8 = 0
a = 6, b = 11, c = 8
x =
2
11 11 4( 6) ( 8)
2 6

=
11 121 192
12

=
11 71
12

No real solutions.
d y = 1 2x [1]
y =
1
1
2 x
+
[2]
1 2x =
1
1
2 x
+

(1 2x)(x + 2) = 1 1(x + 2)
x + 2 2x
2
4x = 1 x 2
2x
2
3x + 2 = x 1
2x
2
2x + 3 = 0
a = 2, b = 2, c = 3
x =
2
2 ( 2) 4( 2) (3)
2 2

x =
2 4 24
4
+

=
2 28
4

=
2 2 7
4

=
1 7
2

=
1 7
2

x =
1 7
2
+
, y =
1 7
1 2
2

+

= 1 + 1 7
= 2 7
x =
1 7
2

, y =
1 7
1 2
2

= 1 + 1 + 7
= 2 + 7
Solution is
1 7
, 2 7
2

+

or
1 7
, 2 7
2

+

e 2y x = 6
2y = x + 6
y =
6
2
x +
[1]
y 3 =
2
1 x
[2]

6
2
x +
3 =
2
1 x

or x + 6 6 =
4
1 x

(x + 6)(x 1) 6(x 1) = 4
x
2
+ 6x x 6 6x + 6 = 4
x
2
x = 4
x
2
x 4 = 0
a = 1, b = 1, c = 4
x =
2
1 ( 1) 4(1) ( 4)
2 1
+

=
1 17
2

x =
1 17
2
+
, y =
1 17
6
2
2
+
+

=
13 17
2
2
+

=
13 17
4
+

x =
1 17
2
, y =
1 17
6
2
2
+

=
13 17
2
2

=
13 17
4

Solution is
1 17 13 17
,
2 4

+ +

or
1 17 13 17
,
2 4

f 2x + 4y 8 = 0
4y = 8 2x
y = 2
2
x
[1]
y + 1 =
3
2 x
[2]
2
2
x
+ 1 =
3
2 x

3
2
x
=
3
2 x

or 6 x =
6
2 x

6(2 x) x(2 x) = 6
12 6x 2x + x
2
= 6
x
2
8x + 6 = 0
a = 1, b = 8, c = 6
x =
2
8 ( 8) 4(1)(6)
2 1

=
8 40
2

=
8 2 10
2

= 4 10
x = 4 + 10,
y = 2
1
2
(4 + 10)
= 2 2
10
2

=
10
2

x = 4 10,
y = 2
1
2
(4 10)
=
10
2 2
2
+
=
10
2

Solution is
10
4 10,
2

+

or
10
4 10,
2

g x 3 = 2y
or y =
3
2
x
[1]
y =
2
1 x
[2]

3
2
x
=
2
1 x

(x 3)(x 1) = 2 2
x
2
4x + 3 = 4
x
2
4x 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 4, c = 1
x =
2
4 ( 4) 4(1)( 1)
2 1

=
4 20
2

=
4 2 5
2

= 2 5
x = 2 5 + , y =
2 5 3
2
+

=
1 5
2
+

x = 2 5 , y =
2 5 3
2

=
1 5
2

Solution is
1 5
2 5,
2

+
+

or
1 5
2 5,
2

h x = 2y 4 [1]

2
3x
1 y = 0 [2]

2
1
3(2 4) y

y = 0

2
1
6 12 y
y = 0
2 1(6y 12) y(6y 12) = 0
2 6y + 12 6y
2
+ 12y = 0
6y
2
+ 6y + 14 = 0
a = 6, b = 6, c = 14
y =
2
6 6 4( 6)(14)
2 6

=
6 372
12

=
6 2 93
12

=
3 93
6

=
3 93
6

Substitute y into [1]
y =
3 93
,
6
+

x =
3 93
2 4
6

+

=
3 93
4
3
+

=
9 93
3
+

y =
3 93
,
6

x = 2
3 93
4
6

=
3 93
4
3

=
9 93
3

Solution is
9 93 3 93
,
3 6

+ +

or
9 93 3 93
,
3 6

i 4x 3y = 12
3y = 4x 12
y =
4 12
3
x
[1]

1
4
3 2 x
= y [2]

4 12
3
x
=
1
4
3 2 x

4 12
3
x

(3x 2) = 4(3x 2) 1
(4x 12)(3x 2) = 12(3x 2) 3
12x
2
8x 36x + 24 = 36x 24 3
12x
2
44x + 24 = 36x 27
12x
2
80x + 51 = 0
a = 12, b = 80, c = 51
x =
2
80 ( 80) 4(12) (51)
2 12

=
80 6400 2488
24

=
80 3952
24

=
80 4 247
24

=
20 247
6

x =
20 247
,
6

y =
20 247
4 12
6
3

+

=
80 4 247
12
6
3
+

=
40 2 247 36
3 3
3
+

=
4 2 247
9
+

x =
20 247
6
,
y =
20 247
4 12
6
3

=
80 4 247
12
6

=
40 2 247 36
3 3
3

=
4 2 247
9

Solution is
20 247 4 2 247
,
6 9

+ +

or
20 247 4 2 247
,
6 9

j x + y = 5
or y = 5 x [1]

1
4 3x
= y + 2 [2]
5 x + 2 =
1
4 3x

7 x =
1
4 3x

(7 x)(4 3x) = 1
28 21x 4x + 3x
2
= 1
3x
2
25x + 27 = 0
a = 3, b = 25, c = 27
x =
2
25 ( 25) 4(3) (27)
2 3

=
25 625 324
6

=
25 301
6

x =
25 301
,
6
+

y =
25 301
5
6
+

=
5 301
6

x =
25 301
,
6

y =
25 301
5
6

=
5 301
6
+

Solution is
25 301 5 301
,
6 6

+

or
25 301 5 301
,
6 6

+

4 x + y = 6
y = 6 x [1]
y = 3x
2
+ 12x + 10 [2]
3x
2
+ 12x + 10 = 6 x
3x
2
+ 13x + 4 = 0
(3x + 1)(x + 4) = 0
x =
1
3
, x = 4
x =
1
3
, y = 6
1
3

= 6
1
3

x = 4, y = 6 4
= 10
Solution is
1 1
, 6
3 3

or (4, 10)
The answer is E.
5 y = x [1]
x
2
+ y
2
= 1 [2]
x
2
+ x
2
= 1
2x
2
= 1
x
2
=
1
2

x =
1
2

=
2
2

x =
2
2
, y =
2
2

x =
2
2
, y =
2
2

By symmetry y = x intersects with x
2
+ y
2
= 1 at
x =
2
2
, y =
2
2
and
x =
2
2
, y =
2
2

Using
2
2
0.71:
The coordinates of the four holes are:
(0.71, 0.71), (0.71, 0.71), (0.71, 0.71) and (0.71, 0.71)
Chapter review
Short answer
1 x
4
+ 7x
3
+ 12x
2
+ x 1 = (x
2
+ ax + 1)(x
2
+ bx 1)
LHS = x
4
+ bx
3
x
2
+ ax
3
+ abx
2
ax + x
2
+ bx 1
= x
4
+ (a + b)x
3
+ abx
2
+ (b a)x 1
Equating coefficients
b + a = 7
ab = 12
b a = 1
Hence a = 3 and b = 4
2 x
3
+ x
2
11x + 10 = (x 2)(x
2
+ ax + b)
RHS = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx 2x
2
2ax 2b
= x
3
+ (a 2)x
2
+ (b 2a)x 2b
Hence a 2 = 1, a = 3
b 2a = 11
b 6 = 11
b = 5
Factor is x
2
+ 3x 5
3
2
22
8 20
x
x x

22
( 10)( 2)
x
x x
+
=
10 2
A B
x x
+
+

x 22 = A(x + 2) + B(x 10)
x 22 = Ax + 2A + Bx 10B
x 22 = (A + B)x + 2A 10B
A + B = 1
B = 1 A
2A 10B = 22
2A 10(1 A) = 22
2A 10 + 10A = 22
12A = 12
A = 1
B = 2

2 1
2 10 x x
+

4
3 2
2
2 1
2
x x x
x
+

2 3 2
3 2
2
2
2
2 2 1
0 2
2 3 1
2 0 4
3 5
x
x x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
+

+
+ +

2
3 5
2
2
x
x
x

5 5x =
15
2 x

5x(x 2) = 15
5x
2
10x 15 = 0
5(x
2
2x 3) = 0
5(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
(3, 15)(1, 5)
6 x = 4 x
2

x
2
+ x 4 = 0
x =
1 1 (4 1 4)
2

x =
1 17
2

1 17 1 17
,
2 2

+ +

or
1 17 1 17
,
2 2

Multiple choice
1 2x
3
+ 7x
2
16x + 6 = (2x 1)(ax
2
+ bx + c)
RHS = 2ax
3
+ 2bx
2
+ 2cx ax
2
bx c
= 2ax
3
+ (2b a)x
2
+ (2c b)x c
Hence a = 1,
2b a = 7
2c b = 16
c = 6
12 b = 16
b = 4
Hence the answer is C.
2 2x
2
5x 3 = a(x b)(x c)
RHS = a(x
2
cx bx + bc)
= ax
2
(ca + ba)x + abc
a = 2
2c + 2b = 5, 2b = 5 2c
2bc = 3
c(5 2c) = 3
5c 2c
2
= 3
2c
2
5c 3 = 0
(2c + 1)(c 3) = 0
c = 3 or c =
1
2

6 + 2b = 5
2b = 1
b =
1
2

If c =
1
2
then b = 3
Hence the answer is D.
3
4 2
( 2)( 4)
x
x x
+
+
=
2 4
A B
x x
+
+

4x + 2 = A(x 4) + B(x + 2)
4x + 2 = Ax 4A + Bx + 2B
4x + 2 = (A + B)x 4A + 2B
A + B = 4, A = 4 B
4A + 2B = 2
4(4 B) + 2B = 2
16 + 4B + 2B = 2
16 + 6B = 2
6B = 18
B = 3, A = 1
Hence the answer is A.
4
2
3 2
5 12
2 4
x x
x x x
+ +
+ +
=
2
2 4
A Bx C
x x x
+
+
+ +

5x
2
+ x + 12 = A(x
2
+ 2x + 4) + x(Bx + C)
RHS = Ax
2
+ 2Ax + 4A + Bx
2
+ Cx
= (A + B)x
2
+ (2A + C)x + 4A
A = 3, B = 2
2A + C = 1
6 + C = 1
C = 5
Hence the answer is E.
5 y = 1.5x [1]
y =
23
2.71
20( 4) x
+
[2]
1.5x =
23
2.71
20( 4) x
+

1.5x 20(x 4) = 23 + 2.71 20(x 4)
30x(x 4) = 23 + 54.2(x 4)
30x
2
120x = 23 + 54.2x 216.8
30x
2
174.2x + 193.8 = 0
a = 30, b = 174.2, c = 193.8
x =
2
174.2 ( 174.2) 4(30) (193.8)
2 30

=
174.2 30 345.64 23 256
60

=
174.2 7089.64
60

x =
174.2 84.2
60

=
258.4
60
or
90
60

=
3
2
or
323
75

x =
3
2
, Substitute x =
3
2
into [1]
y =
3
1.5
2

=
4.5
2

=
9
4

A solution is
3 9
,
2 4

The answer is D.
6 y = 1
4
x
[1]
(y 1)
2
+ (x 3)
2
= 9 [2]

2
1 1
4
x

+ (x 3)
2
= 9

2
2
( 3) 9
4
x
x

+ =

2
16
x
+ x
2
6x + 9 = 9

2
17
6
16
x
x = 0
a =
17
,
16
b = 6, c = 0
The answer is B.
Extended response
1 a y = x [1]
y =
2
6
3 1 x
+
[2]
x =
2
6
3 1 x
+

x(3x 1) = 2 + 6(3x 1)
3x
2
x = 2 + 18x 6
3x
2
19x + 4 = 0
a = 3, b = 19, c = 4
x =
2
19 ( 19) 4(3)(4)
2 3

=
19 361 48
6

=
19 313
6

= 6.12 or 0.22
x = 0.22, y = 0.22
x = 6.12, y = 6.12
Solutions are (0.22, 0.22) or (6.12, 6.12)
b y = x [1]
(y + 1)
2
+ x
2
4 = 0 [2]
(x + 1)
2
+ x
2
4 = 0
x
2
+ 2x + 1 + x
2
4 = 0
2x
2
+ 2x 3 = 0
a = 2, b = 2, c = 3
x =
2
2 2 4(2)( 3)
2 2

=
2 28
4

=
2 2 7
4

=
1 7
2
+
or
1 7
2

= 0.82 or 1.82
x = 1.82, y = 1.82
x = 0.82, y = 0.82
Solutions are (1.82, 1.82) or (0.82, 0.82)
2 a x
2
+ y
2
= 4
r
2
= 4
r = 2
The radius is 2
b A is (2, 0)
F is (0, 2)
K is (2, 0)
P is (0, 2)
c y = x [1]
x
2
+ y
2
= 4 [2]
x
2
+ x
2
= 4
2x
2
= 4
x
2
= 2
x = 2 (positive for I)
y = 2
I is ( 2, 2 )
d Using symmetry:
C is ( 2, 2 )
R is ( 2, 2 )
N is ( 2, 2 )
e y =
1
x
[1]
y = x [2]
x =
1
x

x
2
= 1
x = 1
(positive root for H)
y = 1
so it is (1, 1)
f By symmetry:
D is (1, 1)
S is (1, 1)
M is (1, 1)
g G, J, T, Q
h y =
1
x
[1]
x
2
+ y
2
= 4 [2]

2
2
1
x
x

+

= 4

2
2
1
x
x
+ = 4
x
4
+ 1 = 4x
2

x
4
4x
2
+ 1 = 0
Let z = x
2

z
2
4z + 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 4, c = 1
z =
2
4 ( 4) 4(1)(1)
2 1

=
4 12
2

z =
4 2 3
2

= 2 3
x
2
= 2 3
x = 2 3
x = 1.93 or 0.52
x = 1.93, y =
1
1.93
= 0.52
x = 0.52, y =
1
0.52
= 1.93
G is (0.52, 1.93) (1st quadrant)
J is (1.93, 0.52) (1st quadrant)
T is (1.93, 0.52) (3rd quadrant)
Q is (0.52, 1.93) (3rd quadrant)
i B, E, O, L
y =
1
x
[1]
x
2
+ y
2
= 4 [2]

2
2
1
x
x

+

= 4

2
2
1
x
x
+ = 4
x
4
+ 1 = 4x
2

x
4
4x
2
+ 1 = 0
Same equation as part h
x = 1.93 or 0.52
x = 1.93, y =
1
1.93

= 0.52
x = 0.52, y =
1
0.52

= 1.93
j B is (1.93, 0.52)
E is (0.52, 1.93) (2nd quadrant)
O is (0.52, 1.93)
L is (1.93, 0.52) (4th quadrant)
3 a Point B:
h =
2
3
10
16
d + [1]
h =
2
3
3 16
16
d d + [2]

2
3
3 16
16
d d + =
2
3
10
16
d +

2 2
3 3
3 16 10
16 16
d d d + + = 0

2
3
3 6
8
d d + = 0
d =
3
3 9 4 6
8
3
2
8

=
3
3
4
= 4
h =
2
3
(4) 10
16
+
= 3 + 10
= 7
Point B: (4, 7)
b Lowest point belongs to section BC.
d = 8; h =
2
3
(8) 3(8) 16
16
+
h = 12 24 + 6
h = 4 m
c Since the lowest point of AB is 7 m (at B), again we
consider section BC.
h = 6; 6 =
2
3
3 16
16
d d +

2
3
3 10
16
d d + = 0
Using the quadratic formula, d = 11.27 m and d = 4.73 m
d Point C is the point of intersection of BC and CDE.
h =
2
3
3 16
16
d d + [1]
h = 0.02d
3
1.25d
2
+ 25d 147.56 [2]
Using the graphics calculator, point of intersection is:
C: (12, 7).
e Using the table of values on the graphics calculator
h = 0.02d
3
1.25d
2
+ 25d 147.56.
Find the coordinates of the point with the highest (local)
value.
D =
2
16 , 14.48
3

f d = 30; h = 0.02(30)
3
1.25(30)
2
+ 25(30) 147.56
= 17.44 m
g First intersection is with BC; solve simultaneously

2
3
3 16
16
d d + = 0.4d + 4

2
3
3.4 12
16
d d + = 0
d =
2
3
3.4 (3.4) 4 12
16
3
2
16

d = 4.8;
Substitute into h = 0.4d + 4
h = 0.4 4.8 + 4
h = 5.92
So the first point is 5.29 m above the ground.
The three other points of intersection with CDE
0.02d
3
1.25d
2
+ 25d 147.56 = 0.4d + 4
0.02d
3
1.25d
2
+ 24.6d 151.56 = 0
Using the graphics calculator, the points are:
(12.62, 90.5), (20.31, 12.12) and (29.57, 15.83)
The four points are 5.92 m, 9.05 m, 12.12 m and
15.83 m above the ground.
A GM1 1 - 9 198 A l g e b r a a n d l o g i c
Exercise 9A Statements
(propositions), connectives
and truth tables
1 To determine classification of
statement, place It is true that in
front of the sentence.
a That was the best movie of 2009.
This is an opinion.
b That movie won the most Oscar
nominations in 2009. This is a
statement that could be either
True or False.
c When the power fails, candles are
a good source of light and heat.
This is a statement that is true.
d Why did you use that candle?
This is a question.
e Collingwood hasnt won a Grand
Final for almost 15 years. This
is a statement that is true.
f Collingwood hasnt won a Grand
Final because they have too few
good players. This is an
opinion.
g Please go to the store before it
closes. This is an instruction.
h The store closes at 6.00 pm.
This is a statement that could be
either True or False.
i A dingo is considered a native
Australian mammal. This is a
statement that is False.
j Mary is tall for her age. This is
a near statement.
2 a The car has 4 seats.
The car has air conditioning.
b The Department of Finance was
over budget in 2006.
The Department of Defence was
over budget in 2006.
c Bob went to the hotel.
Carol went to the hotel.
Ted went to the hotel.
Alice went to the hotel.
d To be a best-seller a novel must
be interesting to the reader.
To be a best-seller a novel must
be relevant to the reader.
e Sam will win the trophy.
Nancy will win the trophy.
f You can choose vanilla ice-cream
for dessert.
You can choose strawberry ice-
cream for dessert.
You can choose fruit for dessert.
g There are some statements which
cannot be proved to be true.
There are some statements which
cannot be proved to be false.
h Most of my friends studied
Mathematics.
Most of my friends studied
Physics.
Most of my friends studied
Engineering.
Most of my friends studied Law.
Most of my friends studied Arts.
3 a John and Mary rode their bicycles
to school.
b The book you want is in row 3 or
4.
c The weather is cold and cloudy.
d Many people read novels or
history.
e In a recent poll 80% preferred
jazz or classical music.
f Two is an even prime number.
Or,
Two is the only even prime
number.
4 Because of and, both p and q must
be true for the statement p q to be
true
1 way
The answer is B.
5 Because of or only one of the
statements need to be true for the
compound statement to be true

p q p q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
3 ways
The answer is D.
6 a 3 single statements 2
3

= 2 2 2
= 8 ways.
p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
b 4 single statements 2
4

= 2 2 2 2
= 16 ways.
p q r s p q r s
T T T T F T T T
T T T F F T T F
T T F T F T F T
T T F F F T F F
T F T T F F T T
T F T F F F T F
T F F T F F F T
T F F F F F F F
c 5 single statements 2
5

= 2 2 2 2 2
= 32 ways.

p q r s t p q r s t p q r s t p q r s t
T T T T T T F T T T F T T T T F F T T T
T T T T F T F T T F F T T T F F F T T F
T T T F T T F T F T F T T F T F F T F T
T T T F F T F T F F F T T F F F F T F F
T T F T T T F F T T F T F T T F F F T T
T T F T F T F F T F F T F T F F F F T F
T T F F T T F F F T F T F F T F F F F T
T T F F F T F F F F F T F F F F F F F F
Chapter 9 Algebra and logic
A l g e b r a a n d l o g i c A GM1 1 - 9 199
7 a The flight from Sydney was on
time and the flight from Perth
was fully booked.
p = Sydney on time
q = Perth fully booked
p q
No. of ways: 2
2
= 4 rows.
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
b John and Zia and David passed
General Mathematics
p = John passed
q = Zia passed
r = David passed
p q r
No. of ways: 2
3
= 8 rows.
p q r p q r
T T T T
T T F F
T F T F
T F F F
F T T F
F T F F
F F T F
F F F F
c Either Alice and Renzo, or Carla
will have to do the dishes.
p = Alice does dishes
q = Renzo does dishes
r = Carla does dishes
(p q) r
No. of ways: 2
3
= 8 rows.
p q r (p q) r
T T T T
T T F T
T F T T
T F F F
F T T T
F T F F
F F T T
F F F F
d The committee requires two new
members.

One must be a female, and the

other must be either a student or a
professor.
p = female member
q = student member
r = professor member
p (q r)
No. of ways: 2
3
= 8 rows.
p q r p (q r)
T T T T
T T F T
T F T T
T F F F
F T T F
F T F F
F F T F
F F F F
8 p p because of and both
must be true for p p to be true
only 2 ways because
If p is true p must be false.
If p is false p must be true.
p ~p p p
T F F
F T F
9 a p q
No. of ways: 2
2
= 4 rows.
Because of , both statements
must be true for p q to be true.
p q q p q
T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
So if q is true then q is false.
b p q
No. of ways: 2
2
= 4 rows.
p q p q p q
T T F F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
both p and q must be True
for p q.
Therefore only 1 correct solution.
c (p q) r
All parts must be true for final
true statement only 1 true
solution.
No. of rows: 2
3
= 8 rows.
p q r (p q) r
T T T T
T T F F
T F T F
T F F F
F T T F
F T F F
F F T F
F F F F
d p q
Only one part needs to be true for
final statement to be true 3
possible true solutions.
No. of rows: 2
2
= 4 rows.
p q q p q
T T F T
T F T T
F T F F
F F T T
e p q
final statement to be true 3
possible true solutions.
No. of rows: 2
2
= 4 rows.
p q p q p q
T T F F F
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T
f (p q) r
final statement to be true.
No. of rows: 2
3
= 8 rows.
7 ways of being true, only 1
way of being false
(F, F, F)
p q r (p q) r
T T T T
T T F T
T F T T
T F F T
F T T T
F T F T
F F T T
F F F F
10 Let p = It is raining
q = I bring my umbrella.
Therefore p = It is not raining
a p q

and

It is raining and I bring my
umbrella.
b p q

or

It is raining or I bring my
umbrella.
c p q

not and

It is not raining and I bring my
umbrella.
11 Let p = Peter likes football
q = Quentin likes football
Therefore q = Quentin does not
like football.
a p q

and

Peter likes football and Quentin
likes football.
b p q

or

Peter likes football or Quentin
likes football.
c p q

or not

Peter likes football or Quentin
does not like football.
12 Show that (p q) (p q) is
equivalent.
Part 1 (p q)
p q (p q) (p q)
T T T F
T F T F
F T T F
F F F T
Part 2 (p q)
p q p q (p q)
T T F F F
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
Since
(p q)
F
F
F
T
and
(p q)
F
F
F
T
Then (p q) (p q).
13 Is (p q) p q?
Part 1 (p q)
Step 1 define p, define q
Step 2 define p or q (only 1
part needs to be true).
Step 3 if (p q) = T then
(p q) = F.
p q p q (p q)
T T T F
T F T F
F T T F
F F F T
Part 2 p q
Step 1. define p, define q
Step 2. define p, define q
Step 3. define p q (only 1
part needs to be true).
p q p q p q
T T F F F
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T
Compare tables.
(p q) p q
F F
F T
F T
T T
Since tables not the same,
(p q) is not equivalent to
p q.
14 a Is
(p q) p (p q) p?
Part 1 (p q) p
p q p q p (p q) p
T T T F T
T F F F F
F T F T T
F F F T T
Part 2 (p q) p
p q p q p (p q) p
T T T F F
T F T F F
F T T T T
F F F T F
Since final columns are not the
same (p q) p is not
equivalent to (p q) p.
b Is
(p q) p p p
Part 1 (p q) p
p q (p q) p (p q) p
T T T F T
T F T F T
F T T T T
F F F T T
Part 2 p p
p p p p
T F T
F T T
Since final columns are all true
then (p q) p is equivalent to
p p
15 (p q) r
p q r (p q) (p q) r
T T T T T
T T F T T
T F T F T
T F F F F
F T T F T
F T F F F
F F T F T
F F F F F
p (q r)
p q r (q r) p (q r)
T T T T T
T T F T T
T F T T T
T F F F F
F T T T F
F T F T F
F F T T F
F F F F F
Since final columns are not the
same, statements are not equivalent,
therefore brackets alter the
expression.
16 a (p q) r
p q r (p q) (p q) r
T T T T T
T T F T F
T F T F F
T F F F F
F T T F F
F T F F F
F F T F F
F F F F F
p (q r)
p q r (q r) p (q r)
T T T T T
T T F F F
T F T F F
T F F F F
F T T T F
F T F F F
F F T F F
F F F F F
Since final columns are the same,
statements are equivalent,
therefore brackets did not alter the
expression.
b (p q) r
p q r (p q) (p q) r
T T T T T
T T F T T
T F T T T
T F F T T
F T T T T
F T F T T
F F T F T
F F F F F
p (q r)
p q r (q r) p (q r)
T T T T T
T T F T T
T F T T T
T F F F T
F T T T T
F T F T T
F F T T T
F F F F F
Since final columns are the same,
statements are equivalent.
Therefore brackets did not alter
the expression.
c In conclusion:
If the expression contains just one
type of operator, all as in (p
q) r or all as in (p q) r
then brackets do not alter the
expression.
(p q) r p (q r)
and (p q) r p (q r).
But if the expression contains a
mixture of and
(p q) r then brackets will alter
the expression.
(p q) r is not equivalent to p
(q r).
Exercise 9B Valid and
invalid arguments
1 Is (p q) (q p)
(p q)
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
(q p)
p q q p q p
T T F F T
T F T F F
F T F T T
F F T T T
Since final column is the same, then
(p q) is equivalent to (q p).
2 Show (p q) is not equivalent to
(p q).
(p q)
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
(p q)
p q p q p q
T T F F T
T F F T T
F T T F F
F F T T T
Since final column values are not the
same, then (p q) is not equivalent
to (p q).
3 Let p = It is bread, q = It is made
with flour.
Implication If it is bread then it is
made with flour.
Converse If it is made with flour,
then it is bread.
Contrapositive If it is not made
with flour, then it is not bread.
Inverse If it is not bread then it is
not made with flour.
4 If a child is playing quietly, then it is
doing something bad. The
contrapositive is If a child is not
doing something bad then it is not
playing quietly.
The answer is C.
5 The inverse of if you are not
careful, then you will get hurt is if
you are careful, then you will not get
hurt.
The answer is A.
6 a
Premise All cats are fluffy.
Premise My pet is a cat.
Conclusion My pet is fluffy.
b
Premise
All even numbers are
divisible by themselves
and 2.
Premise
Prime numbers are
divisible by themselves
and 1.
Conclusion
Two is the only even
prime number.
c
Premise
Growing apples depends
on good water.
Premise
Good water depends on
good irrigation.
Conclusion
Growing apples depends
on good irrigation.
7 a If you are a mathematician then
you can do algebra.
p = You are a mathematician
q = You can do algebra
p q

p
q

Yes this is a valid form for an
argument.
b All footballers are fit.
p = I am a footballer
q = I am fit.
p q

p
q

Not a valid argument.
c If it is a native Australian
mammal, then it is a marsupial
p = It is a native Australian
mammal
q = It is a marsupial
p q

p
q

Valid argument
d Cant be put into this form of
argument because of the word
some, therefore the entire
argument is not valid.
e If a musician, then I can read
music
p = I am a musician
q = I can read music
p q

q
p

This is not a valid argument.
8 b All footballers are fit
David is not fit.
David is not a footballer.
e All musicians can read music.
Louise is a musician. Louise can
read music.
9 In logic,
A an argument must have a
conclusion
B an argument consists of premises
and a conclusion
C An If..then.. compound
statement is called a conditional
statement.
All three statements are true.
The answer is E.
10 p q

p
q

p q p q p
T T T F
T F T F
F T T T
F F F T
Premises all true in row 3, since
conclusion is also true, argument is
valid.
11 a p q

q r
p r
p q r p q q r p r
T T T T T T
T T F T F F
T F T F T T
T F F F T F
F T T T T T
F T F T F T
F F T T T T
F F F T T T
Premises are true in row 1, 5, 7 and 8. As the conclusion (p r) is also true in these rows the argument is valid.
b p q

q
p

p q p q ~q ~p
T T T F F
T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T T T
The premises p q and q are true in row 4. Since the conclusion p is also true in this row the argument is valid.
c p q r s

p r
q s

p q r s p q r s p q r s p r q s
T T T T T T T T T
T T T F T F F T F
T T F T T T T F T
T T F F T T T F F
T F T T F T F T F
T F T F F F F T F
T F F T F T F F F
T F F F F T F F F
F T T T T T T F T
F T T F T F F F F
F T F T T T T F T
F T F F T T T F F
F F T T T T T F F
F F T F T F F F F
F F F T T T T F F
F F F F T T T F F
The premises p q r s and p r are both true in row 1 only. Since the conclusion q s is also true in this row the
argument is valid.
12 a Let p = you clean up your room
q = you will not watch any television tonight
Disjunctive syllogism

p q
p
q

b If you help your mother with the dishes then I will take you to the football game tomorrow.
Let p = you help your mother with the dishes
q = I will take you to the football game tomorrow.

p q
Modus tollens q
p

c If you study statistics then you will understand what standard deviation means.
Let p = you study statistics.
q = you will understand what standard deviation
means.

p q
Modus ponens p
q

13 Let p John plays for us on Saturday
q we win on Saturday
r we come in first place on the ladder
s we play our first final at home.
p q
q r

r s
p s

The answer is C.
14 a p q

p
q

p q p q ~p ~q
T T T F F
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T T T
Since premises are both true in row 3 and 4, but
conclusion is false in row 3 then this is not a valid
argument.
b If elected with a majority, my government will introduce
new tax laws.
Let p = If elected with a majority.
q = my government will introduce new tax laws.
p q

(my government was not elected with a majority)

(my government will not introduce new tax laws)
p
q

15 a Let p = If you work hard.
q = you will become rich.

(you don't work hard)

(therefore you will not become rich)
p q
p
q

b
p q ~p ~q p q
T T F F T
T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T T T
Premises are both true in rows 3 and 4, but conclusion is
false in row 3 therefore this is not a valid argument.
16 a p q

r q
p r

p q r p q r ~q p ~r
T T T T F F
T T F T T T
T F T F T F
T F F F T T
F T T T F T
F T F T T T
F F T T T T
F F F T T T
Premises are both true in rows 2, 6, 7 and 8 conclusion is
also true in row 2, 6, 7 and 8 therefore argument is valid.
b ~p q

r p
r

p q r ~p ~q r p
T T T F T
T T F F T
T F T F T
T F F F T
F T T F F
F T F F T
F F T T F
F F F T T
Premises only true in row 8, but conclusion false in row
8, so argument is invalid.
c ~p ~q

p
q

p q p q p q
T T F F T
T F F T T
F T T F F
F F T T T
Premises true in row 1 and 2, but conclusion false in
row 2, so argument is invalid.
17 a Let p = If a dog
q = then it has 5 legs
r = five-legged creatures are called chickens
p q (all dogs have 5 legs)

(all five-legged creatures are called chickens)

(Therefore all dogs are called chickens)
q r
p r

This is a valid argument based on hypothetical
syllogism.
b Let p = all dogs
q = have 5 legs
r = all chickens
then
p q (all dogs have 5 legs)

(all chickens have 5 legs)

(all dogs are chickens)
r q
p r
Invalid.
c Let p = you deposit money in the bank
q = you will earn interest
p q (if you deposit money in the bank, then you
will earn interest)

q
p
(you did not earn interest)

(Therefore you did not deposit any money
in the bank)

Valid argument based on Modus tollens form.
d Let p = I want an easy course
q = I choose Human Development
r = I want an interesting course
s = I choose General Mathematics

valid argument based on constructive

dilemma.
p q r s
p r
q s

e Let p = The team plays well
q = The offence was good
r = The defence was good
p (q r)

q p
r

Since not based on one of the 5 forms given, construct a
truth table to test validity.
p q r (q r) p (q r) q p r
T T T T T F F
T T F T T F T
T F T T T F F
T F F F F F T
F T T T T F F
F T F T T F T
F F T T T T F
F F F F T T T
Premises are true in rows 7 and 8, but conclusion is false in row 7 so argument is invalid.
Exercise 9C Techniques of proof
1 If she plays well she will win or she will lose.
Let p = she plays well
q = she wins
q = she loses.
p q p q q (p q) q
T T T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T
Since final column values are all True statement is a tautology.
2 Let p = she plays well
p = she plays poorly
q = she wins
q = she loses
If she plays well she will win or if she plays poorly she will lose
(p q) (p q).
p q p q p q p q (p q) (p q)
T T T F F T T
T F F F T T T
F T T T F F T
F F T T T T T
Since final column values are all True statement is a tautology.
3 Either she plays well and wins or she will lose
p = she plays well
q = she wins
q = she loses
(p q) q.
p q p q q (p q) q
T T T F T
T F F T T
F T F F F
F F F T T
Since the final column contains a False statement. The original statement is not a tautology.
4
p q r p q q r (p q) (q r) p r (p q) (q r) (p r)
T T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F T
T F T F T F T T
T F F F T F F T
F T T T T T T T
F T F T F F T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T
Since the last column is always true, this is a tautology and the original argument is valid.
5 a p q

q r
p r

T T T T T T T T
T T F T T T T T
T F T T T T T T
T F F T F F T T
F T T F T F T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T F F F T
Since the last column is always true, this is a tautology and the original argument is valid.
b p q

q r
p r

T T T F F F F T
T T F F T F T T
T F T T T T F F
T F F T T T T T
F T T T F F T T
F T F T T T T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T T T T
Since the last column contains a false this is not a tautology and therefore the original argument is invalid.
c p q

q
p

p q p q (p q) q (p q) q p
T T T T T
T F T F T
F T F F T
F F T F T
Since the final column contains all True values, this is a tautology and the original argument is valid.
d p q

p
q

p q p q (p q) p (p q) p q
T T T T F
T F T T T
F T T F T
F F F F T
Since the final column has one false answer, this is not a tautology and this is an invalid argument.
6 a p = You are a loser
q = You trained hard
r = You were distracted
If you are a loser, you didnt train hard enough
If you didnt train hard enough, you were distracted
Therefore, if you are a loser, then you were distracted
p q

q r
p r

b p = It is raining
q = I will wash my car
If it is not raining, then I will wash my car
It is raining

Therefore, I will not wash my car

p q
p
q

c p = It is cloudy
q = I bring my umbrella
If it is cloudy, then I do not bring my umbrella
I did bring my umbrella
Therefore, it is not cloudy

p q
q
p

d p = The hard drive is working
q = The program will work
r = The printer will work
If the hard drive is not working, then the program will
not work
If the program is not working, then the printer will not
work
Therefore, if the hard drive isnt working, the printer will
not work

p q
q r
p r

7
p q p q q p p q p q q p
T T T T F F T T
T F F T

F T T

F
F T T

F T F F T

F F T T T T T T
All missing truth values were true T, T, T, T
The answer is D.
8 If a number, x, is even, then x
2
is even.
If x
2
is even then write x = 2n
so (2n)
2
= 4n
2
.
If a number is multiplied by 4 then it is even.
Let p = x is an even number (2n)
q = x
2
is therefore equal to 4n
2

r = a number multiplied by an even number is even.

p q
q r
p r

9 Prove that 24
2
is even.
Proof based on If a number, x, is even then x
2
is even.
24 is even, therefore 24
2
is even.
Let p = 24 is an even number
q = an even number squared is even
r = 24
2
is even

p q
q r
p r

10 Prove If n
2
is odd then n is odd
Let p = n
2
is odd
q = n is odd
q p If n is not odd then n
2
is not odd.
If n is not odd, it is even (or 0) and can be represented by
2x, where x is any integer.
Let n = 2x
Then n
2
= (2x)
2

= 4x
2

A number multiplied by an even number must be even, so
n
2
must be even.
As n is not odd and n
2
= 4x
2
is even, it is not odd.
11 a If ax = bx and x 0 then a = b.
Let p = ax = bx (x 0)
q = a = b
q p
Assume a b. Multiply both sides by x.
Therefore ax bx
b If n
2
> 4, then n > 2
Let p = n
2
> 4
q = n > 2
q p
Assume n < 2
2 x < 2
(2 x)
2
< 4
c If n
2
is divisible by 2, then n is divisible by 2.
Let p = n
2
is divisible by 2
q = n is divisible by 2
q p
Assume n is not divisible by 2, therefore it is odd.
n = 2x + 1
n
2
= (2x + 1)
2

An odd number squared = an odd number.
n
2
is also not divisible by 2.
12 The product of a negative number and a positive number is
negative.
Let a = a negative number
b = a positive number
Assume that a b is positive
The magnitude of a b = |ab|
= |a| |b|
Let c = a = |a| since a is negative
c b = |c| |b|
|c| = |a|
c b = |a| |b|
= a b
c = a
Contradiction, so a b is negative.
A positive multiplied by a negative is negative.
13 Prove, by contradiction that there is no smallest positive
real number
Assume that a is the smallest positive real number.
Let x =
2
a

Since a > 0, then x > 0 and x < a (property of division).
This contradicts the assumption that a is the smallest
positive number.
14 Assume 2 is rational, so that 2 =
a
b
, where a and b
are integers that have no common factors.
Therefore 2 =
2
2
,
a
b
or a
2
= 2b
2
.
Therefore a
2
is a multiple of 2 and therefore a is a multiple
of 2 (from a
2
= a a)
Since it is a multiple of 2, write a = 2x.
Therefore a
2
= 4x
2
= 2b
2
.
Therefore b
2
= 2x
2
and is thus a multiple of 2.
Therefore both a and b are multiples of 2 and have a
common factor of 2.
This contradicts our initial statement, so it must be false.
15 Assume n is the largest possible integer.
Let x = n + 1.
Therefore x > n, which contradicts our initial statement.
16 Prove x
2
= 4 has only one solution is false
Let x = 2, then x
2
= 4, let x = 2 then x
2
= 4
(By counter-example)
17 Prove by counter-example the set of all prime numbers are
odd 2 is a prime number and even, it is divisible by itself and 1.
18 Continue pattern of substitution until a counter-example can
be found
When n = 10 p = 10
2
+ 10 + 11
p = 121
121 isnt a prime number but a
perfect square 11
2
= 121.
19 If a + b = 180, then PQ is parallel
to RS.
Let p = a + b = 180
q = PQ is parallel to RS.
q p: If PQ is not parallel to
RS, then a + b 180.
If PQ is not parallel to RS, then PQ
and RS will meet at some point.
a and b will form 2 angles in a
triangle.

a + b < 180
a + b 180
Since contrapositive statement is
shown, the original argument
must be true.
If a + b = 180, then PQ is
parallel to RS.
20

Show that x y + z
Assume that x > y + z

For x, y and z to form a triangle the
shortest distance from A to C must
be a straight line. This is not
possible if x > y + z.
x y + z.
21 a 1 + 3 + 5 +
+ (2n 1) = n
2
When n = 1 1 = 1 = 1
2
When n = 2 1 + 3 = 4 = 2
2
When n = 3 1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = 3
2
The statement is clearly true in
each of these three cases.
Assume the statement is true for
n, and test for the next number in
the series, n + 1.
1 + 3 + 5 +

+ (2n 1) + (2n + 1)
= n
2
+ (2n + 1)
= n
2
+ 2n + 1
= (n + 1)
2
perfect square.
Clearly this is the same formula
as the one we assumed true.
b (1 + x)
n
(1 + xn) for n 1 and
x > 0
For n = 1 and x = 1,
LHS = (1 + 1)
1

= 2
1
= 2
RHS = (1 + 1 1)
= 1 + 1
= 2
In this case, (1 + x)
n
= (1 + xn)
For n = 2 and x = 1,
LHS = (1 + 1)
2

= 2
2
= 4
RHS = (1 + 1 2)
= 1 + 2
= 3
In this case, (1 + x)
n
> (1 + xn)
So we have seen that
(1 + x)
n
(1 + xn)
Is the statement true for the next
term n + 1?
That is,
is (1 + x)
n + 1
(1 + x(n + 1))?
(1 + x)
n
(1 + x)
1
(1 + xn + x)
If it is true that (1 + x)
n
1 + xn,
then it is only necessary to prove
that 1 + x is not less than x, which
is clearly the case, since x is
positive
So, (1 + x)
n
(1 + xn) for n 1
and x > 0.
c a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
Pythagoras theorem can be
proved, but not by mathematical
induction.
d n(n + 1) is an even number for
any integer value of n.
For n = 1, 1(1 + 1) = 1 2 = 2
(even)
For n = 2, 2(2 + 1) = 2 3 = 6
(even)
Assume: n(n + 1) is even and look
for the next term in the series,
n + 1.
(n + 1)[(n + 1) + 1]
= (n + 1)(n + 2)
= n(n + 1) + 2(n + 1)
= even from above + 2 any
integer
= even + even
= even
So, n(n + 1) is an even number for
any integer value of n.
e 2
n
n
2
for all integers 4
For n = 4 LHS = 2
4
RHS = 4
2
= 16 = 16
In this case, 2
n
= n
2
For n = 5 LHS = 2
5
RHS = 5
2
= 32 = 25
In this case, 2
n
> n
2
Assume that 2
n
> n
2
is true
Look at the next term (n + 1).
2
n + 1
(n + 1)
2
2
n
2
1
n
2
+ 2n + 1
2 2
n
n
2
+ 2n + 1
2
n
+ 2
n
n
2
+ 2n + 1
We know that 2
n
n
2
also that 2
n
> 2n + 1 for n 4
2
n
+ 2
n
n
2
+ 2n + 1
that is 2
n + 1
(n + 1)
2
So 2
n
n
2
for all integers 4.
f (a + b + c)
3
is always divisible
by 3.
a, b and c are three consecutive
integers.
Let a = n
b = n + 1
c = n + 2
(a + b + c)
3
= (n + n + 1 + n + 2)
3
= (3n + 3)
3
= [3(n + 1)]
3
Since 3 is a factor of this
expression, it is always divisible
by 3.
Test for the next term, n + 3
(a + b + c)
3
= (n + 1 + n + 2
+ n + 3)
3
= (3n + 6)
3
= [3(n + 2)]
3
Again, since 3 is a factor of this
expression, it is always divisible
by 3.
So, the cube of the sum of three
consecutive integers is always
divisible by 3.
g x =
2
4
2
b b ac
a

From the quadratic equation,
ax
2
+ bx + c = 0, the given
formula can be proved, but not by
mathematical induction.
h Prove that a polygon of n sides
can be composed of (n 2)
triangles.
The smallest polygon consists of
3 sides and is a triangle.

When n = 3, n 2 = 3 2
= 1
That is, 1 triangle is formed.

When n = 4, n 2 = 4 2
= 2
2 triangles are formed
The formula is true in both cases.
Consider the next term (n + 1).
The number of triangles formed is
(n + 1 2) = n 1.
A triangle with 3 sides forms 1
triangle, while the next sized
polygon with 4 sides forms 2
triangles (one more). We have
seen that a polygon with n sides
forms n 2 triangles. So, the next
biggest polygon would form one
more triangle. The value of n 1 is
indeed one more than n 2, so the
statement is true for all polygons.
i 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 +
....
+ 2
n
= 2
n + 1
1
2
0
+ 2
1
+ 2
2
+ 2
3
+
....
+ 2
n
= 2
n + 1
1
When n = 0 2
0
= 2
0 + 1
1
1 = 2
1
1
1 = 2 1
1 = 1
When n = 1 2
0
+ 2
1
= 2
1 + 1
1
1 + 2 = 2
2
1
3 = 4 1
3 = 3
So, the statement is true for n = 0
and n = 1. Consider the next term
in the series, 2
n + 1
Prove that: 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 +
...
+ 2
n
+ 2
n + 1
= 2
(n + 1) + 1
1
2
0
+ 2
1
+ 2
2
+ 2
3
+

+ 2
n
+ 2
n + 1
= 2
n + 2
1
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 +

+ 2
n
+ 2
n + 1
= 2
n + 1
1 + 2
n + 1

= 2 2
n + 1
1
= 2
1
2
n + 1
1
= 2
n + 1 + 1
1
= 2
n + 2
1
So, the statement is true for
integer values of n.
j Prove 4
n
n
4
for all integers 2
For n = 2 LHS = 4
2
RHS = 2
4
= 16 = 16
4
n
= n
4
when n = 2
For n = 3 LHS = 4
3
RHS = 3
4
= 64 = 81
In this case, 4
n
is not greater than
or equal to n
4
.
For n = 4, 4
4
= 4
4
The statement is true when n = 4.
The statement appears to be true
for values of n 5.
However, 4
n
n
4
is not true for all
integers 2.
22 a Mathematical induction is used
particularly for sums of series.
b The values of n are restricted to
integer values.
c The researcher is trying to
convince that everyone is cured
by Drug X. This is an invalid
conclusion with scientific
research, particularly, there are
always exceptions to the rule.
23 Answers will vary. Proof by
induction has a limited application.
Exercise 9D Sets and
Boolean algebra
1 A (B C)

(A B) C

A (B C) and (A B) C
represent the same area in the Venn
diagram,
A (B C) = (A B) C.
2 A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
A (B C)

(A B) (A C)

3 A false statement about sets is All
sets must have at least one member.
The answer is .
4 a A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
b B = {4, 8, 12, 16.}
c C = {2}
d D = {Jack, Queen, King}
e E = { }
f F = {9, 8, 7, 6, 5}
5 Finite sets A, C, D, E.
6 A = {11, 13, 15, 17, 19.}
B = {16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81}
A B = {25, 49, 81}

7 A = {10, 12, 14, 16, 18.}
B = {11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99}
A B = {22, 44, 66, 88}

8 a

A B
b

A B (that is the region of the
Venn diagram which does not
include A or B).
c

A (B C)
9 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10},
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, C = {1, 4, 9}
a (B C) = {4}
b A (B C)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
c (A B)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
d (A C)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
e (A B) (A C)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
The same as the set in part b
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
10 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10},
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, C = {1, 4, 9}
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
a B C = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10}
b A (B C) = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10}
c A C = {1, 4, 9}
d (A B) = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
e (A B) (A C)
= {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10}
Part e = Part b
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
11 If A + B is to also be the
complement of A B, then
(A B) + (A + B) = 1 and
(A B) + (A + B) = O
Part 1: Show that
(A B) + (A + B) = I
(A B) + (A + B)
= (A + A + B) (B + A + B)
= (I + B) (A + I)
= (I) (I)
= I QED
Part 2: Show that
(A B) (A + B) = O
(A B) (A + B)
= A B A + A B B
= O B + A O
= O + O
= O QED
12 a A + A B + A B
= A + B (A + A)
= A + B I
= A + B
b (A + B + A) + B
= (A + A + B) + B
= (I + B) + B
= I + B
= I
c A + A B
= A + B
d A B (A + C)
= A B A + A B C
= A B + A B C
= A B(I + C)
= A B I
= A B
13 a (A + B) A = A
A + B

(A + B) A

(A + B) A = A
b (A + B) B = A
A + B

(A + B) B

(A + B) B = A
c A + B A = A + B
B A

A + B A

A + B A = A + B
14 (p q) p p p
(P Q) P P P
(P P) Q = O
= O Q
= O QED
15 a A + B + A + B = I
A + A + B + B = I
I + I = I
I = I
b (A + B) A B = O
A A B + B A B = O
O B + O A = O
O + O = O
O = O
c (A + B) (A + B) = A
(A + B) A + (A + B) B = A
A + A = A
A = A
d A B + C (A + B) = A B + C
A B + C (A B) = A B + C
A B + C = A B + C
Exercise 9E Digital logic
1 For current to run from P Q, both switches would need
to be down
x y
As shown by truth table:
x y Q
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
2 The above circuit can be written as a Boolean expression
Q = x y
The answer is C.
3 a and b Construct a truth table to show each situation, but
clearly from observation for current to flow from P Q,
there are two situations.
Q = x y
or Q = z
Q = (x y) + z
x y z Q
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
4 a
x y Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
b System used where there are 2 people who can activate
the light separately.
Light switch at one spot can be classified off but light
still on.
5 For light to be on (Q = 1), x and y must be on or x and y
must be off.
x y + x y.
The answer is D.
6

Truth table:
x y Q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
7
a b a + b c Output
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
Q = (a + b) + c.
8
a b c b + c a (b + c) [a (b + c)]
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0
Q = [a (b + c)]
9 A as shown in truth table in question 8.
B as this is the dual expression of A.
C as this is the expansion of B.
he answer is E.
10 a
a b c a b a c (a b) (a c) (a b) (a c)
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
b Comparing values for a, b and c, and final output column
is the same
this circuit is equivalent to the circuit in question 8.
11
a b c d b d
and
a b
and
c d
or
(a b) + (c d)
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

12 a
(S
1
) (S
2
) (S
2
)
and
(a b)
and
(a c)
S
1
S
2
a b c Q R
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 0
b When Q = 1 safe can be unlocked. This occurs when
S
1
and S
2
are both 1.
When R = 1 alarm will ring. This occurs when
S
1
= 1 and S
2
= 0
When S
1
= 0 the system is disabled. The safe cannot be
opened.
13 a a b = (a + b)
de Morgans Law
(A B)= A + B
a b = (a + b)
= (a b) (double negative)
= a b QED
b (a + b)
Two inputs a and b.

14 NAND = and followed by a not

a a
0 1
1 0

a a
and
a a
(a a)
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
When a = 1, a = 0 as shown by both truth tables.
a = 0, a = 1
15 Q = a (b + c)
Three inputs a, b, c
Let v = (b + c)
Q = a v

v = (b + c)
b + c

16 The circuit in question 15, we have a OR followed by a
NOT. This sequence can be replaced by NOR.

17 Q = a b + a c.
Let u = b and v = c
Q = a u + a v
Let w = a u
x = a . v
Q = w + x
Working backwards

w = a u where u = b
Two inputs via AND gate

x = a v where v = c two inputs a and c via AND gate however a must be not, so and followed by a not can use a NAND
gate.

18 a i a b
a b b a b
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
ii a b
a b a a b
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
iii a + b
a b a a + b
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1
iv
a b b a + b a + b a a + b a b a + b a b b
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
The statement which has the same truth table as a b is a + b (iii).
b a b can be represented by the circuit a + b

c b a (b + a) circuit b + a

d (a b) a
a + b a = a a + a b
= 0 + a b
= a b
e (a b) a b
= (a + b) a b
= (a a + a b) b
= (0 + a b) b
= a b b
= (a b) + b
f Result from part e (a b) + b
Let u = a b
Let w = u
Then Q = w + b (two inputs joined by or)
w = u so use a not gate however u = a b which is
and, so overall use a Nand (and followed by a Not).

To establish validity construct a truth table for the
circuit.
a b
and
a b
not
(a b)
or
(a b) + b
0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1
The final column values are all 1, therefore validity is
established.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a Melpomeni and Jacques purchased new bicycles.
m = Melpomeni purchased a new bicycle.
j = Jacques purchased a new bicycle.
m j
b Either it is cold or it is warm and sunny.
c = It is cold
w = It is warm
s = It is sunny
c (w s)
c The dinner was late and expensive and poorly cooked.
l = The dinner was late
e = The dinner was expensive
p = The dinner was poorly cooked
l e p
2 (p q) (p q)
p q (p q) p q (p q) (p q) (p q)
T T T F F F T
T F F F T F F
F T F T F F F
F F F T T T T
3 Converse = If she sends her children to good schools, the
politician is intelligent.
Contrapositive = If she doesnt send her children to good
schools, the politician is not intelligent.
Inverse = If a politician isnt intelligent she doesnt send her
children to good schools.
4 r = The bicycle is red
I = The bicycle is Italian
g = The bicycle is green
r I g r I I g r I
T T T T T T F *
T T F T T T F *
T F T T T T T
T F F T F T T
F T T T T F F
F T F T T F F
F F T F T F T
F F F F F F T
The conclusion, column 7, is false when the premises,
columns 4, 5 and 6, are all true (*). Invalid argument.
5 Let: a =
1
;
x
multiply both sides by x.
ax = 1
a(x
1
) = 1 = x
0
(Definition of x
0
)
a =
0
1
x
x
= x
1
(Definition of division of indices)
6 Assume x < x
x < x
2
(Square both sides)
1 < x (Divide both sides by x)
This contradicts the initial condition, so the assumption is
wrong.
7 A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53,
59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 91, 97}
B = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 31, 41, 51,
61, 71, 81, 91}
C = {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70}
a A B = {11, 13, 17, 19, 31, 41, 61, 71, 91}
b B C = {16, 61}
A (B C) = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 16, 17, 23, 29, 31,
37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73,
79, 83, 89, 91, 97}.
c A B C = {61}
8 (A + A B) (B + B C)
= (A + A B) (B I + B C) {B I = B}
= (A + A B) B(I + C) {Distributive law}
= (A + A B) B I {I + C = I}
= A B I + A B B I {Distributive law}
= A B + A B {B I = B, B B = B}
= (A + A) B {Distributive law}
= I B {A + A = I}
= B QED
9 Q = [A (B C)] + [A (B C)]
Let u = b c
Let w = b c
Q = (a w) + (a u)
Let x = a w
Let z = a u
Q = x + z
Working backwards
Q = x + z (or)

x = a w (and)
z = a u (and)

w = b c
u = b c

10 Q = [A (B C)] + [A (B C)]
can be simplified to:
Q = A [(B + C) + B C]
Still 3 inputs a, b, c
Let u = (b + c)
Let w = b c
Q = a [u + w]
Let u + w = z
Q = a z
Working backwards
Q = a z (and)

z = u + w (or)

w = b c (and)
u = (b + c) (or followed by NOT)

Multiple choice
1 The 3 sentences are examples of statements.
The answer is A.
2 6 statements 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 64
The answer is E.
3 A p q
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
B p q
p q p q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
C p q
p q q p q
T T F T
T F T T
F T F F
F F T T
D p q
p q p p q
T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
F T T T
E p q
p q q p q
T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
The given truth table represents p q
The answer is C.
4 h = I like ham for breakfast
s = I like steak for breakfast
e = I like eggs for breakfast
I like ham or steak and eggs for breakfast
h (s e)
The answer is D.
5 Inverse to If I buy a new coat then I am happy is
If I dont buy a new coat then I am not happy.
The answer is A.
6 If a lawyer is honest then you should hire him.
You shouldnt hire John Smith.
John Smith is not honest.

p q
q
p

Modus tollens
The answer is D.
7 Argument is an example of Modus tollens.
The answer is D.
8 If she sinks that putt she will either win or lose the
tournament is a tautology because it is always true.
The answer is B.
9 By proving q p, you have proved p q is an example
of proof by contrapositive
The answer is C.
10 A

B A B

C A B

D A B

E (A B)

The answer is C.
11 A I = A I
= A
The answer is A.
12

Q = [(a b) + c] + d
The answer is D.
13

x or y and z
(x + y) z
The answer is B.
Extended response
1 a If we want to reduce greenhouse gases, we should use more nuclear power and if we wish to reduce nuclear accidents we
should use conventional power.
g = reduce greenhouses gases
n = use nuclear power
a = reduce nuclear accidents
c = use conventional power
S
1
= (g n) (a c)
We will either not use nuclear power or not use conventional power.
S
2
= n c
Therefore, we will either not reduce greenhouse gases or we will not reduce the risk of nuclear accidents.
S
3
= g a
b
g n a c g n a c S
1
n c S
2
= n c g a S
3
= g a
T T T T T T T F F F F F F
T T T F T F F F T T F F F
T T F T T T T F F F F T T
T T F F T T T F T T F T T
T F T T F T F T F T F F F
T F T F F F F T T T F F F
T F F T F T F T F T F T T
T F F F F T F T T T F T T
F T T T T T T F F F T F T
F T T F T F F F T T T F T
F T F T T T T F F F T T T
F T F F T T T F T T T T T
F F T T T T T T F T T F T
F F T F T F F T T T T F T
F F F T T T T T F T T T T
F F F F T T T T T T T T T
c S
3
= g a
Premises (S
1
, S
2
) are all true in rows 4, 12, 13, 15, 16.
Conclusion (S
3
) is true in rows 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
Conclusion is true when premises are true, so this is a valid argument.
d a b

b c
d a
c
d

a b c d a b b c d d a c
T T T T T T F T F
T T T F T T T T F
T T F T T F F T T
T T F F T F T T T
T F T T F T F T F
T F T F F T T T F
T F F T F T F T T
T F F F F T T T T
F T T T T T F T F
F T T F T T T F F
F T F T T F F T T
F T F F T F T F T
F F T T T T F T F
F F T F T T T F F
F F F T T T F T T
F F F F T T T F T
All premises are true in row 15 and conclusion is also true
in row 15.
Argument is valid.
2 a
a b a b a b
T T T T
T F F F
F T T F
F F T T
b For equivalence a b and b a
c The following implication is also equivalent because
a b and
b a.
If a positive integer is even, then it is divisible by 2.
a = a positive integer is even
b = it is divisible by 2.
d Equivalences a b are constructed on implications
a b and b a
e i A positive is not divisible by 2, if and only if it
is odd.
an equivalence.
ii If a number is positive, its square root can also be
negative.
not an equivalence.
iii A negative number can also be positive when squared.
not an equivalence.
iv A triangle has 3 equal sides if it has three equal angles
of 60 each.
an equivalence.
v All squares are rectangles, but not all rectangles are
squares.
not an equivalent.
vi x
3
is odd if and only if x is odd.
an equivalence.
vii Only one statement needs to be true for p q to be
true.
not an equivalence.
viii p q is true if and only if two statements p and q are
true.
an equivalence.
ix Both statements do not have to be true for p q to be
true.
not an equivalence.
x Not all valid arguments are sound.
not an equivalence.
3 a There are 4 inputs w, x, y, z.
b There are 2 outputs Q, R
c
w x y z Q R
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
d i w = 1 x = 0 y = 1 Q = 0 R = 1
ii w = 0 x = 0 y = 1 z = 0 Q = 0 R = 0
e No, z is independent of w x y
f i Q = (wx + xy) (wy + xy)
ii Q = (xy + wx) (xy + wy) Commutative Law
= xy + (wx + wy) Distributive Law
= xy + wxy Recall wx wy wxy
= xy(I + w) Identity
= xy
g i R = wy + xy + z
ii R = wxy + z
h

4 a to d
a b Q R S T
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
e This circuit decodes or distinguishes the inputs, which
are 00, 01, 10 and 11. Only one of the outputs = 1 for each
of the 4 possible inputs.
f 3 bit: 3 NOT, 8 AND
4 bit: 4 NOT and 16 AND
n bit: n NOT and 2
n
AND.
A GM1 1 - 1 0 216 L i n e a r a n d n o n - l i n e a r g r a p h s
Exercise 10A The circle
1 a x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
= 49
x
2
+ y
2
= 7
2

Centre (0, 0)
r
2
= 7
2

r = 7

b x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
= 4
2

Centre (0, 0)
r
2
= 4
2

r = 4

c x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
= 36
x
2
+ y
2
= 6
2

Centre (0, 0)
r
2
= 6
2

r = 6

d x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
= 81
x
2
+ y
2
= 9
2

Centre (0, 0)
r
2
= 9
2

r = 9

e x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

2x
2
+ 2y
2
= 50
x
2
+ y
2
=
50
2
| |
|
\ .

x
2
+ y
2
= 25
x
2
+ y
2
= 5
2

Centre (0, 0)
r
2
= 5
2

r = 5

f x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

9x
2
+ 9y
2
= 100
x
2
+ y
2
=
100
9

x
2
+ y
2
=
2
10
3
| |
|
\ .

Centre (0, 0)
r
2
=
2
10
3
| |
|
\ .

r =
10
3

2 a (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

(x 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 5
2

Centre (1, 2)
r
2
= 5
2

r = 5

b (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

(x + 2)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 6
2

Centre (2, 3)
r
2
= 6
2

r = 6

c (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

(x + 3)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 49
(x + 3)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 7
2

Centre (3, 1)
r
2
= 7
2

r = 7

d (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

(x 4)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
= 64
(x 4)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
= 8
2

Centre (4, 5)
r
2
= 8
2

r = 8

e (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

x
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 4
(x 0)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 2
2

Centre (0, 3)
r
2
= 2
2
r = 2

f (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

(x 5)
2
+ y
2
= 100
(x 5)
2
+ (y 0)
2
= 10
2

Centre (5, 0)
r
2
= 10
2

r = 10

3 a (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

x
2
+ 4x + y
2
+ 8y + 16 = 0
(x
2
+ 4x + 4) 4 + (y
2
+ 8y + 16)
16 + 16 = 0
(x + 2)
2
+ (y + 4)
2
4 = 0
(x + 2)
2
+ (y + 4)
2
= 4
(x + 2)
2
+ (y + 4)
2
= 2
2

Centre (2, 4)
r
2
= 2
2

r = 2

b (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

x
2
10x + y
2
2y + 10 = 0
(x
2
10x + 25) 25 + (y
2
2y + 1)
1 + 10 = 0
(x 5)
2
+ (y 1)
2
16 = 0
(x 5)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 16
(x 5)
2
+ (y 1)
2
= 4
2

Centre (5, 1)
r
2
= 4
2

r = 4

Chapter 10 Linear and non-linear graphs
L i n e a r a n d n o n - l i n e a r g r a p h s A GM1 1 - 1 0 217
c (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

x
2
14x + y
2
+ 6y + 9 = 0
(x
2
14x + 49) 49 + (y
2
+ 6y + 9)
9 + 9 = 0
(x 7)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
49 = 0
(x 7)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 49
(x 7)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 7
2

Centre (7, 3)
r
2
= 7
2

r = 7

d (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

x
2
8x + y
2
12y 12 = 0
(x
2
+ 8x + 16) 16 +
(y
2
12y + 36) 36 12 = 0
(x + 4)
2
+ (y 6)
2
64 = 0
(x + 4)
2
+ (y 6)
2
= 64
(x + 4)
2
+ (y 6)
2
= 8
2

Centre (4, 6)
r
2
= 8
2

r = 8

e (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
18y 19 = 0
x
2
+ (y
2
18y + 81) 81 19 = 0
(x 0)
2
+ (y 9)
2
100 = 0
(x 0)
2
+ (y 9)
2
= 100
(x 0)
2
+ (y 9)
2
= 10
2

Centre (0, 9)
r
2
= 10
2

r = 10

f (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

2x
2
4x + 2y
2
+ 8y 8 = 0
x
2
2x + y
2
+ 4y 4 = 0
(x
2
2x + 1) 1 + (y
2
+ 4y + 4)
4 4 = 0
(x 1)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
9 = 0
(x 1)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 9
(x 1)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 3
2

Centre (1, 2)
r
2
= 3
2

r = 3

4 (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

(x 2)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
= 4
(x 2)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
= 2
2

Centre (2, 5)
r
2
= 2
2

r = 2
The answer is D.
5 (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

(x + 1)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 4
(x + 1)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 2
2

Centre (1, 3)
r
2
= 2
2

r = 2
The answer is B.
6 Centre (5, 3)
Radius = x
2
x
1

= 9 5
= 4
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

(x 5)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 4
2

(x 5)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 16
Exercise 10B The ellipse
1 a
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
100 49
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
10 7
x y
+ = 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 10 and b = 7
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
7
2
= 10
2
(1 e
2
)
49 = 100(1 e
2
)
49 = 100 100e
2

51 = 100e
2

51
100
= e
2

51
100
= e

51
10
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

51
10 , 0
10
| |

|
|
\ .

( 51, 0)
Directrices are at x =
a
e

x =
51
10
10

x =
100
51

x =
100 51
51

Hence, the equations of the
directrices are
x =
100 51
51

b
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
25 4
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
5 2
x y
+ = 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 5 and b = 2
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
2
2
= 5
2
(1 e
2
)
4 = 25(1 e
2
)
4 = 25 25e
2

21 = 25e
2

21
25
= e
2

21
25
= e

21
5
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

21
5 , 0
5
| |
|
|
\ .

( 21, 0)
a
e

x =
21
5
5

x =
25
21

x =
25 21
21

directrices are
x =
25 21
21

c
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
64 36
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
8 6
x y
+ = 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 8 and b = 6
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
6
2
= 8
2
(1 e
2
)
36 = 64(1 e
2
)
36 = 64 64e
2

28 = 64e
2

28
64
= e
2

7
16
= e

7
4
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

7
8 , 0
4
| |
|
|
\ .

( 2 7, 0)
a
e

x =
7
8
4

x =
32
7

x =
32 7
7

directrices are
x =
32 7
7

d
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
121 81
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
11 9
x y
+ = 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 11 and b = 9
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
9
2
= 11
2
(1 e
2
)
81 = 121(1 e
2
)
81 = 121 121e
2

40 = 121e
2

40
121
= e
2

40
121
= e

2 10
11
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

2 10
11 , 0
11
| |
|
|
\ .

( 2 10, 0)
a
e

x =
2 10
11
11

x =
121
2 10

x =
121 10
20

directrices are
x =
121 10
20

e
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2
2
2
x
y
a
+ = 1

2 2
16 1
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
4 1
x y
+ = 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 4 and b = 1
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
1
2
= 4
2
(1 e
2
)
1 = 161(1 e
2
)
1 = 16 16e
2

15 = 16e
2

15
16
= e
2

15
16
= e

15
4
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

15
4 , 0
4
| |
|
|
\ .

( 15, 0)
a
e

x =
15
4
4

x =
16
15

x =
16 15
15

directrices are
x =
16 15
15

f
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1
x
2
+ 4y
2
= 4 Divide both
sides by 4

2 2
4 1
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
2 1
x y
+ = 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 4 and b = 1
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
1
2
= 2
2
(1 e
2
)
1 = 4(1 e
2
)
1 = 4 4e
2

3 = 4e
2

3
4
= e
2

3
4
= e

3
2
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

3
2 , 0
2
| |
|
|
\ .

( 3, 0)
a
e

x =
3
2
2

x =
4
3

x =
4 3
3

directrices are
x =
4 3
3

2 a
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1

2 2
( 1) ( 2)
9 4
x y +
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 1) ( 2)
3 2
x y +
+ = 1
Centre (h, k)
Hence the centre is (1, 2)
a = 3 and b = 2
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
2
2
= 3
2
(1 e
2
)
4 = 9(1 e
2
)
4 = 9 9e
2

5 = 9e
2

5
9
= e
2

5
9
= e

5
3
= e
Foci are (ae, h, k)

5
3 1, 2
3
| |
+
|
|
\ .

( 5 1, 2) +
Hence the foci are (1 5, 2)
and (1 5, 2) +
a
h
e
+
x =
5
3 1
3
+
x =
9
1
5
+
x =
9 5
1
5
+
directrices are:
x =
9 5
1
5
=
5 9 5
5

and
x =
9 5
1
5
+ =
5 9 5
5
+

b
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1

2 2
( 5) ( 2)
25 16
x y +
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 5) ( 2)
5 4
x y +
+ = 1
Centre (h, k)
a = 5 and b = 4
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
4
2
= 5
2
(1 e
2
)
16 = 25(1 e
2
)
16 = 25 25e
2

9 = 25e
2

9
25
= e
2

9
25
= e

3
5
= e
Foci are (ae, h, k)

3
( 5 5, 2)
5

( 3 5, 2)
Hence the foci are (2, 2) and
(8, 2)
a
h
e
+
x =
3
5 5
5

x =
25
5
3

directrices are:
x =
10
3
and x =
40
3

c
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1

2 2
( 5) ( 1)
49 25
x y + +
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 5) ( 1)
7 5
x y + +
+ = 1
Centre (h, k)
a = 7 and b = 5
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
5
2
= 7
2
(1 e
2
)
25 = 49(1 e
2
)
25 = 49 49e
2

24 = 49e
2

24
49
= e
2

24
49
= e

2 6
7
= e
Foci are (ae, h, k)

2 6
( 7 5, 1)
7

( 2 6 5, 1)
Hence the foci are ( 2 6 5, 1)
and (2 6 5, 1)
a
h
e
+
x =
2 6
7 5
7

x =
49
5
2 6

x =
49 6 60
12 12

x =
49 6 60
12

directrices are:
x =
49 6 60
12
5
and
x =
49( 6 60)
12
15

d
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1

2 2
( 2) ( 3)
169 25
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 2) ( 3)
13 5
x y
+ = 1
Centre (h, k)
a = 13 and b = 5
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
5
2
= 13
2
(1 e
2
)
25 = 169(1 e
2
)
25 = 169 169e
2

144 = 169e
2

144
169
= e
2

144
169
= e

12
13
= e
Foci are (ae, h, k)

12
( 13 2, 3)
13
+
(12 + 2, 3)
Hence the foci are (10, 3) and
(14, 3)
a
h
e
+
x =
12
13 2
13
+
x =
169
2
12
+
x =
169 24
12 12
+
directrices are:
x =
169 24
12
+
=
193
12
=
1
16
12

and
x =
169 24
12
+
=
145
12

=
1
12
12

e
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1

2
2
( 5)
36
x
y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 5) ( 0)
6 1
x y
+ = 1
Centre (h, k)
a = 6 and b = 1
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
1
2
= 6
2
(1 e
2
)
1 = 36(1 e
2
)
1 = 36 36e
2

35 = 36e
2

35
36
= e
2

35
36
= e

35
6
= e
Foci are (ae + h, k)

35
6 5, 0
6
| |
+ |
|
\ .

( 35 5, 0) +
Hence the foci are ( 35 5, 0) +
and ( 35 5, 0) +
a
h
e
+
x =
35
6 5
6
+
x =
36
5
35
+
x =
36 35 175
35 35
+
directrices are:
x =
175 36 35
35

and
x =
175 36 35
35
+

f
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1
x
2
+ 9(y + 2)
2
= 9

2 2
( 2)
9 1
x y +
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 0) ( 2)
3 1
x y +
+ = 1
Centre (h, k)
a = 3 and b = 1
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
1
2
= 3
2
(1 e
2
)
1 = 9(1 e
2
)
1 = 9 9e
2

8 = 9e
2

8
9
= e
2

8
9
= e

2 2
3
= e
Foci are (ae + h, k)

2 2
( 3 , 2)
3

( 2 2, 2)
Hence the foci are (2 2, 2) and
( 2 2, 2)
a
h
e
+
x =
2 2
3 0
3
+
x =
9
2 2

x =
9 2
4

directrices are:
x =
9 2
4
and x =
9 2
4

3 Directrices are expressed as
x =, therefore E is not true.
The answer is E.
4 Centre is (3, 0). This rules out A.
With the domain extending
6 units, a = 3 and when the range
extending 4 units, b = 2.

2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 3)
3 2
x y +
+ = 1
The answer is C.
5 Centre (0, 0)
a = 1 b = 1.4

2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
1 1.4
x y
+ = 1
x
2
+
2
2
1.4
y
= 1
Exercise 10C The parabola
1 a y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 4x
y
2
= 4(1)x
Vertex (0, 0)
a = 1
Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (1, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x = 1

b y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 16x
y
2
= 4(4)x
Vertex (0, 0)
a = 4
Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (4, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x = 4

c y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 20x
y
2
= 4(5)x
Vertex (0, 0)
a = 5
Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (5, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x = 5

d y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 24x
y
2
= 4(6)x
Vertex (0, 0)
a = 6
Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (6, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x = 6

e y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 6x
y
2
=
6
4
4
x

Vertex (0, 0)
a =
3
2

Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (
3
2
, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x =
3
2

f y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 10x
y
2
=
10
4
4
x

Vertex (0, 0)
a =
5
2

Focus (a, 0)
Focus at
5
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

Directrix at x = a
x =
5
2

g y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 9x
y
2
=
9
4
4
x

Vertex (0, 0)
a =
9
4

Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (
9
4
, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x =
9
4

h y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 7x
y
2
=
7
4
4
x

Vertex (0, 0)
a =
7
4

Focus (a, 0)
Focus at
7
, 0
4
| |
|
\ .

Directrix at x = a
x =
7
4

2 a (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 8(x 3)
y
2
= 4 2(x 3)
Hence h = 3 and k = 0
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (3, 0)
a = 2
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (2 + 3, 0)
Focus at (5, 0)
Directrix at x = a + h
x = 2 + 3
x = 1

b (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 4(x 1)
y
2
= 4 1(x 1)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (1, 0)
a = 1
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (1 + 1, 0)
Focus at (2, 0)
x = 1 + 1
x = 0

c (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 12(x + 1)
y
2
= 4 3(x + 1)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (1, 0)
a = 3
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (3 1, 0)
Focus at (2, 0)
x = 3 1
x = 4

d (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 16(x + 4)
y
2
= 4 4(x + 4)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (4, 0)
a = 4
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (4 4, 0)
Focus at (0, 0)
x = 4 4
x = 8

e (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 1)
2
= 4(x 2)
(y 1)
2
= 4 1(x 2)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (2, 1)
a = 1
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (1 + 2, 1)
Focus at (3, 1)
x = 1 + 2
x = 1

f (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 3)
2
= 12(x 5)
(y 3)
2
= 4 3(x 5)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (5, 3)
a = 3
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (3 + 5, 3)
Focus at (8, 3)
x = 3 + 5
x = 2

g (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y + 3)
2
= 20(x + 1)
(y + 3)
2
= 4 5(x + 1)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (1, 3)
a = 5
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (5 1, 3)
Focus at (4, 3)
x = 5 1
x = 6

h (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y + 6)
2
= 8(x + 3)
(y + 6)
2
= 4 2(x + 3)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (3, 6)
a = 2
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (2 3, 6)
Focus at (1, 6)
x = 2 3
x = 5

i (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 2)
2
= 4(x 0)
(y 2)
2
= 4 1(x 0)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (0, 2)
a = 1
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (1 + 0, 2)
Focus at (1, 2)
x = 1 + 0
x = 1

j (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 7)
2
= 12(x 0)
(y 7)
2
= 4 3(x 0)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (0, 7)
a = 3
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (3 + 0, 7)
Focus at (3, 7)
x = 3 + 0
x = 3

k (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y + 5)
2
= 6(x 0)
(y + 5)
2
=
6
4
4
(x 0)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (0, 5)
a =
3
2

Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at
3
0, 5
2
| |
+
|
\ .

Focus at
3
, 5
2
| |
|
\ .

x =
3
2
+ 0
x =
3
2

l (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y + 4)
2
= 10(x 0)
(y + 4)
2
=
10
4
4
(x 0)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (0, 4)
a =
5
2

Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at
5
0, 4
2
| |
+
|
\ .

Focus at
5
, 4
2
| |
|
\ .

x =
5
0
2
+
x =
5
2

3 a y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 4x
y
2
= 4(1)x
Vertex (0, 0)
a = 1
Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (1, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x = 1

b y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 8x
y
2
= 4(2)x
Vertex (0, 0)
a = 2
Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (2, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x = 2

c y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 10x
y
2
=
10
4
4
x

Vertex (0, 0)
a =
5
2

Focus (a, 0)
Focus at
5
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

Directrix at x = a
x =
5
2

d y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 6x
y
2
=
6
4
4
x

Vertex (0, 0)
a =
3
2

Focus (a, 0)
Focus at
3
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

Directrix at x = a
x =
3
2

e (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 12(x + 1)
y
2
= 4 (3)(x + 1)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (1, 0)
a = 3
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (3 1, 0)
Focus at (4, 0)
x = (3) 1
x = 2

f (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 20(x + 3)
y
2
= 4 (5)(x + 3)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (1, 0)
a = 5
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (5 3, 0)
Focus at (8, 0)
x = (5) 3
x = 2

g (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 14(x 2)
y
2
=
14
4
4
(x 2)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (2, 0)
a =
7
2

Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at
7
2, 0
2
| |
+
|
\ .

Focus at
3
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

x =
7
2
2
+
x =
1
5
2

h (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 2(x 4)
y
2
=
2
4
4
(x 4)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (4, 0)
a =
1
2

Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at
1
4, 0
2
| |
+
|
\ .

Focus at
1
3 , 0
2
| |
|
\ .

x =
1
4
2
+
x =
1
4
2

i (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 1)
2
= 8(x + 3)
(y 1)
2
= 4 (2)(x + 3)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (3, 1)
a = 2
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (2 3, 1)
Focus at (5, 1)
x = 2 3
x = 1

j (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 2)
2
= 16(x + 5)
(y 2)
2
= 4 (4)(x + 5)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (5, 2)
a = 4
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (4 5, 2)
Focus at (9, 2)
x = 4 5
x = 1

k (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y + 2)
2
= 18(x 1)
(y + 2)
2
=
18
4
4
(x 1)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (1, 2)
a =
9
2

Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at
9
1, 2
2
| |
+
|
\ .

Focus at
1
3 , 2
2
| |

|
\ .

x =
9
1
2
+
x =
1
5
2

l (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y + 5)
2
= 10(x + 2)
(y + 5)
2
=
10
4
4
(x + 2)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (2, 5)
a =
5
2

Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at
5
2, 5
2
| |

|
\ .

Focus at
1
4 , 5
2
| |

|
\ .

x =
5
2
2

x =
1
2

4 Given focus = (4, 0)
directrix = (2)
And vertex is midway between focus
and directrix,
Then x =
2 4
2
+

x = 1
Vertex = (1, 0)
Hence h = 1, k = 0
and 4 = a + h
4 = a + 1
3 = a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 4(3)(x 1)
y
2
= 12(x 1)
The answer is E.
5 (y + 1)
2
= 4x
(y + 1)
2
= 4(1)(x 0)
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
a = 1
k = 1
h = 0
Vertex = (0, 1)
= 1 + 0
= 1
Focus (a + h, k)
(1, 1)
The answer is C.
6 a Is open to the right with the
vertex on the x-axis, it can only
be ii as the coefficient of x is
positive.
b Is open to the right with its vertex
not on the x-axis, it can only be
iv as it also has a positive
coefficient with the x.
c Must be iii with its opening to the
left and the x-coefficient negative.
d Must be i.
7 a Given focus = (2, 0)
directrix = (2)
And vertex is midway between
focus and directrix,
Then x =
2 2
2
+

x = 0
Vertex = (0, 0)
Hence h = 0, k = 0
and 2 = a + h
2 = a + 0
2 = a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 4(2)(x 0)
y
2
= 8x

b Given focus = (2, 0)
directrix = (3)
Then x =
3 2
2
+

x =
1
2

Vertex =
1
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

Hence h =
1
2
, k = 0
and 2 = a + h
2 =
1
2
a

1
2
2
= a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
=
5 1
4
2 2
x
| || |
+
| |
\ .\ .

y
2
=
1
10
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

c Given focus = (4, 0)
directrix = (2)
Then x =
2 4
2
+

x = 3
Vertex = (3, 0)
Hence h = 3, k = 0
and 4 = a + h
4 = a + 3
1 = a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 4(1)(x 3)
y
2
= 4(x 3)

d Given focus = (6, 0)
directrix = (2)
Then x =
2 6
2
+

x = 2
Vertex = (2, 0)
Hence h = 2, k = 0
and 6 = a + h
6 = a + 2
4 = a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 4(4)(x 2)
y
2
= 16(x 2)

e Given focus = (2, 0)
Directrix = (4)
Then x =
4 2
2

x = 1
Vertex = (1, 0)
Hence h = 1, k = 0
and 2 = a + h
2 = a + 1
3 = a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 4(3)(x 1)
y
2
= 12(x 1)

f Given focus = (4, 0)
Directrix = (1)
Then x =
4 1
2

x =
5
2

Vertex =
5
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .

Hence h =
5
2
, k = 0
and 4 = a + h
4 =
5
2
a

1
1
2
= a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
=
3 5
4
2 2
x
| || |
+
| |
\ .\ .

y
2
=
5
6
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

g Given focus = (1, 2)
Directrix = (1)
Then x =
1 1
2
+

x = 0
Vertex = (0, 2)
Hence h = 0, k = 2
and 1 = a + h
1 = a + 0
1 = a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 2)
2
= 4(1)(x + 0)
(y 2)
2
= 4x

h Given focus = (2, 3)
Directrix = (2)
Then x =
2 2
2
+

x = 0
Vertex = (0, 3)
Hence h = 0, k = 3
and 2 = a + h
2 = a + 0
2 = a
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 3)
2
= 4(2)(x + 0)
(y 3)
2
= 8x

Exercise 10D The hyperbola
1 a
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
16 9
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
4 3
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 4 and b = 3
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
3
2
= 4
2
(e
2
1)
9 = 16(e
2
1)
9 = 16e
2
16
25 = 16e
2

25
16
= e
2

25
16
= e

5
4
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

5
4 , 0
4
| |

|
\ .

(5, 0)
Directrices are at
x =
a
e

x =
5
4
4

x =
16
5

directrices are
x = 3.2
Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
3
4
| |
|
\ .
x
Hence the equations of the
asymptotes are
y =
3
4
| |
+
|
\ .
x and
y =
3
4
| |
|
\ .
x

b
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
144 25
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
12 5
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 12 and b = 5
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
5
2
= 122(e
2
1)
25 = 144(e
2
1)
25 = 144e
2
144
169 = 144e
2

169
144
= e
2

169
144
= e

13
12
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

13
12 , 0
12
| |

|
\ .

(13, 0)
Directrices are at
x =
a
e

x =
13
12
12

x =
144
13

directrices are
x =
144
13

Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
5
12
| |
|
\ .
x
asymptotes are
y =
5
12
| |
+
|
\ .
x and
y =
5
12
| |
|
\ .
x

c
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
4 4
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
2 2
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 2 and b = 2
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
2
2
= 2
2
(e
2
1)
4 = 4(e
2
1)
4 = 4e
2
4
8 = 4e
2

8
4
= e
2

2 = e
Foci are (ae, 0)
( 2 2, 0)
( 2 2, 0)
Directrices are at
x =
a
e

x =
2
2

x = 2
directrices are
x = 2
Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
2
2
| |
|
\ .
x
asymptotes are
y = +x and
y = x

d
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
9 9
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
3 3
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 3 and b = 3
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
3
2
= 3
2
(e
2
1)
9 = 9(e
2
1)
9 = 9e
2
9
18 = 9e
2

18
9
= e
2

2 = e
Foci are (ae, 0)
( 3 2, 0)
( 3 2, 0)
Directrices are at
x =
a
e

x =
3
2

x =
3 2
2

directrices are
x =
3 2
2

Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
3
3
| |
|
\ .
x
asymptotes are
y = +x and y = x

e
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
64 64
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
8 6
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 8 and b = 6
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
6
2
= 8
2
(e
2
1)
36 = 64(e
2
1)
36 = 64e
2
9
100 = 64e
2

100
64
= e
2

100
64
= e

5
4
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

5
( 8 , 0)
4

( 10, 0)
Directrices are at
x =
a
e

x =
5
8
4

x =
2
6
5

directrices are
x =
2
6
5

Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
6
8
| |
|
\ .
x
asymptotes are
y =
3
4
| |
+
|
\ .
x and
y =
3
4
| |
|
\ .
x

f 4x
2
9y
2
= 36
x
2

9
4
y
2
= 9

2 2
9 4
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
2 2
3 2
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 3 and b = 2
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
2
2
= 3
2
(e
2
1)
4 = 9(e
2
1)
4 = 9e
2
9
13 = 9e
2

13
9
= e
2

13
9
= e

13
3
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)

13
3 , 0
3
| |

|
|
\ .

( 13 , 0)
Directrices are at
x =
a
e

x =
9
13

x =
9 13
13

directrices are
x =
9 13
13

Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
2
3
| |
|
\ .
x
asymptotes are
y =
2
3
| |
+
|
\ .
x and
y =
2
3
| |
|
\ .
x

2 a
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x k y k
a b

= 1

2 2
( 1) ( 0)
16 9
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
( 1) ( 0)
4 3
x y
= 1
Centre (h, k)
h = 1, k = 0
Centre (1, 0)
a = 4 and b = 3
Vertices (a + h, k)
(4 + 1, 0)
(4 + 1, 0)
(5, 0)
(4 + 1, 0)
(3, 0)
Vertices at (3, 0) and (5, 0)
asymptotes
y k =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
(x h)
y =
3
4
| |
+
|
\ .
(x 1)
4y = +3(x 1)
4y = 3x 3
4y 3x + 3 = 0
y =
3
4
| |
|
\ .
(x 1)
4y = 3(x 1)
4y = 3x + 3
4y + 3x 3 = 0
asymptotes are
4y 3x + 3 = 0 and
4y + 3x 3 = 0

b
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

= 1

2 2
( 3) ( 0)
144 25
x y +
= 1

2 2
2 2
( 3) ( 0)
12 5
x y +
= 1
Centre (h, k)
h = 3, k = 0
Centre (1, 0)
a = 12 and b = 5
Vertices (a + h, k)
(12 3, 0)
(12 3, 0)
(9, 0)
(12 3, 0)
(15, 0)
Asymptotes
y k =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
(x h)
y =
5
12
| |
+
|
\ .
(x + 3)
12y = +5(x + 3)
12y = 5x + 15
12y 5x 15 = 0
5x 12y + 15 = 0
y =
5
12
| |
|
\ .
(x + 3)
12y = 5x (x + 3)
12y = 5x 15
5x + 12y + 3 = 0
asymptotes are
5x 12y + 15 = 0 and
5x + 12y + 15 = 0

c
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

= 1

2 2
( 0) ( 2)
9 9
x y +
= 1

2 2
2 2
( 0) ( 2)
3 3
x y +
= 1
Centre (h, k)
h = 0, k = 2
Centre (0, 2)
a = 3 and b = 3
Vertices (a + h, k)
(3 + 0, 2)
(3, 2)
(3 + 0, 2)
(3, 2)
Asymptotes
y k =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
(x h)
y + 2 =
3
3
| |
|
\ .
(x 0)
y + 2 = x
x y 2 = 0
y + 2 =
3
3
| |
|
\ .
(x 0)
y + 2 = x
x + y + 2 = 0
asymptotes are
x y 2 = 0 and
x + y + 2 = 0

d x
2
(y 3)
2
= 4

2 2
( 0) ( 3)
4 4
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

= 1

2 2
2 2
( 0) ( 3)
2 2
x y
= 1
Centre (h, k)
h = 0, k = 3
Centre (0, 3)
a = 2 and b = 2
Vertices (a + h, k)
(2 + 0, 3)
(2, 3)
(2 + 0, 3)
(2, 3)
Asymptotes
y k =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
(x h)
y 3 =
2
2
| |
+
|
\ .
(x 0)
y 3 = x
x y + 3 = 0
y 3 =
2
2
| |
|
\ .
(x 0)
y 3 = x
x + y 3 = 0
asymptotes are
x y + 3 = 0 and
x + y 3 = 0

e
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

= 1

2 2
( 1) ( 2)
64 36
x y +
= 1

2 2
2 2
( 1) ( 2)
8 6
x y +
= 1
Centre (h, k)
h = 1, k = 2
Centre (1, 2)
a = 8 and b = 6
Vertices (a + h, k)
(8 1, 2)
(8 1, 2)
(7, 2)
(8 1, 2)
(9, 2)
Asymptotes
y k =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
(x h)
y 2 =
6
8
| |
+
|
\ .
(x + 1)
y 2 =
3
4
| |
+
|
\ .
(x + 1)
4y 8 = 3x + 3
3x 4y + 11 = 0
y 2 =
6
8
| |
|
\ .
(x + 1)
y 2 =
3
4
| |
|
\ .
(x + 1)
4y 8 = 3x 3
3x + 4y 5 = 0
asymptotes are
3x + 4y 5 = 0 and
3x 4y + 11 = 0

f 4(x 5)
2
9(y + 3)
2
= 36
(x 5)
2

9
4
| |
|
\ .
(y + 3)
2
= 9

2 2
( 5) ( 3)
9 4
x y +
= 1

2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

= 1

2 2
2 2
( 5) ( 3)
3 4
x y +
= 1
Centre (h, k)
h = 5, k = 3
Centre (5, 3)
a = 3 and b = 2
Vertices (a + h, k)
(3 + 5, 3)
(3 + 5, 3)
(8, 3)
(3 + 5, 3)
(2, 3)
Asymptotes
y k =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
(x h)
y + 3 =
2
3
| |
+
|
\ .
(x 5)
3y + 9 = 2x 10
2x 3y 19 = 0
y + 3 =
2
3
| |
|
\ .
(x 5)
3y + 9 = 2x + 10
2x + 3y 1 = 0
asymptotes are
2x 3y 19 = 0 and
2x + 3y 1 = 0

3 a i From the graph;
The distance between the
vertices is 6.
Hence a = 3.
The gradient of the asymptote
is
2
3
| |
|
\ .
which is equal to
b
a
| |
|
\ .
.
b = 2, a = 3
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
2
2
= 3
2
(e
2
1)
4 = 9(e
2
1)
4 = 9e
2
9
13 = 9e
2

13
9
= e
2

13
9
= e

13
3
= e
ii Foci are at (ae + h, k)
h = 0, k = 0, a = 3 and e =
13
3

3
13
3
= 13
Foci are ( 13 , 0) and
( 13 , 0)
iii Directrices are at x =
a
e

x =
13
3
3

x =
9
13

x =
9 13
13

Hence, the directrices are
x =
9 13
13

iv Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
2
3
| |
|
\ .
x
b i From the graph;
vertices is 10.
Hence a = 5.
The gradient of the asymptote is
1
5
which is equal to
b
a
| |
|
\ .
.
b = 1, a = 5
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
1
2
= 5
2
(e
2
1)
1 = 25(e
2
1)
1 = 25e
2
25
26 = 25e
2

26
25
= e
2

26
25
= e

26
5
= e
h = 0, k = 0, a = 5 e =
26
5

26
5
5
= 26
Foci are ( 26, 0) and
( 26, 0)
a
e
| |
|
\ .

x =
26
5
5

x =
25
26

x =
25 26
26

x =
25 26
26

iv Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
1
5
| |
|
\ .
x
c i From the graph;
vertices is 10.
Hence a = 5.
The gradient of the asymptote
is
2
5
which is equal to
b
a
.
b = 2, a = 5
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
2
2
= 5
2
(e
2
1)
4 = 25(e
2
1)
4 = 25e
2
25
29 = 25e
2

29
25
= e
2

29
25
= e

29
5
= e
h = 0, k = 0, a = 5 and e =
29
5

29
5
5
= 29
Foci are ( 29, 0) and
( 29, 0)
a
e
| |
|
\ .

x =
29
5
5

x =
25
29

x =
25 29
29

x =
25 29
29

iv Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
2
5
x
4 Given the distance between the
vertices is 8 then a = 4.
Also given the asymptotes
y =
1
2
x =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
then b = 2.
As the centre is (0, 0) then

2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
2 2
4 2
x y
= 1

2 2
16 4
x y
= 1
The answer is D.
5 Given the distance between the two
Foci are (ae, 0) (2.5, 0)
Then
2.5 = ae
2.5 = 2 e
1.25 = e
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
b
2
= 2
2
(1.25
2
1)
b
2
= 4(1.5625 1)
b
2
= 4(0.5625)
b
2
= 2.25
b = 1.5
Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
1.5
2
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
3
4
x
The answer is B.
Foci are (ae, 0) (5, 0)
Then
5 = ae
5 = 4 e
1.25 = e
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
b
2
= 4
2
(1.25
2
1)
b
2
= 16(1.5625 1)
b
2
= 16(0.5625)
b
2
= 9
b = 3
As the centre is (0, 0) then

2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
2 2
4 3
x y
= 1

2 2
16 9
x y
= 1
The answer is C.
7 Given
Foci are (ae, 0)
(3 2 , 0)
And e = 2
Then
3 2 = ae
3 2 = a 2
a = 3
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
b
2
= 3
2
( 2 1)
b
2
= 9(2 1)
b
2
= 9(1)
b
2
= 9
b = 3
So the equation could be

2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
2 2
3 3
x y
= 1

2 2
9 9
x y
= 1
8 Given the distance between the two
Given the directrices are (4)
and directrices are at x =
a
e
:

5
e
= 4
5 = 4e

5
4
= e
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1.25
2
1)
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
b
2
=
2
2
5
5 1
4
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

b
2
=
25
25 1
16
| |
|
\ .

b
2
=
9
25
16
| |
|
\ .

b
2
=
225
16

b =
15
4

So the equation could be

2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
2 2
5
x y
b
= 1

2 2
2
25
x y
b
= 1

2
2
2
25
15
4
y
x
| |
|
\ .
= 25

2
2
25
225
16
y
x
| |
|
\ .
= 25

2
2
25 16
225
y
x
= 25

2
2
16
9
y
x = 25
9x
2
16y
2
= 225
vertices is 40, then a = 20.
Foci are (ae, 0) h = 0, k = 0
(30, 0)
Then
30 = ae
30 = 20 e
e = 1.5
since b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
b
2
= 20
2
(1.5
2
1)
b
2
= 400(2.25 1)
b
2
= 400 1.25
b
2
= 500
So,

2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
400 500
x y
= 1
Exercise 10E Polar
coordinates
1 a Plot [2, 0]
Draw the positive x-direction.
Extend the line 2 units in the
positive direction along the
x-axis.
b Plot [5, 180]
Extend the line 5 units in the
negative direction along the
x-axis.
c Plot [0.5, 270]
Rotate 270 anticlockwise.
Extend the line 0.5 units.
d Plot [3, 90]
Extend the line 3 units.

2 a Plot [1,
3
]
Rotate
3
anticlockwise.
Extend the line 1 unit.
b Plot [1,
3
]
Rotate
3
clockwise.
c Plot [1,
2
3
]
Rotate
2
3
clockwise.
d Plot [1,
5
3
]
Rotate
5
3
clockwise.

3 a Locate [3, 45]
b Locate [4, 100]
c Locate [1, 300]
d Plot [2.5, 30]
Rotate 30 clockwise.
Extend the line 2.5 units.

4 a Convert to Cartesian [2, 45]
x = r cos( )
x = 2 cos(45)
x =
2
2
2

x = 2
y = r sin( )
y = 2 sin(45)
y =
2
2
2

y = 2
Hence, the Cartesian coordinates
are ( 2 , 2 ).
b Convert to Cartesian [5, 30]
x = r cos( )
x = 5 cos(30)
x =
3
5
2

x =
5 3
2

y = r sin( )
y = 5 sin(30)
y =
1
5
2

y = 2.5
are
5 3
, 2.5
2
| |
|
|
\ .
.
c Convert to Cartesian [3, 60]
x = r cos( )
x = 3 cos(60)
x =
1
3
2

x = 1.5
y = r sin( )
y = 3 sin(60)
y =
3
3
2

y =
3 3
2

are
3 3
1.5,
2
| |
|
|
\ .
.
d Convert to Cartesian [2.7, 90]
x = r cos( )
x = 2.7 cos(90)
x = 0
y = r sin( )
y = 2.7 sin(90)
y = 2.7
are (0, 2.7).
e Convert to Cartesian [1.5, 120]
x = r cos( )
x = 1.5 cos(120)
x =
1
1.5
2
| |

|
\ .

x = 0.75
y = r sin( )
y = 1.5 sin(120)
y =
3
1.5
2

y =
3 3
4

are
3 3
0.75,
4
| |
|
|
\ .
.
f Convert to Cartesian [12, 210]
x = r cos( )
x = 12 cos(210)
x = 6 3
y = r sin( )
y = 12 sin(210)
y =
1
12
2
| |

|
\ .

y = 6
are ( 6 3, 6).
g Convert to Cartesian [2.6,
2
]
x = r cos( )
x = 2.6cos
2
| |
|
\ .

x = 0
y = r sin( )
y = 2.6sin
2
| |
|
\ .

y = 2.6
are (0, 2.6).
h Convert to Cartesian [7.8, ]
x = r cos( )
x = 7.8 cos( )
x = 7.8
y = r sin( )
y = 7.8 sin(x)
y = 0
are (7.8, 0).
i Convert to Cartesian [10,
3
]
x = r cos( )
x = 10cos
3
| |
|
\ .

x =
1
10
2

x = 5
y = r sin( )
y = 10sin
3
| |
|
\ .

y =
3
10
2

y = 5 3
are (5, 5 3 ).
j Convert to Cartesian [9.1,
5
3
]
x = r cos( )
x =
5
9.1cos
3
| |
|
\ .

x =
1
9.1
2
| |
|
\ .

x = 4.55
y = r sin( )
y =
5
9.1sin
3
| |
|
\ .

y =
3
9.1
2
| |
|
|
\ .

y =
91 3
20

are
91 3
4.55,
20
| |
|
|
\ .
.
k Convert to Cartesian [25, 5.8
c
]
x = r cos( )
x = 25 cos (5.8
c
)
x = 25 0.8855
x = 22.14
y = r sin( )
y = 25 sin(5.8
c
)

y = 25 (0.4646)
y = 11.62
are (22.14, 11.62)
l Convert to Cartesian [1.6, 4
c
]
x = r cos( )
x = 1.6 cos(4
c
)
x = 1.6 (0.6536)
x = 1.05
y = r sin( )
y = 1.6 sin(4
c
)
y = 1.6 (0.7568)
y = 1.21
are (1.05, 1.21).
5 a Convert to Polar coordinates.
(5, 0)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
5 0 +
r =
2
5
r = 5
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
0
5

tan( ) = 0
(5, 0) is positive on the x-axis.
Hence = 0
Hence the Polar coordinates are
[5, 0]
b Convert to Polar coordinates.
(0, 4.3)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
0 4.3 +
r =
2
4.3
r = 4.3
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
4.3
0

tan( ) = undefined
(0, 4.3) is positive on the y-axis.
Hence = 90
[4.3, 90]
c Convert to Polar coordinates.
(30, 0)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
( 30) 0 +
r =
2
30
r = 30
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
0
30

tan( ) = 0
(30, 0) is negative on the x-axis.
Hence = 0
[30, 180]
d Convert to Polar coordinates.
(0, 9)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
0 ( 9) +
r =
2
9
r = 9
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
9
0

tan( ) = undefined
(0, 9) is negative on the y-axis.
Hence = 270
[9, 270]
e Convert to Polar coordinates.
(6, 6)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
6 6 +
r = 72
r = 6 2
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
6
6

tan( ) = 1
(6, 6) is in the first quadrant.
Hence = 45
[6 2, 45]
f Convert to Polar coordinates.
(4, 3)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
( 4) 3 +
r = 16 9 +
r = 25
r = 5
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
3
4

tan( ) = 0.75
(4, 3) is in the second quadrant.
Hence use ( )
0.6435 = 2.5
c

[5, 2.5
c
]
g Convert to Polar coordinates.
(5, 12)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
( 5) ( 12) +
r = 25 144 +
r = 169
r = 13
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
12
5

tan( ) = 2.4
(4, 3) is in the third quadrant.
Hence use ( + )
+ 1.176 = 4.32
c

[13, 4.32
c
]
h Convert to Polar coordinates.
(6, 8)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
(6) ( 8) +
r = 36 64 +
r = 100
r = 10
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
8
6

tan( ) =
4
3

tan( ) = 1.33
(6, 8) is in the fourth quadrant.
Hence use (2 )
2 0.9273 = 5.36
c

[10, 5.36
c
]
i Convert to Polar coordinates.
(1, 3 )
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
( 1) ( 3) +
r = 1 3 +
r = 4
r = 2
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
3
1

Hence use ( )

3
=
2
3

[2,
2
3
]
j Convert to Polar coordinates.
(2, 2)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
( 2) ( 2) +
r = 4 4 +
r = 8
r = 2 2
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
2
2

tan( ) = 1
Hence use ( + )
+
4
=
5
4


5
2 2,
4
(
(

k Convert to Polar coordinates.
(2 3, 2)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
(2 3) ( 2) +
r = 12 4 +
r = 16
r = 4
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
2
2 3

tan( ) =
1
3

(2 3, 2) is in the fourth quadrant.
Hence use (2 )
2
6
=
11
6


11
4,
6
(
(

l Convert to Polar coordinates (5, 6)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
5 6 +
r = 25 36 +
r = 61
r = 7.81
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
6
5

(5, 6) is in the first quadrant
Hence = 0.88
c

[7.81, 0.88
c
]
Exercise 10F Polar
equations
1 a Transform to Polar, x = 3
Since
x = r cos( )
Then
3 = r cos( )

3
cos( )
= r
b Transform to Polar, y = 2
Since
y = r sin( )
Then
2 = r sin( )

2
sin( )
= r
c Transform to Polar, x
2
+ y
2
= 9
Since
x = r cos( ) and y = r sin( )
Then
(r cos( ))
2
+ (r sin( ))
2
= 9
r
2
cos
2
( ) + r
2
sin
2
( ) = 9
r
2
(cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( )) = 9
r
2
= 9
Since cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ) = 1
r = 3
d Transform to Polar, x
2
+ y
2
= 36
Since
Then
(r cos( ))
2
+ (r sin( ))
2
= 36
r
2
cos
2
( ) + r
2
sin
2
( ) = 36
r
2
(cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( )) = 36
r
2
= 36
Since cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ) = 1
r = 6
e Transform to Polar, y = 5x
Since
Then
5r cos( ) = r sin( )
5 =
sin( )
cos( )
r
r

5 = tan( )
= tan
1
(5)
= 7841
f Transform to Polar, y = x
Since
Then
r cos( ) = r sin( )
1 =
sin( )
cos( )
r
r

1 = tan( )
= tan
1
(1)
=
4
(or 45)
g Transform to Polar, 3x 4y = 1
Since
Then
3r cos( ) 4r sin( ) = 1
r(3 cos( ) 4 sin( )) = 1
r =
1
3cos( ) 4sin( )

h Transform to Polar, 5x + y = 7
Since
Then
5r cos( ) + r sin( ) = 7
r(5 cos( ) + sin( )) = 7
r =
7
5cos( ) sin( ) +

i Transform to Polar,
x
2
+ y
2
10x + 6y = 0
Since
Then
(r cos( ))
2
+ (r sin( ))
2

10r cos( ) + 6r sin( ) = 0
r
2
cos
2
( ) + r
2
sin
2
( )
r(10 cos( ) 6 sin( )) = 0
r
2
(cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( )) r(10 cos( )
6 sin( )) = 0
r
2
r(10 cos( ) 6 sin( )) = 0
Since
cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ) = 1
r (10 cos( ) 6 sin( )) = 0
(divide both sides by r)
r = 10 cos( ) 6 sin( )
j Transform to Polar,
x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x + 8y = 0
Since
Then
(r cos( ))
2
+ (r sin( ))
2
+ 6r cos( )
+ 8r sin( ) = 0
r
2
cos
2
( ) + r
2
sin
2
( ) + r(6 cos( )
+ 8 sin( )) = 0
r
2
(cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( )) + r(6 cos( )
+ 8 sin( )) = 0
r
2
+ r(6 cos( ) + 8 sin( )) = 0
Since
cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ) = 1
r + (6 cos( ) + 8 sin( )) = 0
(divide both sides by r)
r = 6 cos( ) 8 sin( )
k Transform to Polar,
x
2
+ y
2
12y = 0
Since
Then
(r cos( ))
2
+ (r sin( ))
2

12r sin( ) = 0
r
2
cos
2
( ) + r
2
sin
2
( )
r(12 sin( )) = 0
r
2
(cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ))
r(12 sin( )) = 0
r
2
r(12 sin( )) = 0
Since
cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ) = 1
r r(12 sin( )) = 0 (divide both
sides by r)
r = 12 sin( )
l Transform to Polar,
x
2
+ y
2
2x = 0
Since
Then
(r cos( ))
2
+ (r sin( ))
2

2r cos( ) = 0
r
2
cos
2
( ) + r
2
sin
2
( )
r(2 cos( )) = 0
r
2
(cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ))
r(2cos( )) = 0
r
2
r(2 cos( )) = 0
Since
cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ) = 1
r r(2 cos( )) = 0 (divide both
sides by r)
r = 2 cos( )
m Transform to Polar,
2 2
9 4
x y
+ = 1
Since
Then

2 2
( cos( )) ( sin( ))
9 4
r r
+ = 1

2 2 2 2
cos ( ) sin ( )
9 4
r r
+ = 1

2 2 2 2
4 cos ( ) 9 sin ( )
36
r r +
= 1
4r
2
cos
2
( ) + 9r
2
sin
2
( ) = 36
r
2
(4 cos
2
( ) + 9 sin
2
( )) = 36
r
2
=
2 2
36
4cos ( ) 9sin ( ) +

n Transform to Polar,
2 2
4 25
x y
+ = 1
Since
Then

2 2
( cos( )) ( sin( ))
4 25
r r
+ = 1

2 2 2 2
cos ( ) sin ( )
9 4
r r
+ = 1

2 2 2 2
25 cos ( ) 4 sin ( )
100
r r +
= 1
25r
2
cos
2
( ) + 4r
2
sin
2
( ) = 100
r
2
(25 cos
2
( ) + 4 sin
2
( )) = 100
r
2
=
2 2
100
25cos ( ) 4sin ( ) +

2 a Convert to Cartesian form, r = 2
r
2
= 4
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

Then
x
2
+ y
2
= 4
b Convert to Cartesian form, r = 5
r
2
= 25
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

Then
x
2
+ y
2
= 25
c Convert to Cartesian form,
r = 6 sin( )
r
2
= 6r sin( )
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
and y = r sin( )
Then
x
2
+ y
2
= 6y
x
2
+ y
2
6y = 0
x
2
+ y
2
6y + 9 9 = 0
x
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 9
d Convert to Cartesian form,
r = 2 cos( )
r
2
= 2r cos( )
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
and x = r cos( )
Then
x
2
+ y
2
= 2x
x
2
2x + y
2
= 0
x
2
2x + 1 1 + y
2
= 0
(x 1)
2
+ y
2
= 1
e Convert to Cartesian form,
tan( ) = 3
Since

y
x
= tan( )
Then

y
x
= 3
y = 3x
f Convert to Cartesian form,
tan( ) = 4
Since

y
x
= tan( )
Then

y
x
= 4
y = 4x
g Convert to Cartesian form,
=
4

tan
4
| |
|
\ .
= 1
Then

y
x
= 1
y = x
h Convert to Cartesian form,
=
3
4

3
tan
4
| |
|
\ .
= 1
Then

y
x
= 1
y = x
i Convert to Cartesian form,
r cos( ) = 4
Since
x = r cos( )
x = 4
j Convert to Cartesian form,
r sin( ) = 1
Since
y = r sin( )
y = 1
k Convert to Cartesian form,
r = 4 sin( ) 2 cos( )
r
2
= 4r sin( ) 2r cos( )
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
, x = r cos( ) and
y = r sin( )
x
2
+ y
2
= 4y 2x
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x 4y = 0
l Convert to Cartesian form,
r = 6 sin( ) + 8 cos( )
r
2
= 6 r sin( ) + 8r cos( )
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
, x = r cos( ) and
y = r sin( )
x
2
+ y
2
= 6y + 8x
x
2
+ y
2
8x 6y = 0
m Convert to Cartesian form,
r =
3
1 sin( ) +

r(1 + sin( )) = 3
r + r sin( ) = 3
Since
y = r sin( )
Then
y + r = 3
r = 3 y
r
2
= (3 y)
2

Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
= (3 y)
2

x
2
+ y
2
= 9 6y + y
2

x
2
= 9 6y
9 x
2
= 6y
y =
2
9
6
x

n Convert to Cartesian form,
r =
4
1 cos( )

r(1 cos( )) = 4
r r cos( ) = 4
Since
x = r cos( )
Then
r x = 4
r = x + 4
r
2
= (x + 4)
2

Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
= (x + 4)
2

x
2
+ y
2
= x
2
+ 8x + 16
y
2
= 8x + 16
y
2
16 = 8x
x =
2
16
8
y

Exercise 10G Polar graphs
1 a r =

b r =

c r = 2

d r =
1
2

2 a r = 2

b r = 4

c r = 1.5

d r = 2

3 a r = sin( )

b r = 1.5 sin( )

c r = 3 sin( )

d r = 4 sin( )

e r = 5 sin( )
r = a sin( ) is a circle, centre at
0,
2
a | |
|
\ .
and radius =
2
a

Centre at (0, 2.5) radius = 2.5

4 a r = cos( )

b r = 2 cos( )

c r = 3 cos( )

d r = 4 cos( )

e r = 0.5 cos( )
r = a cos( ) is a circle, centre at
, 0
2
a | |
|
\ .
and radius =
2
a

Centre at (0.25, 0) and
radius = 0.25

5 a Circle

r = 3 sin( ) + 4 cos( )
r
2
= 3r sin( ) + 4r cos( )
r
2
= x
2
+ y
2
and x = r cos( ),
y = r sin( )
x
2
+ y
2
= 3
y
r
r
+ 4
x
r
r

x
2
+ y
2
= 3y + 4x
x
2
4x + y
2
3y = 0
(x
2
4x + 4) 4 + (y
2
3y
+ 2.25) 2.25 = 0
(x 2)
2
+ (y 1.5)
2
6.25 = 0
(x 2)
2
+ (y 1.5)
2
= 6.25
b i y-intercepts occur when x = 0
(2)
2
+ (y 1.5)
2
= 6.25
4 + (y 1.5)
2
= 6.25
(y 1.5)
2
= 2.25
y 1.5 = 1.5
y 1.5 = 1.5 and
y 1.5 = 1.5
y = 3 and y = 0
ii x-intercepts occur when y = 0
(x 2)
2
+ (1.5)
2
= 6.25
(x 2)
2
+ 2.25 = 6.25
(x 2)
2
= 4
x 2 = 2
x 2 = 2 and x 2 = 2
x = 4 and x = 0
iii and iv
The diameter is twice the
radius
From the equation, the radius
is 6.25, radius is 2.5, so the
diameter is 5.
v (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

centre is (h, k)
So the coordinates of the
centre are (2, 1.5).
vi The Cartesian equation of the
curve is
(x 2)
2
+ (y 1.5
2
) = 6.25
6 r = 5 sin( ) + 12 cos( )
a Circle

r = 5 sin( ) + 12 cos( )
r
2
= 5r sin( ) + 12r cos( )
r
2
= x
2
+ y
2

x = r cos( )
y = r sin( )
x
2
+ y
2
= 5
y
r
r
+ 12
x
r
r

x
2
+ y
2
= 5y + 12x
x
2
12x + y
2
5y = 0
(x
2
12x + 36) 36 + (y
2
5y
+ 6.25) 6.25 = 0
(x 6)
2
+ (y 2.5)
2
42.25 = 0
(x 6)
2
+ (y 2.5)
2
= 42.25
A circle
b i The y-intercepts occur when
x = 0
(6)
2
+ (y 2.5)
2
= 42.25
36 + (y 2.5)
2
= 42.25
(y 2.5)
2
= 6.25
y 2.5 = 2.5
y 2.5 = 2.5 and
y 2.5 = 2.5
y = 5 and y = 0
ii The x-intercepts occur when
y = 0
(x 6)
2
+ (2.5)
2
= 42.25
(x 6)
2
+ 6.25 = 42.25
(x 6)
2
= 36
x 6 = 6
x 6 = 6 and x 6 = 6
x = 12 and x = 0
iii iv and v
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

radius = r and centre is (h, k)
The diameter is twice the
radius = 2 42.25 = 13
The radius is 42.25 = 6.25
The centre is (6, 2.5)
vi The Cartesian equation of the
curve is
(x 6)
2
+ (y 2.5)
2
= 42.25
7 r = 1 cos( ) 0 2

a r = cos( ) 1

b r = 1 sin( )

c r = 4(sin( ) 1)

8 r = 1 + 2 sin( ) 0 2

a r = 1 + 3 sin( )

b r = 1 + 6 sin( )

c r = 2 + 6 sin( )

d r = 1 + 2 cos( )

e r = 1 2 sin( )

f r = 1 3 cos( )

9 r = sin(2 ) 0 2

a r = sin(3 )

b r = sin(4 )

c r = cos(2 )

d r = 2 sin(3 )

e r = 2 sin(3 )

f r = 4 cos(3 )

10 r = 2 4 sin( ) and r = 2 4 sin( )
The graphs are identical

11 a If a = b a cardioid results. If a < b,
the limacon contains an inner
loop. If a > b, there is no inner
loop (a simple results)

b a is the radius of each petal. b is
the number of petals if b is odd.
(If b is even, then there will be 2b
petals)

c Increasing the a value increases
the size of the resulting cardioid
in all directions.

d The graph enters a spiral about
the centre from the chosen a
value. Horizontal asymptote at a
value

e The loop passes through the
horizontal axis at the chosen a
value

f The value of a is the length of one
petal (lie on the horizontal axis).

g The a value helps to determine
the position of the horizontal
asymptote.

Exercise 10H Review of
complex numbers and polar
form of complex numbers
1 a 3w = 3(3 + i) = 9 + 3i
b 2z = 2(2 3i) = 4 6i
c
1
3
w =
3
3
i +
= 1 +
1
3
i
d 2w + z = 2(3 + i) + (2 3i)
= 8 i
e 4 w z = (3 + i) 4(2 3i)
= 5 + 13i
f wz = (3 + i)(2 3i)
= 6 9i + 2i 3i
2

= 6 7i + 3
= 9 7i
g w
2
= (3 + i)
2
= 9 + 6i + i
2

= 9 + 6i 1 = 8 + 6i
h w = 3 i
i ww = (3 + i)(3 i) = 9 i
2

= 9 + 1 = 10
j z z = (2 3i)(2 + 3i) = 4 9i
2

= 4 + 9 = 13
2 a w =
2 2
(2) (2) + = 8 = 2 2
b 3 i =
2 2
3 (1) + = 9 1 +
= 10
c 3(2 ) i = 6 3i
=
3 2
(6) (3) +
= 36 9 +
= 45
= 3 5
d
1
(1 )
3
i + =
2 2
1 1
3 3
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
=
2
9

=
2
3
.
3 a z = 1 i (4
th
quadrant).
z =
2 2
1 (1) + = 2
tan( ) = 1 =

z =
2 cis
4
| |
|
\ .

b z = 2i (z lies on Im(z) axis)
z = 2
=
2

z = 2 cis
2
| |
|
\ .

c z = 3 (z lies on Re(z) axis)
z = 3
=
z = 3 cis()
d z =
1 1
2 2
i + (z lies in 1
st

quadrant)
z =
2 2
1 1
2 2
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

=
1
2

=
1
2

=
2
2

tan( ) = 1
=
4

z =
2
cis
2 4
| |
|
\ .

e z = 2 3 + 2i (z lies in 1
st

quadrant)
z =
2 2
(2 3) 2 +
= 12 4 +
= 4
tan( ) =
2
2 3
=
1
3

=
6

z = 4cis
6
| |
|
\ .

f z = 1 3 i (z lies in 4
th

quadrant)
z =
2 2
1 ( 3) +
= 4
= 2
tan( ) = 3
=

z =
2cis
3
| |
|
\ .

4 a z = 2cis
4
| |
|
\ .

= 2 cos sin
4 4
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 1
2
2 2
i
| |
+
|
\ .

= 2 2 i +
z = 2 2i +
b z = 3 cis()
z = 3(cos() + i sin())
= 3(1 + 0i)
= 3
z = 3
c z =
2
3cis
3
| |
|
\ .

=
2 2
3 cos sin
3 3
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 3
3
2 2
i
| |
+ |
|
\ .

=
3 3 3
2 2
i +
z =
3 3 3
2 2
i +
d z = 3cis
6
| |
|
\ .

= 3 cos sin
6 6
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
3 1
3
2 2
i
| |
+ |
|
\ .

=
3 3
2 2
i +
z =
3 3
2 2
i +
e z = cis
2
| |
|
\ .

= cos sin
2 2
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

= 0 + i
z = i
f z =
5
2cis
6
| |
|
\ .

=
5 5
2 cos sin
6 6
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
3 1
2
2 2
i
| |
+ |
|
\ .

= 3 i
z = 3 i
5 a
2
2cis 3cis
5 10
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
6cis
5 10
| |
+
|
\ .

=
4
6cis
10 10
| |
+
|
\ .

= 6cis
2
| |
|
\ .

= 6 cos sin
2 2
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

= 6i
b 2cis 4cis
6 12
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 8cis
6 12
| |
+
|
\ .

= 8cis
4
| |
|
\ .

= 8 cos sin
4 4
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
2 2
8
2 2
i
| |
+ |
|
\ .

=
2(1 )
8
2
i +

= 4 2 (1 + i)
c
3 7
4cis 3cis
5 5
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

=
3 7
12cis
5 5
| |
+
|
\ .

= 12 cis(2)
= 12 cis(0)
= 12
d
2
cis
6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= cis cis
6 6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= cis
6 6
| |
+
|
\ .

= cis
3
| |
|
\ .

= cos sin
3 3
i
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

=
1 3
2 2
i +
=
1 3
2
i +

e
2
3cis
5
9
2cis
10
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
3 2 9
cis
2 5 10
| |
|
\ .

=
3 5
cis
2 10
| |
|
\ .

=
3
cis
2 2
| |
|
\ .

=
3
cos sin
2 2 2
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
3
(0 (1))
2
i +
=
3
2
i

f
8 cis
6
5
32 cis
6
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
1 5
cis
2 6 6
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

=
1
cis( )
2

=
1
(cos( ) sin( ))
2
i +
=
1
(1 0)
2
+
=
1
2

g
5
12 cis
3
20 cis
6
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
3 5
cis
3 6 5
| |
|
\ .

=
15 3
cis
5 2
| |
|
\ .

=
15
cis
5 2
| |
|
\ .

=
15
cos sin
5 2 2
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
15
(0 (1))
5
i +
=
15
5
i

h
6cis
4
18 cis
2
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .

=
2
cis
4 2 2
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

= 2 cis
4
| |
|
\ .

= 2 cos sin
4 4
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 1
2
2 2
i
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= 2
(1 )
2
i +

= 1 + i
Exercise 10I Addition of
ordinates, reciprocals and
squares of simple graphs
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Chapter review
Short answer
1 a x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
= 9
x
2
+ y
2
= 3
2

Centre (0, 0)
r
2
= 3
2

r = 3

b (x h)
2
+ (y h)
2
= r
2

(x 2)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 16
Centre (2, 1)
r
2
= 4
2

r = 4

c
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2
2
2
x
y
a
+ = 1

2 2
4 1
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2
1 2
x y
+ = 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 2 and b = 1
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
1
2
= 2
2
(1 e
2
)
1 = 4(1 e
2
)
1 = 4 4e
2

3 = 4e
2

3
4
= e
2

3
4
= e

3
2
= e
Foci are ( ae, 0)
(2
3
2
, 0)
( 3 , 0)
a
e

x =
3
2
2

x =
4
3

x =
4 3
3

directrices are
x =
4 3
3

d
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1

2 2
( 3) ( 1)
9 4
x y + +
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 3) ( 1)
3 2
x y + +
+ = 1
Centre (h, k)
a = 3 and b = 2
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
2
2
= 3
2
(1 e
2
)
4 = 9(1 e
2
)
4 = 9 9e
2

5 = 9e
2

5
9
= e
2


5
9
= e

5
3
= e
(3
5
3
3, 1)
( 5 3, 1)
Hence the foci are ( 5 3, 1)
and ( 5 3, 1)
a
e
+ h
x =
5
3 3
3

x =
9
3
5

x =
9 5 15
5 5

directrices are:
x =
9 5 15
5

and
x =
9 5 15
5

e y
2
= 8x
y
2
= 4ax
y
2
= 4(2)x
Vertex (0, 0)
a = 2
Focus (a, 0)
Focus at (2, 0)
Directrix at x = a
x = 2

f (y + 2)
2
= 16(x 5)
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y + 2)
2
= 4 4(x 5)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (5, 2)
a = 4
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (4 + 5, 2)
Focus at (9, 2)
x = 4 + 5
x = 1

g
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
64 36
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
8 6
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 8 and b = 6
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
6
2
= 8
2
(e
2
1)
36 = 64(e
2
1)
36 = 64e
2
64
100 = 64e
2

100
64
= e
2

100
64
= e

10
8
= e
Foci are ( ae, 0)
(8
5
4
, 0)
(10, 0)
a
e

x =
5
8
4

x =
32
5

directrices are x = 6.4
Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
3
4
| |
|
\ .
x

h
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

= 1

2 2
( 4) ( 1)
32 18
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
( 4) ( 1)
(4 2) (3 2)
x y
= 1
Centre (h, k)
h = 4, k = 1
Centre (4, 1)
a = 4 2 and b = 3 2
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
(3 2 )
2
= (4 2 )
2
(e
2
1)
18 = 32(e
2
1)
18 = 32e
2
32
50 = 32e
2

50
32
= e
2

25
16
= e

5
4
= e
Asymptotes
y k =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
(x h)
y 1 =
3 2
4 2
| |
+ |
|
\ .
(x 4)
y 1 =
3
4
| |
+
|
\ .
(x 4)
y 1 =
3
4
x 3
y =
3
4
x 2
y 1 =
3 2
4 2
| |
|
|
\ .
(x 4)
y 1 =
3
4
| |
|
\ .
(x 4)
y 1 =
3
4
x + 3
y =
3
4
x + 4
Directrices are at
x =
a
e
+ h
x =
5
4 2 4
4
+
x =
16 2
4
5
+
x =
16 2 20
5 5
+
x =
16 2 20
5
+

x =
16 2 20
5 5
+
or
x =
16 2 20
5
+

2 a i
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
25 16
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
5 4
x y
+ = 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 5 and b = 4
Major axis length = 2a
= 2 5 = 10
ii Major axis length = 2b
= 2 4 = 8
iii x-intercept when y = 0

2 2
0
25 16
x
+ = 1

2
25
x
= 1
x
2
= 25
x = 5 ( 5, 0)
y-intercept when x = 0

2 2
0
25 16
y
+ = 1

2
16
y
= 1
y
2
= 16
y = 4 (0, 4)
iv Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
4
2
= 5
2
(1 e
2
)
16 = 25(1 e
2
)
16 = 25 25e
2

9 = 25e
2

9
25
= e
2

9
25
= e

3
5
= e
v Foci are ( ae, 0)
( 5
3
5
, 0)
( 3, 0)
vi Directrices are at x =
a
e

x =
3
5
5

x =
25
3

b

3 a i (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 0)
2
= 4(x + 1)
y
2
= 4 1(x + 1)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (1, 0)
ii a = 1
Focus (a + h, k)
Focus at (1 1, 0)
Focus at (0, 0)
iii Directrix at x = a + h
x = 1 1
x = 2
b

4 a
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
144 25
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
12 5
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
i a = 12 and b = 5
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
5
2
= 12
2
(e
2
1)
25 = 144(e
2
1)
25 = 144e
2
144
169 = 144e
2

169
144
= e
2

169
144
= e

13
12
= e
ii Vertices at (a, 0)
(12, 0)
iii Foci are (ae, 0)
(12
13
12
, 0)
(13, 0)
iv Directrices are at x =
a
e

x =
13
12
12

x =
144
13

directrices are
x =
144
13

v Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
5
12
x
b

5 a Plot [2,
6
]
Rotate
6
anticlockwise.
b Plot [3, 120]
c Plot [1, ]
Rotate anticlockwise.
d Plot [5, 50]
Rotate 50 clockwise.
e Plot [1,
5
4
]
Rotate
5
4
anticlockwise.

6 a Convert to Polar coordinates.
(1, 1)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
1 1 +
r = 2
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
1
1

tan( ) = 1
(1, 1) is in the first quadrant.
Hence =
4

[ 2,
4
]
b Convert to Polar coordinates.
(0, 3)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
0 3 +
r = 9 = 3
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
3
0
= undefined
(0, 3) is on the positive y-axis.
Hence =
2
.
[3,
2
].
c Convert to Polar coordinates.
( 3, 1)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2
2
3 ( 1) +
r = 4 = 2
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
3
1

tan( ) = 1 ( 3, 1) is in the
fourth quadrant. Hence =
6
.
[2,
6
].
d Convert to Polar coordinates.
(2, 1)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
( 2) ( 1) +
r = 5
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
1
2
=
1
2

Hence = 3.61
c
.
[ 5, 3.61
c
].
e Convert to Polar coordinates.
(5, 12)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
( 5) 12 +
r = 169 = 13
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
12
5

Hence = 1.97
c
. Hence the Polar
coordinates are [13, 1.97
c
].
7 a Convert to Cartesian form, r = 2
r
2
= 4
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

Then
x
2
+ y
2
= 4
b Transform to Polar, =
4

Since
x = cos
4
r
| |
|
\ .
=
2
2
r
| |
|
|
\ .

And
y = sin
4
r
| |
|
\ .
=
2
2
r
| |
|
|
\ .

Then y = x
c Convert to Cartesian form,
6 = r cos( )
Since
x = r cos( )
Then x = 6
d Convert to Cartesian form,
r =
3
1 sin( ) +

r(1 + sin( )) = 3
r + r sin( ) = 3
Since
y = r sin( )
Then
y + r = 3
r = 3 y
r
2
= (3 y)
2

Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2

x
2
+ y
2
= (3 y)
2

x
2
+ y
2
= 9 6y + y
2

x
2
= 9 6y
9 x
2
= 6y
y =
2
9
6
x

8 a Transform to Polar, x
2
+ y
2
= 25
Since
y = r sin( ) and x = r cos( )
then
(r cos( ))
2
+ (r sin( ))
2
= 25
r
2
cos
2
( ) + r
2
sin
2
( ) = 25
r
2
(cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( )) = 25
r
2
= 25
Since
cos
2
( ) + sin
2
( ) = 1
r = 5
b Transform to Polar, x = 2
Since x = r cos( )
Then 2 = r cos( )

2
cos( )
= r
r cos( ) = 2
c Transform to Polar, y = 2x
Since x = r cos( ) and y = r sin( )
Then 2r cos( ) = r sin( )
2 =
sin( )
cos( )
r
r

2 = tan( )
= tan
1
(2)
= 1.11
c

d Transform to Polar, 2x 3y = 5
Since x = r cos( ) and y = r sin( )
then
2r cos( ) 3r sin( ) = 5
r(2 cos( ) 3 sin( )) = 5
r =
5
2cos( ) 3sin( )

9 a r = 3

b =
6

c r = 3 3 cos( )

d r =
1
2
sin(3 )

e r = 3 cos(2 )

f r = 1 + 4 sin( )

g r =
2

h r = 5 cos( )

10 2 cis
4
| |
|
\ .

= 2 cos sin
4 4
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1 1
2
2 2
i
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .

= 1 i
11
1
z = 3 i +
1
(z in second
quadrant)

1
z =
2 2
( 3) 1 +
= 2
tan( ) =
1
3

=
6

=
5
6

1
z =
5
2cis
6
| |
|
\ .

=
5 5
2 cos sin
6 6
i
| | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

=
1
2
2 2
i
| |
3 | |
+ |
|
|
\ .
\ .

= 3 i +
12 a

b

Multiple choice
1 (x h)
2
+ (y h)
2
= r
2

(x 1)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 5
2

Centre (h, k)
Centre (1, 3)
The answer is C.
2 Centre (1, 0), r = 4
Centre (h, k)
(x h)
2
+ (y h)
2
= r
2

(x + 1)
2
+ y
2
= 4
2

(x + 1)
2
+ y
2
= 16
The answer is D.
3
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
16 4
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
4 2
x y
= 1
a = 4 and b = 2
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
2
2
= 4
2
(1 e
2
)
4 = 16(1 e
2
)
4 = 16 16e
2

12 = 16e
2

12
16
= e
2

3
4
= e

3
2
= e
The answer is B.
4
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
25 9
x y
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
5 3
x y
= 1
a = 5 and b = 3
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
3
2
= 5
2
(1 e
2
)
9 = 25(1 e
2
)
9 = 25 25e
2

16 = 25e
2

16
25
= e
2

16
25
= e

4
5
= e
Foci are (ae, 0)
(5
4
5
, 0)
(4, 0)
The answer is A.
5 (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 1)
2
= 12(x 0)
(y 1)
2
= 4 3(x 0)
Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (0, 1)
The answer is C.
6 Vertex (h, k)
Vertex (2, 3)
(y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
(y 3)
2
= 4a(x 2)
4 = a + 2
a = 2
(y 3)
2
= 4 (2)(x 2)
The answer is D.
7
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
25 9
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
5 3
x y
= 1
a = 5 and b = 3
Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
3
5
| |
|
\ .
x
The answer is D.
8
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
16 9
x y
= 1
Hyperbola, either A, D or E

2 2
2 2
4 3
x y
= 1
a = 4 and b = 3
Asymptotes
y =
b
a
| |
|
\ .
x
y =
3
4
| |
|
\ .
x
The answer is E.
9
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
16 9
x y
= 1

2 2
2 2
4 3
x y
= 1
Centre (0, 0)
a = 4 and b = 3
Since
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
3
2
= 4
2
(e
2
1)
9 = 16(e
2
1)
9 = 16e
2
16
25 = 16e
2

25
16
= e
2

25
16
= e

5
4
= e
Directrices are at
x =
a
e

x =
5
4
4

x =
16
5

The answer is A.
10 Convert to Cartesian coordinates
[6,
3
]
x = r cos( )
x = 6cos
3
| |
|
\ .

x =
1
6
2
| |
|
\ .

x = 3
y = r sin( )
y = 6sin
3
| |
|
\ .

y =
3
6
2

y = 3 3
Hence, the Cartesian coordinates are
(3, 3 3).
The answer is B.
11 Convert to Polar coordinates.
(3, 0)
r =
2 2
x y +
r =
2 2
( 3) 0 +
r =
2
3
r = 3
tan( ) =
y
x

tan( ) =
0
3

tan( ) = 0
(3, 0) is negative on the x-axis,
hence = 0
Hence the Polar Coordinates are
[3, ].
The answer is C.
12 Convert to Cartesian form,
r = 3 sin( )
r
2
= 3r sin( )
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
and y = r sin( )
Then
x
2
+ y
2
= 3y
x
2
+ y
2
3y = 0
The answer is D.
13 Transform to Polar, x + y = 0
Since
Then
r cos( ) + r sin( ) = 0
r(cos( ) + sin( )) = 0
cos( ) = sin( )
=
4

The answer is C.
14 3 cos(4 ) reaches a maximum
8 times in a rotation of 2 therefore
there must be eight leaves.
The answer is E.
15 Maximum value is 5.

The answer is B.
16 If z = 2 3i then z =
2 2
2 ( 3) +
= 13
Hence the answer is D.
17 u = 7cis
4
| |
|
\ .
v = a cis(b)
uv = 7 cis
4
a b
| |
+
|
\ .
= 42cis
20
| |
|
\ .

so 7a = 42, hence a = 6

4
b
+ =
20

b =
20 4

=
4
20

=
5

Hence the answer is A.
18 The line y = x and the y-axis
become asymptotes. Choose a
variety of points and add the
ordinates. Option C is the best
match.
The answer is C.
Extended response
1 Left parabola: vertex (h, k)
h =
9
2
, k = 0
Directrix: x = a + h
a
9
2
= 6
a =
3
2

Equation: (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
y
2
=
9
6
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

Right parabola: vertex (h, k)
h =
1
2
, k = 0
Directrix: x = a + h
a +
1
2
= 3
a =
5
2

Equation: (y k)
2
= 4a(x h)
y
2
=
1
10
2
x
| |

|
\ .

At the point of interection, Left
parabola = Right parabola

9
6
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .
=
1
10
2
x
| |

|
\ .

6x + 27 = 10x + 5
16x = 22
x =
11
8

Substituting x =
11
8
into
y
2
=
9
6
2
x
| |
+
|
\ .

y
2
=
11 9
6
8 2
| |
+
|
\ .

y
2
=
75
4

y =
75
4

y =
5 3
2

Points of intersection are

11 5 3
A ,
8 2
| |
|
|
\ .

11 5 3
B ,
8 2
| |
|
|
\ .

2 a Using the origin (0, 0) and the
given point (1, 1) gradients are 1
and 1.
b y = x and y = x
c General equation of asymptotes is
y =
bx
a
. Hence a = b.
d b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1) and since a = b
b
2
= b
2
(e
2
1)
1 = (e
2
1)
e
2
= 2
e = 2
e Directrix: x =
a
e
= 1
a = 2
b = 2 since b = a
Equation:
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
= 1

2 2
2 2
x y
= 1
3 a

b Centre (h, k) is given by

2 2
,
2 2
a b b + | |
|
\ .

Centre (a + 1, 0)
Length of semi-major axis
=
2 2
2
a
= a 1.
Length of semi-minor axis = b.
Equation is
2 2
2 2
( ( 1)) ( 0)
( 1)
x a y
a b
+
+
= 1
=
2 2
2 2
( 1)
( 1)
x a y
a b

+
= 1
c Using the relationship
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
), we note in this case
the semi-major axis is a 1, so we
solve
b
2
= (a 1)
2
(1 e
2
)
(1 e
2
) =
2
2
( 1)
b
a

e
2
=
2
2
1
( 1)
b
a

e =
2
2
1
( 1)
b
a

4 a
PF
PD
= e

30
PD
= 0.8
PD =
30
0.8

PD = 37.5 metres
b Distance from focus to centre of
ground = ae = 100 0.8 = 80 metres.
Distance from player F to
boundary = 100 80
= 20 metres.
c
FB
BD
= e

20
BD
= 0.8
BD =
20
0.8

BD = 25 metres.
Distance from boundary to goal
posts = PD BD
= 37.5 25
= 12.5 metres.
Hence, distance required for
player F to score = 20 12.5
= 7.5 metres.
5 a
FP
PD
= 0.6

30
PD
= 0.6
PD =
30
0.6

= 50 metres.
b Length of semi-major axis
= 0.5 FF + FP
= 0.5 300 + 30
= 180 metres.
c Let OP = a and OQ = b
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
b
2
= 180
2
(1 0.6
2
)
b
2
= 20 736
b = 144 metres.
d Equation:
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
180 144
x y
+ = 1

2 2
32400 20736
x y
+ = 1
e Less than 0.6 since the outer ellipse becomes more
circular (less eccentric).
f Semi-major axis = 180 + 50
= 230 metres.
Semi-minor axis = 144 + 50
= 194 metres.
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
194
2
= 230
2
(1 e
2
)
e
2
= 0.2885
e = 0.537.
g Equation:
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+ = 1

2 2
2 2
230 194
x y
+ = 1

2 2
52900 37636
x y
+ = 1
6 a The graph is confined to the first
2 quadrants.
b Various answers are possible.
c The graph consists of an
n-sided figure where step =
n
and n > 2.
d step is infinitely small, that is step 0.
7 Convert to Cartesian form,
r = 4 cos( )
r
2
= 4r cos( )
Since
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
and x = r cos( )
then
r
2
= 4x
x
2
+ y
2
= 4x
x
2
4x + y
2
= 0
x
2
4x + 4 4 + y
2
= 0
(x 2)
2
+ y
2
= 4
Circle has centre (2, 0) and
radius = 2.
The ellipse will have a centre of
(2, 0) and vertices at (6, 0) and
(2, 0)
Major axis length = 8 = 2 4 = 2a
Minor axis length = 4 = 2 2 = 2b

2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) x h y k
a b

+ = 1

2 2
2 2
( 2)
4 2
x y
+ = 1

2 2
( 2)
16 4
x y
+ = 1
Since
b
2
= a
2
(1 e
2
)
2
2
= 4
2
(1 e
2
)
4 = 16(1 e
2
)
4 = 16 16e
2

12 = 16e
2

12
16
= e
2

12
16
= e

2 3
4
= e
Foci are ( ae + h, 0)
(4
2 3
4
+ 2, 0)
(2 3 + 2, 0)
a
e
+ h
x =
2 3
4 2
4
+
x =
16
2
2 3
+
x =
8 3
2
3
+
x =
8 3 6
3
+
and x =
6 8 3
3

A GM1 1 - 1 1 244 L i n e a r p r o g r a mmi n g
Exercise 11A Graphs of
linear inequations
1 a y 2; means closed
solid line
Test: use y = 3
sub. 3 into y 2
3 2 (Correct)
Correctshade side where y = 3
isnt.

b y 0; means closed
solid line
Test: use y = 4
sub. 4 into y 0
4 0 (False)
Falseshade side where y = 4 is.

c y > 1; > means open
dotted line
Test: use y = 2
sub. 2 into y > 1
2 > 1 (Correct)
isnt.

d y < 6; < means open
dotted line
Test: use y = 3
sub. 3 into y < 6
3 < 6 (Correct)
isnt.

e y > 0; > means open
dotted line
Test: use y = 2
sub. 2 into y > 0
2 > 0 (Correct)
isnt.

f y 6; means closed
solid line
Test: use y = 2
sub. 2 into y 6
2 6 (False)

g x 4; means closed
solid line
Test: use x = 1
sub. 1 into x 4
1 4 (False)
Falseshade side where x = 1 is.

h x 0; means closed
solid line
Test: use x = 3
sub. 3 into x 0
3 0 (False)

i x > 2; > means open
dotted line
Test: use x = 1
sub. 1 into x > 2
1 > 2 (Correct)
Correctshade side where x = 1
isnt.

j x < 1; < means open
dotted line
Test: use x = 2
sub. 2 into x < 1
2 < 1 (False)

k x > 0; > means open
dotted line
Test: use x = 3
sub. 3 into x > 0
3 > 0 (Correct)
isnt.

l x 1; means closed
solid line
Test: use x = 2
sub. 2 into x 1
2 1 (False)

2 a x < 7 b.s. by 1
1 x < 1 7 reverse inequality
x > 7 > means open
dotted line
Test: use x = 1
sub. 1 into x > 7
1 > 7 (Correct)
isnt

b y 2 b.s. by 1
1 y 1 2 reverse
inequality
y 2 means closed
solid line
Chapter 11 Linear programming
L i n e a r p r o g r a mmi n g A GM1 1 - 1 1 245
Test: use y = 1
sub. 1 into y 2
1 2 (False)

c x > 3 b.s. by 1
1 x > 1 3 reverse
inequality
x < 3 < means open
dotted line
Test: use x = 2
sub. 2 into x < 3
2 < 3 (False)

d x 5 b.s. by 1
1 x 1 5 reverse inequality
x 5 means closed
solid line
Test: use x = 1
sub. 1 into x 5
1 5 (Correct)
isnt.

e y > 4 b.s. by 1
1 y > 1 4 reverse inequality
y < 4 < means open
dotted line
Test: use y = 2
sub. 2 into y < 4
2 < 4 (Correct)
isnt.

f y 3 b.s. by 1
1 y 1 3 reverse inequality
y 3 means closed
solid line
Test: use y = 1
sub. 1 into y 3
1 3 (Correct)
isnt.

g x + 2 > 0
x > 2 > means open
dotted line
Test: use x = 1
sub. 1 into x > 2
1 > 2 (Correct)
isnt.

h y 3 0
y 3 means closed
solid line
Test: use y = 4
sub. 4 into y 3
4 (False)

i x 8 < 0
x < 8 < means open
dotted line
Test: use x = 3
sub. 3 into x < 8
3 < 8 (Correct)
isnt.

j x + 4 0
x 4 b.s. by 1
1 x 1 4 reverse
inequality
x 4 means closed
solid line
Test: use x = 2
sub. 2 into x 4
2 4 (Correct)
isnt.

k y 2 < 3
y < 5 < means open
dotted line
Test: use y = 6
sub. 6 into y < 5
6 < 5 (False)

l y 6 2
y 8 b.s. by 1
1x y 1 8 reverse inequality
y 8 means closed
solid line
Test: use y = 1
sub. 1 into y 8
1 8 (Correct)
isnt.

3 y > 8 > means open
dotted line
Test: use y = 3
sub. 3 into y > 8
3 > 8 (False)

The answer is E.
4 a y 2x 4
Then y 2x = 4
x-intercept let y = 0
0 2x = 4
2x = 4
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept let x = 0
y 2 0 = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
means solid line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into y 2x 4
0 2 0 4
0 4
Correctshade side where (0, 0)
isnt.

b y + x 1
Then y + x = 1
x-intercept, let y = 0
0 + x = 1
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, let x = 0
y + 0 = 1
y = 1 (0, 1)
means solid line
Test: sub (0, 0)
into y + x 1
0 + 0 1
0 1
isnt.

c 4x + 4y 16
Then 4x + 4y = 16
4x + 4 0 = 16
4x = 16
x = 4 (4, 0)
4 0 + 4y = 16
4y = 16
y = 4 (0, 4)
means solid line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into 4x + 4y 16
4 0 + 4 0 16
0 + 0 16
0 16
isnt.

d y x 0
Then y x = 0
0 x = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
y 0 = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
Use x = 1 y 1 = 0
y = 1 (1, 1)
means solid line
Test: sub. (3, 4)
into y x 0
4 3 0
1 0
Falseshade side where (3, 4) is.

e y x + 2
Then y = x + 2
0 = x + 2
2 = x
2 = x (2, 0)
y = 0 + 2
y = 2 (0, 2)
means solid line
Test: sub (0, 0)
into y x + 2
0 0 + 2
0 2

f y > 2x 14
Then y = 2x 14
0 = 2x 14
14 = 2x
7 = x (7, 0)
y = 2 0 14
y = 14 (0, 14)
> means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into y > 2x 14
0 > 2 0 14
0 > 14
isnt.

g y < 6x 24
Then y = 6x 24
0 = 6x 24
24 = 6x
4 = x (4, 0)
y = 6 0 24
y = 24 (0, 24)
< means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into y < 6x 24
0 < 6 0 24
0 < 24

h y 7x + 21
Then y = 7x + 21
0 = 7x + 21
21 = 7x
3 = x (3, 0)
y = 7 0 + 21
y = 21 (0, 21)
means solid line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into y 7x + 21
0 7 0 + 21
0 21

i x + y > 0
Then x + y = 0
x + 0 = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
0 + y = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
Use x = 1
1 + y = 0
y = 1 (1, 1)
> means dotted line
Test: sub. (1, 2)
into x + y > 0
1 + 2 > 0
3 > 0
isnt.

j y x + 7
Then y = x + 7
0 = x + 7
7 = x (7, 0)
y = 0 + 7
y = 7 (0, 7)
means solid line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into y x + 7
0 0 + 7
0 7

k x > y 2
Then x = y 2
x + 2 = y
x + 2 = 0
x = 2 (2, 0)
0 + 2 = y
2 = y (0, 2)
> means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into x > y 2
0 > 0 2
0 > 2
isnt.

l y > 12x 24
Then y = 12x 24
0 = 12x 24
24 = 12x
2 = x (2, 0)
y = 12 0 24
y = 24 (0, 24)
> means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into y > 12x 24
0 > 12 0 24
0 > 24
isnt.

m 3y x + 12
Then 3y = x + 12
3 0 = x + 12
0 = x + 12
12 = x (12, 0)
3y = 0 + 12
3y = 12
y = 4 (0, 4)
means solid line
Test: sub. (0, 0) into
3y x + 12
3 0 0 + 12
0 0 + 12
0 12
isnt.

n 2y 4x + 6
Then 2y = 4x + 6
2 0 = 4x + 6
0 = 4x + 6
6 = 4x

1
1
2
= x
1
1 , 0
2

2y = 4 0 + 6
2y = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
means solid line
2y 4x + 6
2 0 4 0 + 6
0 0 + 6
0 6

o x y < 10
Then x y = 10
x 0 = 10
x = 10 (10, 0)
0 y = 10
y = 10
y = 10 (0, 10)
< means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into x y < 10
0 0 < 10
0 < 10
isnt.

p y < x 4
Then y = x 4
0 = x 4
4 = x (4, 0)
y = 0 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
< means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into y < x 4
0 < 0 4
0 < 4

q 2y > 4x 8
Then 2y = 4x 8
2 0 = 4x 8
0 = 4x 8
8 = 4x
2 = x (2, 0)
2y = 4 0 8
2y = 8
y = 4 (0, 4)
> means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
Into 2y > 4x 8
2 0 > 4 0 8
0 > 0 8
0 > 8
isnt.

r 4x 2y 8
Then 4x 2y = 8
4x 2 0 = 8
4x = 8
x = 2 (2, 0)
4 0 2y = 8
2y = 8
y = 4 (0, 4)
means solid line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into 4x 2y 8
4 0 2 0 8
0 0 8
0 8
isnt.

s 2x y > 1
Then 2x y = 1
2x 0 = 1
2x = 1
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

2 0 y = 1
y = 1
y = 1 (0, 1)
> means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into 2x y > 1
2 0 0 > 1
0 0 > 1
0 > 1
isnt.

t y x 4 < 0
Then y x 4 = 0
0 x 4 = 0
x 4 = 0
x = 4
x = 4 (4, 0)
y 0 4 = 0
y 4 = 0
y = 4 (0, 4)
< means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
Into y x 4 < 0
0 0 4 < 0
4 < 0
isnt.

u y + 2x 6 0
Then y + 2x 6 = 0
0 + 2x 6 = 0
2x 6 = 0
2x = 6
x = 3 (3, 0)
y + 2 0 6 = 0
y 6 = 0
y = 6 (0, 6)
means solid line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into y + 2x 6 0
0 + 2 0 6 0
0 + 0 6 0
6 0

v 2y + 8x + 4 0
Then 2y + 8x + 4 = 0
2 0 + 8x + 4 = 0
0 + 8x + 4 = 0
8x + 4 = 0
8x = 4
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

2y + 8 0 + 4 = 0
2y + 4 = 0
2y = 4
y = 2 (0, 2)
means solid line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into 2y + 8x + 4 0
2 0 + 8 0 + 4 0
0 + 0 + 4 0
4 0

w 9x + 9y + 9 0
Then 9x + 9y + 9 = 0
9x + 9 0 + 9 = 0
9x + 9 = 0
9x = 9
x = 1 (1, 0)
9 0 + 9y + 9 = 0
9y + 9 = 0
9y = 9
y = 1 (0, 1)
means solid line.
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into 9x + 9y + 9 0
9 0 + 9 0 + 9 0
0 + 0 + 9 0
9 0
isnt.

x 5x + 2y 10 > 0
Then 5x + 2y 10 = 0
5x + 2 0 10 = 0
5x 10 = 0
5x = 10
x = 2 (2, 0)
5 0 + 2y 10 = 0
2y 10 = 0
2y = 10
y = 5 (0, 5)
> means dotted line
Test: sub. (0, 0)
into 5x + 2y 10 > 0
5 0 + 2 0 10 > 0
0 + 0 10 > 0
10 > 0

5 y 2x
Then y = 2x
0 = 2x
0 = x (0, 0)
y = 2 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
use x = 1:
y = 2 1
y = 2 (1, 2)
means solid line
Test: sub (1, 2) into
y 2x
2 2 1
2 2
isnt.

The answer is B.
6 12x + 10y 60 < 0
then 12x + 10y 60 = 0
x-intercept let y = 0
12x + 10 0 60 = 0
12x 60 = 0
12x = 60
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept let x = 0
12 0 + 10y 60 = 0
10y 60 = 0
10y = 60
y = 6 (0, 6)
< means dotted line
12x + 10y 60 < 0
12 0 + 10 0 60 < 0
0 + 0 60 < 0
60 < 0
Correct-shade side where (0, 0)
isnt.

The answer is D.
Exercise 11B Graphs of
simultaneous linear
inequations
1 a x 0
x + 4y 0
For , means solid line (shade
left of line).
For , find x-intercept, let y = 0
x + 4y = 0
x + 4(0) = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
Find y-intercept, let x = 0
x + 4y = 0
0 + 4y = 0
4y = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1.
x + 4y = 0
1 + 4y = 0
4y = 1
y =
1 1
1,
4 4

above line)
x = 0
x + 4y = 0
Solve: sub. into
x + 4y = 0
0 + 4y = 0
4y = 0
y = 0.
The solution set is (0, 0)

b y 2
x + y 1
below line).
x + y = 1
x + 0 = 1
x = 1 (1, 0)
Find y-intercept, let x = 0
x + y = 1
0 + y = 1
y = 1 (0, 1)
above line)
y = 2
x + y = 1
Solve: sub. into
x + y = 1
x + 2 = 1
x = 1

c x 1
x y 2
For , means solid line
(shade right of line).
x y = 2
x 0 = 2
x = 2 (2, 0)
x y = 2
0 y = 2
y = 2
y = 2 (0, 2)
(shade below line)
x = 1
x y = 2
Solve: Sub into
x y = 2
1 y = 2
y = 1
y = 1

d y 2x
y 3x
above line).
above line).
For , find x-intercept, let y = 0.
y = 2x
0 = 2x
0 = x (0, 0)
y = 2x
y = 2(0)
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
y = 2x
y = 2(1)
y = 2(1, 2)
y = 3x
0 = 3x
0 = x (0, 0)
y = 3x
y = 3(0)
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
y = 3x
y = 3(1)
y = 3 (1, 3)
y = 2x
y = 3x
Solve: sub. into
y = 3x
(2x) = 3x
0 = 5x
0 = x
The solution set is (0, 0).

e y 6
5x + 10y 20
above line).
above line).
y = 6
5x + 10y = 20
5x + 10y = 20
5x + 10(0) = 20
5x = 20
x = 4 (4, 0)
5x + 10y = 20
5(0) + 10y = 20
10y = 20
y = 2 (0, 2)
Solve: sub. into
5x + 10y = 20
5x + 10(6) = 20
5x + 60 = 20
5x = 40
x = 8

f y 3
3x 4y 24
below line).
below line).
y = 3
3x 4y = 24
3x 4y = 24
3x 4(0) = 24
3x = 24
x = 8 (8, 0)
3x 4y = 24
3(0) 4y = 24
4y = 24
y = 6 (0, 6)
Solve: sub. into
3x 4y = 24
3x 4(3) = 24
3x + 12 = 24
3x = 36
x = 12

2 a 2x 3y 0
x + 2y 0
For , means solid line.
2x 3y = 0
x + 2y = 0
For find x-intercept, let y = 0
2x 3y = 0
2x 3(0) = 0
2x = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
2x 3y = 0
2(0) 3y = 0
3y = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
2x 3y = 0
2(1) 3y = 0
2 3y = 0
3y = 2
y =
2
3

2
1,
3

x + 2y = 0
x + 2(0) = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, let x = 0.
x + 2y = 0
0 + 2y = 0
2y = 0-
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
x + 2y = 0
1 + 2y = 0
2y = 1
y =
1
2

1
1,
2

Solve: to eliminate x,
2
2(x + 2y = 0)
2x 4y = 0
then, +
(2x 3y) + (2x 4y) = 0 + 0
2x 2x 3y 4y = 0
7y = 0
y = 0
Sub. y = 0 into
2x 3(0) = 0
2x = 0
x = 0

b 2x + 4y 8
3x + y 3
2x + 4y = 8
3x + y = 3
2x + 4y = 8
2x + 4(0) = 8
2x = 8
x = 4 (4, 0)
2x + 4y = 8
2(0) + 4y = 8
4y = 8
y = 2 (0, 2)
3x + y = 3
3x + 0 = 3
3x = 3
x = 1 (1, 0)
3x + y = 3
3(0) + y = 3
y = 3 (0, 3)
Solve: to eliminate y,
4.
4(3x + y = 3)
12x 4y = 12
then +
(2x + 4y) + (12x 4y) = 8 + (12)
2x 12x + 4y 4y = 8 + (12)
10x = 8 12
10x = 4
x =
4
10
=
2
5

sub. x =
2
5
into
2x + 4y = 8

2
2 4
5
y

+

= 8

4
4
5
y + =
8
1

4y =
40 4
5 5

4y =
36
5

y =
36 1
5 4

y =
9
5

The solution set is
2 9
,
5 5

.

c 4x + 3y 12
x + 4y 4
4x + 3y = 12
x + 4y = 4
4x + 3y = 12
4x + 3(0) = 12
4x = 12
x = 3 (3, 0)
4x + 3y = 12
4(0) + 3y = 12
3y = 12
y = 4 (4, 0)
x + 4y = 4
x + 4(0) = 4
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, let x = 0,
x + 4y = 4
0 + 4y = 4
4y = 4
y = 1 (0, 1)
4
4(x + 4y = 4)
4x 16y = 16
then +
(4x + 3y) + (4x 16y) = 12 + (16)
4x 4x + 3y 16y = 12 16
13y = 4
y =
4
13

sub. y =
4
13
into
x + 4y = 4

4
4
13
x

+

= 4

16
13
x + =
4
1

x =
52 16
13 13

x =
36
13

The solution set is
36 4
,
13 13

.

d x + y 10
x y 10
x + y = 10
x y = 10
x + y = 10
x + 0 = 10
x = 10 (10, 0)
x + y = 10
0 + y = 10
y = 10 (0, 10)
x y = 10
x 0 = 10
x = 10 (10, 0)
x y = 10
0 y = 10
y = 10
y = 10 (0, 10)
+
(x + y) + (x y) = 10 + 10
x + x + y y = 20
2x = 20
x = 10
sub. x = 10 into
x + y = 10
10 + y = 10
y = 0

e 5x + 4y 20
x y 5
5x + 4y = 20
x y = 5
5x + 4y = 20
5x + 4(0) = 20
5x = 20
x = 4 (4, 0)
5x + 4y = 20
5(0) + 4y = 20
4y = 20
y = 5 (0, 5)
x y = 5
x 0 = 5
x = 5 (5, 0)
x y = 5
0 y = 5
y = 5
y = 5 (0, 5)
4
4(x y = 5)
4x 4y = 20
then, +
(5x + 4y) + (4x 4y) = 20 + 20
9x = 40
x =
40
9

sub. x =
40
9
into
x y = 5

40
9
y =
5
1

y =
45 40
9 9

y =
5
9

y =
5
9

The solution set is
40 5
,
9 9

f 3x + 2y 6
3x 2y 6
3x + 2y = 6
3x 2y = 6
3x + 2y = 6
3x + 2(0) = 6
3x = 6
x = 2 (2, 0)
3x + 2y = 6
3(0) + 2y = 6
2y = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
3x 2y = 6
3x 2(0) = 6
3x = 6
x = 2 (2, 0)
3x 2y = 6
3(0) 2y = 6
2y = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
+
(3x + 2y) + (3x 2y) = 6 + 6
3x + 3x + 2y 2y = 12
6x = 12
x = 2
Sub. x = 2 into
3x + 2y = 6
3(2) + 2y = 6
6 + 2y = 6
2y = 0
y = 0

g 5x + 2y 15
3x + 6y 18
5x + 2y = 15
3x + 6y = 18
5x + 2y = 15
5x + 2(0) = 15
5x = 15
x = 3 (3, 0)
5x + 2y = 15
5(0) + 2y = 15
2y = 15
y =
1
7
2

1
0, 7
2

3x + 6y = 18
3x + 6(0) = 18
3x = 18
x = 6 (6, 0)
3x + 6y = 18
3(0) + 6y = 18
6y = 18
y = 3 (0, 3)
3
3(5x + 2y = 15)
15x 6y = 45
then +
(3x + 6y) + (15x 6y) = 18 + (45)
3x 15x + 6y 6y = 18 45
12x = 27
x =
27
12

x =
9
4

Sub. x =
9
4
into
5x + 2y = 15

9
5
4

+ 2y =
15
1

45
4
+ 2y =
60
4

2y =
60 45
4 4

2y =
15
4

y =
15 1
4 2

y =
15
8

The solution set is
9 15
,
4 8

.

h 4x 6y 12
2x + 2y 10
4x 6y = 12
2x + 2y = 10
4x 6y = 12
4x 6(0) = 12
4x = 12
x = 3 (3, 0)
4x 6y = 12
4(0) 6y = 12
6y = 12
y = 2 (0, 2)
2x + 2y = 10
2x + 2(0) = 10
2x = 10
x = 5 (5, 0)
2x + 2y = 10
2(0) + 2y = 10
2y = 10
y = 5 (0, 5)
3
3(2x + 2y = 10)
6x + 6y = 30
then +
(4x 6y) + (6x + 6y) = 12 + 30
4x + 6x 6y + 6y = 42
10x = 42
x =
42
10

x =
21
5

Sub. x =
21
5
into
2x + 2y = 10

21
2 2
5
y

+

=
10
1

42
2
5
y + =
50
5

2y =
50 42
5 5

2y =
8
5

y =
8 1
5 2

y =
4
5

The solution set is
21 4
,
5 5

i 7x y 14
3x + 4y 9
7x y = 14
3x + 4y = 9
7x y = 14
7x 0 = 14
7x = 14
x = 2 (2, 0)
7x y = 14
7(0) y = 14
y = 14
y = 14 (0, 14)
3x + 4y = 9
3x + 4(0) = 9
3x = 9
x = 3 (3, 0)
3x + 4y = 9
3(0) + 4y = 9
4y = 9
y =
9 9
0,
4 4

4
4(7x y = 14)
28x 4y = 56
then, +
(3x + 4y) + (28x 4y) = 9 + 56
31x = 65
x =
65
31

Sub. x =
65
31
into
3x + 4y = 9

65
3
31

+ 4y =
9
1

195
31
+ 4y =
279
31

4y =
279 195
31 31

4y =
84
31

y =
84 1
31 4

y =
21
31

The solution set is
65 21
,
31 31

.

j 4x y 8
14x + 2y 14
4x y = 8
14x + 2y = 14
4x y = 8
4x 0 = 8
4x = 8
x = 2 (2, 0)
4x y = 8
4(0) y = 8
y = 8
y = 8 (0, 8)
14x + 2y = 14
14x + 2(0) = 14
14x = 14
x = 1 (1, 0)
14x + 2y = 14
14(0) + 2y = 14
2y = 14
y = 7 (0, 7)
2
2(4x y = 8)
8x 2y = 16
then, +
(14x + 2y) + (8x 2y) = 14 + 16
22x = 30
x =
30
22

x =
15
11

Sub. x =
15
11
into
4x y = 8

15
4
11
y

=
8
1

60
11
y =
88
11

y =
88 60
11 11

y =
28
11

y =
28
11

The solution set is
15 28
,
11 11

k 2x + 2y 6
x y 4
2x + 2y = 6
x y = 4
2x + 2y = 6
2x + 2(0) = 6
2x = 6
x = 3 (3, 0)
2x + 2y = 6
2(0) + 2y = 6
2y = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
x y = 4
x 0 = 4
x = 4 (4, 0)
x y = 4
0 y = 4
y = 4
y = +4 (0, 4)
2
2(x y = 4)
2x 2y = 8
then +
(2x + 2y) + (2x 2y) = 6 + (8)
4x = 2
x =
1
2

sub. x =
1
2
into
x y = 4

1
2
y =
4
1

y =
8 1
2 2
+
y =
7
2

y =
7
2

The solution set is
1 1
, 3
2 2

l 6x + y 12
6x 3y 6
6x + y = 12
6x 3y = 6
6x + y = 12
6x + 0 = 12
6x = 12
x = 2 (2, 0)
6x + y = 12
6(0) + y = 12
y = 12 (0, 12)
6x 3y = 6
6x 3(0) = 6
6x = 6
x = 1 (1, 0)
6x 3y = 6
6(0) 3y = 6
3y = 6
y = 2 (0, 2)
+
(6x + y) + (6x 3y) = 12 + 6
6x + 6x + y 3y = 18
2y = 18
y = 9
sub. y = 9 into
6x + y = 12
6x 9 = 12
6x = 21
x =
21
6
=
1
3
2

The solution set is
1
3 , 9
2

m 4x y 2
4x + y 2
4x y = 2
4x + y = 2
4x y = 2
4x 0 = 2
4x = 2
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

4x y = 2
4(0) y = 2
y = 2
y = 2 (0, 2)
4x + y = 2
4x + 0 = 2
4x = 2
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

4x + y = 2
4(0) + y = 2
y = 2 (0, 2)
+
(4x y) + (4x + y) = 2 + 2
4x + 4x y + y = 4
8x = 4
x =
1
2

sub. x =
1
2
into
4x + y = 2

1
4
2
y

+

= 2
2 + y = 2
y = 0
The solution set is
1
, 0
2

.

n 3x + 3y 3
2x + y 1
3x + 3y = 3
2x + y = 1
3x + 3y = 3
3x + 3(0) = 3
3x = 3
x = 1 (1, 0)
3x + 3y = 3
3(0) + 3y = 3
3y = 3
y = 1 (0, 1)
2x + y = 1
2x + (0) = 1
2x = 1
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

2x + y = 1
2(0) + y = 1
y = 1 (0, 1)
3
3(2x + y = 1)
6x 3y = 3
then, +
(3x + 3y) + (6x 3y) = 3 + 3
3x = 6
x = 2
sub. x = 2 into
3x + 3y = 3
3(2) + 3y = 3
6 + 3y = 3
3y = 9
y = 3

o x 5y 10
4x + 2y 12
x 5y = 10
4x + 2y = 12
x 5y = 10
x 5(0) = 10
x = 10 (10, 0)
x 5y = 10
0 5y = 10
5y = 10
y = 2 (0, 2)
4x + 2y = 12
4x + 2(0) = 12
4x = 12
x = 3 (3, 0)
4x + 2y = 12
4(0) + 2y = 12
2y = 12
y = 6 (0, 6)
4
4(x 5y = 10)
4x + 20y = 40
then, +
(4x + 2y) + (4x + 20y) = 12 + (40)
22y = 28
y =
28
22

y =
14
11

sub. y =
14
11
into
x 5y = 10

14
5
11
x

=
10
1

70
11
x + =
110
11

x =
110 70
11 11

x =
40
11

The solution set is
40 14
,
11 11

p 6x 3y 3
3x + 4y 4
6x 3y = 3
3x + 4y = 4
6x 3y = 3
6x 3(0) = 3
6x = 3
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

6x 3y = 3
6(0) 3y = 3
3y = 3
y = 1 (0, 1)
3x + 4y = 4
3x + 4(0) = 4
3x = 4
x =
4
3

4
, 0
3

3x + 4y = 4
3(0) + 4y = 4
4y = 4
y = 1 (0, 1)
2
2(3x + 4y = 4)
6x 8y = 8
then, +
(6x 3y) + (6x 8y) = 3 + (8)
11y = 11
y = 1
sub. y = 1 into
6x 3y = 3
6x 3(1) = 3
6x 3 = 3
6x = 0
x = 0

q 8x + 4y 8
x
2
y
1
8x + 4y = 8
x
2
y
= 1
8x + 4y = 8
8x + 4(0) = 8
8x = 8
x = 1 (1, 0)
8x + 4y = 8
8(0) + 4y = 8
4y = 8
y = 2 (0, 2)

2
y
x = 1

0
2
x = 1
x = 1 (1, 0)

2
y
x = 1
0
2
y
= 1
y = 2
y = 2 (0, 2)
8
8 1
2
y
x

=

8x 4y = 8
then +
(8x + 4y) + (8x 4y) = 8 + 8
16x = 0
x = 0
sub. x = 0 into
8x + 4y = 8
8(0) + 4y = 8
4y = 8
y = 2

r
2 3
x y
2

3 2
x y
+ 2

2 3
x y
= 2

3 2
x y
+ = 2

2 3
x y
= 2

0
2 3
x
= 2

2
x
= 2
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, let x = 0.

2 3
x y
= 2

0
2 3
y
= 2

3
y
= 2
y = 6 (0, 6)

3 2
x y
+ = 2

0
3 2
x
+ = 2

3
x
= 2
x = 6 (6, 0)

3 2
x y
+ = 2

0
3 2
y
+ = 2

2
y
= 2
y = 4 (0, 4)
3, 2
3 2
2 3
x y
=

3
2
x
y = 6
2 2
3 2
x y
+ =

2
3
x
y + = 4
Then +

3 2
2 3
x x
y y

+ +

= 6 + 4

3 2
2 3
x x
+ = 2

9 4
6
x x +
= 2
13x = 12
x =
12
13

sub. x =
12
13
into

2 3
x y
= 2

12 1
13 2 3
y

= 2

6
13 3
y
=
2
1

3
y
=
26 6
13 13
+

3
y
=
20
13

y =
20 3
13 1

y =
60
13

The solution set is
12 60
,
13 13

3 a y 3
x + 2y 6
x + 2y = 6
x + 2(0) = 6
x = 6 (6, 0)
x + 2y = 6
0 + 2y = 6
2y = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
Solve: sub. to
x + 2y = 6
x + 2(3) = 6
x + 6 = 6
x = 0
The answer is B.

b 24x 12y 12
12x + 16y 10
For and , means solid
line.
24x 12y = 12
12x + 16y = 10
24x 12y = 12
24x 12(0) = 12
24x = 12
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

24x 12y = 12
24(0) 12y = 12
12y = 12
y = 1 (0, 1)
12x + 16y = 10
12x + 16(0) = 10
12x = 10
=
5
, 0
6

x =
5
6

12(0) + 16y = 10
16y = 10
y =
5
8

5
0,
8

2
2(12x + 16y = 10)
24x 32y = 20
Then, +
(24x 12y) + (24x 32y) = 12 + (20)
12y 32y = 32
44y = 32
y =
32
44

y =
8
11

sub. y =
8
11
into
24x 12y = 12

8
24 12
11
x

=
12
1

96
24
11
x =
132
11

24x =
132 96
11 11
+
24x =
36
11

24x =
36 1
11 24

x =
3
22

The solution set is
3 8
,
22 11

The answer is A.
Exercise 11C Graphs of
systems of linear inequations
1 a x 0
y 0
x 3
y 4
All of the above are solid lines
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade left of line.
shade above line.

b x 0
y 0
x 2
y 6
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade left of line.
shade below line.

c x 0
y 0
x 5
y 7
All of the above are solid lines.
shade right of line.
shade above line.
shade below line.

d 2x + 3y 3
x 2
y 2
shade left of line.
shade above line.
For , x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 3y = 3
2x + 3(0) = 3
2x = 3
x =
3
2

3
, 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
2x + 3y = 3
2(0) + 3y = 3
3y = 3
y = 1 (0, 1)
For , shade above line.

e 6x + 5y 30
x 1
y 3
shade left of line.
shade below line.
For , find x-intercept, y = 0
6x + 5y = 30
6x + 5(0) = 30
6x = 30
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
6x + 5y = 30
6(0) + 5y = 30
5y = 30
y = 6 (0, 6)
For shade above line.

f 2x 4y 8
x 4
y 2
shade above line.
For , find x-intercept, y = 0
2x 4y = 8
2x 4(0) = 8
2x = 8
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2x 4y = 8
2(0) 4y = 8
4y = 8
y = 2 (0, 2)
For , shade above line

g 4x + y 4
2x + y 4
y 0
shade below line
4x + y = 4
4 + 0 = 4
4x = 4
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
4x + y = 4
4(0) + y = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.
For , x-intercept, let y = 0
2x + y = 4
2x + 0 = 4
2x = 4
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2x + y = 4
2(0) + y = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.

h 4x + 6y 12
3x + y 9
x 0
shade left of line.
4x + 6y = 12
4x + 6(0) = 12
4x = 12
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
4x + 6y = 12
4(0) + 6y = 12
6y = 12
y = 2 (0, 2)
shade below line.
3x + y = 9
3x + 0 = 9
3x = 9
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3x + y = 9
3(0) + y = 9
y = 9 (0, 9)
shade above line.

i 8x 4y 4
y x
x 0
y 6
shade left of line.
shade below line.
8x 4y = 4
8x 4(0) = 4
8x = 4
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
8x 4y = 4
4y = 4
y = 1 (0, 1)
shade below line.
y = x
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = x
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
y = x
y = 1 (1, 1)
shade below line.

j x + y 1
x y 1
x 2
y 2
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x + y = 1
x + 0 = 1
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x + y = 1
0 + y = 1
y = 1 (0, 1)
shade below line.
x y = 1
x 0 = 1
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x y = 1
0 y = 1
y = 1
y = 1 (0, 1)
shade above line.

k 2x y 2
x 2y 1
x 3
y 1
shade above line.
2x y = 2
2x 0 = 2
2x = 2
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2x + y = 2
2(0) y = 2
y = 2
y = 2 (0, 2)
shade below line.
x + 2y = 1
x + 2(0) = 1
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x + 2y = 1
0 + 2y = 1
2y = 1
=
1
0,
2

y =
1
2

shade below line.

l x 3y 1
2x y
x
1
2

y 0
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x 3y = 1
x 3(0) = 1
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x 3y = 1
0 3y = 1
3y = 1
y =
1
3

1
0,
3

shade below line.
2x = y
2x = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2x = y
2(0) = y
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
2x = y
2(1) = y
y = 2 (1, 2)
shade above line.

m 4x + 3y 12
2x + 5y 10
x 1
y 1
shade left of line.
shade above line.
4x + 3y = 12
4x + 3(0) = 12
4x = 12
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
4x + 3y = 12
4(0) + 3y = 12
3y = 12
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade below line.
2x + 5y = 10
2x + 5(0) = 10
2x = 10
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2x + 5y = 10
2(0) + 5y = 10
5y = 10
y = 2 (0, 2)
shade above line.

n 2x 3y 0
x + 2y 0
x 5
y 0

shade above line.
2x 3y = 0
2x 3(0) = 0
2x = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2x 3y = 0
2(0) 3y = 0
3y = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
2x 3y = 0
2(1) 3y = 0
2 3y = 0
3y = 2
=
2
1,
3

y =
2
3

shade below line.
x + 2y = 0
x + 2(0) = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x + 2y = 0
0 + 2y = 0
2y = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
x + 2y = 0
1 + 2y = 0
2y = 1
y =
1
2

1
1,
2

shade above line.

o 3x + 2y 6
3x 2y 6
x 0
y 0
shade left of line.
shade below line.
3x + 2y = 6
3x + 2(0) = 6
3x = 6
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3x + 2y = 6
3(0) + 2y = 6
2y = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade below line.
3x 2y = 6
3x 2(0) = 6
3x = 6
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3x 2y = 6
3(0) 2y = 6
2y = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade below line.

p 4x 2y 2
4x + y 2
x 2
y 2
shade below line.
4x 2y = 2
4x 2(0) = 2
4x = 2
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
4x 2y = 2
4(0) 2y = 2
2y = 2
y = 1 (0, 1)
shade below line.
4x + y = 2
4x + 0 = 2
4x = 2
x =
1
2

1
, 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
4x + y = 2
4(0) + y = 2
y = 2 (0, 2)
shade below line.

q 3x + 3y 3
2x + y 1
x 1
y 1
shade below line.
3x + 3y = 3
3x + 3(0) = 3
3x = 3
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3x + 3y = 3
3(0) + 3y = 3
3y = 3
y = 1 (0, 1)
shade above line.
2x + y = 1
2x + 0 = 1
2x = 1
=
1
, 0
2

x =
1
2

y-intercept, x = 0
2x + y = 1
2(0) + y = 1
y = 1 (0, 1)
shade below line.

r 6x + 3y 12
4x + 2y 16
x 0
y 0
shade left of line.
shade below line.
6x + 3y = 12
6x + 3(0) = 12
6x = 12
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
6x + 3y = 12
6(0) + 3y = 12
3y = 12
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade below line.
4x + 2y = 16
4x + 2(0) = 16
4x = 16
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
4x + 2y = 16
4(0) + 2y = 16
2y = 16
y = 8 (0, 8)
shade above line.

s 5x + 10y 15
6x 2y 9
x 0
y 0
shade left of line.
shade below line.
5x + 10y = 15
5x + 10(0) = 15
5x = 15
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
5x + 10y = 15
5(0) + 10y = 15
10y = 15
y =
1
1
2

1
0, 1
2

shade above line.
6x 2y = 9
6x 2(0) = 9
6x = 9
x =
1
1
2

1
1 , 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
6x 2y = 9
6(0) 2y = 9
2y = 9
y =
1
4
2

1
0, 4
2

shade below line.

t x + 2y 16
2x + 5y 15
x 5
x 0
y 0
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x + 2y = 16
x + 2(0) = 16
x = 16 (16, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x + 2y = 16
0 + 2y = 16
2y = 16
y = 8 (0, 8)
shade above line.
2x + 5y = 15
2x + 5(0) = 15
2x = 15
x =
1
7
2

1
7 , 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
2x + 5y = 15
2(0) + 5y = 15
5y = 15
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade below line.

u 3x + 5y 15
x + y 8
x 5
x 0
y 0
, shade left of lines.
shade below line.
3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5(0) = 15
3x = 15
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3x + 5y = 15
3(0) + 5y = 15
5y = 15
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade below line.
x + y = 8
x + 0 = 8
x = 8 (8, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x + y = 8
0 + y = 8
y = 8 (0, 8)
shade above line.

v 6x + 3y 18
3x y 6
x 4
x 0
y 0
shade left of line.
shade below line.
6x + 3y = 18
6x + 3(0) = 18
6x = 18
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
6x + 3y = 18
6(0) + 3y = 18
3y = 18
y = 6 (0, 6)
shade below line.
3x y = 6
3x 0 = 6
3x = 6
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3x y = 6
3(0) y = 6
y = 6
y = 6 (0, 6)
shade above line.

w x + y 9
8x 3y 24
y
1
2
x
x 0
y 0
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x + y = 9
x + 0 = 9
x = 9 (9, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x + y = 9
0 + y = 9
y = 9 (0, 9)
shade above line.
8x 3y = 24
8x 3(0) = 24
8x = 24
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
8x 3y = 24
8(0) 3y = 24
3y = 24
y = 8 (0, 8)
shade below line.
y =
1
2
x
0 =
1
2
x
0 = x (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
y =
1
2
x
y =
1
2
(0)
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
y =
1
2
x
y =
1
2
(1)
y =
1
2

1
1,
2

shade above line

x 7x + 3y 21
y 3x
y 7
x 0
y 0
, shade both above lines.
7x + 3y = 21
7x + 3(0) = 21
7x = 21
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
7x + 3y = 21
7(0) + 3y = 21
3y = 21
y = 7 (0, 7)
shade below line.
y = 3x
0 = 3x
0 = x (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 3x
y = 3(0)
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
y = 3x
y = 3(1)
y = 3 (1, 3)
shade below line.
Note: there is no feasible region.

2 x 0
y 0
7x + 5y 35
2x + y 8
shade left of line.
shade below line.
7x + 5y = 35
7x + 5(0) = 35
7x = 35
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
7x + 5y = 35
7(0) + 5y = 35
5y = 35
y = 7 (0, 7)
shade above line
2x + y = 8
2x + 0 = 8
2x = 8
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2x + y = 8
2(0) + y = 8
y = 8 (0, 8)
shade below line.

The answer is B.
3 x 0
y 0
3x 8y 35
x +
1
2
y 4
shade left of line.
shade below line.
3x 8y = 35
3x 8(0) = 35
3x = 35
x =
35
3

2
11 , 0
3

y-intercept, x = 0
3x 8y = 35
3(0) 8y = 35
8y = 35
y =
35
8

3
0, 4
8

shade above line.
x +
1
2
y = 4
x +
1
2
(0) = 4
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x +
1
2
y = 4
0 +
1
2
y = 4

1
2
y = 4
y = 8 (0, 8)
shade below line.

The answer is E.
4 For , has points (9, 0), (0, 9)
gradient =
9 0
0 9
=
9
9
= 1
y y
1
= m(x x
1
) using (9, 0)
y 0 = 1(x 9)
y = x + 9
y + x = 9
But is shaded above, therefore
y + x 9 (solid line)
For , has points (0, 6), (12, 0)
gradient =
0 6
12 0
=
6
12
=
1
2

y y
1
= m(x x
1
) using (12, 0)
y 0 =
1
2
(x 12)
2y = x 12
2y x = 12
2y + x = 12
But is shaded below line,
therefore 2y + x 12 (solid line).
x 0, solid line and feasible region
is right of y-axis.
y 0, solid line and feasible region
is above x-axis.
The answer is D.
5 For , has points (12, 0), (0, 8)
gradient =
8 0
0 12
=
8
12
=
2
3

y y
1
= m(x x
1
) using (12, 0)
y 0 =
2
3
(x 12)
3y = 2x + 24
3y + 2x = 24
But, is shaded above line,
therefore 3y + 2x 24 (solid line).
For , has points (6, 0), (0, 6)
gradient =
6 0
0 ( 6)

=
6
6
= 1
y y
1
= m(x x
1
) using (0, 6)
y 6 = 1(x 0)
y 6 = x
y x = 6
2y 2x = 12
2x 2y = 12
But, is shaded above line,
therefore 2x 2y 12 (solid line).
x 0, solid line and feasible region
is right of y-axis.
y 0, solid line and feasible region
is above x-axis.
The answer is B.
Exercise 11D Maximising
and minimising linear
functions
1 a i x 0
y 0
x 4
y 6
shade left of line.
shade above line.
shade above line.

ii O(0, 0), A(0, 6),
B(4, 6), C(4, 0).
iii z = x y
y = x z
sub z = 0, y = x
(gradient is 1)
Maximum occurs at C(4, 0)
z(max) = x y
= 4 0
= 4
b i x 0
y 0
y x
y 7
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.
0 = x (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
y = 1 (1, 1)
shade below line.

ii O(0, 0), A(0, 7)
sub. into
y = x y = 7 B(7, 7)
iii z = x + 3y

1
3
(z x) = y (gradient is
1
3
)
Minimum occurs at O(0, 0)
z(min) = x + 3y
= 0 + 3(0)
= 0
c i x 0
y 0
y x
x 5
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.
y = x
0 = x (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
y = 1 (1, 1)

ii O(0, 0), B(5, 0)
sub. into
y = x
y = 5 A(5, 5)
iii z = x + 2y

1
2
(z x) = y (gradient is
1
2
)
Maximum occurs at A(5, 5).
z(max) = x + 2y
= 5 + 2(5)
= 15
d i x 0
y 0
x + y 4
3y + 8y 24
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x + 0 = 4
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.
3x + 8y = 24
3x + 8(0) = 24
3x = 24
x = 8 (8, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 8y = 24
8y = 24
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade above line.

ii O(0, 0), A(0, 3), C(4, 0)
3
3(x + y = 4)
3x 3y = 12
Then +
(3x + 8y) + (3x 3y) = 24 + (12)
5y = 12
y =
12
5

sub. y =
12
5
into
x +
12
5
= 4
x =
20 12
5 5

x =
8
5

Solution set is B
8 12
,
5 5

iii z = 4x + 6y
y =
1
6
(z 4x)
gradient is
2
3

Maximum occurs at

8 12
B ,
5 5

z(max) = 4x + 6y
=
8 12
4 6
5 5

+

=
32 72
5 5
+
=
104
5
=
4
20
5

e i x 0
y 0
2x + 2y 8
6x + 8y 30
shade left of line.
shade below line.
2x + 2(0) = 8
2x = 8
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 2y = 8
2y = 8
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.
6x + 8(0) = 30
6x = 30
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
6(0) + 8y = 30
8y = 30
y =
3
3
4

3
0, 3
4

shade above line.

ii O(0, 0) A
3
0, 3
4

C(4, 0)
To find B, solve to eliminate x.
3,
3(2x + 2y = 8)
6x 6y = 24
Then +
(6x + 8y) + (6x 6y) = 30 + (24)
2y = 6
y = 3
sub y = 3 into
2x + 2(3) = 8
2x + 6 = 8
2x = 2
x = 1
Solution set is B(1, 3)
iii z = 3x 6y
6y = 3x z
y =
1 1
2 6
x z
sub. z = 0, y =
1
2
x .
Gradient is
1
2
.
Minimum occurs at
3
0, 3
4

z(min) = 3(0)
3
6 3
4

=
1
22
2

f i x 0
y 0
x 4y 10
2x + 7y 28
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x 4(0) = 10
x = 10 (10, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 4y = 10
y =
1
2
2

1
0, 2
2

shade below line
2x + 7(0) = 22
2x = 28
x = 14 (14, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 7y = 28
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.

ii O(0, 0) A(0, 4) C(10, 0)
To find B, solve to eliminate x.
2,
2(x 4y = 10)
2x + 8y = 20
Then, +
(2x + 7y) + (2x + 8y) = 28 + (20)
15y = 8
y =
8
15

sub. y =
8
15
into

8
4
15
x

=
10
1

32
15
x =
150
15

x =
150 32
15 15
+
x =
182
15

Solution set is
182 8
B ,
15 15

iii z = 0.8x + 1.2y
y =
0.8
1.2
z x

y =
2
1.2 3
z
x
sub. z = 0, y =
2
3
x
Gradient is
2
3

Maximum occurs at

182 8
B ,
15 15

z(max) =
182 8
0.8 1.2
15 15
+
= 10.35
g i x 0
y 0
2x + 3y 18
3x + 4y 30
shade left of line.
shade below line.
2x + 3(0) = 18
2x = 18
x = 9 (9, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 3y = 18
3y = 18
y = 6 (0, 6)
shade below line.
3x + 4y = 30
3x + 4(0) = 30
3x = 30
x = 10 (10, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 4y = 30
y =
1
7
2

1
0, 7
2

shade above line.

ii A(0, 6) B(0, 7
1
2
)
C(10, 0) D(9, 0)
iii z = 9x + 3y
3y = z 9x
y =
3
z
3x
sub z = 0, y = 3x
Gradient is 3.
Minimum occurs at A(0, 6)
z(min) = 9x + 3y
= 9(0) + 3(6)
= 18
h i x 0
y 0
5x + 2y 20
x 3
y 9
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.
5x + 2y = 20
5x + 2(0) = 20
5x = 20
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
5(0) + 2y = 20
2y = 20
y = 10 (0, 10)
shade below line.

ii B(3, 9)
sub into
5x + 2(9) = 20
5x = 2
x =
2
5

2
A , 9
5

sub. into
5(3) + 2y = 20
2y = 5
y =
1
2
2

1
C 3, 2
2

iii z = 3x + y
y = 3x + z
sub. z = 0, y = 3x
Gradient is 3.
Maximum occurs at
2
A , 9
5

z(max) = 3x + y
=
2
3 9
5

+

=
4
7
5

i i x 0
y 0
2x + y 3
6x 3y 12
3x + 3y 15
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x + (0) = 3
2x = 3
x =
1
1
2

1
1 , 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + y = 3
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade above line.
6x 3(0) = 12
6x = 12
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
6(0) 3y = 12
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade below line.
3x + 3(0) = 15
3x = 15
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 3y = 15
y = 5 (0, 5)
shade above line.

ii O(0, 0) A(0, 3) D(2, 0)
To find B; solve: to eliminate
y, 3 +
3(2x + y) + (3x + 3y) =
3(3) + 15
+ 6x 3y + 3x + 3y = 9 + 15
9x = 6
x =
2
3

sub. x =
2
3
into

2
2
3
y

+ +

= 3

4
3
y + = 3
y =
1
5
3

Solution set is
2 1
B , 5
3 3

To find C,
solve: to eliminate y, +
(6x 3y) + (3x + 3y) = 12 + 15
9x = 27
x = 3
sub. x = 3 into
3(3) + 3y = 15
9 + 3y = 15
3y = 6
y = 2
Solution set is C(3, 2)
iii z = x + y
y = x + z
sub. z = 0, y = x
Gradient is 1.
The minimum occurs at
O(0, 0)
z(min) = 0 + 0
= 0
j i x 0
y 0
2x + y 9
3x 5y 12
x 6
y 10
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.
2x + 0 = 9
2x = 9
x =
1
4
2

1
4 , 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + y = 9
y = 9 (0, 9)
shade above line.
3x 5(0) = 12
3x = 12
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) 5y = 12
y =
12
5

12
0,
5

shade below line.

ii O(0, 0) A(0, 9) C(6, 10) E(4, 0)
To find B, sub. into
2x + y = 9
2x + 10 = 9
2x = 1
x =
1
2

sub. x =
1
2
into

1
2
2

+ y = 9
1 + y = 9
y = 10
Solution set is
1
B , 10
2

To find D, sub. into
3x 5y = 12
3(6) 5y = 12
18 5y = 12
5y = 6
y =
6
5

sub. y =
6
5
into

6
3 5
5
x

= 12
3x 6 = 12
3x = 18
x = 6
Solution set is
6
D 6, .
5

iii z = 3x + 4y
4y = z 3x
y =
3
4 4
z
x
sub. z = 0, y =
3
4
x
Gradient is
3
4

Maximum occurs at C(6, 10)
z(max) = 3x + 4y
= 3(6) + 4(10)
= 58.
2 a i x 0
y 0
x + y 3
4x + 7y 28
2x + 8y 0
x 6
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x + 0 = 3
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 3
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade above line.
4x + 7y = 28
4x + 7(0) = 28
4x = 28
x = 7 (7, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
4(0) + 7y = 28
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.
2x + 8y = 0
2x + 8(0) = 0
2x = 0
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 8y = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
2(1) + 8y = 0
8y = 2
y =
1
4

1
1,
4

ii O(0, 0), A(0, 3), D(6, 0)
To find B, eliminate x from
and and solve.
4; 4(x + y = 3)
4x + 4y = 12
Then +
(4x + 7y) + (4x + 4y) = 28 + 12
11y = 40
y =
40
11

sub. y =
40
11
into
x +
40
11
= 3
x =
3 40
1 11

x =
33 40
11

x =
7
11

The solution set is
7 40
B , .
11 11

To find C, sub. into
4x + 7y = 28
4(6) + 7y = 28
7y = 4
y =
4 4
C 6, .
7 7


iii z = 2x + y
O(0, 0) z = 2(0) + 0 = 0
A(0, 3) z = 2(0) + 3 = 3

7 40
B ,
11 11

z =
7 40
2
11 11

+

=
54
11

4
C 6,
7

z = 2(6) +
4
7
= 12
4
7

D(6, 0) z = 2(6) + 0 = 12
z(min) = 0
b i x 0
y 0
x + y 8
y 2
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.
x + 0 = 8
x = 8 (8, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 8
y = 8
shade above line.
ii A(0, 2) C(8, 0) O(0, 0)
x + y = 8
x + 2 = 8
x = 6 B(6, 2)

iii z = 2x + y
A(0, 2) z = 2(0) + 2
= 2
B(6, 2) z = 2(6) + 2 = 14
C(8, 0) z = 2(8) + 0 = 16
O(0, 0) z = 2(0) + 0 = 0
z(max) = 16
c i x 0
y 0
x 6
x y 8
shade left of line
shade below line
shade right of line
x 0 = 8
x = 8 (8, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 y = 8
y = 8 (0, 8)
shade above line.
ii O(0, 0) A(0, 8) C(6, 0)
x y = 8
6 y = 8
y = 14
y = 14 B(6, 14)

iii z = 5x y
O(0, 0) z = 5(0) 0 = 0
A(0, 8) z = 5(0) 8 = 8
B(6, 14) z = 5(6) 14 = 16
C(6, 0) z = 5(6) 0 = 30
z(min) = 8
d i x 0
y 0
x + y 4
x y 4
x 8
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x + 0 = 4
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade below line.
x 0 = 4
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 y = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.

ii A(0, 4) C(8, 0) D(4, 0)
x y = 4
8 y = 4
y = 12
y = 12 B(8, 12)
iii z = 3x + 4y
A(0, 4) z = 3(0) + 4(4) = 16
(z = 3x + 4y)
B(8, 12) z = 3(8) + 4(12) = 72
C(8, 0) z = 3(8) + 4(0) = 24
D(4, 0) z = 3(4) + 4(0) = 12
z(min.) = 12
e i x 0
y 0
x 10
y 7

1
2
x + y 8
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.

1
2
x + 0 = 8

1
2
x = 8
x = 16 (16, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0

1
(0)
2
x + y = 8
y = 8 (0, 8)
shade below line.
ii B(10, 7)
To find A, sub. into

1
2
x + 7 = 8

1
2
x = 1
x = 2 A(2, 7)

1
(10)
2
y + = 8
5 + y = 8
y = 3 C(10, 3)

iii z = 1.8x + 2.2y
A(2, 7) z = 18(2) + 22(7)
= 19
B(10, 7) z = 18(10) + 22(7)
= 334
C(10, 3) z = 18(10) + 22(3)
= 246
z(max.) = 33.4
f i x 0
y 0
2x y 4
3x + 4y 36
y 5
shade left of the line.
, shade below line.
2x 0 = 4
2x = 4
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) y = 4
y = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.
3x + 4(0) = 36
3x = 36
x = 12 (12, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 4y = 36
4y = 36
y = 9 (0, 9)
shade above line.
ii To find A, sub. into
2x y = 4
2x 5 = 4
2x = 1
x =
1
2

1
A , 5
2

3x + 4y = 36
3x + 4(5) = 36
3x = 16
x =
1
5
3

1
C 5 , 5
3

To find B, solve to eliminate y;
4; 4(2x y = 4)
8x 4y = 16
then, +
(8x 4y) + (3x + 4y) = 16 + 36
11x = 20
x =
20
11

sub. x =
20
11
into
3x + 4y = 36

20
3 4
11
y

+

= 36

60
4
11
y + =
36
1

4y =
396 60
11 11

4y =
336
11

y =
336 1
11 4

y =
84
11

20 84
B ,
11 11

iii z = 0.7x 0.3y

1
A , 5
2

z =
1
0.7
2

0.3(5)
= 1.15

20 84
B ,
11 11

z =
20 84
0.7 0.3
11 11

1
C 5 , 5
3

z =
1
0.7 5
3

0.3(5)
= 2.23
z(min.) = 1.15
g i x 0
y 0
5x 6y 30
x + y 10
y 6
shade left of line
, shade below line
5x 6(0) = 30
5x = 30
x = 6 (6, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
5(0) 6y = 30
6y = 30
y = 5 (0, 5)
shade above line.
x + y = 10
x + 0 = 10
x = 10 (10, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 10
y = 10 (0, 10)
shade above line.
ii To find A, sub. into
5x 6y = 30
5x 6(6) = 30
5x 36 = 0
5x = 6
x =
6
5

6
A , 6
5

x + y = 10
x + 6 = 10
x = 4 C(4, 6)
To find B, solve to eliminate y;
6, 6(x + y = 10)
6x + 6y = 60
then, +
(5x 6y) + (6x + 6y) = 30 + 60
11x = 30
x =
30
11

sub. x =
30
11
into
x + y = 10

30
11
y + =
110
11

y =
80
11

30 80
B ,
11 11

iii z = 1.5x + 2.7y

6
A , 6
5

z =
6
1.5
5

+ 2.7(6)
= 18

30 80
B ,
11 11

z =
30 80
1.5 2.7
11 11

+

= 23.72
C(4, 6) z = 1.5(4) + 2.7(6)
= 22.2
z(max.) = 23.72
h i x 0
y 0
7x + 4y 28
4x + 2y 16
x + y 14
shade left of line.
shade below line.
7x + 4(0) = 28
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
7(0) + 4y = 28
y = 7 (0, 7)
shade above line.
For , y-intercept, x = 0
4x + 2y = 16
4(0) + 2y = 16
2y = 16
y = 8 (0, 8)
x-intercept, y = 0
4x + 2(0) = 16
4x = 16
x = 4 (4, 0)
shade below line.
x + 0 = 14
x = 14 (14, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 14
y = 14 (0, 14)
shade above line.
ii C(14, 0) D(4, 0)
To find B, solve to eliminate
x from and
7: 7(x + y = 14)
7x + 7y = 98
Then +
(7x + 4y) + (7x + 7y) = 28 + 98
11y = 126
y =
126
11
=
5
11
11

sub. y =
126
11
into
x + y = 14

126
11
x + =
154
11

x =
28
11

28 126
B ,
11 11

To find A, solve to eliminate
y from

and
2, 2(4x + 2y = 16)
8x 4y = 32
Then +
(8x 4y) + (7x + 4y) =
32 + (28)
15x = 4
x =
4
15

sub. x =
4
15
into
4x + 2y = 16

4
4 2
15
y

+

=
16
1


16
2
15
y + =
240
15

2y =
224
15

y =
112
15
=
7
7
15

4 7
A , 7
15 15

iii z = 3.2x 1.4y

4 112
A ,
15 15

z =
4 112
3.2 1.4
15 15

= 9.6

28 126
B ,
11 11

z =
28 126
3.2 1.4
11 11

= 7.9
C(14, 0) z = 3.2(14) 1.4(0)
= 44.8
D(4, 0) z = 3.2(4) 1.4(0)
= 12.8
z(min.) = 9.6
i i x 0
y 0
2x + y 9
2x + 6y 18
x y 3
shade left of line.
shade below line.
For, x-intercept, y = 0
2x + y = 9
2x + 0 = 9
2x = 9
x =
1
4
2

1
4 , 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + y = 9
y = 9 (0, 9)
shade above line.
2x + 6y = 18
2x + 6(0) = 18
2x = 18
x = 9 (9, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 6y = 18
6y = 18
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade above line.
x 0 = 3
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 y = 3
y = 3
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade below line.
ii O(0, 0) A(0, 3), D(3, 0)
To find B, + , to
eliminate x,
(2x + y) + (2x + 6y) = 9 + 18
7y = 27
y =
27
7

sub. y =
27
7
into
2x +
27
7
= 9
2x =
63 27
7 7

2x =
36
7

x =
18
7

18 27
B ,
7 7

To find C, + , to
eliminate y,
(2x + y) + (x y) = 9 + 3
3x = 12
x = 4
sub. x = 4 into
4 y = 3
y = 1
y = 1 C(4, 1)

iii z = 7x 3y
O(0, 0) z = 7(0) 3(0) = 0
A(0, 3) z = 7(0) 3(3) = 9

18 27
B ,
7 7

z =
18 27
7 3
7 7

=
3
6
7

C(4, 1) z = 7(4) 3(1) = 25
D(3, 0) z = 7(3) 3(0) = 21
z(max.) = 25
j i x 0
y 0
15x + 6y 30
6x 4y 36
y 7
x 4
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.
15x + 6(0) = 30
15x = 30
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
15(0) + 6y = 30
6y = 30
y = 5 (0, 5)
shade below line.
6x 4(0) = 36
6x = 36
x = 6 (6, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
6(0) 4y = 36
4y = 36
y = 9 (0, 9)
shade above line.
ii A(0, 5) B(0, 7) E(4, 0) F(2, 0)
6x 4y = 36
6x 4(7) = 36
6x 28 = 36
6x = 8
x =
4
3

4
C , 7
3

To find D, sub. into
6x 4y = 36
6(4) 4y = 36
4y = 36 + 24
4y = 12
y = 3 D(4, 3)

iii z = 9.2x 5.1y
A(0, 5) z = 9.2(0) 5.1(5)
= 25.5
B(0, 7) z = 9.2(0) 5.1(7)
= 35.7

4
C , 7
3

z =
4
9.2
3

5.1(7)
= 23.4
D(4, 3) z = 9.2(4) 5.1(3)
= 21.5
E(4, 0) z = 9.2(4) 5.1(0)
= 36.8
F(2, 0) z = 9.2(2) 5.1(0)
= 18.4
z(min.) = 35.7
3 a x 0
y 0
x 7
y 8
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.
z = x y
O(0, 0) z = 0 0 = 0
A(0, 8) z = 0 8 = 8
B(7, 8) z = 7 8 = 1
C(7, 0) z = 7 0 = 7
z(min.) = 8

The answer is C.
b x 0
y 0
y 4
2x + 4y 24
shade left of line.
shade below line.
shade above line.
2x + 4(0) = 24
2x = 24
x = 12 (12, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 4y = 24
y = 6 (0, 6)
shade above line.
2x + 4(4) = 24
2x = 8
x = 4 B(4, 4)

z = 2x + 5y
O(0, 0) z = 2(0) + 5(0) = 0
A(0, 4) z = 2(0) + 5(4) = 20
B(4, 4) z = 2(4) + 5(4) = 28
C(12, 0) z = 2(12) + 5(0) = 24
z(max.) = 28
The answer is C.
c x 0
y 0
x + y 4
3x + 9y 24
shade left of line.
shade below line.
x + 0 = 4
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.
3x + 9(0) = 24
3x = 24
x = 8 (8, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 9y = 24
9y = 24
y =
2
2
3

2
0, 2
3

shade above line.

2
A 0, 2
3

O(0, 0)
C(4, 0)
To find B, eliminate x from and
.
3
3(x + y = 4)
3x 3y = 12
Then, +
(3x + 9y) + (3x 3y) = 24 + (12)
6y = 12
y = 2
sub. y = 2 into
x + y = 4
x + 2 = 4
x = 2 B(2, 2)

z = 5x 7y
O(0, 0) z = 5(0) 7(0) = 0

8
A 0,
3

z = 5(0)
8
7
3

=
2
18
3

B(2, 2) z = 5(2) 7(2) = 4
C(4, 0) z = 5(4) 7(0) = 20
z(max.) = 20
The answer is D.
d x 0
y 0
7x + 4y 14
8x 8y 16
x 3
shade left of line.
shade below line.
7x + 4(0) = 14
7x = 14
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
7(0) + 4y = 14
4y = 14
y =
1
3
2

1
0, 3
2

shade above line.
8x 8(0) = 16
8x = 16
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
8(0) 8y = 16
8y = 16
y = 2 (0, 2)
shade below line.
A(0, 2)
1
B 0, 3
2

D(3, 0) E(2, 0)
7x + 4y = 14
7(3) + 4y = 14
21 + 4y = 14
4y = 35
y =
3
8
4

3
C 3, 8
4

z = 10x 4y
A(0, 2) z = 10(0) 4(2) = 8

1
B 0, 3
2

z = 10(0)
1
4 3
2

= 14

3
C 3, 8
4

z = 10(3)
3
4 8
4

= 5
D(3, 0) z = 10(3) 4(0) = 30
E(2, 0) z = 10(2) 4(0) = 20
z(min.) = 14
The answer is B.
Exercise 11E Solving linear
programming problems
1 a and b
Let x be no. of clock style A.
Let y be no. of clock style B.
x + y 24
x 5 (shade left to line)
y 3 (shade below line)
x + 0 = 24
x = 24 (24, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 24
y = 24 (0, 24)
shade above line.
A (5, 3)
To find B,
sub. x = 5 into
x + y = 24
5 + y = 24
y = 19 B(5, 19)
To find C, sub. y = 3 into
x + 3 = 24
x = 21 C(21, 3)

Profit: P = 2A + 3B
A(5, 3) P = 2(5) + 3(3) = 19
B(5, 19) P = 2(5) + 3(19) = 67
C(21, 3) P = 2(21) + 3(3) = 51
P(max) = 67
The maximum profit is $67 with
5 Type A and 19 Type B clocks.
2 a Let x be no. of design A tracksuit.
Let y be no. of design B tracksuit.
x 3 (shade left of line)
y 4 (shade left of line)
2x + 3y 60
2x + 3(0) = 60
2x = 60
x = 30 (30, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 3y = 60
3y = 60
y = 20 (0, 20)
shade above line.
A (3, 4)
To find B, sub. x = 3 into
2(3) + 3y = 60
6 + 3y = 60
3y = 54
y = 18 B(3, 18)
2x + 3(4) = 60
2x = 48
x = 24 C(24, 4)

b Profit: P = 5x + 6.5y
A(3, 4) P = 5(3) + 6.5(4) = 41
B(3, 18) P = 5(3) + 6.5(18) = 132
C(24, 4) P = 5(24) + 6.5(4) = 146
P(max) = 146
The maximum profit is $146
when 24 design A and 4 design B
tracksuits are made.
3 a and b
Let x be no. of rollerblades.
Let y be no. of bicycles.
y 25 (shade above line)
x + y 40
x + 0 = 40
x = 40 (40, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 40
y = 40 (0, 40)
shade above line.
A(15, 5) To find B, sub. x = 15
into
15 + y = 40
y = 25 B(15, 25)
x + 5 = 40
x = 35 C(35, 5)

Profit: P = 4x + 3y
A(15, 5) P = 4(15) + 3(5) = 75
B(15, 25) P = 4(15) + 3(25) = 135
C(35, 5) P = 4(35) + 3(5) = 155
P(max) = 155 at (35, 5)
when 35 sets of rollerblades and
5 bicycles are hired.
4 a and b
Let x be no. of brand A.
Let y be no. of brand B.
x + y 80
x + 0 = 80
x = 80 (80, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 80
y = 80 (0, 80)
( shade above line)
A(20, 14)
20 + y = 80
y = 60 B(20, 60)
x + 14 = 80
x = 66 C(66, 14)

P = 20x + 24y
A(20, 14) P = 20(20) + 24(14) = 736
B(20, 60) P = 20(20) + 24(60) = 1840
C(66, 14) P = 20(66) + 24(14) = 1656
P(max) = 1840 at (20, 60)
when 20 litres of Brand A and
60 litres of Brand B are made.
5 a and b
Let x be no. of aerobic classes.
Let y be no. of circuit classes.
x + y 45
x + 0 = 45
x = 45 (45, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 45
y = 45 (0, 45)
shade above line
A(25, 9) To find B, sub. x = 25
into
25 + y = 45
y = 20 B(25, 20)
x + 9 = 45
x = 36 C(36, 9)

P = 6x + 4y
A(25, 9) P = 6(25) + 4(9) = 186
B(25, 20) P = 6(25) + 4(20) = 230
C(36, 9) P = 6(36) + 4(9) = 252
P(max) = 252 at (36, 9)
when 36 aerobic and 9 circuit
classes are held.
6 a and b
Let x be no. of 2 person tents.
Let y be the no. of 3 person
tents.

1 1
1 2
2 2
x y + 75

1
1
2
x + 0 = 75
x = 50 (50, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 +
1
2
2
y = 75
y = 30 (0, 30)
shade above line.
A(18, 18) To find B, sub. x = 18
into

3 5
(18)
2 2
y + = 75

5
27
2
y + = 75

5
2
y = 48
y =
1
19
5

1
B 18, 19
5


3 5
(18)
2 2
x + = 75

3
45
2
x + = 75

3
2
x = 30
x = 20 C(20, 18)

P = 24x + 28y
A(18, 18) P = 24(18) + 28(18)
= 936
1
B 18, 19
5

P =
1
24(18) 28 19
5

+

= 969.6
C(20, 18) P = 24(20) + 28(18)
= 984
P(max) = 984 at (20, 18)
when 20 two - person tents and
18 three - person tents are made.
7 a and b
Let x be the no. of laser printers.
Let y be the no. of bubble jet
printers.
x + y 25
3x + 2y 60
x + 0 = 25
x = 25 (25, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 25
y = 25 (0, 25)
shade above line.
3x + 2(0) = 60
3x = 60
x = 20 (20, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 2y = 60
2y = 60
y = 30 (0, 30)
shade above line.
A(5, 0) D(20, 0)
5 + y = 25
y = 20 B(5, 20)
To find C, eliminate y from
and
2, 2(x + y = 25)
2x 2y = 50
then, +
(3x + 2y) + (2x 2y)
= 60 + (50)
x = 10
sub. x = 10 into
x + y = 25
10 + y = 25
y = 15 C(10, 15)

P = 15x + 12y
A(5, 0) P = 15(5) + 12(0) = 75
B(5, 20) P = 15(5) + 12(20) = 315
C(10, 15) P = 15(10) + 12(15) = 330
D(20, 0) P = 15(20) + 12(0) = 300
P(max) = 330 at (10, 15)
The maximum profit of $330 is
made when 10 laser and 15
bubble jet printers are made.
8 a and b
Let x be the no. of hectares of
corn.
Let y be the no. of hectares of
peas.
x + y 80
x + 3y 120
x + 0 = 80
x = 80 (80, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 80
y = 80 (0, 80)
shade above line.
x + 3(0) = 120
x = 120 (120, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 3y = 120
3y = 120
y = 40 (0, 40)
shade above line.
A(10, 10)
10 + 3y = 120
3y = 110
y =
2
36
3

2
B 10, 36
3

To find D, sub. y = 10 into
x + 10 = 80
x = 70 D(70, 10)
To find C, eliminate x from
and
3 1, 1(x + y = 80)
x y = 80
Then, +
(x + 3y) + (x y) = 120 + (80)
2y = 40
y = 20

sub. y = 20 into
x + 20 = 80
x = 60 C(60, 20)
P = 180x + 160y
A(10, 10) P = 180(10) + 160(10)
= 3400
2
B 10, 36
3

P =
2
180(10) 160 36
3

+

= 7666.66
C(60, 20) P = 180(60) + 160(20)
= 14 000
D(70, 10) P = 180(70) + 160(10)
= 14 200
P(max) = 14 200 at (70, 10)
The maximum profit is $14 200
when 70 hectares of corn and
10 hectares of peas are harvested.
9 a and b
Let x be the no. of litres of
Natures Own brand.
Let y be the no. of litres of
Generic brand.
x + y 70
x + y 90
x y
x + 0 = 70
x = 70 (70, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 70
y = 70 (0, 70)
shade below line.
x + 0 = 90
x = 90 (90, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 90
y = 90 (0, 90)
shade above line.
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 = y (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
1 = y (1, 1)
shade above line.
To find A, sub. into
x + y = 70
x + (x) = 70
2x = 70
x = 35
sub. x = 35 into
y = 35
A(35, 35)
x + y = 90
x + (x) = 90
2x = 90
x = 45
sub. x = 45 into
y = 45
B(45, 45)
x + 10 = 90
x = 80
C(80, 10)
To find D, sub. y = 10 into
x + 10 = 70
x = 60
D(60, 10)

P = 2.5x + 1.2y
A(35, 35) P = 2.5(35) + 1.2(35) = 129.5
B(45, 45) P = 2.5(45) + 1.2(45) = 166.5
C(80, 10) P = 2.5(80) + 1.2(10) = 212
D(60, 10) P = 2.5(60) + 1.2(10) = 162
P(max) = 212 at (80, 10)
when 80 litres of Natures Own
and 10 litres of Generic brand
orange juice are sold.
10 a and b
Let x be the no. of tourists.
Let y be the no. of business
people.
x + y 360
x + y 510
x y
x 2y
x + 0 = 360
x = 360 (360, 0)
0 + y = 360
y = 360 (0, 360)
(shade below line)
x + 0 = 510
y = 510 (510, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 510
y = 510 (0, 510)
(shade above line)
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 = y (0, 0)
sub. x = 1
1 = y (1, 1)
shade above line.
x = 2(0)
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 = 2y
0 = y (0, 0)
sub. x = 20
20 = 2y
10 = y (20, 10)
shade below line.
To find A, sub. y = x into
x + y = 360
x + x = 360
2x = 360
x = 180
sub. x = 180 into
y = 180
A(180, 180)
To find B, sub y = x into
x + y = 510
x + x = 510
2x = 510
x = 255
sub. x = 255 into
y = 255
B(255, 255)
To find C, sub. x = 2y into
x + y = 510
(2y) + y = 510
3y = 510
y = 170
sub. y = 170 into
x = 2(170)
x = 340
C(340, 170)
To find D, sub. x = 2y into
x + y = 360
(2y) + y = 360
3y = 360
y = 120
sub. y = 120 into
x = 2(120)
x = 240
D(240, 120)

P = 15x + 18y
A(180, 180)
P = 15(180) + 18(180)
= 5940
B(255, 255)
P = 15(255) + 18(255)
= 8415
C(340, 170)
P = 15(340) + 18(170)
= 8160
D(240, 120)
P = 15(240) + 18(120)
= 5760
P(max) = 8415 at (255, 255)
The maximum profit is made
($8415) when there are 255
tourists and 255 business people.
11 a and b
Let x be the no. of batches of 3-D
puzzles.
Let y be the no. of batches of
logic games.
3x + 2y 12
x + 2y 10
x + 2y 8
x 0
y 0
3x + 2(0) = 12
3x = 12
x = 4
(4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 2y = 12
2y = 12
y = 6
(0, 6)
shade below line.
x + 2(0) = 10
x = 10 (10, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 2y = 10
y = 5 (0, 5)
shade above line.
x + 2(0) = 8
x = 8 (8, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 2y = 8
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade below line.
A(8, 0) D(10, 0)
To find C, to eliminate y,
(3x + 2y) (x + 2y) = 12 10
3x x + 2y 2y = 2
2x = 2
x = 1
sub. x = 1 into
1 + 2y = 10
2y = 9
y = 4.5 C(1, 4.5)
To find B, to eliminate y,
(3x + 2y) (x + 2y) = 12 8
3x x + 2y 2y = 4
2x = 4
x = 2
sub. x = 2 into
2 + 2y = 8
2y = 6
y = 3 B(2, 3)

Cost = C = (1.8 x + 1.25 y) 20
A(8, 0) C = 20(1.8(8) + 1.25(0))
= 14.4 20 = 288
D(10, 0) C = 20(1.8(10) + 1.25(0))
= 18 20 = 360
C(1, 4.5) C = 20(1.8(1) + 1.25(4.5))
= 7.425 20 = 148.5
B(2, 3) C = 20(1.8(2) + 1.25(3))
= 7.35 20 = 147
C(min) = 147 at (2, 3)
The minimum cost is $147 when
2 batches of 3-D puzzles and 3
batches of logic puzzles are made.
12 a and b
Let x be the no. of Arctic Snow
refrigerators.
Let y be the no. of Cool Breeze
refrigerators.
x 40 (shade right of line)
y 50 (shade above line)
x + y 80
12x + 10y 840
For x-intercept; y = 0
x + 0 = 80
x = 80 (80, 0)
y-intercept; x = 0
0 + y = 80
y = 80 (0, 80)
For x-intercept; y = 0
12x + 10(0) = 840
12x = 840
x = 70 (70, 0)
y-intercept; x = 0
12(0) + 10y = 840
10y = 840
y = 84 (0, 84)
A(0, 0)
B(0, 50)
E(40, 0)
To find C
sub into
y = 50
12x + 10(50) = 840
12x + 500 = 840
12x = 340
x =
1
28
3

1
C 28 , 50
3

To find D
sub x = 40 into
12(40) + 10y = 840
480 + 10y = 840
10y = 360
y = 36
D (40, 36)

P = 200x + 110y
A(0, 0) P = 200(0) + 110(0) = 0
B(0, 50) P = 200(0) + 110(50) = 5500
1
C 28 , 50
3

P =
1
200 28
3

+ 110(50)
= 11 166.70
D(40, 36) P = 200(40) + 110(36)
= 11 960
E(40, 0) P = 200(40) + 110(0) = 8000
P(max) = 11 960 at (40, 36)
Maximum profit is $11 960 when
40 Arctic Snow refrigerators and
36 cool Breeze refrigerators are
made.
c Now P = 140x + 110y
A(0, 0) P = 140(0) + 110(0) = 0
B(0, 50) P = 140(0) + 110(50) = 5500
1
C 28 , 50
3

P =
1
140 28
3

+ 110(50)
= 9466.70
D(40, 36) P = 140(40) + 110(36)
= 9560.
E(40, 0) P = 140(40) + 110(0)
= 5600.
Yes, 40 Arctic Snow and 36 Cool
Breeze still makes the maximum
profit. ($9560)
13 a Let x be the no. of bags of CP
1.

Let y be the no. of bags of CP
2
.
The variables need to be defined
(stated explicitly) so that we can
determine how many bags of CP
1

and CP
2
will produce maximum
profit.
b 20x + 25y 400
20x + 15y 300
15x + 10y 210
c x 0
y 0
d P($) = $45 CP
1
+ $50 CP
2

P = 45x + 50y.
e For , x-intercept, y = 0
20x + 25(0) = 400
20x = 400
x = 20 (20, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
20(0) + 25y = 400
y = 16 (0, 16)
shade above line.
20x + 15(0) = 300
20x = 300
x = 15 (15, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
20(0) + 15y = 300
y = 20 (0, 20)
shade above line.
15x + 10(0) = 210
15x = 210
x = 14 (14, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
15(0) + 10y = 210
y = 21 (0, 21)
shade above line.
Solve and
2 5
35x = 250
x = 7.1428571
sub. x into
y = 10.285714
A(7.1, 10.3)

P = 45x + 50y
A(7.1, 10.3) P = 45(7.1428571)
+ 50(10.285714)
= 835.71
B(0, 16) P = 45(0) + 50(16) = 800
C(0, 0) P = 0
D(14, 0) P = 45(14) + 50(0) = 630
The maximum profit is $836.
14 Let s represent the no. of still lifes.
Let a represent the no. of abstracts.
s + a 20 (shade below
line)
s 0 (shade left of
line)
a 0 (shade below
line)
10s + 6a 180 (shade above
line)
The answer is A.
15 For above,
s-intercept, a = 0, s = 20 (20, 0)
a-intercept, s = 0, a = 20 (0, 20)
For
s-intercept, a = 0, s = 18 (18, 0)
a-intercept, s = 0, a = 30 (0, 30)

The answer is A.
16 Let e be the no. of engineers.
Let t be the no. of technicians.
e + t 8
e 2 shade left of line
e 6 shade right of line
e > t shade above line
5e + 3t 18 shade below line
t 1 shade below line
t 5 shade above line
For e-intercept, t = 0.
e + 0 = 8
e = 8
(8, 0)
t-intercept, e = 0
0 + t = 8
t = 8
(0, 8)
For 5e + 3t = 18
e-intercept, t = 0
5e + 3(0) = 18
5e = 18
e =
18
5
=
3
3
5

3
3 , 0
5

t-intercept, e = 0
5(0) + 3t = 18
3t = 18
t = 6
(0, 6)

A Sub t = 1 into
5e + 3t = 18
5e + 3(1) = 18
5e = 15
e = 3
A(3, 1)
B Sub e = t into
5(t) + 3t = 18
8t = 18
t =
9
4

e = t
e =
9
4

9 9
B ,
4 4

C Sub e = t into
e + t = 8
t + t = 8
t = 4
e = t e = 4
C(4, 4)
D Sub e = 6 into
e + t = 8
6 + t = 8
t = 2
D(6, 2)
E(6, 1)
W = 450 e + 250 t
A(3, 1) W = 450(3) + 250(1)
= 1600

1 1
B 2 , 2
4 4

W =
1
450 2
4

+

1
250 2
4

= 1575
C(4, 4) W = 450(4) + 250(4)
= 2800
D(6, 2) W = 450(6) + 250(2)
= 3200
E(6, 1) W = 450(6) + 250(1)
= 2950
W(min) = 1600 at (3, 1)
Note:
1 1
2 , 2
4 4

is not a feasible
solution.
The minimum wages are $1600
when there are 3 engineers and
1 technician in the team.
Exercise 11F Further
applications of linear
programming
1 Let x be no. of kg chemical A
Let y be no. of kg chemical B
10x + 5y 20
x + 2y 6
2x + 12y 18
x 0
y 0
x-intercept, y = 0
10x + 5(0) = 20
10x = 20
x = 2
(2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
10(0) + 5y = 20
5y = 20
y = 4
(0, 4)
shade below line.
x-intercept, y = 0
x + 2(0) = 6
x = 6
(6, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 2y = 6
2y = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade below line.
x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 12(0) = 18
2x = 18
x = 9
(9, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 12y = 18
12y = 18
y =
1
1
2

1
0, 1
2

shade below line.

A(0, 4)
D(9, 0)
To find B, eliminate x, 10
(10x + 5y) 10(x + 2y) = 20 10 (6)
10x + 5y 10x 20y = 20 60
15y = 40
y =
2
2
3

sub. y =
2
2
3
into
x +
8
2
3

= 6
x =
18 16
3 3
=
3
2

2 8
B ,
3 3

To find C, eliminate x, 2 +
2(x + 2y) + (2x + 12y) = 2(6) + 18
2x 4y + 2x + 12y = 12 + 18
8y = 6
y =
3
4

sub. y =
3
4
into

3
2
4
x

+

= 6
x =
1
4
2

1 3
C 4 ,
2 4

C = 16x + 22y
A(0, 4) C = 16(0) + 22(4) = 88
2 8
B ,
3 3

C =
2 8
16 22
3 3

+

=
32 176
3 3
+ =
208
3
=
1
69
3

1 3
C 4 ,
2 4

C =
9 3
16 22
2 4

+

=
1
72 16
2
+ =
1
88
2

D(9, 0) C = 16(9) + 22(0) = 144
The minimum possible cost is $69.
2 a and b
Let x be the no. of steel rod A.
Let y be the no. of steel rod B.
x 6
y 6
x 16
y 10
2x + 4y 56
x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 0 = 56
2x = 56
x = 28 (28, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 4y = 56
4y = 56
y = 14 (0, 14)
shade below-line.
To find A, sub. y = 10 into
2x + 4(10) = 56
2x = 16
x = 8 A(8, 10)
B(16, 10)
To find C, sub. x = 16 into
2(16) + 4y = 56
4y = 24
y = 6 C(16, 6)

P = 300x + 900y
A(8, 10) P = 300(8) + 900(10)
= 11 400
B(16, 10) P = 300(16) + 900(10)
= 13 800
C(16, 6) P = 300(16) + 900(6)
= 10 200
P
(max.)
= 13 800 when x = 16, y = 10.
that is, maximum profit for 16 of Rod
A and 10 of Rod B is $13 800.
3 a Let x be the no. of style A uniform.
Let y be the no. of style B uniform.
b x 0
y 0
5x + 8y 480
6x + 12y 600
3x + 3y 450
c P = 7x + 12y.
d x-intercept, y = 0
5x + 0 = 480
x = 96
(96, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 8y = 480
y = 60
(0, 60)
shade above line.
x-intercept, y = 0
6x + 0 = 600
x = 100
(100, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 12y = 600
y = 50
(0, 50)
shade above line.
x-intercept, y = 0
3x + 0 = 450
x = 150
(150, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 3y = 450
y = 150
(0, 150)
shade above line.
O(0, 0) A(0, 50) C(96, 0)
To find B, eliminate y, 3 2

3(5x + 8y) 2(6x + 12y)
= 3(480) 2(600)
15x + 24y 12x 24y
= 1440 1200
3x = 240
x = 80
sub. x = 80 into
5(80) + 8y = 480
8y = 480 400
8y = 80
y = 10
B(80, 10)

P = 7x + 12y
O(0, 0) P = 7(0) + 12(0) = 0
A(0, 50) P = 7(0) + 12(50) = 600
B(80, 10) P = 7(80) + 12(10) = 680
C(96, 0) P = 7(96) + 12(0) = 672
80 type A, 10 type B.
e Maximum profit is $680.
4 a and b
Let x be the no. of kilograms of
Zest.
Let y be the no. of kilograms of
Boom.
x 0
y 0
12x + 6y 36
3x + 4y 12
x + 8y 8
x-intercept, y = 0
12x + 0 = 36
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 6y = 36
y = 6 (0, 6)
shade below line.
x-intercept, y = 0
3x + 0 = 12
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 4y = 12
y = 3 (0, 3)
shade below line.
x-intercept, y = 0
x + 0 = 8
x = 8 (8, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 8y = 8
y = 1 (0, 1)
shade below line.
A(0, 6) D(8,0)
To find B, eliminate x, 4
(12x + 6y) 4(3x + 4y) = 36 4(12)
6y 16y = 12
10y = 12
y =
6
5

Sub. y =
6
5
into

6
3 4
5
x

+

= 12
3x =
60 24
5 5

3x =
36
5
x =
12
5

12 6
B ,
5 5

To find C, eliminate x,
3 ,
(3x + 4y) 3(x + 8y) = 12 3(8)
20y = 12
y =
3
5

Sub. y =
3
5
into

3
8
5
x

+

= 8
x =
4
8 4
5

x =
1
3
5

1 3
C 3 ,
5 5

C = 4.8x + 3.5y
A(0, 6) C = 4.8(0) + 3.5(6) = 21

12 6
B ,
5 5

C =
12 6
4.8 3.5
5 5

+

= 15.72

1 3
C 3 ,
5 5

C = 4.8(3.2) + 3.5(0.6)
= 17.46
P(8, 0) C = 4.8(8) + 3.5(0) = 38.4
Minimum occurs when
2
2
5
kg of
Zest and
1
1
2
kg of Boom are used.
The cost is $15.72.
5 a and b
Let x be the no. of Gold Pass
packages.
Let y be the no. of Classic
packages.
x 140
x 200
y 80
y 120
x 2y
x = 2(0)
x = 0 (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 = 2y
0 = y (0, 0)
Sub. x = 2
2 = 2y
1 = y (2, 1)
shade above line.
To find A, sub. y = 80 into x = 2y
x = 2(80)
x = 160
A(160, 80)
To find B, sub. x = 200 into x = 2y
200 = 2y
100 = y
B(200, 100)
C(200, 80)

P = 20x + 10y
A(160, 80) P = 20(160) + 10(80) = 4000
B(200, 100) P = 20(200) + 10(100)
= 5000
C(200, 80) P = 20(200) + 10(80)
= 4800
P
(max.)
is 5000 at (200, 100)
The maximum profit is $5000.
200 Gold Passes, 100 Classic
packages.
6 a and b
Let x be the tonnes from Plant A.
Let y be the tonnes from Plant B.
x 0
y 0
5x + 3y 15
9x + 3y 27
5x + 10y 50
x-intercept, y = 0
5x + 0 = 15
x = 3
(3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 3y = 15
y = 5
(0, 5)
shade below line.
x-intercept, y = 0
9x + 0 = 27
x = 3
(3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 3y = 27
y = 9
(0, 9)
shade above line.
x-intercept, y = 0
5x + 0 = 50
x = 10
(10, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 10y = 50
y = 5
(0, 5)
shade above line.
A(0, 5) C(3, 0)
To find B, eliminate y,
10 3
10(9x + 3y) 3(5x + 10y)
= 10(27) 3(50)
90x + 30y 15x 30y = 270 150
75x = 120
x =
120
75

x =
8
5

sub. x =
8
5
into
9
8
5

+3y = 27

72
5
+ 3y =
27
1

3y =
135
5
72
5

3y =
63
5

y =
21
5
B
8 21
,
5 5

P = 270x + 500y
A(0, 5) P = 270(0) + 500(5) = 2500
B
8 21
,
5 5

P = 270
8
5

+ 500
21
5

= 2532
C(3, 0) P = 270(3) + 500(0) = 810
P(max) = 2532 at
8 21
,
5 5

.
For maximum profit 1.6 tonnes
must be made at Plant A and 4.2
tonnes at Plant B.
Maximum profit is $2532.
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a 3 x 0
x 3
x 3 ( means solid line)
Check sub x = 0,
0 3 (True)
Shade side where x = 0 isnt.
x 3 vertical line through
x = 3.

b y + 1 < 2
y < 3 (< means dotted line)
Check: sub. y = 0
0 < 3 (False)
Shade side where y = 0 is
y < 3 is a horizontal line
through y = 3.

c 3x 2y 6 ( means solid line)
x-intercept, y = 0
3x = 2(0) 6
3x = 6
x = 2
(2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) = 2y 6
6 = 2y
3 = y (0, 3)
Check: Sub (0, 0).
3(0) 2(0) 6
0 6 (True)
Shade side where (0, 0) isnt.

2 2y + 5x 6
x
1
2
y 4
Both of the above are solid lines.
x-intercept, y = 0
2(0) + 5x = 6
x =
6
5

6
, 0
5

y-intercept, x = 0
2y + 5(0) = 6
y = 3 (0, 3)
(shade below line)
2y-intercept, x = 0
0
1
2
y = 4
y = 8 (0, 8)
x-intercept, y = 0
x
1
2
(0) = 4
x = 4 (4, 0).
(shade below line)

3 AB y = 400 shaded above line,
(solid)
y 400
C (0, 200) (400, 0)
m =
0 ( 200)
400 0

=
200
400
=
1
2

using (400, 0) y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 0 =
1
2
(x 400)
2y = x 400
400 = x 2y
(shaded below solid line.)
x 2y 400
C (0, 400) (400, 0)
m =
0 400
400 0
= 1
using (400, 0) y 0 = 1 (x 400)
y = x + 400
x + y = 400
(shaded below line) (solid)
x + y 400
4 (0, 600) (600, 0)
m =
0 600
600 0

= 1
using (600, 0) y 0 = 1(x 600)
y + x = 600
solid line shaded above. y + x 600
(0, 400) (400, 0)
m =
0 400
400 0

= 1
using (400, 0)
y 0 = 1(x (400))
y x = 400
x y = 400
solid line shaded above.
x y 400
(0, 300) (300, 0)
m =
0 ( 300)
300 0

= 1
using (300, 0) y 0 = 1(x 300)
y x = 300
solid line shaded below.
y x 300
x 0, y 0

5 a x 0
y 0
3y 2x 7
2y + 5x 10

x-intercept, y = 0
3(0) 2x = 7
x =
1
3
2

1
3 , 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
3y 2(0) = 7
y =
7
3

7
0,
3

(shade above line)
x-intercept, y = 0
2(0) + 5x = 10
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2y + 5(0) = 10
y = 5 (0, 5)
(shade below line)
O(0, 0) A
7
0,
3

C(2, 0)
To find B, 5 + 2
5(3y 2x) + 2(2y + 5x)
= 5(7) + 2(10)
15y 10x 4y + 10x = 55
11y = 55
y = 5
sub. y = 5 into x = 4.
B(4, 5)

b x 0
y 0
6x + 8y 24
8x + 12y 48
All are solid lines.
A(0, 3)
B(0, 4)
C(6, 0)
D(4, 0)
x-intercept, y = 0
6x + 8(0) = 24
x = 4 (4, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
6(0) + 8y = 24
y = 3 (0, 3)
(shade below line)
x-intercept, y = 0
8x + 12(0) = 48
x = 6 (6, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
8(0) + 12y = 48
y = 4 (0, 4)
(shade above line)

6 a and b
x 0
y 0
2y 6x 12
2y + 4x 14
2y 2x 2
x-intercept, y = 0
2(0) 6x = 12
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2y 6(0) = 12
y = 6 (0, 6)
(shade above line)
x-intercept, y = 0
2(0) + 4x = 14
x =
1
3
2

1
3 , 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
2y + 4(0) = 14
y = 7 (0, 7)
(shade above line)
x-intercept, y = 0
2(0) 2x = 2
x = 1 (1, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2y 2(0) = 2
y = 1 (0, 1)
(shade below line)
O(0, 0) A(0, 6) D(1, 0)
To find B, eliminate y:
(2y 6x) (2y + 4x) = 12 14
10x = 2
x =
1
5

sub. x =
1
5
into
2y 6
1
5

= 12
2y =
60
5
+
6
5

2y =
66
5

y =
33
5
or
3
6
5

B
1 3
, 6
5 5

To find C, eliminate y:

(2y + 4x) (2y 2x) = 14 (2)
6x = 16
x =
2
2
3

sub x =
2
2
3
into
2y +
2
4 2
3

= 14
2y =
42 32
3 3

2y =
10
3

y =
5
3
C
8 5
,
3 3

P = 5x + 4y
O(0, 0) P = 5(0) + 4(0) = 0
A(0, 6) P = 5(0) + 4(6) = 24
B
1 33
,
5 5

P =
1 33
5 4
5 5

+

=
37
5

=
2
27
5

C
8 5
,
3 3

P =
8 5
5 4
3 3

+

=
60
3

= 20
D(1, 0) P = 5(1) + 4(0) = 5
The maximum profit is $27.40 at
1 33
,
5 5

.
7 a D = 4x + 5y
A(0, 3) D = 4(0) + 5(3)
= 15
B(6, 6) D = 4(6) + 5(6)
= 54
C(8, 2) D = 4(8) + 5(2)
= 42
D(max.) = 54
b C = 6x 2y
A(1, 5) C = 6(1) 2(5) = 4
B(2, 6) C = 6(2) 2(6) = 0
C(6, 2) C = 6(6) 2(2) = 32
D(4, 0) C = 6(4) 2(0) = 24
C(min.) = 4
8 2x + 6y 24
2x + 4y 18
x 0
y 0
All are solid lines.
x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 6(0) = 24
2x = 24
x = 12 (12, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 6y = 24
6y = 24
y = 4 (0, 4)
(shade above line)
x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 4(0) = 18
2x = 18
x = 9 (9, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + 4y = 18
4y = 18
y =
1
4
2

1
0, 4
2

(shade above line)
A(0, 4)
O(0, 0)
C(9, 0)
To find B, eliminate x,

(2x + 6y) (2x + 4y) = 24 18
2y = 6
y = 3
sub y = 3 into
2x + 6(3) = 24
2x = 6
x = 3
B(3, 3)
P = 10x + 12y
O(0, 0) P = 10(0) + 12(0) = 0
A(0, 4) P = 10(0) + 12(4) = 48
B(3, 3) P = 10(3) + 12(3) = 66
C(9, 0) P = 10(9) + 12(0) = 90
P(min) = 0 at (0, 0)
minimum is 0 when x = 0, y = 0.
9 7x + 5y 35
5x + 10y 34
x 2
x 0
y 0
shade right of line
shade left of line
shade below line
x-intercept, y = 0
7x + 5(0) = 35
7x = 35
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
7(0) + 5y = 35
5y = 35
y = 7 (0, 7)
(shade above line)
x-intercept, y = 0
5x + 10(0) = 34
5x = 34
x =
4
6
5

4
6 , 0
5

y-intercept, x = 0
5(0) + 10y = 34
y =
2
3
5

2
0, 3
5

(shade above line)
O(0, 0)
A
2
0, 3
5

C(2, 0)
To find B, sub x = 2 into
5x + 10y = 34
5(2) + 10y = 34
10y = 24
y = 2.4
B(2, 2.4)

C = 100x + 1200y
O(0, 0) C = 100(0) + 1200(0) = 0
A
2
0, 3
5

C = 100(0) + 1200
2
3
5

= 4080
B(2, 2.4) C = 100(2) + 1200(2.4)
= 3080
C(2, 0) C = 100(2) + 1200(0)
= 200
C(max.) = 4080 at
2
0, 3
5

x = 0, y =
2
3
5

10 a Let x be the number of runners.
Let y be the number of walking
shoes.
b x 400
y 350
x + y 900
c P = 12.5x + 10y.
Multiple choice
1 x > 6
> means dotted line.
It is a vertical line through x = 6.
Shade on side where x = 2 isnt.

The answer is D.
2 y < x; < means dotted line
x-intercept, y = 0
0 = x
0 = x (0, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 0 (0, 0)
sub x = 1
y = 1 (1, 1)
Check: Sub (10, 0), y < x
0 < 10 (False).
shade side where (10, 0) is.

The answer is D.
3 2x + y 6; means solid line.
Find x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 0 = 6
2x = 6
x = 3 (3, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
2(0) + y = 6
y = 6 (0, 6)
Check: sub (0, 0),
2(0) + 0 6
0 6 (True)
Shade side where (0, 0) isnt.

The answer is D.
4 m =
2 1
2
y y
x x
=
0 4
2 0
=
4
2

= 2(0, 4) (2, 0)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
) m = 2, (0, 4).
y 4 = 2(x 0)
y = 2x + 4
solid line or
y 2x + 4 since graph is shaded
below line

The answer is E.
5 3x + 2y 18
4x + 6y 30
Both are solid lines.
x-intercept, y = 0
3x + 2(0) = 18
3x = 18
x = 6 (6, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 2y = 18
2y = 18
y = 9 (0, 9)
shade below line.
x-intercept, y = 0
4x + 6(0) = 30
4x = 30
x =
1
7
2

1
7 , 0
2

y-intercept, x = 0
4(0) + 6y = 30
6y = 30
y = 5 (0, 5)
shade below line.

The answer is B.
6 x 0
y 0
x + y 8
y 2x 4

shade left of line

shade below line.

x-intercept, y = 0
x + 0 = 8
x = 8
(8, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
x + y = 8
0 + y = 8
y = 8
(0, 8)
shade above line.

x-intercept, y = 0
y 2x = 4
0 2x = 4
2x = 4
x = 2 (2, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
y 2(0) = 4
y = 4 (0, 4)
shade above line.

The answer is C.
7 R = 4x + 3y
Corner points:
(2, 0) R = 4(2) + 3(0) = 8
(6, 4) R = 4(6) + 3(4) = 36
(8, 0) R = 4(8) + 3(0) = 32
R(max) = $36
The answer is D
8 S = 5y x
Corner points:
(0, 1) S = 5(1) 0 = 5

1
3, 3
2

S = 5
1
3
2

3 =
1
14
2

(4, 1) S = 5(1) 4 = 1
S(max.) =
1
14
2

The answer is B.
9 C = 3x 2y
Corner points:
(1, 2) C = 3(1) 2(2) = 1
(2, 6) C = 3(2) 2(6) = 6
(8, 7) C = 3(8) 2(7) = 10
(9, 4) C = 3(9) 2(4) = 19
(8, 2) C = 3(8) 2(2) = 20
C(min.) = 6
The answer is A.
10 Let x be the no. of Type A.
Let y be the no. of Type B.
x 300
y 500
x + y 900
x + y 1400
The answer is B.
11

shade left of line.

shade below line.

x-intercept, y = 0
x + y = 900
x = 900 (900, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 900
y = 900 (0, 900)
(shade below line)
x-intercept, y = 0
x = 1400 (1400, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
y = 1400 (0, 1400)
(shade above line).

The answer is B.
12 p = 1.2x + y
y = 1.2x + p
Let p = 0, then y = 1.2x (gradient is
1.2).
Using sliding line method.
sub y = 500 into x + y = 1400 to
find A.
x = 900 (900, 500).
P(max) = 1.2(900) + 500
= 1080 + 500
= 1580
P(max) is $1580
The answer is A.
13 The sloping line is x + y 80 this
means that the total number of cows
(x) and sheep (y) cannot exceed 80.
The answer is E.
14 Selling price must be greater than
$50 to allow for the fixed cost.
10 Frypans @ $90.
Revenue: R = 90 10 = 900
Cost: C = 400 + 50 10 = 900
Manufacterer breaks even.
The Answer is A.
15 (6, 2) satisfies all constraints.
The Answer is C.
16 The Answer is E.
17 The Objective Function: z = 2x + ky
has a gradient of
2
k
.
Now
2
k
<
50 0
50 100

2
k
< 1

2
k
> 1
k < 2
The Answer is A.
Extended response
1 a Let x be the number of hectares of
oats.
Let y be the number of hectares of
wheat.
x + y 35
3x + 4y 120
x-intercept, y = 0
x + 0 = 35
x = 35
(35, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + y = 35
y = 35 (0, 35)
(shade above line)
x-intercept, y = 0
3x + 4(0) = 120
3x = 120
x = 40 (40, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
3(0) + 4y = 120
4y = 120
y = 30 (0, 30)
(shade above line).
O(0, 0)
A(0, 30) C(35, 0)
To find B, eliminate y,
4
4(x + y) (3x + 4y) = 4(35) (120)
4x + 4y 3x 4y = 140 120
x = 20
sub x = 20 into
20 + y = 35
y = 15
B(20, 15)

P = 200x + 240y
O(0, 0) P = 200(0) + 240(0) = 0
A(0, 30) P = 200(0) + 240(30) = 7200
B(20, 15) P = 200(20) + 240(15) = 7600
C(35, 0) P = 200(35) + 240(0) = 7000
P(max) at (20, 15)
Profit max. when 20 hectares of
oats and 15 hectares of wheat are
sold.
b Maximum profit is $7600.
c P = 250x + 240y P(0, 0) = 0
P(0, 30) = 7200
P(20, 15) = 6600
P(35, 0) = 8750
Yes, the maximum profit would
change.
2 a x is the no of A
y is the no of B.
10x + 5y 70
2x + 4y 28
3x + 3y 36
b Yes; x 0 (shade left
of line)
y 0 (shade
below line)
c x-intercept, y = 0
10x + 0 = 70
x = 7 (7, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 5y = 70
y = 14 (0, 14)
(shade below line)
x-intercept, y = 0
2x + 0 = 28
x = 14 (14, 0)
y-intercept., x = 0
0 + 4y = 28
y = 7 (0, 7)
(shade below line)
x-intercept, y = 0
3x + 0 = 36
x = 12 (12, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 3y = 36
y = 12 (0, 12)
(shade below line)
A(0, 14), D(14, 0)

3 5
3(10x + 5y) 5(3x + 3y) = 3 (70)
5 (36)
15x = 30
x = 2
sub x = 2 into , y = 0 (2, 0)
To find C, eliminate y: 3
5
3(2x + 4y) 4(3x + 3y) = 3(28)
4(36)
6x = 60
x = 10
sub x = 10 into , y = 2 C(10, 2)
d C = 300 x + 200y
e C(0, 14) = 300(0) + 200(14)
= 2800
C(2, 10) = 300(2) + 200(10)
= 2600
C(10, 2) = 300(10) + 200(2)
= 3400
C(14, 0) = 300(14) + 200(0)
= 4200
Minimum cost is $2600.
3 a and b
Let x be the amount of C
1

Let y be the amount of C
2

10x + 5y 50
4x + 4y 28
6x + 15y 60
x-intercept, y = 0
10x + 0 = 50
x = 5 (5, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 5y = 50
y = 10 (0, 10)
(shade below line)
x-intercept, y = 0
4x + 0 = 28
x = 7 (7, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 4y = 28
y = 7 (0, 7)
(shade below line)
x-intercept, y = 0
6x + 0 = 60
x = 10 (10, 0)
y-intercept, x = 0
0 + 15y = 60
y = 4 (0, 4)
(shade below line)
A(0, 10) D(10, 0)
4 5
4(10x + 5y) 5(4x + 4y) = 4(50)
5(28)
20x = 60
x = 3
sub x = 3 into
y = 4
B(3, 4)
To find C, eliminate x:
3 2
3(4x + 4y) 2(6x + 15y) = 3 (28)
2 (60)
18y = 36
y = 2
sub y = 2 into x = 5.
C(5, 2)

C = 3.5x + 5y
A(0, 10) C = 3.5(0) + 5(10) = 50
B(3, 4) C = 3.5(3) + 5(4) = 30.5
C(5, 2) C = 3.5(5) + 5(2) = 27.5
D(10, 0) C = 3.5(10) + 5(0) = 35
C(min) = 27.5 at (5, 2).
that is, 5 kg of C
1
, 2 kg of C
2
.
The minimum is $27.50.
4 a Let x = number of cake platters
Let y = number of cheese platters
Since total is 2100 items, then
number of fruit bowls
= 2100 x y.
Constraints:
x 0
y 0
x 1600
y 200
x 24
2100 x y 0
x + y 2100
2100 x y 600
2100 600 x + y
x + y 1500
b x + y = 1500
x-intercept: y = 0; x = 1500
y-intercept: x = 0; y = 1500
x + y 1500
test (0, 0): 0 1500 False
Shade part, containing (0, 0)
x + y = 2100
x-intercept: y = 0; x = 2100
y-intercept: x = 0; y = 2100
x + y 2100
Test (0, 0): 0 2100 True
Shade part that does not
contain (0, 0)
x = 2y
x = 0, y = 0 (0, 0)
x = 100, y = 200 (100, 200)
x 2y
test (0, 100): 0 200 False
Shade part, containing (0, 100).
Other boundary lines:
x = 1600; y = 200.

c Point A: intersection of x = 2y and
x + y = 1500.
x = 2y
x + y = 1500
Sub : 2y + y = 1500
3y = 1500
y = 500
Sub y = 500 : x = 2(500)
x = 1000
A(1000, 500)
Point B: intersection of x = 2y and
x + y = 2100.
x = 2y
x + y = 2100
Sub : 2y + y = 2100
3y = 2100
y = 700
Sub y = 700 : x = 2(700)
x = 1400
B(1400, 700)
Point C: intersection of x = 1600
and x + y = 2100.
x = 1600
x + y = 2100
Sub : 1600 + y = 2100
y = 500
C(1600, 500)
Point D: intersection of x = 1600
and y = 200
D = (1600, 200)
Point E: intersection of y = 200 and
x + y = 1500.
y = 200
x + y = 1500
Sub : x + 200 = 1500
x = 1300
E: (1300, 200)
d Objective is to maximise profit, so
objective function is given by:
P = x 24 + y 18
+ (2100 x y) 21.50
P = 24x + 18y + 45 150 21.5x
21.5y
P = 2.5x 3.5y + 45 150
e At A (1000, 500): P = $45 900
At B (1400, 700): P = $46 200
At C (1600, 500): P = $47 400
At D (1600, 200): P = $48 450
At E (1300, 200): P = $47 700
max profit is at D (1600, 200)
Need to produce 1600 cake
platters, 200 cheese platters and
2100 1600 200 = 300 fruit
bowls.
f Maximum profit is $48 450 (see
part e).
5 a Let x = amount (in grams) of
Chicken Bites and let y = amount
(in grams) of Fish Bites needed
per day.
x 0
y 0
x + y 80
0.03x + 0.05y 2.5
0.05x + 0.08y 4.5
0.05x + 0.025y 3
b x + y = 80
x-intercept: y = 0, x = 80
(80, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0, y = 80
(0, 80)
x + y 80
Test (0, 0): 0 80 False
Shade part, containing (0, 0)
0.03x + 0.05y = 2.5
x-intercept: y = 0;
0.03x = 2.5
x =
1
83 ;
3

1
83 , 0
3

y-intercept: x = 0; 0.05y = 2.5
y = 50; (0, 50)
0.03x + 0.05y 2.5
Test (0, 0): 0 2.5 False
Shade part containing (0, 0).
0.05x + 0.08y = 4.5
x-intercept: y = 0; 0.05x = 4.5
x = 90 (90, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0; 0.08y = 4.5
y = 56.25 (0, 56.25)
0.05x + 0.08y 4.5
Test (0, 0): 0 4.5 False
Shade part containing (0, 0).
0.05x + 0.025y = 3
x-intercept: y = 0; 0.05x = 3
x = 60; (60, 0)
y-intercept: x = 0; 0.025y = 3
y = 120 (0, 120)
0.05x + 0.025y 3
Test (0, 0): 0 3 False
Shade part, containing (0, 0).

c Point A
A = (0, 120)
Point B is the intersection of
x + y = 80 and 0.05x + 0.025y = 3.
x + y = 80
0.05x + 0.025y = 3
5 100
5x + 5y = 400
5x + 2.5y = 300
: 2.5y = 100
y = 40
sub 40 into
x + 40 = 80
x = 40 B(40, 40)
Point C is the intersection of
x + y = 80 and 0.05x + 0.08y = 4.5.
x + y = 80
0.05x + 0.08y = 4.5
5 100
5x + 5y = 400
5x + 8y = 450
: 3y = 50
y =
50
3

=
2
16
3

sub
2
16
3
into
x +
2
16
3
= 80
x =
2
63
3
C
1 2
63 , 16
3 3

Point D
D = (90, 0)
d Chicken Bites: $12 per 1 kg
= $0.012 per gram;
Fish bites: $16 per 1 kg
= $0.016 per gram.
Objective is to minimise cost, so
objective function of C (cost) is
given by:
C = 0.012x + 0.016y.
e At A(0, 120):
C = 0.012 0 + 0.016 120
= $1.92
At B(40, 40):
C = 0.012 40 + 0.016 40
= $1.12
At C
1 2
63 , 16
3 3

:
C = 0.012
1
63
3
+ 0.016
2
16
3

= $1.03
At D(90, 0):
C = 0.012 90 + 0.016 0
= $1.08
Cost is smallest at C
1 2
63 , 16
3 3

Minimum cost is obtained
when
1
63
3
g of Chicken Bites and

2
16
3
of Fish Bites per day are fed.
f Minimum daily cost is $1.03
g Fish Bites at $21 per 1.5 kg
= (21 1.5) = $14 per kg
= $0.014 per gram.
New objective function is:
C = 0.012x + 0.014y.
h At A(0, 120):
C = 0.012 0 + 0.014 120
= $1.68
At B(40, 40):
C = 0.012 40 + 0.014 40
= $1.04
At
1 2
C 63 , 16
3 3

:
C = 0.012
1
63
3
+ 0.014
2
16
3

= $0.99
At D(90, 0):
C = 0.012 90 + 0.014 0
= $1.08.
Minimum cost is still at

1 2
C 63 , 16
3 3

, so
1
63
3
g of
Chicken Bites and
2
16
3
g of Fish
Bites as before.
i Minimum daily cost is $0.99.
6 a For 20x + 25y = 200
x-intercept: 20x = 200 so x = 10
y-intercept: 25y = 200 so y = 8

b Inequality 4: y 2x
c i Refer to diagram.
ii From graph y = 5, x = 2.5
Maximum number of dogs that
could be washed is 2.
d P = 40x + 30y
e i From P = 40x + 30y
(0, 8) P = 40(0) + 30(8) = $240
(2, 4) P = 40(2) + 30(4) = $200
(2, 5) P = 40(2) + 30(5) = $230
(2, 6) P = 40(2) + 30(6) = $260
Maximum profit when 2 dogs
washed and 6 dogs clipped.
ii Maximum profit = $260
7 a x + y 24: Total number of driving
hours with either petrol or gas can
not exceed 24 hours.
b i and ii

c Yes, they comply with all
constraints since (10, 5) fits within
the feasible region.
d

From the above graph the
maximum number of hours using
gas is 18 and the minimum is
17, within the constraints.
A GM1 1 - 1 2 280 Co o r d i n a t e g e o me t r y
Exercise 12A Distance
between two points
1 AB
2
= 3
2
+ 4
2

= 9 + 16
= 25
AB = 25
= 5
CD
2
= 2
2
+ 6
2

= 4 + 36
= 40
CD = 40
= 2 10
6.32
EF
2
= 3
2
+ 3
2

= 9 + 9
= 18
EF = 18
= 3 2
4.24
GH
2
= 2
2
+ 4
2

= 4 + 16
= 20
GH = 20
= 2 5
4.47
IJ
2
= 5
2
+ 0
2

= 25
IJ = 25
= 5
KL
2
= 1
2
+ 5
2

= 1 + 25
= 26
KL = 26
5.10
MN
2
= 4
2
+ 4
2

= 16 + 16
= 32
MN = 32
= 4 2
5.66
OP
2
= 1
2
+ 3
2

= 1 + 9
= 10
OP = 10
3.16
2 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (6, 8)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
(6 2) (8 5) +
=
2 2
(4) (3) +
= 16 9 +
= 25
= 5
b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (4, 14)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
[14 ( 1)] (14 2) +
=
2 2
(5) (12) +
= 25 144 +
= 169
= 13
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (7, 5)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
[ 7 ( 1)] ( 5 3) +
=
2 2
( 6) ( 8) +
= 36 64 +
= 100
= 10
d Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (10, 4)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
(10 5) [4 ( 1)] +
=
2 2
(5) (5) +
= 25 25 +
= 50
= 7.07 correct to 2 decimal
places.
e Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (4, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 1)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
(1 4) [1 ( 5)] +
=
2 2
( 3) (6) +
= 9 36 +
= 45
places.
f Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (5, 13)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
5 3 ( ) [ ]
2
13 1 ( )
2
+

=
2 2
(8) (12) +
= 64 144 +
= 208
places.
g Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 0)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (8, 0)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
( 8 5) (0 0) +
=
2
( 13)
= 169
= 13
h Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 7)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 6)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
(1 1) ( 6 7) +
=
2 2
(0) ( 13) +
= 169
= 13
i Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (a, b)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (2a, b)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
(2 ) ( ) a a b b +
=
2 2
( 2 ) a b +
=
2 2
4 a b +
j Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (a, 2b)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (2a, b)
distance
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
[2 ( )] ( 2 ) a a b b +
=
2 2
(3 ) ( 3 ) a b +
=
2 2
9 9 a b +
=
2 2
9( ) a b +
=
2 2
3 a b +
3 AB =
2 2
( 2 0) [ 1 ( 3)] +
=
2 2
( 2) (2) +
= 4 4 +
= 8
= 2 2
BC =
2 2
[4 ( 2)] [3 ( 1)] +
=
2 2
(6) (4) +
= 36 16 +
= 52
= 2 13
AC =
2 2
(4 0) [3 ( 3)] +
=
2 2
(4) (6) +
= 16 36 +
= 52
= 2 13
Clearly BC AC. =
Thus ABC forms an isosceles
triangle.
Chapter 12 Coordinate geometry
Co o r d i n a t e g e o me t r y A GM1 1 - 1 2 281

4 PQ =
2 2
( 4 2) [ 1 ( 1)] +
=
2 2
( 6) (0) +
= 36
= 6
QR
=
2 2
1 1 ( 4) [3 3 1 ( 1)] d +
=
2 2
(3) (3 3) +
= 9 27 +
= 36
= 6
PR
=
2 2
( 1 2) [3 3 1 ( 1)] +
=
2 2
(3) (3 3) +
= 9 27 +
= 36
= 6
Since PQ = QR = PR, triangle
PQR is equilateral.
5 AB =
2 2
[5 ( 1)] (3 3) +
=
2 2
(6) (0) +
= 36
= 6
BC =
2 2
(1 5) (0 3) +
=
2 2
( 4) ( 3) +
= 16 9 +
= 25
= 5
CD =
2 2
( 5 1) (0 0) +
=
2 2
( 6) (0) +
= 36
= 6
AD =
2 2
[ 5 ( 1)] (0 3) +
=
2 2
( 4) ( 3) +
= 16 9 +
= 25
= 5
Since AB = DC and BC = AD,
quadrilateral ABCD is a
parallelogram.
6 DE =
2 2
(9 5) (3 6) +
=
2 2
(4) ( 3) +
= 16 9 +
= 25
= 5
EF =
2 2
(5 9) (3 3) +
=
2 2
( 4) (0) +
= 16
= 4
DF =
2 2
(5 5) (3 6) +
=
2 2
(0) ( 3) +
= 9
= 3
The sides DE, EF and DF form a
Pythagorean triad.
DEF forms a right-angled
triangle.
7 a AB =
2 2
( 1 1) (8 4) +
=
2 2
( 2) (4) +
= 4 16 +
= 20
4.47
BC =
2 2
[1 ( 1)] (9 8) +
=
2 2
(2) (1) +
= 4 1 +
= 5
2.24
CD =
2 2
(3 1) (5 9) +
=
2 2
(2) ( 4) +
= 4 16 +
= 20
4.47
AD =
2 2
(3 1) (5 4) +
=
2 2
(3 1) (5 4) +
=
2 2
(2) (1) +
= 4 1 +
2.24
b AC =
2 2
(1 1) (9 4) +
=
2 2
(0) (5) +
= 0 25 +
= 25
= 5
BD =
2 2
[3 ( 1)] (5 8) +
=
2 2
(4) ( 3) +
= 16 9 +
= 25
= 5
c AB = CD and BC = DA There
are 2 pairs of opposite sides equal
AC = BD The diagonals are
equal.
The shape is a rectangle.
8 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, b)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (5, 2)
distance =
2 2
( 5 3) (2 ) b +
=
2 2
( 8) (2 ) b +
=
2
64 (2 ) b +
But
2
64 (2 ) b + = 10
64 + (2 b)
2
= 100
(2 b)
2
= 100 64
(2 b)
2
= 36
2 b = 36
2 b = 6
b = 2 6
b = 2 + 6 or 2 6
b = 8 or 4
The answer is B.
9 Side length of rhombus is 5 units.
In a rhombus AB = BC = CD = DA
AB =
2 2
(6 1) (6 6) +
=
2 2
5 0 +
= 25
= 5
CD =
2 2
( 2) ( 2) x y + +
5 units to the right of (2, 2) is (3, 2).
OR Substitute all given points in the
multiple choice answers to see
which satisfies the equation.
2 2
( 2) ( 2) x y + + = 5
The answer is D.
10 a CD
=
2 2
( 2 7.6) [1 ( 6.2)] +
=
2 2
( 9.6) (7.2) +
= 92.16 51.84 +
= 144
= 12
b AD =
2 2
( 2 1) (1 5) +
=
2 2
( 3) ( 4) +
= 9 16 +
= 25
= 5
c AC =
2 2
(7.6 1) ( 6.2 5) +
=
2 2
(6.6) (11.2) +
= 43.56 125.44 +
= 169
= 13
d AB = CD

2 2
(10.6 1) ( 5) z + = 12
from part a above.

2 2
(9.6) ( 5) z + = 12

2
92.16 ( 5) z + = 12
92.16 + (z 5)
2
= 144
(z 5)
2
= 144 92.16
(z 5)
2
= 51.84
z 5 = 51.84
z 5 = 7.2
z = 7.2 + 5
z = 12.2 or 2.2
z = 2.2
in order to form a rectangle.
11 AB =
2 2
( ) ( ) m a a a +
=
2 2
( ) ( 2 ) m a a +
=
2 2
( ) 4 m a a +
AC =
2 2
( ) ( ) a a m a +
=
2 2
( 2 ) ( ) a m a +
=
2 2
4 ( ) a m a +
=
2 2
( ) 4 m a a +
BC =
2 2
( ) ( ) a m m a + +
=
2 2
( ) ( ) m a m a + + +
=
2
2( ) m a +
Since the triangle has 2 equal sides
(AB = AC), triangle ABC is an
isosceles triangle.
Exercise 12B Midpoint of a
line segment
1 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 1) and (x
2
, y
2
)
= (1, 8)
Midpoint =
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + +

=
5 1 1 8
,
2 2
+ +

=
6 7
,
2 2

=
1
3, 3
2

b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (4, 2) and (x
2
, y
2
)
= (11, 2)
Midpoint =
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + +

=
4 11 2 2
,
2 2
+ +

=
15 0
,
2 2

=
1
7 , 0
2

c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (0, 4) and (x
2
, y
2
)
= (2, 2)
Midpoint =
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + +

=
0 2 4 2
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 2
,
2 2

= (1, 1)
d Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3, 1)
Midpoint =
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + +

=
3 3 4 1
,
2 2
+ +

=
0 3
,
2 2

=
1
0, 1
2

e Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (a, 2b)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3a, b)
Midpoint =
3 2
,
2 2
a a b b + +

=
4
,
2 2
a b

= 2 ,
2
b
a

f Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (a + 3b, b)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (a b, a b)
Midpoint
=
3
,
2 2
a b a b b a b + + +

=
2 2
,
2 2
a b a +

= ,
2
a
a b

+

2 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (7, 4)
and (x, y) = (2, 3)
x =
1 2
2
x x +

2 =
2
7
2
x +

4 = 7 + x
2

x
2
= 3
y =
1 2
2
y y +

3 =
2
4
2
y +

6 = 4 + y
2
y
2
= 10
Coordinates of B are (3, 10)
3 a Midpoint of AB =
0 2 0 4
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 4
,
2 2

= (1, 2)
Midpoint of CD
=
6 4 2 2
,
2 2
+ +

=
10 0
,
2 2

= (5, 0)
Centre of square
=
1 5 2 0
,
2 2
+ +

=
6 2
,
2 2

= (3, 1)
OR Diagonals of a square bisect
each other and meet in the centre
of the square.
Midpoint of AC
=
6 0 2 0
,
2 2

= (3, 1)
b Side length
=
2 2
(2 0) (4 0) +
=
2 2
(2) (4) +
= 4 16 +
= 20
4.47
c Diagonal AC
=
2 2
(6 0) (2 0) +
=
2 2
(6) (2) +
= 36 4 +
= 40
6.32
4 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 1) and
(x
2
, y
2
) = (8, 3)
Midpoint =
2 8 1 3
,
2 2
+ +

=
6 2
,
2 2

= (3, 1)
The answer is D.
5 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 8)
and (x, y) = (1, 5)
x =
1 2
2
x x +

1 =
2
3
2
x +

2 = 3 + x
2

x
2
= 5
y =
1 2
2
y y +

5 =
2
8
2
y +

10 = 8 + y
2

y
2
= 2
Coordinates of A are (5, 2)
The answer is C.
6 a i Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (4, 3)
Coordinates of P
=
2 4 5 3
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 8
,
2 2

= (1, 4)
ii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 3)
Coordinates of Q
=
2 1 5 3
,
2 2
+ +

=
3 2
,
2 2

=
1
1 , 1
2

iii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (1.5, 1)
PQ
=
2 2
[1.5 ( 1)] (1 4) +
=
2 2
(2.5) ( 3) +
= 6.25 9 +
= 15.25
3.9 correct to 1 decimal
place.
iv Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (4, 3)
BC
=
2 2
( 4 1) [3 ( 3)] +
=
2 2
( 5) (6) +
= 25 36 +
= 61
7.8 correct to 1 decimal place.

b BC = 7.8 (from above)
= 2 3.9
= 2 PQ since PQ = 3.9
7 a i Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (6, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (4, 3)
Midpoint of AC
=
6 4 2 3
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 1
,
2 2

=
1
1,
2

ii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (4, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (2, 2)
Midpoint of BD
=
4 2 3 2
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 1
,
2 2

=
1
1,
2

The diagonals bisect each other.
b ABCD is a parallelogram.
8 a i Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 3.5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 0.5)
Midpoint P
=
5 1 3.5 0.5
,
2 2
+ +

=
4 4
,
2 2

= (2, 2)
ii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (6, 6)
PC =
2 2
[ 6 ( 2)] ( 6 2) +
=
2 2
( 4) ( 8) +
= 16 64 +
= 80
places.
iii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 3.5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (6, 6)
AC =
2 2
[ 6 ( 5)] ( 6 3.5) +
=
2 2
( 1) ( 9.5) +
= 1 90.25 +
= 91.25
places.
iv Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 0.5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (6, 6)
BC =
2 2
( 6 1) ( 6 0.5) +
=
2 2
( 7) ( 6.5) +
= 49 42.25 +
= 91.25
places.
b Since two sides of the triangle are
equal in length, it is an isosceles
triangle.
PC can represent the height of the
triangle.
9 A (2, 5) and B (2, 3)
Therefore Midpoint,
M =
2 2 5 3
,
2 2
+ +

M = (2, 4)
Gradient = 3
Using
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 4 = 3(x + 2)
y 4 = 3x 6
y = 3x 2
10 A (1, 3) and B (3, 5)
Therefore Midpoint,
M =
1 3 3 5
,
2 2
+ +

M = (1, 4)
Gradient =
2
3

Using
y y
1
= m (x x
1
)
y + 4 =
2
( 1)
3
x
3y + 12 = 2x 2
3y 2x + 14 = 0
Exercise 12C Dividing a line
segment internally in the
ratio a:b
1 a

x = 1 +
1
3
(4 1)
= 1 +
1
3
3
= 1 + 1
= 2
y = 7 +
1
3
(1 7)
= 7 +
1
3
6
= 7 2
= 5
Coordinates of P are (2, 5)
b

x = 1 +
2
3
(4 1)
= 1 +
2
3
3
= 1 + 2 = 3
y = 7 +
2
3
(1 7)
= 7 +
2
3
6
= 7 4
= 3
Coordinates of P are (3, 3).
c

x = 3 +
1
2
(5 3)
= 3 +
1
2
2
= 3 + 1
= 4
y = 3 +
1
2
(1 3)
= 3 +
1
2
4
= 3 2
= 1
d

x = 2 +
1
2
(6 2)
= 2 +
1
2
4
= 2 + 2
= 4
y = 13 +
1
2
(9 13)
= 13 +
1
2
4
= 13 2
= 11
2 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 5),
(x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 5) and a:b = 3:1
Coordinates
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b
+ +

+ +

=
3(1) 1( 3) 3( 5) 1(5)
,
3 1 3 1
+ +

+ +

=
3 3 15 5
,
4 4
+

=
0 10
,
4 4

=
1
0, 2
2

b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 5),
(x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 5) and a:b = 1:3.
Coordinates
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b
+ +

+ +

=
1(1) 3( 3) 1( 5) 3(5)
,
1 3 1 3
+ +

+ +

=
1 9 5 15
,
4 4
+

=
8 10
,
4 4

=
1
2, 2
2

c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 8),
(x
2
, y
2
) = (7, 3) and a:b = 2:3
Coordinates
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b
+ +

+ +

=
2(7) 3(2) 2(3) 3(8)
,
2 3 2 3
+ +

+ +

=
14 6 6 24
,
5 5
+ +

=
20 30
,
5 5

= (4, 6)
d Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 8),
(x
2
, y
2
) = (7, 3) and a:b = 3:2
Coordinates
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b
+ +

+ +

=
3(7) 2(2) 3(3) 2(8)
,
3 2 3 2
+ +

+ +

=
21 4 9 16
,
5 5
+ +

=
25 25
,
5 5

= (5, 5)
e Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 9),
(x
2
, y
2
) = (2, 5) and a:b = 5:3
Coordinates
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b
+ +

+ +

=
5( 2) 3(2) 5( 5) 3( 9)
,
5 3 5 3
+ +

+ +

=
10 6 25 27
,
8 8
+

=
4 52
,
8 8

=
1 1
, 6
2 2

f Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 9),
(x
2
, y
2
) = (2, 5) and a:b = 3:5
Coordinates
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b
+ +

+ +

=
3( 2) 5(2) 3( 5) 5( 9)
,
3 5 3 5
+ +

+ +

=
6 10 15 45
,
8 8
+

=
4 60
,
8 8

=
1 1
, 7
2 2

3 Let (x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 7) and (x, y) = (6, 1)
a:b = 2:5
a = 2, b = 5.
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

6 =
1
2(1) 5
2 5
x +
+

6 =
1
2 5
7
x +

42 = 2 + 5x
1

5x
1
= 40
x
1
= 8
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

1 =
1
2(7) 5
2 5
y +
+

1 =
1
14 5
7
y +

7 = 14 + 5y
1

5y
1
= 7
y
1
=
7
5

y
1
=
2
1
5

Coordinates of point A are
2
8, 1
5

4 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 5), (x
2
, y
2
) = (c, d)
and (x, y) = (5, 4)
a:b = 3:2
a = 3, b = 2.
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

5 =
3( ) 2(2)
3 2
c +
+

5 =
3 4
5
c +

25 = 3c + 4
3c = 21
c = 7
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

4 =
3( ) 2( 5)
3 2
d +
+

4 =
3 10
5
d

20 = 3d 10
3d = 30
d = 10
Thus c = 7, d = 10.
5 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (7, 3).
a:b = 1:4 a = 1, b = 4.
Coordinates of P
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b
+ +

+ +

=
1(7) 4( 3) 1( 3) 4(2)
,
1 4 1 4
+ +

+ +

=
7 12 3 8
,
5 5
+

=
5 5
,
5 5

= (1, 1)
The answer is B.
b Try a:b = 1:2
x = 7 +
1
3
(1 7)
= 7 +
1
3
(6)
= 7 2
= 5
Since x = 3, a:b = 1:2 is not
possible.
Try a:b = 1:1
x = 7 +
1
2
(1 7)
= 7 +
1
2
(6)
= 7 3
= 4
Since x = 3, a:b = 1:1 is not
possible.
Try a:b = 2:1
x = 7 +
2
3
(1 7)
= 7 +
2
3
( 6)
= 7 4
= 3

a:b = 2:1 is possible
Checking for y:
y = 4 +
2
3
(13 4)
= 4 +
2
3
(9)
= 4 + 6
= 10 as expected
The answer is C.
c To find P:
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (4, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (8, 5)
a:b = 1:2
a = 1, b = 2
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
1(8) 2( 4)
1 2
+
+

=
8 8
3

=
0
3

= 0
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

=
1(5) 2( 1)
1 2
+
+

=
5 2
3

=
3
3

= 1
To find Q:
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (4, 1) and
(x
2
, y
2
) = (8, 5)
a:b = 2:1 a = 2 and b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
2(8) 1( 4)
2 1
+
+

=
16 4
3

=
12
3

= 4
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

=
2(5) 1( 1)
2 1
+
+

=
10 1
3

=
9
3

= 3
Coordinates of Q are (4, 3)
The answer is D.
6 a i Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (6, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3, 6)
Coordinates of L
=
6 ( 3) 9 ( 6)
,
2 2
+ +

=
3 3
,
2 2

=
1 1
1 , 1
2 2

ii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 15)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3, 6)
Coordinates of M
=
3 ( 3) 15 ( 6)
,
2 2
+ +

=
0 9
,
2 2

=
1
0, 4
2

iii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 15)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (6, 9)
Coordinates of N
=
3 6 15 9
,
2 2
+ +

=
9 24
,
2 2

=
1
4 , 12
2

b i Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 15)
and (x
2
, y
2
) =
1 1
1 , 1
2 2

a:b = 2:1
a = 2, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
1
2 1 1(3)
2
2 1

+

+

=
3 3
3
+

=
6
3

= 2
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

=
1
2 1 1(15)
2
2 1

+

+

=
3 15
3
+

=
18
3

= 6
ii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (6, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) =
1
0, 4
2

a:b = 2:1
a = 2, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
2(0) 1(6)
2 1
+
+

=
0 6
3
+

=
6
3

= 2
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

=
1
2 4 1(9)
2
2 1

+

+

=
9 9
3
+

=
18
3

= 6
iii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) =
1
4 , 12
2

a:b = 2:1
a = 2, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
1
2 4 1( 3)
2
2 1

+

+

=
9 3
3

=
6
3

= 2
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

=
2(12) 1( 6)
2 1
+
+

=
24 6
3

=
18
3

= 6
c The medians of the triangle are
concurrent and divide themselves
in the ratio 2:1.
d

7 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3, 12)
Coordinates of U
=
3 3 9 12
,
2 2
+ +

=
0 21
,
2 2

=
1
0, 10
2

Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (6, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3, 12)
Coordinates of V
=
6 3 3 12
,
2 2
+ +

=
3 15
,
2 2

=
1 1
1 , 7
2 2

Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (6, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3, 9)
Coordinates of W
=
6 3 3 9
,
2 2
+

=
9 12
,
2 2

=
1
4 , 6
2

b

Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (6, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) =
1
0, 10
2

a:b = 2:1
a = 2, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
2(0) 1( 6)
2 1
+
+

=
0 6
3

=
6
3

= 2
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

=
1
2 10 1(3)
2
2 1

+

+

=
21 3
3
+

=
24
3

= 8
Coordinates of centroid G are
(2, 8).
c

PG:GU = 2:1
PG = 2 parts
PU = 2 + 1 = 3 parts
PG:PU = 2:3
Exercise 12D Dividing a line
segment externally in the ratio
a:b
1 a

x = 1 +
1
1
(4 1)
= 1 3
= 2
y = 7 +
1
1
(1 7)
= 7 1(6)
= 7 + 6
= 13
Coordinates of P are (2, 13).
b

x = 1 +
2
1
(4 1)
= 1 + 2(3)
= 1 + 6
= 7
y = 7 +
2
1
(1 7)
= 7 + 2(6)
= 7 12 = 5
c

x = 3 +
3
2
(1 3)
= 3 +
3
2
(4)
= 3 + 6
= 3
y = 5 +
3
2
(5 5)
= 5 +
3
2
(10)
= 5 15 = 10
d

x = 3 +
1
2
(1 3)
= 3
1
2
(4)
= 3 2
= 5
y = 5 +
1
2
(5 5)
= 5
1
2
(10)
= 5 + 5
= 10

2 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 8)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (7, 3)
a:b = 2:3
a = 2, b = 3
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
2(7) 3(2)
2 3

=
14 6
1

= 8
y =
2 1
ay by
a b

=
2(3) 3(8)
2 3

=
6 24
1

= 18
Required coordinates are (8, 18).
b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 8)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (7, 3)
a:b = 3:2
a = 3, b = 2
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
3(7) 2(2)
3 2

=
21 4
1

= 17
y =
2 1
ay by
a b

=
3(3) 2(8)
3 2

=
9 16
1

= 7
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (2, 5)
a:b = 5:3
a = 5, b = 3
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
5( 2) 3(2)
5 3

=
10 6
2

=
16
2

= 8
y =
2 1
ay by
a b

=
5( 5) 3( 9)
5 3

=
25 27
2
+

=
2
2

= 1
d Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (2, 5)
a:b = 3:5
a = 3, b = 5
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
3( 2) 5(2)
3 5

=
6 10
2

=
16
2

= 8
y =
2 1
ay by
a b

=
3( 5) 5( 9)
3 5

=
15 45
2
+

=
30
2

= 15
e Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3, 3)
a:b = 4:1
a = 4, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
4(3) 1(5)
4 1

=
12 5
3

=
7
3

=
1
2
3

y =
2 1
ay by
a b

=
4(3) 1( 1)
4 1

y =
12 1
3
+

=
13
3

=
1
4
3

Required coordinates are
1 1
2 , 4 .
3 3

f Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (3, 3)
a:b = 1:4
a = 1, b = 4
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
1(3) 4(5)
1 4

=
3 20
3

=
17
3

=
2
5
3

y =
2 1
ay by
a b

=
1(3) 4( 1)
1 4

=
3 4
3
+

=
7
3

=
1
2
3

Required coordinates are

2 1
5 , 2 .
3 3

3 Let (x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 7)
and (x, y) = (6, 1)
a:b = 2:5
a = 2, b = 5
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

6 =
1
2(1) 5
2 5
x

6 =
1
2 5
2 5
x

6 =
1
2 5
3
x

18 = 2 5x
1

5x
1
= 20
x
1
= 4
y =
2 1
ay by
a b

1 =
1
2(7) 5
2 5
y

1 =
1
14 5
3
y

3 = 14 5y
1

5y
1
= 17
y
1
=
17
5

y
1
=
2
3
5

Coordinates of A are
2
4, 3 .
5

4 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 5), (x
2
, y
2
) = (c, d)
and (x, y) = (5, 4)
a:b = 3:2
a = 3, b = 2
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

5 =
3 2(2)
3 2
c

5 =
3 4
1
c

5 = 3c 4
3c = 9
c = 3
y =
2 1
ay by
a b

4 =
3 2( 5)
3 2
d

4 = 3d + 10
3d = 6
d = 2
Thus c = 3, d = 2.
5 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (7, 3)
a:b = 4:1
a = 4, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
4(7) 1( 2)
4 1

=
28 2
3
+

=
30
3

= 10
y =
2 1
ay by
a b

=
4( 3) 1(3)
4 1

=
12 3
3

=
15
3

= 5
The answer is A.
6 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (7, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 13)
Try a:b = 1:2
a = 1, b = 2
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
1(1) 2(7)
1 2

=
1 14
1 2

=
13
1

= 13 5
Thus a:b = 1:2 is not possible.
Now, Try a:b = 2:1
a = 2, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b

=
2(1) 1(7)
2 1

=
2 7
1

= 5
Thus a:b = 2:1 is possible.
y =
2 1
ay by
a b

=
2(13) 1(4)
2 1

=
26 4
1

= 22
a:b = 2:1
The answer is B.
7 a

h
2
= 87
2
43.5
2

= 7569 1892.25
= 5676.75
h = 5676.75
= 75.344 cm.
Top hole divides height in the ratio
of 1:9 top hole (T) is located
1
10

of the length of the height from the
top of the sign
Top hole:
1
10
of height
=
1
10
75.344
= 7.5344
7.53 cm
Top hole should be drilled
7.53 cm from top of the sign.

Bottom hole divides height in the
ratio of 8:9 bottom hole (B) is
located
8
17
of the height from the
top of the sign.
Bottom hole:
8
17
of height
=
8
17
75.344
35.456
Bottom hole should be drilled
35.46 cm from the top of the sign.

b Top of sign is located
7
13
of the
length of the height from the
ground
Height of top of the sign
=
13
7
75.344
139.925 cm
Exercise 12E Parallel lines
1 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(4, 13)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(2, 9)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
9 13
2 4

=
4
2

= 2
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(0, 10)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(15, 0)
m
CD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
0 10
15 0

=
10
15

=
2
3

Since m
AB
m
CD
,
AB is not parallel to CD.
b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(8, 1)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
1 4
8 2

=
3
6

=
1
2

Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(6, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(2, 6)
m
CD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
6 2
2 6

=
4
8


=
1
2

Since m
AB
= m
CD
, AB CD. &
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(3, 10)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(1, 2)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
2 10
1 3

=
12
4

= 3
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(1, 10)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(8, 16)
m
CD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
16 10
8 1

=
6
7

Since m
AB
m
CD
, AB is not
parallel to CD.
d Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(4, 11)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
11 1
4 1

=
12
3

= 4
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(2, 10)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(1, 5)
m
CD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
5 10
1 2

=
15
3

= 5
Since m
AB
m
CD
, AB is not
parallel to CD.
e Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 0)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(2, 5)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
5 0
2 1

= 5
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(3, 15)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(7, 35)
m
CD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
35 15
7 3

=
20
4

= 5
Since m
AB
= m
CD
, AB CD &
f Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(5, 0)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
0 6
5 1

=
6
6

= 1
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(0, 0) and
(x
2
, y
2
) = D(5, 4)
m
CD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
4 0
5 0

=
4
5

Since m
AB
m
CD
, AB is not
parallel to CD.
2 a 2x + y + 1 = 0
y = 2x 1
m = 2
b y = 3x 1
m = 3
c 2y x = 3
2y = x + 3
y =
1
2
x +
3
2

m =
1
2

d y = 4x + 3
m = 4
e y =
2
x
1
m =
1
2

f 6x 2y = 0
2y = 6x
2y = 6x
y = 3x
m = 3
g 3y = x + 4
y =
1
3
x + 4
m =
1
3

h 2y = 5 x
y =
5
2

1
2
x
y =
1
2
x +
5
2

m =
1
2

Lines b and f are parallel as
m = 3 and lines c and e are
parallel as m =
1
.
2

3 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(0, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(5, 1)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
1 2
5 0

=
3
5

Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(5, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(5, 5)
m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
5 1
5 5

=
6
10

=
3
5

Since m
AB
= m
BC
and B is common,
points A, B and C lie on the same
straight line.
They are collinear.
4 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(4, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(6, 6)
m
AB
=
6 9
6 4

=
15
10

=
3
2

Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(6, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(0, 3)
m
BC
=
3 6
0 6

=
9
6

=
3
2

Since m
AB
= m
BC
and B is
common, the line which passes
through the points (4, 9) and
(0, 3) also passes through (6, 6).
5 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 0)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(4, 3)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
3 0
4 2

=
3
2

Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(2, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(0, 1)
m
CD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
1 4
0 2

=
3
2

Since m
AB
= m
CD
, AB CD &
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(4, 3) and
(x
2
, y
2
) = C(2, 4)
m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
4 3
2 4

=
1
2

=
1
2

Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 0)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(0, 1)
m
AD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
1 0
0 2

=
1
2

=
1
2

Since m
BC
= m
AD
, BC AD &
Now, AB CD & and BC AD, &
ABCD is a parallelogram since
opposite sides are parallel.
b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(0, 2)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
2 2
0 2

=
2
2

= 2
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(2, 3)
and D(0, 1)
m
CD
=
1 3
0 2

=
4
2

= 2
Since m
AB
= m
CD
, AB CD &
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(0, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(2, 3)
m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
3 2
2 0

=
1
2

=
1
2

Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(0, 1)
m
AD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
1 2
0 2

=
1
2

=
1
2

Since m
BC
= m
AD
, BC AD &
Now AB CD & and BC AD &
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2.5, 3.5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(10, 4)
m
AB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
4 3.5
10 2.5

=
7.5
7.5

= 1
Now let (x
1
, y
2
) = C(2.5, 2.5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(5, 5)
m
CD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
5 2.5
5 2.5

=
7.5
7.5

= 1
Since m
AB
= m
CD
, AB CD &
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(10, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(2.5, 2.5)
m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
2.5 4
2.5 10

=
1.5
7.5

= 0.2
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2.5, 3.5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(5, 5)
m
AD
=
5 3.5
5 2.5

=
1.5
7.5

= 0.2
Since m
BC
= m
AD
, BC AD &
Now AB CD & and BC AD &
6 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(0, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(5, 9)
m
AD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
9 6
5 0

=
15
5

= 3
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(2, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(0, 4)
m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
4 2
0 2

=
6
2

= 3
Since m
AD
= m
BC
, AD BC &
ABCD is a trapezium.
b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(26, 32)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(3, 3)
m
AD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
3 32
3 26

=
29
29

= 1
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(18, 16) and
(x
2
, y
2
) = C(1, 1)
m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
1 16
1 18

=
17
17

= 1
Since m
AD
= m
BC
, AD BC &
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 7)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(2, 3)
m
AD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
3 7
2 2

=
4
4

= 1
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(1, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(0.6, 2.6)
m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
2.6 1
0.6 1

=
1.6
1.6

= 1
Since m
AD
= m
BC
, AD BC &
7 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = P(0, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = Q(7, 8)
m
PQ
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
8 6
7 0

=
14
7

= 2
Try (4, 3)
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = P(0, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = A(4, 3)
m
PA
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
3 6
4 0

=
9
4

Try B(5, 4)
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = P(0, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(5, 4)
m
PB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
4 6
5 0


=
10
5

= 2
Since m
PQ
= m
PB
, and P is common
the line passes through the points
(0, 6), (7, 8) and (5, 4).
The answer is B.
8 4x + y + 5 = 0
y = 4x 5
Gradient m = 4
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = P(1, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = A(2, 9)
m
PA
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
9 5
2 1

=
4
3

Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = P(1, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(4, 2)
m
PB
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
2 5
4 1

=
3
5

Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = P(1, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(4, 0)
m
PC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
0 5
4 1

=
5
5

= 1
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = P(1, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(2, 3)
m
PD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
3 5
2 1

=
2
1

= 2
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = P(1, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = E(3, 11)
m
PE
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
11 5
3 1

=
16
4

= 4
Hence another point on the line is
(3, 11).
The answer is E.
9 a Using
y y
1
= m (x x
1
)
y 3 = 2(x + 1)
y 3 = 2x 2
y = 2x + 1
b Using
y y
1
= m (x x
1
)

Parallel gradient =
2
3

y + 3 =
2
( 4)
3
x
3y + 9 = 2x + 4
3y + 2x + 5 = 0
Exercise 12F Perpendicular
lines
1 y = 6x 3
m
1
= 6
x + 6y 6 = 0
6y = x + 6
y =
1
1
6
x +
m
2
=
1
6

m
1
m
2
= 6
1
6

= 1
The lines are perpendicular.
2 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(3, 8)
m
AB
=
8 6
3 1

=
2
2

= 1
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(4, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(3, 1)
m
CD
=
1 6
3 4

=
7
7

= 1
m
AB
m
CD
= 1 1
= 1
AB is perpendicular to CD.
b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 12)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(1, 9)
m
AB
=
9 12
1 2

=
21
3

= 7
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(0, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(7, 1)
m
CD
=
1 2
7 0

=
1
7

m
AB
m
CD
= 7
1
7

= 1
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(4, 18)
m
AB
=
18 3
4 1

=
15
3

= 5
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(5, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(5, 0)
m
CD
=
0 4
5 5

=
4
10

=
2
5

m
AB
m
CD
= 5
2
5

= 2
1
AB is not perpendicular to CD.
d Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(0, 0)
m
AB
=
0 5
0 1

=
5
1

= 5
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(5, 11)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(10, 8)
m
CD
=
8 11
10 5

=
3
15

=
1
5

m
AB
m
CD
= 5
1
5

= 1
e Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(4, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(2, 6)
m
AB
=
6 9
2 4

=
15
6

=
5
2

Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(5, 8)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(10, 14)
m
CD
=
14 8
10 5

=
6
15

=
2
5

m
AB
m
CD
=
5 5
2 2

= 1
f Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(4, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(8, 5)
m
AB
=
5 4
8 4

=
1
12

Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(6, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(3, 11)
m
CD
=
11 2
3 6

=
9
9

= 1
m
AB
m
CD
=
1
1
12

=
1
12

1
AB is not perpendicular to CD.
3 a x + 3y 5 = 0
3y = x + 5
y =
1
3
x + 5
m
1
=
1
3

b y = 4x 7
m
2
= 4
c y = x
m
3
= 1
d 2y = x + 1
y =
1 1
2 2
x +
m
4
=
1
2

e y = 3x + 2
m
5
= 3
f x + 4y 9 = 0
4y = x + 9
y =
1 9
4 4
x +
m
6
=
1
4

g 2x + y = 6
y = 6 2x
y = 2x + 6
m
7
= 2
h x + y = 0
y = x
m
8
= 1
Now m
1
m
5
=
1
3
3

= 1
Lines a and e are perpendicular
Now m
2
m
6
= 4
1
4

= 1
Lines b and f are
perpendicular.
Now m
3
m
8
= 1 1
= 1
Lines c and h are
perpendicular.
Now m
4
m
7
=
1
2
2
= 1
Lines d and g are
perpendicular.
4 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(2, 3)
m
AB
=
3 4
2 1

=
1
1

= 1
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(4, 7)
m
AC
=
7 4
4 1

=
3
3

= 1
m
AB
m
AC
= 1 1
= 1
AB is perpendicular to AC and A
is common to both lines.
ABC is right angled.
b Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(3, 13)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(1, 3)
m
AB
=
3 13
1 3

=
10
2

= 5
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(1, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(4, 4)
m
BC
=
4 3
4 1

=
1
5

m
AB
m
BC
= 5
1
5

= 1
AB is perpendicular to BC and B
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(0, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(3, 14)
m
AC
=
14 5
3 0

=
9
3

= 3
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(9, 12)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(3, 14)
m
BC
=
14 12
3 9

=
2
6

=
1
3

m
AC
m
BC
= 3
1
3

= 1
AC is perpendicular to BC and C
5 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(6, 1)
m
AB
=
1 5
6 2

=
4
4

= 1
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(3, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(1, 2)
m
CD
=
2 2
1 3

=
4
4

= 1
Since m
AB
= m
CD
AB CD &
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(1, 2)
m
AD
=
2 5
1 2

=
3
3

= 1
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(6, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(3, 2)
m
BC
=
2 1
3 6

=
3
3

= 1
Since m
AD
= m
BC
.
AD BC &
Now since AB CD & and AD BC, &
ABCD is a parallelogram.
Also
m
AB
m
BC
= 1 1
= 1
and
m
AD
m
CD
= 1 1
= 1
AB is perpendicular to BC.
AD is perpendicular to CD.
Thus ABCD is a rectangle.
6 Since point on x-axis (3, 0)
3y 6x = 12
3y = 6x + 12
y = 2x + 4
Therefore parallel gradient = 2
Thus perpendicular gradient =
1
2

y y
1
= m (x x
1
)
y 0 =
1
( 3)
2
x
y =
1 3
2 2
x +
7 a 2y 5x = 7
2y = 5x + 7
y =
5 7
2 2
x +
Therefore m
1
=
5
2

4y + 12 = mx
4y = mx 12
y = 3
4
m
x
Therefore m
2
=
4
m


For the two lines to be
perpendicular m
1
m
2
= 1
Thus

5
2 4
m
= 1

5
8
m
= 1
5m = 8
m =
8
5

b 5x 6y = 27
6y = 5x + 27
y =
5 27
6 6
x +
Therefore m
1
=
5
6

15 +mx = 3y
3y = mx 15
y = 5
3
m
x

Therefore m
2
=
3
m

For the two lines to be
perpendicular m
1
m
2
= 1
Thus

5
6 3
m
= 1

5
18
m
= 1
5m = 18
m =
18
5

8 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(3, 5)
m
AB
=
5 3
3 2

=
2
1

= 2
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = C(5, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(4, 4)
m
CD
=
4 6
4 5

=
2
1

= 2
Since m
AB
= m
CD,

AB CD &
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(4, 4)
m
AD
=
4 3
4 2

=
1
2

Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(3, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(5, 6)
m
BC
=
6 5
5 3

=
1
2

Since m
AD
= m
BC,

AD BC &
Now since AB CD & and AD BC, &
ABCD is a parallelogram.
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(5, 6)
Also,
m
AC
=
6 3
5 2

=
3
3

= 1
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(3, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(4, 4)
m
BD
=
4 5
4 3

=
1
1

= 1
and
m
AC
m
BD
= 1 1
= 1
AC is perpendicular to BD
Thus ABCD is a rhombus since the
diagonals are perpendicular.
9 3x 6y = 2
6y = 3x + 2
6y = 3x 2
y =
3 2
6 6
x

y =
1 1
2 3
x
m
1
=
1
2

m
2
=
1
1
m

=
1
1
2

= 2
The answer is E.
10 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(2, 8)
m
AB
=
8 9
2 2

=
1
4

Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(2, 8)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(1, z)
m
BC
=
8
1 2
z

=
8
1
z

= (z 8)
Now since ABBC
m
AB
m
BC
= 1

1
4
(z 8) = 1

1
4
(z 8) = 1
z 8 = 4
z = 4 + 8
z = 4
The answer is B.
Exercise 12G Applications
1 y = 2x 5
m = 2
y = 2x + c
Now (x, y) = (4, 1)
1 = 2(4) + c
1 = 8 + c
c = 9
y = 2x 9 is the required
equation.
2 m =
2
3

m
=
1
m

=
1
2
3

=
3
2

y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
Now (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 7)
y 7 =
3
2
(x 2)
y 7 =
3
2
(x + 2)
2y 14 = 3(x + 2)
2y 14 = 3x 6
3x + 2y 8 = 0 is the required
equation.
3 a y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
m = 3, (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 5)
y 5 = 3(x 1)
y 5 = 3x 3
y = 3x + 2 is the required
equation.
b y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
m = 4, (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 1)
y 1 = 4(x 2)
y 1 = 4x + 8
y = 4x + 9 is the required
equation.
c y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 1)
and (x
2
, y
1
) = (4, 2)
m =
2 1
4 2

=
3
2

y 1 =
3
2
(x 2)
y + 1 =
3
2
(x 2)
2y + 2 = 3(x 2)
2y + 2 = 3x 6
3x 2y 8 = 0 is the required
equation.
d Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (6, 5)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
m =
5 3
6 1

=
2
5

y 3 =
2
( 1)
5
x
y + 3 =
2
( 1)
5
x
5y + 15 = 2(x 1)
5y + 15 = 2x + 2
2x + 5y + 13 = 0 is the required
equation.
e x + 5y + 5 = 0
5y = x 5
y =
1
1
5
x
m =
1
5

y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 2)
y 2 =
1
( 5)
5
x
y + 2 =
1
( 5)
5
x
5y + 10 = 1(x 5)
5y + 10 = x + 5
x + 5y + 5 = 0 is the required
equation.
f x 3y 2 = 0
3y = x + 2
y =
1 2
3 3
x +
m =
1
3

y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 6)
y 6 =
1
3
(x 1)
3y 18 = 1(x 1)
3y 18 = x 1
x 3y + 17 = 0 is the required
equation.
g 3x + y + 2 = 0
y = 3x 2
m = 3
m
=
1
3

=
1
3

y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 5)
y 5 =
1
3
(x 1)
y + 5 =
1
3
(x + 1)
3y + 15 = x + 1
x 3y 14 = 0 is the required
equation.
4 a 2x y 3 = 0
y = 2x + 3
y = 2x 3
m = 2
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 1)
y 1 = 2(x 2)
y 1 = 2(x + 2)
y 1 = 2x + 4
2x y + 5 = 0 is the required
equation.
b y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
m
=
1
2

(x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 1)
y 1 =
1
2
(x 2)
y 1 =
1
2
(x + 2)
2y 2 = 1(x + 2)
2y 2 = x 2
x + 2y = 0 is the required
equation.
5 a 3x 5y = 0
5y = 3x
y =
3
5
x
m =
3
5

y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 1)
y 1 =
3
5
(x 1)
5y 5 = 3(x 1)
5y 5 = 3x 3
3x 5y + 2 = 0 is the required
equation.
b y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
m
=
1
3
5

=
5
3

(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 1)
y 1 =
5
3
(x 1)
3y 3 = 5(x 1)
3y 3 = 5x + 5
equation.
6 a (1, 8)
x = 1
b (5, 7)
y = 7
7 a (3, 4)
x = 3
The answer is B.
b y = 5
Look at the given points for
y = 5
(3, 5)
The answer is C.
c The only statement that is true is:
The x-coordinates of all points
on a vertical line are the same.
The answer is D.
d The statement given in B is false.
The two given points form a
horizontal line when joined.
The answer is B.
8 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(3, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(1, 4)
m =
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + +

=
3 1 6 4
,
2 2
+ +

=
4 10
,
2 2

= (2, 5)
b m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
4 6
1 3

=
2
2

= 1
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(9, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = M(2, 5)
m
AM
=
5 2
2 9

=
7
7

= 1
Since
m
AM
m
BC
= 1 1
= 1
AMBC.
Thus AM is the perpendicular
bisector of BC.
d Since AMBC, and M is the mid-
point of BC, then AB = AC.
Thus ABC is an isosceles
triangle.
9 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (5, 4)
Gradient: m =
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
4 2
5 1

=
6
6

= 1
Midpoint =
1 5 2 4
,
2 2
+ +

=
4 2
,
2 2

= (2, 1)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
m
=
1
1

= 1
(x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 1)
y 1 = 1(x 2)
y + 1 = 1(x + 2)
y + 1 = x 2
x + y + 3 = 0 or y = x 3 is
the required equation.
10 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 9)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (4, 0)
Gradient: m =
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
0 9
4 2

=
9
6


=
3
2

m
=
1
3
2

=
2
3

Midpoint =
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + +

=
2 4 9 0
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 9
,
2 2

=
9
1,
2

y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
m
=
2
3

(x
1
, y
1
) =
9
1,
2

y
9
2
=
2
3
(x 1)
3y
27
2
= 2(x 1)
3y
27
2
= 2x 2
6y 27 = 4x 4
equation.
11 a

m
BC
=
1 2
2 1

=
3
3

= 1
m
AD
= 1 since BC AD &
Let (x, y) = (4, 1)
y = x + c
1 = 4 + c
c = 5
y = x + 5 is the equation of AD
b m
AB
=
2 1
1 4

=
3
3

= 1
m
DC
= 1
Since AB||DC
(x, y) = (2, 1)
y = 1 x + c
1 = 2 + c
c = 3.
y = x + 3 is the equation of DC.
c y = x + 5 (1)
y = x + 3 (2)
(1) + (2) 2y = 8
y = 4
Substitute y = 4 into (1)
4 = x + 5
x = 1
x = 1
Coordinates of D are (1, 4).
12 a Let (x
1
, y
1
) = O(0, 0)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = A(1, 5)
OA =
2 2
(1 0) (5 0) +
=
2 2
(1) (5) +
= 1 25 +
= 26
5.10 km
b A(1, 5), C(12, 6)
Midpoint: M =
1 12 5 6
,
2 2
+ +

M =
13 11
,
12 2

M = (6.5, 5.5)
c B(8, 8) C(12, 6)
m
BC
=
6 8
12 8

=
2
4

=
1
2

Now BCCD
m
CD
=
1
1
2

= 2
Gradient of CD is 2.
d y = mx + c
m
CD
= 2
y = 2x + c
Now (x, y) = C(12, 6)
6 = 2(12) + c
6 = 24 + c
c = 18
y = 2x 18 is the required
equation.
e The point D(10, w) lies on the
line y = 2x 18
y = 2x 18
(x, y) = (10, w)
w = 2(10) 18
= 20 18
= 2
D(10, 2) is the exact position
of buoy D.
f 2 + 1 = 3
AE:ED = 2:1
a:b = 2:1
g Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(10, 2)
a:b = 2:1
a = 2, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
2(10) 1(1)
2 1
+
+

=
20 1
3
+

=
21
3

= 7
Now y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

=
2(2) 1(5)
2 1
+
+

=
4 5
3
+

=
9
3

= 3
Coordinates of the emergency
boat are (7, 3).
h Let (x
1
, y
1
) = H(0, 2)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (7, 3)
distance =
2 2
(7 0) (3 2) +
=
2 2
(7) (1) +
= 49 1 +
= 50
= 7.071 km.
13 a 2x 4y + 1 = 0
4y = 2x 1
4y = 2x + 1
y =
2 1
4 4
x
+
y =
1 1
2 4
x +
m =
1
2

(x
1
, y
1
) = (4, 3)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 3 =
1
2
(x 4)
2y 6 = x 4
x 2y + 2 = 0
The answer is A.
b m =
7 5
1 3

=
2
4

=
1
,
2

m
=
1
1
2

= 2
midpoint =
3 1 5 7
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 12
,
2 2

= (1, 6)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 6)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 6 = 2(x 1)
y 6 = 2(x + 1)
y 6 = 2x 2
2x + y 4 = 0
or y = 2x + 4
The answer is D.
c

Midpoint of BC,
M =
9 1 6 4
,
2 2
+ +

= (4, 5)
m
AM
=
5 8
4 1

=
3
3

= 1
(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 8)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 8 = 1(x 1)
y 8 = x + 1
x + y 9 = 0
Midpoint of AB, N =
1 9 8 6
,
2 2
+ +

= (5, 7)
m
CN
=
7 4
5 1

=
3
6

=
1
2

(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 4)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 4 =
1
2
(x 1)
y 4 =
1
2
(x + 1)
2y 8 = x + 1
x 2y + 9 = 0
Now
x + y 9 = 0 [1]
x 2y + 9 = 0 [2]
[1] [2], 3y 18 = 0
3y = 18
y = 6
Substitute y = 6 into [1]
x + 6 9 = 0
x 3 = 0
x = 3
Coordinates of centroid
are (3, 6).
The answer is C.
14 a

b Steepest part between 2 points
(0, 76) and (16, 65)
Gradient =
65 76
16 0

=
11
6

= 0.6875
0.69 m/km
c Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (0, 76)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (50, 59)
Gradient =
59 76
50 0

=
17
50

= 0.34
y-intercept = 76
y = 0.34x + 76, where 76 is the
height in metres above sea level,
and x is the distance in km from
Uzes.
d y = 0.34x + 76
x = 16
y = 0.34 16 + 76
y = 5.44 + 76
y = 70.56 m
70.56 65 = 5.56 m
Calculated height is 5.56 m
higher than the actual height.
e Check with teacher.
(eg. increase speed of water flow).
Chapter review
Short answer
1 Distance =
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
(7 1) ( 2 3) +
=
2 2
(6) ( 5) +
= 36 25 +
= 61
2 AC =
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
( 1 3) (3 1) +
=
2 2
( 4) (2) +
= 16 4 +
= 20
BC =
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
( 1 3) (3 7) +
=
2 2
(2) ( 4) +
= 4 16 +
= 20
AB =
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
( 3 3) (7 1) +
=
2 2
( 6) (6) +
= 36 36 +
= 72
Since two sides are equal
(AC = BC), triangle ABC is an
isosceles triangle.
3 m
AB
=
3 1
2 1

=
2
1

= 2
m
BC
=
0 3
8 2

=
3
6

=
1
2

m
AB
.m
BC
= 2
1
2

= 1
AB is perpendicular to BC.
ABC is a right-angled triangle.
4 Let (x
2
, y
2
) = (12, 10)
and (x, y) = (6, 4)
x =
1 2
2
x x +

6 =
1
12
2
x +

12 = x
1
+12
x
1
= 0
y =
1 2
2
y y +

4 =
1
10
2
y +

8 = y
1
+ 10
y
1
= 18
Coordinates of A are (0, 18)
5 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 6)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(2, 4)
a:b = 3:1
a = 3, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
3(2) 1( 2)
3 1
+
+

=
6 2
4

=
4
4

= 1
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+


=
3( 4) 1(6)
3 1
+
+

=
12 6
4
+

=
6
4

=
3
2

The coordinates are
3
1,
2

6 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 8)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (5, 2)
a:b = 1:2
a = 1, b = 2.
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+

=
1(5) 2(2)
1 2

=
5 4
1

=
1
1

= 1
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+

=
1(2) 2(8)
1 2

=
2 16
1

=
14
1

= 14
The coordinates are (1, 14).
7 m
AB
=
2 1
5 3

=
1
2

m
BC
=
5 2
11 5

=
3
6

=
1
2

Since m
AB
= m
BC
and point B is
common, points A, B and C are
collinear.
8 y = 2x 4
Gradient m
1
= 2
x + 2y 10 = 0
2y = x + 10
y =
1
2
x + 5
Gradient m
2
=
1
2

m
1
.m
2
= 2
1
2

= 1
The lines are perpendicular.
9 x + 2y 1 = 0
2y = x + 1
y =
1 1
2 2
x +
m =
1
2

(x
1
, y
1
) = (6, 2)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 2 =
1
2
(x 6)
y + 2 =
1
2
(x 6)
2y + 4 = 1(x 6)
2y + 4 = x + 6
x + 2y 2 = 0 is the required
equation.
10 3x 2y + 6 = 0
2y = 3x 6
2y = 3x + 6
y =
3
3
2
x +
Gradient: m =
3
2

m
=
1
3
2

=
2
3

y-intercept = 3
(x
1
, y
1
) = (0, 3)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 3 =
2
3
(x 0)
3y 9 = 2x
equation.
11 Gradient: m =
11 7
4 2

=
4
6

=
2
3

m
=
1
2
3

=
3
2

midpoint =
2 4 7 11
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 18
,
2 2

= (1, 9)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 9)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 9 =
3
2
(x 1)
2y 18 = 3(x 1)
2y 18 = 3x + 3
equation.
12 y = 3x 1 [1]
y = 2x + 5 [2]
3x 1 = 2x + 5
3x 2x = 5 + 1
x = 6
Substitute x = 6 in [1]
y = 3(6) 1
= 18 1
= 17
Coordinates of the point of
intersection are (6, 17).
Now let (x
1
, y
1
) = (2, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = (6, 17)
m =
17 5
6 2

=
12
8

=
3
2

Now y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 5 =
3
2
(x 2)
y 5 =
3
2
(x + 2)
2y 10 = 3(x + 2)
2y 10 = 3x + 6
equation.
13 a i A(0, 4), D(5, 0)
m
AD
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
0 4
5 0

=
4
5

ii A(0, 4), B(4, 9)
m
AB
=
9 4
4 0

=
5
4

iii Since BC AD &
m
BC
= m
AD
=
4
5

y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (4, 9)
y 9 =
4
5
(x 4)
5y 45 = 4(x 4)
5y 45 = 4x + 16
4x + 5y 61 = 0 is the
required equation.
iv Since DC AB &
m
DC
= m
AB

=
5
4

y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
(x
1
, y
1
) = (5, 0)
y 0 =
5
4
(x 5)
4y = 5(x 5)
4y = 5x 25
5x 4y 25 = 0 is the
required equation.
v 4x + 5y 61 = 0 [1]
5x 4y 25 = 0 [2]
[1] 4: 16x + 20y 244 = 0 [3]
[2] 5: 25x 20y 125 = 0 [4]
[3] + [4]: 41x 369 = 0
41x = 369
x =
369
41

= 9
Substitute x = 9 into [1],
4(9) + 5y 61 = 0
36 + 5y 61 = 0
5y 25 = 0
5y = 25
y = 5
Coordinates of C are (9, 5).
b AB =
2 2
(4 0) (9 4) +
=
2 2
(4) (5) +
= 16 25 +
= 41
AD =
2 2
(5 0) (0 4) +
=
2 2
(5) ( 4) +
= 25 16 +
= 41
AB = AD
m
AB
m
AD
=
5 4
4 5

= 1
ABAD
Now AB = AD and ABAD,
ABCD is a square.
14 a i Let (x
1
, y
1
) = B(2, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(8, 2)
m
BC
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
2 3
8 2

=
1
10

ii midpoint of AB:
P =
1 2 5 2
,
2 2
+ +

=
1 2
,
2 2

P =
1
, 1
2

iii midpoint of AC:
Q =
1 8 5 2
,
2 2
+ +

=
9 3
,
2 2

Q =
1 1
4 , 1
2 2

b i Let (x
1
, y
1
) =
1
P , 1
2

and (x
2
, y
2
) =
1 1
Q 4 , 1
2 2

m
PQ
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
1
1 1
2
1 1
4
2 2

=
1
2
5

=
1
10

Since m
PQ
= m
BC

PQ BC &
ii PQ
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
1 1 1
4 1 1
2 2 2

+

=
2
2
1
(5)
2

+

=
1
25
4
+
=
1
25
4

BC
=
2 2
(8 2) ( 2 3) +
=
2 2
(10) (1) +
= 100 1 +
= 101
Now if PQ =
1
BC
2

PQ
2
=
2
1
BC
2

=
1
4
101
=
1
25
4

PQ =
1
25
4
as shown above
PQ =
1
BC
2

15 a i Midpoint of BC:
M =
3 5 6 2
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 4
,
2 2

M = (1, 2)
ii Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(a, b),
(x
2
, y
2
) = M(1, 2) and
(x, y) = G(2, 1)
a:b = 2:1 since centroid divides
median in the ratio 2:1
a = 2, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

2 =
2(1) 1( )
2 1
a +
+

2 =
2
3
a +

6 = 2 + a
a = 8
Now y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

1 =
2(2) 1( )
2 1
b +
+

1 =
4
3
b +

3 = 4 + b
b = 7
(a, b) = (8, 7)
Coordinates of A are
(8, 7)
iii m
BC
=
2 6
5 3

=
8
8

= 1
iv Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(8, 7)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = M(1, 2)
m
AM
=
2 1
2 1
y y
x x

=
2 7
1 8

=
9
9

= 1
v Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(8, 7)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(3, 6)
AB
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
( 3 8) (6 7) +
=
2 2
(5) (13) +
= 25 169 +
= 194
= 13.928
vi Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(8, 7)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = C(5, 2)
AC
=
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
(5 8) ( 2 7) +
=
2 2
(13) (5) +
= 169 25 +
= 194
= 13.928
b Since AB = AC, triangle ABC is
an isosceles triangle.
Multiple choice
1 Distance =
2 2
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) x x y y +
=
2 2
(6 1) ( 7 5) +
=
2 2
(5) ( 12) +
= 25 144 +
= 169
= 13
The answer is C.

2 Midpoint =
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + +

=
4 2 3 7
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 10
,
2 2

= (1, 5)
The answer is A.
3
3
2
x +
= 6
3 + x = 12
x = 9

7
2
y +
= 2
7 + y = 4
y = 3
(x, y) = (9, 3)
The answer is C.
4 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(4, 1)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(2, 5)
a:b = 1:2
a = 1, b = 2
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
1(2) 2( 4)
1 2
+
+

=
2 8
3

=
6
3

= 2
y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

=
1( 5) 2(1)
1 2
+
+

=
5 2
3
+

=
3
3

= 1
Coordinates of C are (2, 1).
The answer is B.
5 Coordinates of M
=
4 6 1 3
,
2 2
+ +

=
2 4
,
2 2

= (1, 2)
The answer is C.
6 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 5)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = M(1, 2)
a:b = 2:1 since centroid divides
medians in the ratio 2:1.
a = 2 b = 1
Coordinates of centroid
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b
+ +

+ +

=
2( 1) 1(1) 2( 2) 1(5)
,
2 1 2 1
+ +

+ +

=
2 1 4 5
,
3 3
+ +

=
1 1
,
3 3

The answer is D.
7 m
AM
=
2 5
1 1

=
7
2

=
7
2
or
1
3
2

The answer is A.
8 m
AM
=
7
2

(x
1
, y
1
) = A(1, 5)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 5 =
7
2
(x 1)
2y 10 = 7(x 1)
2y 10 = 7x 7
7x 2y + 3 = 0 is the equation of
AM
The answer is B.
9 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(2, 3)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(7, 6)
a:b = 2:3
a = 2, b = 3
Coordinates of D
=
2 1 2 1
,
ax bx ay by
a b a b

=
2(7) 3(2) 2(6) 3(3)
,
2 3 2 3

=
14 6 12 9
,
1 1

=
8 3
,
1 1

= (8, 3)
The answer is A.
10 m =
8 7
5 2

=
15
3

= 5
The answer is A.
11 Using points (6, 11) and (2, 1),
find the gradient.
m =
1 11
2 6

=
12
8

=
3
2

Now using points (2, 1) and (x, 4)
m =
4 1
2 x

=
3
2 x

3
2 x
=
3
2

3(x 2) = 3 2
3x 6 = 6
3x = 12
x = 4.
answer is A.
12 3x 4y + 7 = 0
4y = 3x 7
4y = 3x + 7
y =
3 7
4 4
x +
m =
3
4

m
=
1
3
4

=
4
3

answer is C.
13 2x + y 1 = 0
y = 2x + 1
m = 2
m
=
1
2

=
1
2

(x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 4)
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 4 =
1
2
(x 1)
2y 8 = x 1
x 2y + 7 = 0 is the required
equation.
The answer is C.
14 Radius of circle =
1
2
length of
diagonal AC.
AC =
2 2
( 5 1) ( 4 4) +
=
2 2
( 6) ( 8) +
= 36 64 +
= 100
= 10
Radius =
10
2

= 5 units
The answer is D.
15 Centre of circle = midpoint of
diagonal AC.
Centre =
1 5 4 4
,
2 2
+ +

=
4 0
,
2 2

= (2, 0)
The answer is B.
16 Diagonal BD is perpendicular to
diagonal AC.
Gradient: m
AC
=
4 4
5 1

=
8
6

=
4
3

m
BD
=
1
4
3

=
3
4

answer is B.
17 Let (x
1
, y
1
) = D(a, b)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = B(2, 3).
Using centre (2, 0)
x =
1 2
2
x x +

2 =
2
2
a +

4 = a + 2
a = 6
Now y =
1 2
2
y y +

0 =
3
2
b +

0 = b 3
b = 3
(a, b) = (6, 3)
The answer is E.
Extended response
1 a m
AC
=
2 9
1 4

=
7
3

=
7
3

(x, y) = (1, 2)
y =
7
3
x + c
2 =
7
3
1 + c
6 = 7 + c
c = 1
y =
7
3
x 1
3y = 7x 1 or 7x 3y 1 = 0
b AC is perpendicular to BD
m
BD
=
AC
1
m

m
BD
=
1
7
3

m
BD
=
3
7

(x, y) = (7, 4)
y =
3
7
x + c
4 =
3
7
7 + c
4 = 3 + c
c = 7
y =
3
7
x + 7
7y = 3x + 49
3x + 7y 49 = 0 is the equation
of BD.
c 3x + 7y 49 = 0
(x, y) = D(a, 10)
3a + 7(10) 49 = 0
3a + 70 49 = 0
3a + 21 = 0
3a = 21
a = 7
2

Midpoint of BC:
D =
2 6 5 9
,
2 2
+ +

D =
4 14
,
2 2

D = (2, 7).
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = A(5, 4)
and (x
2
, y
2
) = D(2, 7)
a:b = 2:1
a = 2, b = 1
x =
2 1
ax bx
a b
+
+

=
2(2) 1(5)
2 1
+
+

=
4 5
3
+

=
9
3

= 3
Now y =
2 1
ay by
a b
+
+

y =
2(7) 1(4)
2 1
+
+

=
14 4
3
+

=
18
3

= 6
Coordinates of centroid G are
(3, 6).
3 a d
OA
=
2 2
(5 0) ( 8 0) +
= 25 64 +
= 89
= 9.43 km
b C(8, 8 + 15)
C(8, 7)
c Divide distance in the ratio 2:1

2 8 1 5 2 7 1 8
B ,
3 3
+ +

B(7, 2)
d d
AC
=
2 2
(8 5) (7 8) +
= 9 225 +
= 234
= 15.30 km
e
2 2
( 7) (0 2) m +
=
2
( 7) 4 m +
f
2 2
2 2
(8 7) (7 2)
( 8) (0 7) m
+ +
+

=
2
26 ( 8) 49 m + +
= 5.10 +
2
( 8) 49 m +
g 5.10 +
2
( 8) 49 m +
=
2
( 7) 4 m + + 5.10

2
( 8) 49 m + =
2
( 7) 4 m +
(m 8)
2
+ 49 = (m 7)
2
+ 4
m
2
16m + 64 + 49
= m
2
14m + 49 + 4
2m = 60
m = 30 km.
Coordinates D(30, 0).
h d
CD
=
2 2
(30 8) (0 7) +
= 23.09 km
Total distance = 9.43 + 15.3
+ 23.09 + 30
= 77.82 km.
4 a x = 7
b B(7, 50) C(4, 90)
c d
BC
=
2 2
( 4 7) (90 50) +
= 9 1600 +
= 1609
= 40.1 metres
d Divide BC internally in ratio 9:1

9 4 1 7 9 90 1 50
T ,
9 1 9 1
+ +

+ +

T(4.3, 86)
Hence height at T is 86 metres.
5 a Gradient SA =
4
24
5
30 1

=
4
5
= 0.8
Gradient SB =
57
24
40
1
30
2

= 0.77
Gradient SO =
24
30

=
4
5
= 0.8
Since gradient SA = gradient SO
then the points S, A,
O are collinear. Player Y will
displace guard ball A.
b Gradient of () path travelled =
5
4

Equation of path is

4
5
y =
5
4
(x 1)

4
5
y =
5 5
4 4
x +

y =
5 41
4 20
x +
or 25x 20y + 41= 0
c Gradient AB =
57 4
40 5
1
1
2

=
5
4

Since gradient of path AB is the
same as the gradient of the known
path of travel from common point A,
the direction of travel is toward B.
d d
AB
=
2 2
1 57 4
1
2 40 5

+

= 0.8 metres.
Yes, guard ball A will collide with
guard ball B as it will not be
deviated from its linear path under
1 metre of travel.
Exam practice 3
Short answer
1 ( 3, 3)
x = r cos()
x =
4
2 3cos
3

x =
1
2 3
2

x = 3
y = r sin()
y =
4
2 3sin
3

y =
3
2 3
2

y = 3
2 By induction:
Let P(n) = n(n + 1)
Show P(1) is true: 1 (1 + 1) = 2
Yes it P(1) is divisible by 2
Assume P(k) is true:
P(k) = k(k + 1)
Then P(k + 1) = (k + 1) (k + 1) + 1)
= (k + 1)(k + 2)
= k(k + 1) + 2(k + 1)
2(k + 1) is divisible by 2 because it is
even.
Therefore P(k + 1) is true.
Hence, n(n + 1) is divisible by 2.
3 a (x
2
2x + 1) = (x 1)
2

a = 1 b = 1
b 3x + 4 = A(x 1) + B(x 1)(x 2)
+ C(x 2)
x = 1
3(1) + 4 = C(1 2)
7 = C
C = 7
c x = 2
3(2) + 4 = A(2 1)
A = 7
x = 0
3(0) + 4
= 7(1) + B(1)(2) + 7(2)
4 = 7 + 2B
3 = 2B
B =
3
2

Multiple choice
1 x
2
6x + 9 + y
2
+ 2y + 1 = 10
x
2
6x + y
2
+ 2y = 0
x = r cos() and y = r sin()
r
2
cos
2
() 6r cos() + r
2
sin
2
()
+ 2r sin() = 0
r
2
(cos
2
() + sin
2
())
+ 2r (sin() 3 cos()) = 0
divide by r and since cos
2
() + sin
2
() = 1
r + 2 (sin() 3 cos()) = 0
r = 2 (sin() 3 cos())
r = 2 (3 cos() sin())
B.
2 a:b 1:3
m =
11 3
5 1

m = 2
m
p
=
1
2

5 1 3 1 11 1 3 3
point ,
1 3 1 3
+ +

+ +

(2, 5)
y y1 = m (x x1)
y 5 =
1
( 2)
2
x

2y 10 = x + 2
2y + x = 12
C.
3 x = r cos()
x =
5
4cos
6

x =
3
4
2

x = 2 3
y = r sin()
y =
5
4sin
6

y =
1
4
2

y = 2
2 3 2i
E.
4 p r q implies p or r and q
D.
5 Substituting (3, 4) into different
options for a is one method.
A.
6 Solving y = 3x + 4 and
(y + 2)
2
3(x + 1) = 0
for x and y
gives x =
( 37 13)
6

y =
37 5
2

and x =
37 13
6
+

and y =
( 37 5)
2
+

Note: (2a, 4b) therefore
Divide denominators by 2 and 4
respectively for correct answer.
B.
Extended response
1 a 8x
2
y
2
= 16

2 2

2 16
x y
= 1
a = 2 b = 4
b
2
= a
2
(e
2
1)
16 = 2(e
2
1)
e = 9
e = 3
b

Asymptotes
y =
4
2
x
Foci
(3 2, 0)
c If the line y
l
intersects the
hyperbola then it must have a
gradient that is less than the
gradient of the asymptote line.
The asymptote lines gradient is

b
a
=
4
2

It needs to have a gradient of
greater than 0 because it has a
positive slope.
d Distance
2 5 =
2 2
( 0) ( 0) x y +
Assume point lies on the line
segment y
1
(2, 4)

2 2
2 4
20
RHS
2 5
LHS
+
=
=
=
=

Therefore, (2, 4) must be a point on
the line if the distance is the same
from (0, 0)
e y
2
is found by reflecting y
l
in x-
axis. y
l
= 2x therefore
y
2
= 2x
2 a There are at least twice as many
maximum protection sails made
than light protection.
b

c (70, 140)
(60, 120) (60, 190)
d S = 12.75l + 21.50 m
e S = 12.75 60 + 21.50 190
= $4850.00
f No they could not deliver this order because the
point (90, 135) is outside the feasible region.
V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 303
Exercise 13A Introduction to vectors
1 a From A to B we travel +2 units in the positive
x-direction and +2 units in the positive y-direction.
AB
= (2, 2)
b From A to C we travel +1 unit in the positive
x-direction and 2 units in the positive y-direction.
AC
= (1, 2)
c From A to F we travel 4 units in the positive
AF
= (4, 3)
d From B to C we travel 1 unit in the positive
BC
= (1, 4)
e From B to D we travel 6 units in the positive
BD
= (6, 2)
f From C to D we travel 5 units in the positive
CD
= (5, 2)
g From C to A we travel 1 unit in positive x-direction and
+2 units in positive y-direction.
CA
= (1, 2)
h From E to D we travel +1 unit in the positive
ED
= (1, 2)
i From E to F we travel 1 unit in the positive x-direction
and 1 unit in the positive y-direction.
EF
= (1, 1)
j From F to E we travel 1 unit in the positive
x-direction and +1 unit in the positive y-direction.
FE
= (1, 1)
2 a (2, 5) + (3, 2) = (5, 7)
b (2, 5) + (3, 5) = (1, 0)
c (2, 5) + (0, 4) = (2, 1)
d (2, 5) + (2, 5) = (4, 10)
e (2, 5) + (2, 5) = (0, 0)
f (2, 5) + (6, 3) = (8, 2)
3 a
: from tail to head we move +1 unit in the positive

x-direction and +1 unit in the positive y-direction.
a
= (1, 1)
b
: from tail to head we move +3 units in the positive

y-direction. (Theres no move in the x-direction.)
b
= (0, 3)
c
: from tail to head we move 1 unit in the positive

c
= (1, 2)
d
: from tail to head we move 1 unit in the positive

d
= (1, 2)
e
: from tail to head we move 1 unit in both positive

x- and positive y-directions.
e
= (1, 1)
f
: from tail to head we move +2 units in the positive

f
= (2, 4)
g
: from tail to head we move +1 unit in the positive

x-direction. Theres no move in y-direction.
g
= (1, 0)
h
: from tail to head we move +1 unit in both positive

x- and positive y-directions.
h
= (1, 1)
4

5 Vectors a
and h
are of equal length, parallel and point in

the same direction. a
= h
. Likewise c
and d
are equal in
length, parallel and point in the same direction.
c
= d

6 a Since the starting point is not specified, start from the
origin; move +2 units in the positive x-direction and +3
units in the positive y-direction and mark the resulting
point.

b Start from the origin and move +5 units in the positive
y-direction.

c Start from the origin and move 3 units in the positive

d Start at (4, 4). After moving (2, 8), we will end up at:
(4, 4) + (2, 8) = (6, 4)

Chapter 13 Vectors
A GM1 1 - 1 3 304 V e c t o r s
e If we start from (3, 6) and move (2, 5), we will end up
at: (3, 6) + (2, 5) = (1, 1).

f From (2, 5) move (0, 3) will result in the position
(2, 5) + (0, 3) = (2, 8).

g Start from origin and move +4 units in the positive
x-direction and 2 units in positive y-direction.
Next, start from (4, 2) and move by (3, 5).
End point is: (4, 2) + (3, 5) = (7, 3).

7 The displacement from (2, 1) to (3, 3) can be obtained as
follows: (3, 3) (2, 1) = (5, 4)
The answer is B.
8 Start at point A and draw a line vertically up (North).
Draw a line BC (must be longer than AB) and write the
distance travelled.
The starting point is A and the finishing point is C, so the
displacement of the finishing point from starting point is
given by AC
.

9 Start at point S (start) draw a horizontal line (due East).
From the endpoint of the horizontal line, draw vertical
line down (due South), longer than the first line and
mark the distance travelled (30 km).

10 Assuming the river is horizontal, draw a vertical line
to show 11.5 km/h, since the boat goes straight across
the river; show 3.5 km/h as a horizontal line, directed
to the right.

11 Draw a horizontal line to represent the ground.
Draw a short line, so that the angle of elevation is 25;
mark the distance travelled.
From the endpoint of the first vector draw longer
horizontal line and mark distance travelled (300 km).
To show displacement, join the tail of the first vector
with the head of the second vector. (It must point to the
finishing point.)

Exercise 13B Operations on vectors
1 a Vector 3a
is parallel to and points the same way as

vector a
, but is 3 times as long.

b Vector 2b
is parallel to and points the same way as

vector b
, but is twice as long.

c Vector c
is the same as c
, but in the opposite direction.

d Place a
and b
so that head of a
is joined with tail of b
.
a
+ b
is given by the vector, drawn from tail of a
to
head of b
.

e Draw a
and c
so that the head of a
is joined with the

tail of. Vector a
+ c
is shown by the vector drawn from

the tail of a
to the head of c
.

f Draw b
and c
so that head of b
is joined with tail of c
.
b
+ c
is shown by the vector drawn from tail of b
to
the head of c
.

g Draw a
and 2 b
(as in part b) so that head of a
is
joined with the tail of 2 b
. a
+ 2b
is given by the vector,

drawn from the tail of a
to the head of 2b
.

V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 305
h Draw a vector, (2a
) which has the same direction, but

twice as long as a
. Taking the head of 2a
as a starting
point, draw the vector 3a
, which has the same direction,

but 3 times as long as c
. 2a
+ 3c
is shown by the vector,

drawn from the tail of 2 a
to the head of 3c
.

i Reverse the arrow on c
to obtain c
and join its tail to

the head of a
. a
is shown by the vector, drawn from

the tail of a
to the head of c
.

j Reverse the arrow on c
to obtain c
and join its tail to

the head of b
. b
is shown by the vector drawn from

the tail of b
to the head of c
.

k Redraw a
+ b
(as in part d) and join its head with the

tail of c
. a
+ b
+ c
is shown by vector, drawn from the

tail of a
to the head of c
.

l First reverse the arrow on b
to obtain b
and join its

tail to the head of a
. Then reverse the arrow on c
to
obtain c
and join its tail to the head of b
. Draw the
vector from the tail of a
to the head of c
to show
a
.

2 Let u
= (a
1
, b
1
) and v
= (a
2
, b
2
). We need
u
+ v
= (0, 0)
(a
1
, b
1
) + (a
2
, b
2
) = (0, 0)
a
1
+ a
2
= 0 and b
1
+ b
2
= 0
a
1
= a
2
and b
1
= b
2

Replace a
1
with a
2
and b
1
with b
2
:
u
= (a
1
, b
1
) = (a
2
, b
2
)
So we have u
= (a
2
, b
2
) and v
= (a
2
, b
2
) which means
vectors u
and v
must have same magnitude, but opposite

direction.
For example,

(or any two vectors equal in length but opposite in
direction.)
3 a On the set of axes mark the final point (3, 5). Draw two
vectors u
and v
so that u
starts at the origin and v
has
its tail joined to the head of u
and its head is at (3, 5).

For instance:

or

b On the set of axes mark (3, 2). Draw two vectors u
and
v
so that u
starts at the origin and v
has its tail joined

with the head of u
and its head is at (3, 2).

or any similar result.
4 m
= (2, 3); n
= (4, 0);
p
= (1, 5)
a m
+ n
= (2, 3) + (4, 0)
= (2, 3)
b m
+ n
+ p
= (2, 3) + (4, 0) + (1, 5)

= (1, 8)
c n
= (4, 0) (1, 5)
= (5, 5)
d m
= (2, 3) (4, 0) (1, 5)

= (5, 2)
5 m
= (2, 3); n
= (4, 0);
p
= (1, 5)
a 3 n
= 3(4, 0) (1, 5)
= (12, 0) (1, 5)
= (13, 5)
b 2m
+ n

= 2(2, 3) + (4, 0) (1, 5)
= (4, 6) + (4, 0) (1, 5)
= (1, 1)
c m
+ n
= (2, 3) + (4, 0)
= (2, 3)
2(m
+ n
) = 2(2, 3)
= (4, 6)
d 4p
3 n
= 4(1, 5) 3(4, 0)
= (4, 20) (12, 0)
= (16, 20)
6 a Vectors, that are equal to OA
are all edges of the cube,

directed the same way as OA: CB
, GF
and DE
.
b Vectors, equal to OC
are all vertical edges, directed up:

DG
, AB
, EF
.
A GM1 1 - 1 3 306 V e c t o r s
c Vectors, equal to OD
are represented by the edges of

the cube, parallel to and directed the same way as OD
:
AE
, CG
and BF
.
d Vectors, equal to GF
are parallel to and directed the

same way as GF
: CB
, OA
and DE
.
e Vector OB
is shown by the diagonal of the R.H.S. face

of the cube, directed upwards. The vector, which is equal
to it is given by the diagonal of the opposite face: DF
.

f AD
is shown by the diagonal of the bottom face of the

cube, directed from right to left. Vector equal to AD
is
shown by the diagonal of the opposite face: BG
.
7 a DE
= OA
, since opposite edges of the face of the cube

are parallel and equal in length.
DE
= a

b OB
= OA
+ AB

= a
+ c

c AC
= AO
+ OC

= OA
+ OC

= a
+ c

d AE
= OD
, since opposite edges of the face of a cube

are parallel and equal in length.
AE
= d

e EA
is the same as AE
, but in opposite direction

EA
= AE
, but AE
= d
(as in part d)
EA
= d

f EG
= AC
(as both are shown by the diagonals of the

opposite faces.)
EG
= a
+ c
(as in part c)
g DF
= OB
(as both shown by the diagonals of the

opposite faces.)
DF
= a
+ c
(as in part b)
h OF
= OA
+ AE
+ EF
and AE
= OD
(as shown in
part d) and EF
= OC
(as both are shown by the

vertical edges of the cube.)
OF
= OA
+ OD
+ OC

= a
+ c
+ d

i AG
= AO
+ OD
+ DG
and AO
= OA
, while
DG
= OC
(vertical edges)
AG
= OA
+ OD
+ OC

= a
+ d
+ c

= a
+ c
+ d

j DB
= DO
+ OA
+ AB
and DO
= OD
,
while AB
= OC

DB
= OD
+ OA
+ OC

= d
+ a
+ c

= a
+ c

8 General note:
Since the hexagon is regular, all sides have equal lengths
and also half of each diagonal (for example OB, OC and so
on.) have the same lengths as the sides.
a DO
is equal in length and parallel to OA
, and directed
in the same way, DO
= OA
= a

b DA
is parallel to and directed the same way as OA
, but
twice its length DA
= 2 OA
= 2 a

c AD
is the same as, best directed in the opposite way of

DA
and DA
= 2 a
(as in part b)
AD
= DA
= 2 a

d AB
= AO
+ OB
and AO
= OA
(as directed in
opposite way) AB
= OA
+ OB

= a
+ b

e BC
is equal in length and parallel to OA
, best directed
in opposite way.
BC
= OA
= a

f AC
= AB
+ BC
and AB
= a
+ b
(part d) and BC

= a
(part e)
AC
= a
+ b

= 2a
+ b

g CD
is parallel to and equal in length to OB
, best has
opposite direction. CD
= OB
= b

h ED
= AB
(since they are parallel, equal in length and

directed the same way). AB
= a
+ b
(part d).
ED
= a
+ b

i EA
= EF
+ FA
; EF
is parallel, equal in length and

directed the same way as OA
, so EF
= OA
; FA
is
parallel to, equal in length and directed the same way as
OB
, that is, FA
= OB

EA
= OA
+ OB
= a
+ b

V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 307
j DF
= DE
+ ; EF
DE
= BA

= AB
= (a
+ b
) = a

(see part d) and EF = OA
= a

(see part i)
DF
= a
+ a

= 2a

9 OA
+ AB
represents the vector from O to A with the

vector from A to B added on. This is the same as vector
from O to B, that is,
OA
+ AB
= OB
.
Next, OB
+ BC
represents the vector from O to B with the

vector from B to C added on. This is the same as vector
from O to C, that is, OB
+ BC
= OC
.
or:
OA
+ AB
+ BC
= OB
+ BC

= OC

10 (1) AB
+ BC
= AC

(2) DC
= ( ) CD
= CD

(3) AD DE

+ = AE

AB BC DE DC

+ +
= AC DC DE

+
= AC CD DE

+ +
= AD DE

+
= AE

11 EF GH GF EH

+ = EF

GF GH EH GF FG

+ +
EF GH GF EH

+
= EF FG GH EH

+ +
= EG GH EH

+
= EH EH

= 0
12 MN QP NP QR

+ +
= MN NP QP QR

+ +
= MP QP QR

+
QP
= +PQ

MN QP NP QR

+ +
= MP PQ QR

+ +
= MQ
+ QR

= MR

The answer is B.
Exercise 13C Magnitude, direction and
components of vectors
1 a

a
=
2 2
6 2 +
= 36 4 +
= 40
= 2 10
tan() =
2
6

=
1
3

= 18.4
b

a
=
2 2
4 ( 1) +
= 16 1 +
= 17
tan() =
1
4

Angle is in 4
th
quadrant
= tan
1
1
4

= 14.0
c

A GM1 1 - 1 3 308 V e c t o r s
a
=
2 2
2 4 +
= 4 16 +
= 20
= 2 5
tan() =
4
2

= 2
= tan
1
(2)
= 63.4
d

a
=
2 2
1 1 +
= 1 1 +
= 2
tan() = 1
= tan
1
(1)
= 45
e

a
=
2 2
( 2) 1 +
= 4 1 +
= 5
tan(180 ) =
1
2

180 = tan
1
1
2

= 26.6
= 26.6 180
= 153.4
= 153.4
f

a
=
2 2
( 1) 4 +
= 1 16 +
= 17
tan(180 ) =
4
1

180 = tan
1
(4)
180 = 76.0
= 76 180
= 104
= 104
g

a
= 1
= 0 a
is parallel to the x-axis

h

a
=
2 2
( 2) ( 2) +
= 4 4 +
= 8
= 2 2
V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 309
tan(180 ) =
2
2

= 1
180 = tan
1
(1)
= 45
= 45 180
= 135
= 135
2 Given: All sides are 1 unit in length.
a OA
is shown by a single edge of the cube, | | OA
= 1
b AB
is shown by a single edge of the cube, | | AB
= 1
c OB
is shown by the diagonal of the cubes face:

Using Pythagoras: | | OB
=
2 2
1 1 +
= 2
d | | OD
= 1 (as it is a single edge of the cube).

e AD
is shown by the diagonal of the cubes face. In a

cube, diagonals of all faces (which are squares) have
equal length.
| | AD
= | | OB
= 2 (as in part c).

f | | DF
= | | AD
= 2 (since it is shown by the diagonal of

a face).
g | | OE
= | | AD
= 2 (since it is shown by the diagonal of

a face).
h | | EF
= 1 (as it is a single edge of the cube).

i OF
is shown by the inside diagonal of the cube: (OE is

the diagonal of the bottom face and has a length of 2
units, as found previously; EF
is an edge and hence has a

length of 1 unit).

Using Pythagoras:
| | OF
=
2 2
( 2) 1 +
= 2 1 +
= 3
j AG
is given by the inside diagonal of the cube

| | AG
= | | OF
= 3 (as in part i)
3 a sin(60) =
2
V

V = 2 sin(60)
=
3
2
2

= 3
cos(60) =
2
H

H = 2 cos(60)
=
1
2
2

= 1

The vector has a horizontal component of 1 and vertical
component of 3.
b

The angle in the triangle
= 180 150
= 30
cos(30) =
3
H

H = 3 cos(30)
=
3
3
2

=
3 3
2

sin(30) =
3
V

V = 3 sin(30)
=
1
3
2

= 1.5
The horizontal component is
3 3
2
and the vertical
component is 1.5.
A GM1 1 - 1 3 310 V e c t o r s
c

cos(60) =
10
H

H = 10 cos(60)
=
1
10
2

= 5
sin(60) =
10
V

V = 10 sin(60)
=
3
10
2

= 5 3
The vector has a horizontal component of 5 and vertical
component of 5 3 .
d

The angle in a triangle
= 180 120
= 60
cos(60) =
2
H

H = 2 cos(60)
=
1
2
2

= 1
sin(60) =
2
V

V = 2 sin(60)
=
3
2
2

= 3
The vector has a horizontal component of 1 and
vertical of 3.
e

cos(45) =
20
H

H = 20 cos(45)
=
2
20
2

= 10 2
sin(45) =
20
V

V = 20 sin(45)
=
2
20
2

= 10 2
The vector has a horizontal component of 10 2 units and
a vertical component of 10 2 units.
f The vector is vertical and hence has horizontal component
of 0 and a vertical component of 4.

g The vector is horizontal and hence has a horizontal
component of 12 and a vertical component of 0.

V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 311
h The vector is vertical. It has a horizontal component of 0
and a vertical component of 30.

i cos(30) =
10
H

H = 10 cos(30)
=
3
10
2
= 5 3
sin(30) =
10
V

V = 10 sin(30)
=
1
10
2
= 5
The vector has a horizontal component of 5 3 and a
vertical component of 5.

j cos(30) =
20
H

H = 20 cos(30)
H =
3
20
2

H = 10 3
sin(30) =
20
V

V = 20 sin(30)
V =
1
20
2

V = 10
Vector has a horizontal component of 10 3 and a
vertical component of 10.

k The vector is horizontal. It has a horizontal component of
50 and a vertical component of 0.

l cos(20) =
40
H

H = 40 cos(20)
= 37.6
sin(20) =
40
V

V = 40 sin(20)
= 13.7
The vector has a horizontal component of 37.6 and a
vertical component of 13.7.

m The vector is vertical; it has horizontal component of 0
and a vertical component of 98.

n cos(15) =
1250
H

H = 1250 cos(15)
= 1207.4
sin(15) =
1250
V

V = 1250 sin(15)
= 323.5
A GM1 1 - 1 3 312 V e c t o r s

The vector has a horizontal component of 1207.4 and a
vertical component of 323.5.
4 Let the vector be . a
=
2 2
( ) y x +
=
2 2
x y +
tan(180 ) =
y
x

The vector has a magnitude of
2 2
x y + and it makes an
angle with the positive direction of the x-axis such that
tan(180 ) =
y
x
.
5

a The magnitude of s
:
cos(25) =
32
s

s = 32 cos(25)
= 29
The yacht is approximately 29 km South of its starting
point.
b The magnitude of : e

sin(25) =
32
e

e = 32 sin(25)
= 13.5
The yacht is approximately 13.5 km East of its starting
point.
6 Let d
be the vector of displacement.

Using Pythagoras, d
=
2 2
8 6 +
= 64 36 +
= 100
= 10
tan() =
6
8

= tan
1
6
8

= 36.9
So Justines displacement is 10 km in the direction of
N 36.9 E.
7 a

To find magnitude of a
+ b
, use the cosine rule:

a b +

=
2 2
(10) (6) 2 6 10 cos(135 ) +
= 100 36 ( 84.9) +
= 220.9
= 14.86.
To find , use the sine rule:
14.86
sin(135 )
=
6
sin( )

sin() =
sin(135 ) 6
14.86

= 0.2855
= 16.6
So a
+ b
has a magnitude of 14.86 km and is directed

at N 16.6 E
To find magnitude of a
, use the cosine rule:

a b

=
2 2
10 6 2 6 10 cos(45 ) +
= 100 36 84.9 +
= 51.1
= 7.15
V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 313


6
sin( )
=
7.15
sin(45 )

sin() =
6sin(45 )
7.15

= 0.593
= 36.4
So a
has a magnitude of 7.15 km and is directed at

N 36.4 W
b

To find the magnitude of a
+ b
use the cosine rule:

a b +

=
2 2
25 20 2 20 25 cos(60 ) +
= 625 400 500 +
= 525
= 22.91

20
sin( )
=
22.91
sin(60 )
.
sin() =
20sin(60 )
22.91

= 0.756
= 49.1
Angle from South
= 90 49.1 = 40.9
So a
+ b
has a magnitude of 22.91 units and is directed

as S 40.9 E.

To find a b

use the cosine rule:
a b

=
2 2
25 20 2 25 20 cos(120 ) +
= 625 400 500 + +
= 1525
= 39.05
To find use the sine rule:

20
sin( )
=
39.05
sin(120 )

sin() =
20sin(120 )
39.05

= 0.444
= 26.3
So angle from North is 90
= 90 26.3
= 63.7
So a
has a magnitude of 39.05 units and is directed

at N 63.7 E
c a b +

= 10 8 = 2 units

So a
+ b
has a magnitude of 2 units and is in the

direction of . a

a b

= 10 + 8 = 18

So a
has a magnitude of 18 units and is in the

direction of a
.
d

Use Pythagoras to find a b +

:
a b +

=
2 2
12 12 +
= 144 144 +
= 288
= 12 2
16.97
A GM1 1 - 1 3 314 V e c t o r s
tan() =
12
12
= 1
= 45
angle from south = 90 45 = 45
So a
+ b
has a magnitude of 12 2 (or 16.97) km, SW.

a b

=
2 2
12 12 +
= 288
= 16.97
tan() =
12
12
= 1
= 45
So a
has a magnitude of 16.97 km, NW

e

a b +

= 20 + 15 = 35
So a
+ b
has a magnitude of 35 km in the direction of a
.

a b

= 20 15 = 5
So a
has a magnitude of 5 km in the direction of a
.
f

Since angle between a
and b
is 90, use Pythagoras to

find a b +

:
a b +

=
2 2
40 50 +
= 4100
= 64.03
tan() =
40
50

= 0.8
= 38.7

Angle for true bearing:
= 270 + 30 + 38.7
= 338.7
So a
+ b
has a magnitude of 64.03 units and is at

338.7 T.
a b

=
2 2
40 50 +
= 64.03
tan() =
40
50
= 0.8
= 38.7

Angle for true bearing:
= 270 (38.7 30)
= 270 8.7
= 261.3
So a
has a magnitude of 64.03 units and is at

261.3 T.
Exercise 13D
i ,
j notation
1 a

b

c

d

V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 315
e

f

g

h

i

j

2 Let the vector in each question be . a

a a
=
2 2
4 3 +
= 16 9 +
= 25
= 5.
tan() =
3
4

= 0.75
= 36.9
So vector a
has a magnitude of 5 and is directed at

36.9 from the positive x-axis.
b

a
=
2 2
4 ( 3) +
= 16 9 +
= 25
= 5
tan() =
3
4

= 0.75
= 36.9
(take the negative, as it is in a clockwise direction).
So vector a
has a magnitude of 5 and is directed at

36.9 from the positive direction of the x-axis.
c

a
=
2 2
2 2 +
= 4 4 +
= 8
= 2 2
tan() =
2
2

= 1
= 45
So vector a
has a magnitude of 2 2 and is directed

at 45 from the positive direction of the x-axis.
d

A GM1 1 - 1 3 316 V e c t o r s
a
=
2 2
1 1 +
= 2
tan() =
1
1

= 1
= 45
(take the negative, since it is in a clockwise direction).
So a
has a magnitude of 2 and is at 45 from the

positive direction of the x-axis.
e

a
=
2 2
4 1 +
= 16 1 +
= 17
tan() =
1
4

= 14
So a
has a magnitude of 17 and is at 14 from the

f

This vector is horizontal.
a
= 5; = 0 (that is, it is parallel to the x-axis).

g

This vector is vertical. a
= 6 and = 90 (with the

positive direction of the x-axis).
h

This vector is horizontal.
a
= |2|
= 2
= 180 (with the positive direction of x-axis).
i

a
=
2 2
6 8 +
= 36 64 +
= 100
= 10
tan(180 ) =
6
8

= 0.75
180 = 36.9
= 180 36.9
= 143.1
(Take the negative since it is in a clockwise direction).
So a
has a magnitude of 10 and is at 143.1 from the

j

a
=
2 2
12 5 +
= 144 25 +
= 169
= 13
V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 317
tan(180 ) =
12
5
= 2.4
180 = 67.4
= 180 67.4
= 112.6
So a
has a magnitude of 13 and is at 112.6 from the

3 a
= 3 2 i j +

; b
= i j

; c
= 2 j

a 3a = 3(3 2 ) i j +

= 9 6 i j +

b a b +

= (3 2 ) ( ) i j i j + +

= 4i j +

c a c

= (3 2 ) ( 2 ) i j j +

= 3 2 2 i j j + +

= 3 4 i j +

d 2b
= 2( ) i j

= 2 2 i j

e a b c + +

= (3 2 ) ( ) ( 2 ) i j i j j + + +

= 4i j

f 2b c

= 2( ) ( 2 ) i j j

= 2 2 2 i j j +

= 2i

g 3 2 a b c + +

= 3(3 2 ) 2( ) ( 2 ) i j i j j + + +

= 9 6 2 2 2 i j i j j + +

= 11 2 i j +

h 4c
= 4( 2 ) j

= 8 j

i 4c a

= 4( 2 ) (3 2 ) j i j +

= 8 3 2 j i j

= 3 10 i j

j 3c a b

= 3( 2 ) (3 2 ) ( ) j i j i j +

= 6 3 2 j i j i j +

= 4 7 i j

4 u
= 2 3 i j
= 3i j +

a u
=
2 2
2 ( 3) +
= 4 9 +
= 13
b u v +

= (2 3 ) (3 ) i j i j + +

= 5 2 i j

=
2 2
5 ( 2) +
= 25 4 +
= 29
c 3v
= 3(3 ) i j +
= |9i + 3j|
= 81 9 +
= 90
= 3 10
d u v

= (2 3 ) (3 ) i j i j +

= 4 i j

=
2 2
( 1) ( 4) +
= 1 16 +
= 17
5 a
= 2 3 i j +
= 3 i j +
= 4 3 i j +

d = 6 2 i j
= 2 3 i j

f = 3 i j
= 6 4 i j

h = 5i j +

6 a

b AB
= AO OB

+
= OA OB

+
= (2 ) (4 3 ) i j i j + +

= 2 4 3 i j i j + + +

= 2 4 i j +

c

OM
=
1
2
OA AB

+
=
1
(2 ) (2 4 )
2
i j i j + +

= 2 2 i j i j + +

= 3i j +

A GM1 1 - 1 3 318 V e c t o r s
7

a OC
= OB BC

+
= 6 4 i j +

= 4 6 i j +

b OM
=
1
2
OA

=
1
(4 )
2
i

= 2i

c AC
= OB

= 6 j

d ON
=
1
2
OB

OB
=
1
(6 )
2
j

= 3 j

e AB
= AO OB

+
= OA OB

+
= 4 6 i j +

f MN
= MO ON

+
= OM ON

+
= 2 3 i j +

8

a AB
= AO OB

+
= OA OB

+
= (4 ) (10 2 ) i i j + +

= 6 2 i j +

AC
= AO OC

+
= AO OC

+
= (4 ) (4 4 ) i i j + +

= 4 j

BC
= BO OC

+
= OB OC

+
= (10 2 ) (4 4 ) i j i j + + +

= 6 2 i j +

b | | AB
= 6 2 i j +

=
2 2
6 2 +
= 36 4 +
= 40
= 2 10
| | AC
= 4 j

= 4
| | BC
= 6 2 i j +

=
2 2
( 6) 2 +
= (36) 4 +
= 40
= 2 10
c Since | | AB
= | | | | BC AC

, the triangle ABC is an
isosceles triangle.
9 OM
= i j +

;
ON
= 4 i j +

;
OP
= 5 10 i j +

a MN
= MO ON

+
= OM ON

+
= ( ) ( 4 ) i j i j + + +

= 4 i j i j + +

= 2 3 i j +

NP
= NO OP

+
= ON OP

+
= ( 4 ) (5 10 ) i j i j + + +

= 4 5 10 i j i j + +

= 4 6 i j +

b NP
= 4 6 i j +

= 2(2 3 ) i j +

(replace 2 3 i j +

with MN
JJJJG
)
= 2MN

So NP
= 2MN
NP is parallel to and directed as MN

and is twice its length.
NP
|| MN

10 a
= 4 2 i j
= 3i j +

.
a 3 2 a b

= 3(4 2 ) 2( 3 ) i j i j +

= 12 6 6 2 i j i j +

V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 319
= 18 8 i j

3 4 a b +

= 3(4 2 ) 4( 3 ) i j i j + +

= 12 6 12 4 i j i j +

= 2 j

b 3 4 a b +

= 2 j
-component is 0.
3 4 a b +

is parallel to the y-axis.
11 2 2 i j +

=
2 2
( 2) 2 +
= 2 4 +
= 6
he answer is C.
12 a
= 3 5 i j

; b
= 3 2 i j

2 a b

= (3 5 ) 2( 3 2 ) i j i j

= 3 5 6 4 i j i j + +

= 9i j

he answer is A.
13 u
= 2i
= 6 2 i j

u v +

= (2 ) (6 2 ) i i j +

= 8 2 i j

u v +

=
2 2
8 ( 2) +
= 64 4 +
= 68
he answer is A.
14

tan() =
4
3

= 53.13
53
Since it is in a clockwise direction, take it with negative
sign.
So the vector 3 4 i j

makes an angle of about 53 with
the positive x-axis.
The answer is C.
15 a
= 2.3 3.3 i j +

, b
= 1.6 0.4 i j

a b +

= (2.3 3.1 ) (1.6 0.4 ) i j i j + +

= 2.3 1.6 3.1 0.4 i i j j + +

= 3.9 2.7 i j +

16 m
= 13
m
= 12i xj

13 =
2 2
12 x +
169 = 144 + x
2

25 = x
2

x = 5
Exercise 13E Applications of vectors
1

v
= 2.5 7 i j +
=
2 2
(2.5) 7 +
= 6.25 49 +
= 55.25
7.43

tan() =
7
2.5
= 2.8
= 70.3
So the velocity of the boat is given by v
= 2.5 7 . i j +

It has
a magnitude of about 7.43 km/h and is directed at
approximately 70.3 from the river bank.
2 v
= 3.4 10 i j +
=
2 2
(3.4) 10 +
=
11.56 100 +

= 111.56
10.56
tan() =
10
3.4

= 71.2
The velocity of the boat has a magnitude of about
10.56 km/h and is directed at approximately 71.2 from
the river bank.
A GM1 1 - 1 3 320 V e c t o r s
3 a a
= 650j
b v
= a w +

w
= x + y
= 60sin(45 ) 60cos(45 ) i j +

= 60
2
2
i
+ 60
2
2
j

= 30 2 30 2 i j +
= 650 30 2 30 2 j i j + +

= 30 2 (650 30 2) i j + +

c v
=
2 2
(30 2) (650 30 2) + +
= 1800 479 454.33 +
693.7
tan() =
30 2
650 30 2 +

0.0613
= 3.5
The aircraft is flying with a ground speed of about
693.7 km/h in a N 3.5 E direction.
4

v
= a w +

a
= 600 j
= 50sin(30 ) 50cos(30 ) i j
=
1 3
50 50
2 2
i j

= 25 25 3 i j
= 600 ( 25 25 3 ) j i j +

= 25i + ( 600 25 3) j
=
2 2
( 25) ( 600 25 3) + +
= 643.8
tan() =
25
600 25 3 +
0.0389
= 2.2
The aircraft is flying with a ground speed of about
643.8 km/h in a S 2.2 W direction.
5

Let R = resultant force

1
F
= 3 4 i j +

2
F
= 2 2 i j +

R =
1 2
F F +

= (3 4 ) (2 2 ) i j i j + + +

= 5 6 i j +

|R| =
2 2
5 6 +
= 25 36 +
= 61
7.8
tan() =
6
5

= 1.2
= 50.2
The resultant force has a magnitude of 7.8 units and is
directed at 50.2 from the positive x-axis.
6 Let
1
F
= 5 4 i j

;

2
F
= 3i j

and

3
F
= 2 3 i j +

and let the resultant force be R
.
R
=
1 2 3
F F F + +

= (5 4 ) (3 ) i j i j +

+ ( 2 3 ) i j +

= 6 2 i j

V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 321

R
=
2 2
6 ( 2) +
= 36 4 +
= 40
6.3
tan() =
2
6

=
1
3

= 18.4
The resultant force that acts on the object has a magnitude
of about 6.3 units and is directed at 18.4 from the positive
x-axis.
7

|CH| =
2 2
4 5 +
= 16 25 +
= 41
6.4
tan() =
5
4

= 1.25
= 51.3
The hiker is about 6.4 km from the campsite on a bearing
of 51.3 T (or N 51.3 E).
8

|HC| =
2 2
8 5 +
= 64 25 +
= 89
9.4
tan() =
8
5

= 1.6
= 58
The hiker is about 9.4 km from the camp on the bearing
of N 58 W.
9

a Position at the start: 4 8 i j +

.
Position after 1 hour: 2 6.5 i j +

b CH
= CO OH

+ = OC OH

+
= ( 4 8 ) ( 2 6.5 ) i j i j + + +

= 4 8 2 6.5 i j i j +

= 2 1.5 i j

| | CH
=
2 2
2 ( 1.5) +
= 4 2.25 +
= 6.25
= 2.5
So distance travelled in 1 hour is 2.5 km.
c i In 2 hours she will be at H
1
, so that 1 HH
= : CH

(or
1
CH
= 2 ) CH

A GM1 1 - 1 3 322 V e c t o r s
1 OH
= 1 OC CH

+
= 2 OC CH

+
= ( 4 8 ) 2(2 1.5 ) i j i j + +

= 4 8 4 3 i j i j + +

= 5 j

ii In 3 hours she will be at H
2
, so that 2 CH
= 3 . CH

2 OH
= 2 OC CH

+
= 3 OC CH

+
= ( 4 8 ) 3(2 1.5 ) i j i j + +

= 4 8 6 4.5 i j i j + +

= 2 3.5 i j +

d In general after t hours she will be at H
t
so that
t CH t CH

= and so her position is given by
r
= t t OH OC CH

= +
= OC
+ t CH

= ( 4 8 ) (2 1.5 ) i j t i j + +

= 4 8 2 1.5 i j ti tj + +

= ( 4 2 ) (8 1.5 ) t i t j + +

e
2
r
= (7.4 1.8 ) (2 0.5 ) t i t j + +

The campsite is at (7.4, 2).
f After 2 hours t = 2, so

2
r
= (7.4 1.8 2) (2 0.5 2) i j + +

= 3.8 3 i j +

So his position after 2 hours is (3.8, 3).
g We need
1
r
=
2
r

so i
components:
4 + 2t = 7.4 1.8t (1)
j
components:
8 1.5t = 2 + 0.5t (2)
from (1)
2t + 1.8t = 7.4 + 4
3.8t = 11.4
t = 3.
Substitute t = 3 into (2):
8 1.5 (3) = 2 + 0.5 (3)
8 4.5 = 2 + 1.5
3.5 = 3.5
(True statement)
So at t = 3,

1
r
= ( 4 2 3) (8 1.5 3) i j + +

= 2 3.5 i j +

and

2
r
= (7.4 1.8 3) i
+ (2 + 0.5 3) j

= 2 3.5 i j +

So at t = 3

1
r
=
2
r

At t = 3 both bushwalkers are at the same position
(2, 3.5).
h First bushwalker:

3 CH
= 3 CO OH

+
= 3 OC OH

+
= ( 4 8 ) (2 3.5 ) i j i j + + +

= 4 8 2 3.5 i j i j + +

= 6 4.5 j j

3
| | CH
=
2 2
6 (4.5) +
= 7.5 36 20.25 +
Second bushwalker:

3 CH
= 3 CO OH

+
= 3 OC OH

+
= (7.4 2 ) (2 3.5 ) i j i j + + +

= 5.4 1.5 i j +

3
| | CH
=
2 2
( 5.4) (1.5) +
= 5.6.
So the first bushwalker walked 7.5 km, while the second
5.6 km in 3 hours (until they meet).
V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 323
10

a OA
= 2sin(30 ) 2cos(30 ) i j +

=
1 3
2 2
2 2
i j +

= 3 i j +

b To the North is j
-component, so she travelled

3 km.
c

AT
is vertically up by 100 m or 0.1 km.

AT
= 0.1k

OT
= OA AT

+
= 3 0.1 i j k + +

d | | OT
=
2 2 2
(1) ( 3) (0.1) + +
= 2.002
or, using Pythagoras:

OT =
2 2
2 (0.1) +
= 2.002
11 The arrow will hit the target when the i
-components
are equal.
40t i
= (5t + 35) i

40t = 5t + 35
35t = 35
t = 1
The arrow will hit the target after 1 second.
When the arrow hits the target, the arrow and target will
have the same height above the ground, therefore equals
the j
-components.
12t 10t
2
= h
t = 1, 12 10 = h
h = 2 metres
12 Sum of forces = 2 3 4 5 i j i j xi + + +

+ 3 j i yj +

= 0
( 5) ( 1 ) x i y j + +

= 0 0 i j +

x + 5 = 0 and 1 y = 0
x = 5 and y = 1
13

C
=
2 2
16 28 +
= 32.25
tan() =
28
26

=
1
28
tan
16

= 60.26
Force C
has a magnitude of 32.3 Newtons and is acting

downwards at an angle of 60.3 from the vertical.
14 Place into a triangle of forces:
The angle between Forces A and B in the triangle is
180 120 = 60.

Using the cosine rule:
C
2
= 35
2
+ 40
2
2 35 40 cos(60)
= 1425
C = 37.75
Using the sine rule:

sin( )
35
=
sin(60 )
C

sin( )
35
=
sin(60 )
37.75

sin() =
35sin(60 )
37.75

= 0.80294
= sin
1
(0.80294)
= 53.41
The force C
has a magnitude of 37.8 Newtons and acts

upwards at an angle of 53.4 to the vertical.
15 Let QP
= p
and PR
= r

QR
= p r +

QM
=
1
( )
2
p r +

PM
= PQ QM

+
=
1
( )
2
p p r + +

A GM1 1 - 1 3 324 V e c t o r s
=
1 1
2 2
p p r + +

=
1 1
2 2
p r +

=
1
( )
2
r p

=
1
( )
2
PR QP

16

Let AB
= 2a
and DA
= 2b

Then DC
= 2a
and CB
= 2b

HE
= a b +

GF
= a b +

HE
= GF

EF
= a b

HG
= a b

EF
= HG

EFGH is a parallelogram since the opposite sides are
equal and parallel.
Extension:
HE HG

= ( )( ) a b a b +

=
2 2
a a b a b b +

= a
2
b
2

= 0 since a = b that is, the magnitude of a
and b

are equal as ABCD is a rhombus.
HE
is perpendicular to . HG

Similarly,
HE EF

= ( )( ) a b a b +

= 0
HE
is perpendicular to . EF

EFGH is actually a rectangle since it also has four
right angles.
Chapter review
Short answer
1

a a b +

= (3, 2) + (0, 4)
= (3, 2)
b 3 2 c b

= 3(2, 5) 2(0, 4)
= (6, 15) (0, 8)
= (6, 7)
c c
= (2, 5)
= (2, 5)
2 Show that CA EB ED DC DA

+ + = DB

LHS: CA EB ED DC DA

+ +
= DC CA DA ED EB

+ +
= DA AD ED EB

+ + ( ) DA AD

= +
= DD DE EB

+ + ( ) ED DE

= +
= DE EB

+
= DB

RHS = DB

So RHS = LHS = DB

3

cos(60) =
4
H

H = 4 cos(60)
= 4
1
2

= 2
sin(60) =
4
V

V = 4 sin(60)
= 4
3
2

= 2 3
So the vector has a horizontal component of 2 and a vertical
component of 2 3 .
4 a d
= 4 i j +
= 2 3 i j
= 4i

i d e

= ( 4 ) ( 2 3 ) i j i j +

= 4 2 3 i j j j + + +

= 3 7 i j +

ii 3e
= 3( 2 3 ) i j

= 6 9 i j

iii 2e f +

= 2( 2 3 ) 4 i j i +

= 4 6 4 i j i +

= 6 j

V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 325
b

d
=
2 2
(1) (4) +
= 17
tan() =
4
1

= 4
= 76

e
=
2 2
( 2) ( 3) +
= 4 9 +
= 13
tan(180 ) =
3
2
= 1.5
180 = 56.3
= 180 56.3
= 123.70
= 123.70

f
= 4; this vector is horizontal

= 0
5 a

b GH
= GO OH

+
= OG OH

+
= (8 2 ) ( 4 6 ) i j i j + +

= 8 2 4 6 i j i j

= 12 8 i j

c | | GH
=
2 2
( 12) ( 8) +
= 144 64 +
= 208
14.4
6

a OM
=
1
2
OG
=
1
(8 2 )
2
i j +

= 4i j +

ON
=
1
2
OH
=
1
( 4 6 )
2
i j

= 2 3 i j

b MN
= MO ON

+
= OM ON

+
= (4 ) ( 2 3 ) i j i j + +

= 4 2 3 i j i j

= 6 4 i j

c MN
= 6 4 i j

and GH
= 12 8 i j

so MN
=
1
( 12 8 )
2
i j

=
1
2
GH

MN
=
1
2
GH

A GM1 1 - 1 3 326 V e c t o r s
7

|YS| =
2 2
4 7 +
= 16 49 +
= 65
8.1
tan() =
4
7

= 0.5714
= 29.7
So angle from
North = 90
= 90 29.7
= 60.3
8

v
=
2 2
9 (3.2) +
= 81 10.24 +
= 91.24
= 9.6
tan() =
9
3.2
= 2.8125
= 70.4
So the boats velocity has a magnitude of 9.6 km/h and is
directed at 70.4 from the river bank.
Multiple choice
1 Displacement d = (3, 4).
From (4, 2) the displacement of (3, 4) will finish at
(4, 2) + (3, 4) = (1, 2)
The answer is A.
2 displacement a
= (1, 3)
displacement b
= (4, 2)
a b

= ( ) a b +

= (1, 3) + [ (4, 2)]
= (1, 3) + (+4, 2)
= (5, 1)
The answer is B.
3 c
is a vertical vector a vector which is parallel to c

must have horizontal component = 0. The only choice is
(0, 8).
The answer is D.
4 Vector 2 c
would be twice the length of vector c
. Vector
c
would be a line segment of equal length to vector c
,
but moving in the opposite direction Vector 2c, would
be twice the length of vector c
and moving in the opposite

direction.
The answer is E.
5

using addition principle,
x y +

= z
(same as z
, but directed from tail of

x
to head of .) y

The answer is D.
6 DE FH FG EG

+ +
= DE EG FH FG

+
= DG FG FH

+
= ( ) DG GF FH FG GF

+ + = +
= DF FH

+
= DH

The answer is D.
7

r
=
2 2
4 ( 8) +
= 16 64 +
= 80
= 4 5
The answer is E.
V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 327
8

tan() =
8
4

tan() = 2
= 63.4
63.4, since angle is measured in a clockwise direction.
So = 63.4
The answer is C.
9 a
= 2i j
=
2 2
2 (1) +
= 4 1 +
= 5
The answer is C.
10 c
= 4 2 i j +

tan() =
2
4

tan() =
1
2

The answer is A.
11 b
= i j

; c
= 4 2 i j +

2b c +

= 2( ) (4 2 ) i j i j + +

= 2 2 4 2 i j i j + +

= 2i

Since - j
component = 0, the vector is parallel to the

x-axis.
The answer is B.
12 a
= 2i j
= i j
= 4 2 i j +

a b c +

= (2 ) ( ) (4 2 ) i j i j i j + +

= 2 4 2 i j i j j j + + + +

= 7 2 i j +

The answer is A.
13 Let R
= resultant force

1
F
= 3 i j
,
2
F
= 2 7 i j +
=
1 2
F F +

= ( 3 ) (2 7 ) i j i j + +

= 3 4 i j +
=
2 2
3 4 +
= 9 16 +
= 25
= 5
The answer is E.
14

tan() =
3
4

= 0.75
= 36.9
Direction from x-axis (or from i)
= 90 36.9
= 53.1
The answer is C.
15

sin(30) =
18
y

y = 18 sin(30)
= 9
cos(30) =
18
x

x = 18 cos(30)
= 9 3
x is in the negative direction, so 9 3 9 i j +

The answer is C.
Extended response
1

A GM1 1 - 1 3 328 V e c t o r s
a OA
= 24 16 i j +

OB
= 36 10 i j +

b AB
= AO OB

+
= OA OB

+
= (24 16 ) (36 10 ) i j i j + + +

= 24 16 36 10 i j i j + +

= 12 6 i j

c | | OA
=
2 2
24 16 +
= 832
= 28.84
| | OB
=
2 2
36 10 +
= 1396
= 37.36
| | AB
=
2 2
12 ( 6) +
= 180
= 13.42
d Distance of the race is
28.84 + 37.36 + 13.42 = 79.62 km
80 km
e

tan() =
16
24

= 0.667
= 33.7
So OA
makes an angle of 33.7 with the x-axis.

f

tan() =
6
12

= 0.5
= 26.6
(Take negative, since in a clockwise direction).
So AB
makes an angle of 26.6 with the x-axis.

True bearing of B from A is 90 + 26.6 = 116.6 T.
g

2

Let AB
= a
and BC
= b

Let M be the point of intersection of the diagonals
AC and BD.
Let AM
= m AC
and BM
= n BD

We need to show that m = n =
1
2
.
AC
= a b +

AM
= ( ) m a b +

BD
= b a

BM
= ( ) n b a

MC BM

+ = BC

MC
= BM
+ BC

= ( ) n b a b +

= (1 ) n b na +

[1]
or
AB BC

+ = AM MC

+
MC
= AM AB BC

+ +
= ( ) m a b a b + + +

= (1 ) (1 ) m a m b +

[2]
Equating [1] and [2]
a
: n = 1 m [3]
b
: 1 m = 1 n [4]
m = n
Substitute m = n into [3]:
m = 1 m
2m = 1
m =
1
2

n =
1
2

So, M is the midpoint of diagonals AC and BD, so the
diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
3 Consider the triangle with length measurements first.

V e c t o r s A GM1 1 - 1 3 329
sin() =
20
25

= 0.8
= sin
1
(0.8)
= 53.13
Now we have the forces:

Put the forces into a triangle of forces:

The angle at P is
180 53.13 2 = 180 106.26
= 73.74

sin(53.13 )
T
=
98
sin(73.74 )

T =
98sin(53.13 )
sin(73.74 )

= 81.67
So, the tension in the string has a magnitude of 81.7 Newtons
and it makes an angle of 53.1 with the vertical.
A GM1 1 - 1 4 330 S t a t i c s o f a p a r t i c l e
Exercise 14A Force and tension
1 Mass is the amount of inertia a body possesses. Unit is
kilograms (kg)
2 Weight is the gravitational force exerted on a body
downwards by the Earth at the earths surface. Unit of
weight is Newtons (N).
Weight (N) = Mass (kg) gravitational acceleration
(gm/s
2
)
3 Tension is the force exerted by a connecting string or chord
when taut.
Unit is Newtons (N)
4 Weight (N) = mass g (where g = 9.8 m/s
2
)
Weight = 10g N.
5 Tension = weight force
= 0.7g N
6 Weight = mass g
25 = mass g
mass =
25
g

=
25
9.8

= 2.551 kg
7

F
= 3 N.
Horizontal component = 3 cos(20)
= 2.819 N
Vertical component = 3 sin(20)
= 1.026 N
8

Vertical component = 10 sin()
10 sin() = 8
sin() = 0.8
= 53.13
9 Horizontal component = 10 cos()
= 10 cos(53.13)
= 6 N.
OR Using Pythagoras theorem:
Horizontal component =
2 2
10 8
= 36
= 6 N.
10

N
= 3 4 i j
=
2 2
3 (4) +
= 9 16 +
= 25
= 5
tan() =
4
3

= 53.13 (angle clockwise from the positive i

direction)
angle with the vertical 90 53.13 = 36.87
11

Horizontal component = 5 cos(53.13)
= 3
Vertical component = 5 sin(53.13)
= 4
12 p
= 2 5 i j +

; q
= 4 i j

p q

= 2 5 (4 ) i j i j +

= 2 5 4 i j i j + + +

= 6 6 i j +

tan() =
6
1
6
=
= 45.
The angle the force ( ) p q

makes with the horizontal is 45
13

T = mg
5 = mg
m =
5
g

m =
5
g
kg.
The answer is E.
14

Horizontal component: 3 = 20cos()
cos() =
3
20

=
1
3
cos
20

=
1
cos (0.15)

The answer is E.
Chapter 14 Statics of a particle
S t a t i c s o f a p a r t i c l e A GM1 1 - 1 4 331
15 N
= 2 3 i j
=
2 2
2 (3) +
= 4 9 +
= 13
The answer is A.
16 5 p q

= 5( 3 ) (6 4 ) i j i j +

= 5 15 6 4 i j i j + +

= 11 11 i j

The answer is B.
Exercise 14B Newtons first law of motion
1 Force is the amount of push or pull
2 Newtons
3 a exactly the same number of newtons
b i nothing
ii rotation
4 a The force pushing up from the surface is greater than her
weight
b The force pushing up from the surface is less than her
weight
c The force pushing up from the surface equals her weight
5 If the force Ned is using is greater than the force Mary-
Alice is using the door will open.
If the forces are equal or if the force Mary-Alice is using is
greater, the door will not open
6 Stone: Weight = mass g
Weight = 2g

Weight force = 2g N
Tension = Weight
Tension = 2g N.
7 35 N = x N + 2g N
x = 35 2g
x = 15.4 (the additional weight)
now 15.4 N = mass g
mass =
15.4 15.4
9.8 g
=
mass = 1.571
The additional mass is 1.571 kg.
8 Maximum Weight = 30 N
30 = mass g
mass =
30
g
=
30
9.8

mass = 3.061 kg.
This will not break the string.
(String can hold 3.571 kg)
9 Any weight over 35N will break the string. The hook or
beam remain where they are.
10 ;
Resultant : 1 N from the right.
11 If 160 + c 280 the door will remain closed
where c 130
120 c 130
If 160 + c < 280 the door will open
c < 120
12 Tension = mass g mass = kg 1 kg
g
g
= ; Answer is E.
13 Tension = mass g = 12g N
14 Tension = mass g = g
2
N; Answer is B.
15 The forces are not equal, the body will fall through the
floor.
16 u
= 4 3 i j

Equal but opposite force to u
is u
= 4 3 i j +
=
2 2
4 (3) +
= 16 9 +
= 5 Magnitude is 5 N
u
=
2 2
(4) 3 +
= 16 9 +
= 5 same magnitude of 5 N.

17 tan() =
4
3
= 53.13 angle with i
axis is 53.13
Answer is E.
18 Tension = mass g T = mg N; Answer is D.
19
1
2
tan
3

is in the 4
th
quadrant. Equals
1
2
tan
3

in 1
st

quadrant; Answer is A.
20
2 2
3 (2) + = 13 N; Answer is C.
Exercise 14C Equilibrium forces at an angle
1 A body is in equilibrium when all the forces acting on the
body are balanced. The vector sum of forces acting on the
body equals zero.
2 No. The forces acting on it cause it to slow down.
3 No. Gravitational force causes the ball to accelerate towards
the ground.
4 A force of 150 N from the right.
5

System in equilibrium.
Resolving the tension force horizontally and vertically
Equating forces in the same line of actions
Horizontally:
i
: Tcos( ) = 2 (1)
Vertically:
j
: Tsin() = 10g (2)

sin( )
cos( )
T
T
=
10
2
g

tan( ) = 5g
= tan
1
(5g)
= 88.83.
The angle the string makes with the beam is 88.83
Tcos(88.83) = 2
T = 98.02 N
6 Force diagram

Diagram with dimensions:

By Pythagoras:
x
2
= 12
2
+ 5
2

x = 144 25 +
x = 13.
sin() =
12
13
; cos() =
5
13

Resolving forces:

Equating forces in the same line of action:
Horizontally; i
: T
1
cos() =
2
sin( ) T

1
5
13
T =
2
12
13
T
T
1
=
2
12 13
13 5
T
T
1
=
2
12
5
T (1)
Vertically, j
: T
1
sin() + T
2
cos() = 3g

1 2
12 5
13 13
T T + = 3g (2)
Substituting (1) in (2)

2 2
12 12 5
13 5 13
T T + = 3g

2 2
144 25
65 65
T T + = 3g

2
169
65
T = 3g
T
2
=
65
3
169
g
T
2
= 11.31
T
1
=
2
12
5
T =
12
11.31
5
= 27.14
The tensions in the two strings are 11.31 N and 27.14 N.
7

Resolving forces horizontally and vertically:
Using cosine rule:
cos() =
2 2 2
3 7 6
2 3 7
+

=
1
11
cos
21

= 58.41
cos() =
2 2 2
6 7 3
2 6 7
+

=
1
19
cos
21

= 25.21

horizontally, i
: 5 cos( ) = T cos()
T =
5cos(58.41 )
cos(25.21 )

T = 2.89 N
Vertically, : j
5sin( ) sin( ) T + = mg
m =
5sin(58.41 ) 2.89 sin(25.21 )
g
+

m = 0.5604
mass is 0.5604 kg
8

Resolving forces:
d
2
= 5
2
+ 9
2
2 5 9 cos(120)
d
2
= 106 90 cos(120)
d
2
= 151
d = 151

sin( )
9
=
sin(120 )
151

sin() =
sin(120 )
9
151

= 39.37
= 20.63.

Horizontally, i
: T
2
cos( ) = T
1
cos()
T
2
=
1
cos( )
cos( )
T
(1)
Vertically, j
: T
2
sin() + T
1
sin() = 2g (2)
Substituting (1) into (2)

1 1
cos( )
sin( ) sin( )
cos( )
T T
+ = 2g

1
(cos(20.63 ) tan(39.37 ) sin(20.63 )) T + = 2g
T
1
= 17.496
T
2
=
cos(20.63 )
17.496
cos(39.37 )

T
2
= 21.181
Tensions in the strings are 17.50 N; 21.18 N
Tension in the string holding the weight 2g N
9

Resolving forces horizontally and vertically.

System in equilibrium
Equating forces:
Horizontally: i
, 4cos() = 3 (1)
Vertically: j
, 4sin() = M (2)
(1) cos() =
3
4

sin() =
7
4

(2) M =
7
4
4

= 7
2.646
M = 2.646 N.
10

Resolving forces:

Equating forces:
P = 4cos(38.68) + 5cos(30)
= 7.453
P = 7.453 N
11

System is in equilibrium: Sum of forces = 0.
3 3 ai j i Mj + + +

= 0
( 3) ( 3) a i M j + + +

= 0.
i
: a + 3 = 0
a = 3
j
: 3 M + = 0
M = 3
a = 3 and M = 3 N.
12

In Equilibrium, therefore sum of forces acting on the stone
is zero.
9 2 5 bi j i j Mj + +

= 0
( 2) (9 5 ) b i M j + +

= 0
i
: b + 2 = 0; b = 2
j
: 4 M = 0; M = 4
b = 2, M = 4 N.
13

Resolving forces:

Equating forces:
j
: T cos() + 6 = Mg (1)
i
: T sin() = 5 (2)
T =
5
sin( )
sub in (1)

5
cos( ) 6
sin( )
+ = Mg
Mg =
5
6
tan( )
+
M =
1 5
5 6
6 g

+

M = 1.037
M = 1.04 kg
14

Resolving forces

Equating forces:
i
: T
1
cos() = T
2
sin()
T
1
= T
2
tan(); tan() =
10
5
= 2
T
1
= 2T
2
(1)
j
: T
1
sin() + T
2
cos() = 3g (2)

2 2
10 5
2
5 5 5 5
T T +
= 3g

2
5
5
T
= 3g
T
2
=
3
5
g
= 13.148
T
1
= 2 13.148 = 26.296
Tensions are 13.15 N, 26.30 N
15 Required force f ai bj = +

System is in equilibrium so sum of forces equals zero.
f t d + +

= 0
5 3 4 7 ai bj i j i j + + +

= 0
(1 ) ( 4) a i b j + +

= 0
i
: 1 + a = 0, a = 1
j
: b 4 = 0, b = 4
force, f
= 4 i j +

16 f
= 4 i j +
=
2 2
( 1) 4 +
= 17
tan() = 4
= tan
1
(4); in 2nd quadrant.
= 180 tan
1
(4)
= 104.04.
Magnitude of force is 17 N and it acts at 104.04 to the
positive i
-direction.
17

Resolving forces:

Equating forces:
j
: 7sin(60) = P sin(30)

3
7
2
=
1
2
P
P = 7 3 12.12
i
: P cos(30) = 7cos(60) + Q
Q =
3 1
7 3 7
2 2

Q = 7.
P = 12.12 N; Q = 7 N
18

Resolving forces parallel to and perpendicular to the
direction of P
.

P + Mcos( ) = R cos( )
The Answer is E.
19 Vector sum of forces = 0
P
+ M R +

= 0
The Answer is A.
20 Insufficient information to determine or .
The Answer is E.
Exercise 14D Connected bodies in
equilibrium
1

Two weight forces are 3g N and 7g N.
To balance these forces the total upward vertical force
would be 10g N.
f
= 10g j

2 System in equilibrium.

Resolving the forces acting on the 3 kg mass:

Equating the forces in the vertical direction:
j
: T
1
sin(30) = 3g
T
1
= 3g 2
T
1
= 6g = 6 9.8 = 58.8 N
Equating the forces in the horizontal direction:
i
: T
1
cos(30) = T
T = 6g
3
2

T = 3 3g = 50.92 N
Resolving the forces acting on the 7 kg mass.

Equating the forces acting in the
Vertical direction: j

T
2
sin() = 7g (1)
Horizontal direction: i

T
2
cos() = T
T = 3 3g
T
2
cos() = 3 3g (2)
(1) (2) tan() =
7
3 3

=
1
7
tan
3 3

Hence, sin() =
7
2 19

Using (1) T
2
7
2 19
= 7g
T
2
= 2 19 g 85.43 N.
The three tensions are 58.8 N, 50.92 N, 85.43 N.
3 Tension in the cord holding the 3 kg mass: 6g N
Resolving this force:

In vector form:
T
= 6g cos(30) i
+ 6g sin(30) j
= 6g
3 1
6
2 2
i g j +
= 3 3g i
+3g j

4 To maintain the system in equilibrium
the total upward force would be 14g N.
F
= 14g j

5 Resolving forces acting on the 4 kg mass:

i
: T
2
cos(30) = T
3
cos(45)
T
2
=
2
3
T
3
(1)
j
: T
3
sin(45) = 4g + T
2
sin(30) (2)
(1) in (2)
3
1
2
T =
3
2 1
4
2 3
g T +

3
1 1
2 6
T

= 4g
T
3
=
6
4
( 3 1)
g
T
3
131.17 N sub into (1)
T
2
107.1 N
Resolving forces acting on the 10 kg mass:

i
: T
1
sin() = T
2
cos(30)
T
1
sin() = 107.1
3
2
= 92.7513 (3)
j
: T
1
cos() + T
2
sin(30) = 10g
T
1
cos() = 10g 107.1
1
2

T
1
cos() = 44.45 (4)
(3) (4) tan() =
92.7513
44.45

= 64.39 in (3)
T
1
=
92.7513
102.86 N
sin(64.39 )
=

6 t
= 92.75 i
+ 92.75 j

Diagram for questions 7 12:
Resolving forces about each mass:

7 Consider the 2 kg mass:
j
: T
2
sin(60) = 2g (1)
Answer E.
8 Consider the p kg mass:
j
: T
1
sin(30) = pg
Answer D.
9 Consider the system:
i
: T
2
cos(60) + T T + T
1
cos(30) = 0
T
2
cos(60) = T
1
cos(30) (2)
Answer B.
10 From (1)
2
3
2
T = 2g (About the 2 kg mass)
T
2
=
4
3
g =
4 3
3
g
Answer B.
11 Using the 2 kg mass:
i
: T = T
2
cos(60)
T =
4 3 1
3 2
g
T =
2 3
3
g
Answer D.
12 Using p kg mass:
j
: pg =
4 1
3 2
g
p =
2
3

Answer A.
13

Resolving forces:

Consider the forces acting on 6 kg mass:
j
: T
2
sin(50) + T sin(15) = 6 (1)
i
: T
2
cos(50) = T cos(15) (2)
From(2) T = T
2
cos(50 )
cos(15 )
sub in (1)
T
2
sin(50) +
2
cos(50 )
cos(15 )
T

sin(150) = 6
T
2
( sin(50 ) cos(50 ) tan(15 )) + = 6
T
2
=
6
0.938279

T
2
= 6.395 N sub in (2)
T =
6.39469 cos(50 )
cos(15 )

T = 4.255 N
Considering the forces acting on r kg mass:
i
: T
1
cos(20) = T
N
cos(15)
T
1
=
4.2554 cos(15 )
cos(20 )

T
1
= 4.374 N
j
: T
1
sin(15) + rg = T
1
sin(20)
rg = 4.3742 sin(20) 4.2554 sin(15)
= 0.394694
r =
0.394694
9.8

r = 0.04028 kg
T
1
= 4.374 N, T
2
= 6.395 N, T = 4.255 N, r = 0.04028 kg
14

Resolving forces: (System in equilibrium)

Consider the forces acting on M kg mass
j
: T
2
cos(B) = Mg
T
2
=
cos( )
Mg
(1)
i
: T
2
= sin() = T (2)
Sub (1) in (2)
T = sin( )
cos( )
Mg

T = Mg tan() (3)
Consider the forces acting on m kg mass
j
: T
1
cos() = mg
T
1
=
cos( )
Mg
(4)
i
: T = T
1
sin() (5)
Sub (4) in (5)
T =
cos( )
Mg
sin() = mg tan() (6)

Equating (3) & (6) Mg tan() = mg tan()
M =
tan( )
tan( )cot( )
tan( )
m
m
=
15

1
T
= 3 4 i j +

tan() =
3
4

=
1
3
tan
4

= 36.87

2
T
= 3 5 i j +

tan() =
3
5

() = 30.96
M =
tan( ) 3 5
tan( ) 4 3
m
m
=

M =
5
4
m (7)
Now |
1
T
| =
2 2
3 4 5 + =
Using (4) from Q16.
T
1
=
cos( )
mg

5 = mg
5
4

4
cos( )
5

=

m =
4
g
sub in (7)
M =
5
g
.
M =
5
g
kg; m =
4
g
kg; = 36.87; = 30.96.
16 System in equilibrium:

W
1
= Mg j
; W
2
= mg j

1
T
= T
1
sin() i
+ T
1
cos() j

T
2
= T
2
sin() i
+ T
2
cos() j

Consider the forces acting on:
M kg mass:
i
: T
1
sin() = T cos( ) (1)
j
: T
1
cos() = T sin( ) + Mg (2)
m kg mass:
i
: T cos( )= T
2
sin( ) (3)

j
: T
2

cos( ) + T sin( ) = mg (4)
From (1) and (3): T
1
sin() = T
2
sin() (5)
(2) + (3) T
1
cos() + T
2
cos( ) = Mg + mg (6)
M = m +
1
g
(T
1
cos() + T
2
cos( ))
Chapter review
Short answer
1 Force, v
= 6 2 i j

Magnitude:
=
2 2
6 ( 2) +
= 40
= 2 10

Let = angle the force
makes with the vertical or

negative j
direction.
tan() =
6
2
= 3
= 71.51.
Force,
, has a magnitude 2 10 and makes an angle of

71.51 (anticlockwise) with the vertical.
Tension = weight force
T = 15g N

3 Force diagram: Dimensions:

Resolving forces:

i
: T
1
cos( ) = T
2
sin()
T
1
= T
2
24
25

25
7

T
1
=
2
24
7
T (1)
j
: T
1
sin() + T
2
cos() = 7g

2 2
24 24 7
7 25 25
T T + = 7g
T
2
2 2
24 7
7 25

+

= 7g
T
2
= 7g
7
25

T
2
= 19.21 in (1)
T
1
= 65.86
Tensions in the string: 19.21N, 65.86N.
4
1
W
= 2g j
N
W
2
= 5g j
N

Both weight forces act downwards, so the total upward
force required to keep the system in equilibrium is 7g N.
F
= 7g
j
N.
Multiple choice
1 Tension = weight force
3 N = mg N
m =
3
g
kg
Answer: E.
2 cos( ) =
60
200

=
1
3
cos
10

Answer: E.

3
= 5 i
2 j
=
2 2
( 5) ( 2) +
= 29
Answer: B.
4 3g N = mg N
Tension weight force
m = 3 kg
Answer: E.
5 T = mass g
T = 2mg
Answer: D.
6 T = mass g
T =
4
g
g N
T =
1
4
g
2
N
Answer: B.
7 Upward components of the tension forces & t T

are
(6 j
+ aj
) N
mg = 6 + a
m =
6 a
g
+

Answer: A.

8 Weight force (acting downwards) = lg = g N
The total upward force required to keep the system in
equilibrium in g N.
Answer: D.
9 Force, F
required to balance forces t
& : d
+ t
+ d
= O
(system in equilibrium)
F
= ( ) t d +

= (2 3 5 2 ) i j i j +

= ( 3 3 ) i j

= 3 3 i j +

Answer: A.
P Q R + +

= O
= ( Q P +
)
( ) P Q +

= 25 25 +
= 5 2.

R
has magnitude 5 2 N and acts in a Southwest

direction.
Answer: C.
11 Consider forces acting on M kg mass in vertical direction:
T
2
cos( ) = Mg
Answer: D.

12 Consider forces acting on m kg mass in vertical direction:
T
1
cos() = mg
which can be written as
T
1
sin(90 ) = mg
Answer: E.

13 Considering the whole system:
Sum of forces acting in the horizontal direction:
: i

2 1
sin( ) sin( ) T T T T + + = 0

1
sin( ) T =
2
sin( ) T .
Answer: D.
Extended response
1

System in equilibrium:
To find angles , :
Using the Cosine rule:
d
2
= 2
2
+ 5
2
2 2 5 cos(100)
d
2
= 29 20 cos(100)
d = 5.699

sin( )
5
=
sin(100 )
5.699

sin() = .86402
= 59.77
= 20.23
Resolving forces:

Equating forces:
i
:
1
cos( ) T =
2
cos( ) T
T
1
=
2
cos( )
cos( )
T
(1)
j
:
1 2
sin( ) sin( ) T T + = 20g (2)
Sub (1) in (2)

2
sin( ).cos( )
sin( )
cos( )
T

+

= 20g
= 59.77; = 20.23.
T
2
= 100.20 in (1)
T
1
=
100.2 cos(20.23 )
cos(59.77 )

T
1
= 186.75
Tensions in the strings are 100.20 N; 186.75 N.
2

Resolving forces:

Equating forces: (System in equilibrium)
i: 18 sin() = 10
sin() =
5
9

=
1
5
sin
9

: j
18cos() = P

18 2 14
4 14 14.97
9
P
= =

P is 14.97 N

3 Resolving forces.

Equating forces: (System in equilibrium)
i
: 7cos(20) = 3cos(52.94 ) = P
P = 8.386
P = 8.386 N
4

bi ai +

= o

a = b
Forces acting in vertical direction:
aj bj +

= Mj

M = a + b
now a = b
M = 2a.
sin a = b; tan( ) = 1
a
a
=
= 45
M = 2a N; angle the string makes with vertical is 45.
5

Resolving forces:

Equating forces:
Horizontal: i
T sin() = 7
T =
7
sin
=
50
7 35 2
1
=
Vertical: j
Tcos( ) + 1 = Mg

7
35 2 1
50
+ = Mg
50 = Mg
M =
50
g

M = 5.102 kg.
Mass is 5.102 kg
6

Resolving forces about each mass:
2 kg mass: 5 kg mass:

Equating forces:
2 kg mass:
i
: T
1
sin(15) = T
1
cos(30)
T
1
= 3.3461 T (1)
j
: T
1
cos(15) = T sin(30) + 2g
T(3.3461 cos(15) sin(30)) = 2g
T =
2 9.8
2.73208

T = 7.174 in (1)
T
1
= 24.005
5 kg mass:
i
: T cos(30) = T
2
sin()

2
=
7.174 cos(30 )
sin( )

T
2
=
6.21287
sin( )
(3)
j
: Tsin(30) + T
2
cos() = 5g (4)
Sub (3) into (4)
7.174
1
2
+
6.21287
cos( )
sin( )

= 5g

6.21287
tan( )
= 5g 3.587
tan() =
6.21287
45.413

= 7.79 in(3)
T
2
=
6.21287
sin(7.79 )

= 45.837.
Tensions in the cords are: 24.01 N, 7.174 N, 45.84 N; angle with vertical is 7.79.
K i n e ma t i c s A GM1 1 - 1 5 341

Exercise 15A Introduction to kinematics
1 a i 1
ii 1
iii Displacement = 1 1
= 2 units
iv Distance = 6 + 4
= 10 units
v Average velocity =
2
5
units/s
vi Average speed =
10
5

= 2 units/s
b i 4
ii 0
= 4 units
iv Distance = 10 + 14
= 24 units
4
5

=
4
5
units/s
vi Average speed =
24
5

=
4
4
5
units/s
c i 8
ii 12
= 20 units
= 52 units
20
5

= 4 units/s
vi Average speed =
52
5

=
2
10
5
units/s
d i 12
ii 6
= 6 units
= 26
6
5

=
1
1
5
units/s
vi Average speed =
26
5

=
1
5
5
units/s
e i 10
ii 16
= 6 units
= 30 units
6
5

=
1
1
5
units/s
vi Average speed =
30
5

= 6 units/s
2 a

b

c

d

e

f

3 a i 3 2
= 5 cm
ii 10 + 5
= 15 cm
iii Average velocity =
5
6
cm/s
iv Average speed =
15
6

=
1
2
2
cm/s
b i 5 3
= 2 cm
ii 16 + 8
= 24 cm
2
6

=
1
3
cm/s
iv Average speed =
24
6

= 4 cm/s
Chapter 15 Kinematics
A GM1 1 - 1 5 342 K i n e ma t i c s
c i 5 6
= 1 cm
ii 8 + 7
= 15 cm
1
6
cm/s
iv Average speed =
15
6

=
1
2
2
cm/s
d i 9 4
= 5 cm
ii 11 + 6
= 17 cm
5
6
cm/s
iv Average speed =
17
6

=
5
2
6
cm/s
e i 7 3
= 4 cm
ii 8 + 7 + 5
= 20 cm
4
6

=
2
3
cm/s
iv Average speed =
20
6

=
1
3
3
cm/s
f i 9 8
= 1 cm
ii 3 + 4 + 2
= 9 cm
1
6
cm/s
iv Average speed =
9
6

=
1
1
2
cm/s
4 Displacement = 22 10
= 32 cm
The answer is C.
5 Distance = 20 + 12 + 24
= 56 cm
The answer is E.
6 Average speed =
56
8

= 7 cm/s
The answer is B.
7 Average velocity =
2 2
5 3

=
4
2

= 2 cm/s
The answer is D.
8 a x = 300 cm
b x = 200 cm
c i t = 6 to t = 12
ii t = 0 to t = 4
iii t = 4 to t = 6
d i velocity =
500 100
12 6

=
400
6

=
2
66
3
cm/s
ii velocity =
100 300
4 0

=
200
4

= 50 cm/s
iii velocity =
100 100
6 4

=
0
2

= 0 cm/s
e Distance
= (300 100) + (100 100) + (150 100)
= 200 + 0 + 400
= 600 cm
Average speed =
600
12

= 50 cm/s
9 a 600 cm
b displacement = 200 600
= 400 cm
c i t = 5 to t = 8
ii t = 0 to t = 4 and
t = 8 to t = 13
iii t = 4 to t = 5
d i velocity =
400 100
8 5

=
300
3

= 100 cm/s
ii velocity =
100 600
4 0

=
500
4

= 125 cm/s
and
velocity =
200 400
13 8

=
200
5

= 40 cm/s
iii velocity =
100 100
5 4

=
0
1

= 0 cm/s
e Distance = (600 100) + (100 100) + (400 100)
+ (400 200)
= 500 + 0 + 300 + 200
= 1000 cm
Average speed =
1000
13

= 76.9 cm/s
10 a
t 0 2 4 6 8
x 2 0 2 8 18
b At t = 2 the particle changes direction or turns
K i n e ma t i c s A GM1 1 - 1 5 343

c

d Average velocity =
18 2
8 0

=
16
8

= 2 cm/s
e Average speed =
2 18
8
+

=
20
8

=
1
2
2
or 2.5 cm/s
11 a
t 0 2 4 6 8
x 12 0 4 0 12
b

c At t = 4 the particle changes direction or turns.
d

e Average velocity =
0 0
8 0

=
0
8

= 0 cm/s
f Average speed =
16 16
8
+

=
32
8

= 4 cm/s
12 a

b

c Average velocity =
7 5
6 0

=
12
6

= 2 cm/s
d Average speed =
4 16
6
+

=
20
6

=
1
3
3
cm/s
13 a

b

c Average velocity =
16 8
6 0

=
24
6

= 4 cm/s
d Average speed =
1 25
6
+

=
26
6

=
1
4
3
cm/s
Exercise 15B Velocitytime graphs and
accelerationtime graphs
1 a

b

c

A GM1 1 - 1 5 344 K i n e ma t i c s
d

e

2 a Average acceleration =
12 4
5 0

=
8
5

= 1.6 m/s
2

b Average acceleration =
0 12
20 15

=
12
5

= 2.4 m/s
2

c Displacement = (4 + 12) 5 2 + (15 + 10) 12 2
= 40 + 150
= 190 m
d Distance travelled = 190 m
4 16
6 0

=
12
6

= 2 m/s
2

12 4
22 16

=
8
6

=
1
1
3
m/s
2

c Displacement = (16 + 4) 6 2 + 4 10
+ (4 + 12) 6 2
= 60 + 40 + 48
= 148 m
6 3
6 0

=
3
6

= 0.5 m/s
2

9 6
25 13

=
3
12

= 0.25 m/s
2

c Displacement = (3 + 6) 6 2 + 7 6 + (6 + 9)
12 2
= 27 + 42 + 90
= 159 m
5 AB: Average acceleration
=
8 3
4 0

=
5
4

= 1.25 m/s
2

BC : Average acceleration
=
5 8
8 4

=
3
4

= 0.75 m/s
2

CD: Average acceleration
=
5 5
10 8

=
0
2

= 0 m/s
2

DE : Average acceleration
=
0 5
14 10

=
5
4

= 1.25 m/s
2

EF : Average acceleration
=
4 0
20 14

4
6

= 0.67 m/s
2

Magnitude is greatest between AB and DE.
The answer is C.
6 Displacement = Signed area under vt graph
= (3 + 8) 4 2 + (8 + 5) 4 2 + 5 2 + 5 4 2
6 4 2
= 22 + 26 + 10 + 10 12
= 56 m
Average velocity =
56
20

= 2.8 m/s
The answer is D.
7 Distance travelled
= 22 + 26 + 10 + 10 + 12
= 80 m
Average speed =
80
20

= 4 m/s
The answer is C.
8 a i The acceleration is positive from O to A and F to G.
ii The acceleration is negative from B to C and D to E.
iii The acceleration is zero from A to B, C to D and E
to F.
b OA : Average acceleration
=
6 0
4 0

=
6
4

= 1.5 m/s
2

AB: Average acceleration
=
0 0
16 4

K i n e ma t i c s A GM1 1 - 1 5 345

=
0
12

= 0 m/s
2

=
0 6
19 16

=
6
3

= 2 m/s
2

=
0 0
27 19

=
0
8

= 0 m/s
2

=
8 0
31 27

=
8
4

= 2 m/s
2

=
0 0
38 31

=
0
7

= 0 m/s
2

FG : Average acceleration
=
0 8
41 38

=
8
3

= 2.67 m/s
2

c

d i Position at C
= (12 + 19) 6 2 + 0
= 93 + 0
= 93 metres (or 93 m above ground level)
ii Position at G
= (14 + 7) 8 2 + 93
= 84 + 93
= 9 metres (or 9 metres above ground level)
e Average velocity
=
9
41 0

=
9
41
m/s or approx. 0.22 m/s
f Total distance travelled
= 84 + 93
= 177 metres
g Average speed
=
177
41

=
13
4
41
or approx. 4.32 m/s
9 a i The acceleration is positive from B to C and D to E.
ii The acceleration is negative from O to A and F to G.
iii The acceleration is zero from A to B C to D and E
to F.
b OA : Average acceleration
=
9 0
6 0

=
9
6

= 1.5 m/s
2

AB: Average acceleration
=
0 0
14 6

=
0
8

= 0 m/s
2

=
0 9
24 14

=
9
10

= 0.9 m/s
2

=
0 0
30 24

=
0
6

= 0 m/s
2

=
6 0
36 30

=
6
6

= 1 m/s
2

=
0 0
40 36

=
0
4

= 0 m/s
2

FG : Average acceleration
=
0 6
45 40

=
6
5

= 1.2 m/s
2

c

d i Position at C
= (8 + 24) 9 2 + 100
= 144 + 100
= 44 metres
44 metres below ground level.
A GM1 1 - 1 5 346 K i n e ma t i c s
ii Position at G
= (4 +15) 6 2 + 44
= 55 44
= 13 metres
13 metres above ground level.
e Average velocity
=
change in position
time taken

=
13 100
45 0

=
87
45

1.93 m/s
f Distance travelled = 144 + 57
= 201 metres
g Average speed =
201
45

4.47 m/s
10 108 km/h = 108 3.6
= 30 m/s
126 km/h = 126 3.6
= 35 m/s
a Average acceleration
=
2 1
2 1
v v
t t

5 =
35 0
t

5t = 35
t = 7
The motorcycle acceleration for 7 seconds.
b

c Let t
1
be the time when the motorcycle catches the car and
mark it on the graph . Let v
M
be the velocity of the
motorcycle and v
c
be the velocity of the car. At time when
the motorcycle catches the car, the distances travelled by
each is equal. That is area under v
M
= area under v
C

(t
1
4 + t
1
11) 35 2
= 30t
1

(2t
1
15) 17.5 = 30t
1

35t
1
262.5 = 30t
1

5t
1
= 262.5
t
1
= 52.5 seconds
The motorcycle catches the car 52.5 seconds after the car
first passes it.
d Distance travelled = 30 52.5
= 1575 metres
or 1.575 km
11 a

b Let t
1
= time Polly takes to complete the 360 metres and
t
2
= time Molly takes to complete the 360 metres area
under v
P

= (t
1
+ t
1
5) 16 2
= 360
(2t
1
5) 8 = 360
2t
1
5 = 45
2t
1
= 50
t
1
= 25 seconds
Area under v
M
= 14t
2
= 360
t
2
= 360 14
= 25.71 seconds
Polly (takes 25 seconds) finishes before Molly (who
takes 25.7 seconds) and wins the race.
c Let t
3
= time at which Polly catches Molly.
Distance travelled by Polly = Distance travelled by Molly
(t
3
+ t
3
5) 16 2 = 14t
3

(2t
3
5) 8 = 14t
3

16t
3
40 = 14t
3

2t
3
= 40
t
3
= 20
Polly catches Molly after 20 seconds.
The distance travelled
= 14 20
= 280 metres
Polly catches Molly 360 280 = 80 metres from the
finish.
d When Polly catches Molly there is 5 seconds to go
before she finishes.
To dead heat Molly needs to average 16 m/s in the last
5 seconds.
Average velocity =
2 1
2
v v +

(since acceleration is constant)
16 =
2
14
2
v +

32 = v
2
+ 14
v
2
= 18
Average acceleration
=
2 1
5
v v

=
18 14
5

=
4
5

= 0.8 m/s
2

To dead heat with Polly, Molly must accelerate at
0.8 m/s
2
over the last 5 seconds.
12 a

b Position (at t = 30) = Initial position + Signed area under
graph
= 0 + (8 + 14) 1.5 2 (7 + 5) 2.5 2
= 16.5 15
= 1.5 metres
The monkey leaps off the tree at a height of
1.5 metres.
c Total distance
= unsigned area under vt graph
= 16.5 + 15
= 31.5 metres
K i n e ma t i c s A GM1 1 - 1 5 347

d i i Average speed =
31.5
30

= 1.05 m/s
ii Average speed =
31.5
30 9

=
31.5
21

= 1.5 m/s
e For the palm leaf, the vt graph is:

Since the palm leaf is travelling in one direction we can
treat the velocity as positive for convenience.
a =
1
1
v
t
= 2 (gradient)
v
1
= 2t
1

Distance =
1
2
v
1
t
1
= 25
or v
1
t
1
= 50
Substitute v
1
= 2t
1
into
2t
1
2
= 50
t
1
2
= 25
t
1
= 5
The palm leaf takes 5 seconds to fall to the ground.
Five seconds after the monkeys descent is at
t = 23 + 5
= 28 seconds
The monkey is still on the tree for another 2 seconds.
At t = 28,
Position of monkey
= 0 + 16.5 (5 + 3) 2.5 2
= 16.5 10
= 6.5 metres
When the palm leaf hits the ground the monkey is
6.5 metres above the ground.
Exercise 15C Constant acceleration formulas
1 a Given: s = 98, a = 9.8, u = 0
Want: t = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
98 =
2
1
0( ) (9.8)
2
t t +
4.9t
2
= 98
t
2
= 20
t = 20
t 4.47 s
b v = u + at
= 0 + 9.8 (4.47)
= 43.806 m/s
The stone reaches the river after approximately
4.5 seconds at a speed of 43.8 m/s
2 Given: u = 0, v = 16, t = 4
a Want a = ?
v = u + at
16 = 0 + a(4)
4a = 16
a = 4 m/s
2

The particle accelerates at 4 m/s
2

b Want s = ?
s =
1
( )
2
u v t +

=
1
(0 16) 4
2
+

= 32 m
The particle travels 32 metres.
3 Given: u = 8, s = 20, v = 18
a Want a = ?
v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
18
2
= 8
2
+ 2(a)(20)
324 = 64 + 40a
40a = 260
a = 6.5 m/s
2

The object accelerates at 6.5 m/s
2
.
b Want t = ?
s =
1
( )
2
u v t +

20 =
1
(8 18)
2
t +
13t = 20
t =
20
13

1.538
The object takes approximately 1.54 seconds.
4 Given: a = 9.8, t = 6, u = 0
a Want v = ?
v = u + at
= 0 + 9.8 6
v = 58.8 m/s
b Want s = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
=
2
1
0(6) (9.8) 6
2
+
s = 4.9 6
2

s = 176.4 m
5 Given: u = 0, a = 9.8, t = 4
a Want s = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
=
2
1
0(4) (9.8) 4
2
+
= 4.9 4
2

s = 78.4 m
b Want u = ?
v = u + at
= 0 + 9.8 4
v = 39.2 m/s
6 Given: s = 15, t = 3, v = 0
a Want u = ?
s =
1
( )
2
u v t +
15 =
1
( 0)3
2
u +

3
2
u = 15
u =
3
15
2

u = 10 m/s
b Want a = ?
v = u + at
A GM1 1 - 1 5 348 K i n e ma t i c s
0 = 10 + a 3
3a = 10
a =
10
3

a =
1
3
3
m/s
2

7 a Given: a = 6, u = 17, v = 28
Want t = ?
v = u + at
28 = 17 + 6t
6t = 11
t =
11
6

t =
5
1
6
seconds
b Given: u = 0, a = 2, v = 10
Want t = ?
v = u + at
10 = 0 + 2t
2t = 10
t = 5 seconds
8 Given: u = 10, s = 60, v = 0
a Want a = ?
v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
0
2
= 10
2
+ 2(a)(60)
0 = 100 + 120a
120a = 100
a =
100
120

a =
5
6
m/s
2

b Want t = ?
v = u + at
0 =
5
10
6
t
| |
+
|
\ .

5
6
t = 10
t =
5
10
6

t = 12 seconds
9 Given: u = 0, s = 150, t = 5
a Want v = ?
s =
1
( )
2
u v t +
150 =
1
(0 ) 5
2
v +

5
2
v = 150
v =
5
150
2

v = 60 m/s
and v = 60 3.6 km/h
= 216 km/h
b Want a = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
150 =
2
1
0 (5) (5 )
2
a +
150 = 12.5 a
a =
150
12.5

a = 12 m/s
2

10 Given: u = 16, v = 6, t = 2
a Want a = ?
v = u + at
6 = 16 + 2a
2a = 10
a = 5 m/s
2

b Want s = ?
s =
1
( )
2
u v t +
=
1
(16 6) 2
2
+
s = 22 metres
c Given: a = 5, u = 16, v = 0
Want t = ?
v = u + at
0 = 16 5t
5t = 16
t = 3.2 seconds
Given: a = 5, u = 16, v = 0
Want: s = ?
v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
0
2
= 16
2
+ 2(5) (s)
10s = 265
s = 25.6 metres
11 Given s = 1800, t = 90, u = 0
a Want formula to find v.
s =
1
( )
2
u v t +
The answer is B.
b 1800 =
1
(0 ) 90
2
v +
45 v = 1800
v =
1800
45

v = 40 m/s
= 40 3.6
= 144 km/h
The answer is C.
c Given: u = 0, t = 45
Want: v = ?
Need to find a = ? first
Use s = 1800, t = 90, u = 0
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
1800 =
2
1
0 90
2
a +
4050a = 1800
a =
1800
4050

a =
4
9
m/s
2
(exact)
Use v = u + at
=
4
0 45
9
+
= 20 m/s
or v = 20 3.6
= 72 km/h
The answer is A.
d Want s = ?
s =
1
( )
2
u v t +
=
1
(0 20) 45
2
+
s = 450 metres
The answer is E.
12 a Stage one (Up)
Given: u = 9.8, a = 9.8, v = 0
v = u + at
0 = 9.8 9.8t
9.8t = 9.8
t = 1 second
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
=
2
1
9.8(1) ( 9.8)1
2
+
= 9.8 4.9
s = 4.9 m
Maximum height is 30 + 4.9
= 34.9 m.
Stage two (Down)
Given: u = 0, a = 9.8, s = 34.9
Want: t = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
34.9 =
2
1
0 (9.8)
2
t +
4.9t
2
= 34.9
t
2
= 7.122
t 7.122
2.67 seconds
The total time the ball is in the
air is 1 + 2.67 = 3.67 seconds
b v = u + at
= 0 + 9.8(2.67)
v 26.2 m/s
The ball is in the air for
3.7 seconds and hits the ground
at 26.2 m/s.
13 a Stage one (Up)
Given: u = 20, a = 9.8, v = 0
Want t = ?
v = u + at
0 = 20 9.8t
9.8t = 20
t = 2.04 seconds
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
=
2
1
20(2.04) ( 9.8) (2.04)
2
+
= 40.8 4.9 2.04
2

s 20.41 m.
Maximum height of the ball
above the ground is
80 + 20.41 = 100.41 m
Stage two (Down)
Given: u = 0, a = 9.8, s = 100.41
Want: t = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
100.41 =
2
1
0( ) (9.8)
2
t t +
4.9t
2
= 100.41
t
2
= 20.49
t = 20.49
4.53 seconds
The total time the ball is in the air
= 2.04 + 4.53 = 6.57 seconds.
K i n e ma t i c s A GM1 1 - 1 5 349

b v = u + at
= 0 + 9.8(4.53)
= 44.4 m/s
The ball is in the air for 6.6
seconds and hits the ground at
44.4 m/s.
14 a Stage one (Up)
Given: u = 28, a = 9.8, v = 0
Want t = ?
v = u + at
0 = 28 9.8t
9.8t = 28
t = 2.86 seconds
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
=
2
1
28(2.86) ( 9.8) 2.86
2
+
= 80.08 4.9 2.86
2

= 39.999
s 40 metres.
Maximum height the object is
in the air = 40 + 50 = 90 m.
b Stage two (Down)
Given: u = 0, a = 9.8, s = 90
Want t = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
90 =
2
1
0 (9.8)
2
t +
4.9t
2
= 90
t
2
= 18.367
t = 18.367
t 4.286
The total time the ball is in the air
is 4.286 + 2.86
= 7.146 seconds.
c v = u + at
= 0 + 9.8(7.146)
= 70.03 m/s
The object is in the air for
7.1 seconds and hits the ground at
70.0 m/s.
15 Given: u = 0, t = 12, s = 144
Want: v = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
144 =
2
1
0 12 12
2
a +
144 =
1
144
2
a
1 =
1
2
a
a = 2 m/s
2

u = 0, a = 2, t = 6
v = u + at
= 0 + 2 6
v = 12 m/s
16 Given: u = 0, s = 39.2, a = 9.8
a Want v = ? when
x = 39.2 2
= 19.6 m
v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
= 0
2
+ 2 (9.8) 19.6
= 384.16
v = 384.16
= 19.6 m/s
b v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
= 0
2
+ 2(9.8) (39.2)
= 768.32
v = 768.32
v 27.7 m/s
c Want t = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
39.2 =
2
1
0( ) (9.8)
2
t t +
4.9t
2
= 39.2
t
2
= 8
t = 8
2.828
or t 2.8 seconds
17 Cage u = v = 2, a = 0
s =
1
( )
2
c
u v t +
=
1
(2 2)
2
c
t +
s = 2t
c
Stone u = 2, a = 9.8, s = 2t
c
,
t = t
c
10
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
2t
c
=
2
1
2( 10) 9.8 ( 10)
2
c c
t t +
2t
c
=
2
1
2 20 9.8 ( 10)
2
c c
t t +
20 = 4.9(t
c
10)
2

4.08 = (t
c
10)
2

2.02 = t
c
10
t
c
= 12.02 s
s = 2 t
c

= 2 12.02
= 24.04 m
18 Stage one (Up)
Given: u = 19.6, a = 9.8, v = 0
Want t = ? and s = ?
v = u + at
0 = 19.6 9.8t
9.8t = 19.6
t = 2 seconds
v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
0
2
= 19.6
2
+ 2 (9.8)s
0 = 384.16 19.6s
19.6s = 384.16
s = 19.6 metres
The cylinder reaches a maximum
height of 80 + 19.6 = 99.6 metres
after 2 seconds.
Stage two (Down)
Given: u = 0, a = 9.8, s = 99.6
Want t = ? and v = ?
s =
2
1
2
ut at +
99.6 =
2
1
0( ) (9.8)
2
t t +
4.9t
2
= 99.6
t
2
= 99.6 4.9
= 20.326 53
t = 20.32653
t 4.51 seconds
The cylinder is in the air for 2 + 4.51
= 6.51 seconds
v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
= 0
2
+ 2 (9.8) (99.6)
= 1952.16
v = 1952.16
44.18 m/s
The cylinder is in the air for
approximately 6.5 seconds and hits
the ground at 44.2 m/s
Exercise 15D Instantaneous
rates of change
1 x(t) = t
3
+ t, t [0, 5]
v(t) =
d
d
x
t
= 3t
2
+ 1
v(2) = 3(4) + 1
v(2) = 13
The velocity at t = 2 is 13 cm/s.
2 x(t) = t
4
, t [0, 4]
v(t) =
d
d
x
t
= 4t
3

v(3.5) = 4(3.5)
3

= 171.5
The velocity at t = 3.5 is
171.5 cm/s.
3 x(t) = 2t
3
4t, t [0, 6]
v(t) =
d
d
x
t
= 6t
2
4
v(4) = 6(4)
2
4
v(4) = 92
The velocity at t = 4 is 92 m/s.
4 x(t) =
8
1 t +
, t 0
v(t) =
2
8
( 1) t
+

v(3) =
8
16
=
1
2

The Velocity at t = 3 is
1
2
cm/s.
5 x(t) =
2
1
,
2
t
t
+
t [0, 8]
v(t) =
d
d
x
t

=
2
1
2
( 2)
t
t
+

v(1.5) =
2
1
2(1.5)
(3.5)

= 3.082
The Velocity at t = 1.5 is
3.082 m/s
6 v(t) =
16
2 t +
, t 0
a(t) =
d
d
u
t

=
2
16
( 2) t
+

A GM1 1 - 1 5 350 K i n e ma t i c s
a(2) =
2
16
(4)

= 1
The acceleration at t = 2 is 1 m/s
2
.
7 v(t) =
2
8
( 1) t +
, t 0
a(t) =
3
16
( 1) t
+

a(3.5) =
3
16
(4.5)

= 0.176
The acceleration at t = 3.5 is 0.176 cm/s
2

8 v(t) = t
2

4
1 t +
, t [0, 4]
a(t) =
d
d
v
t

=
2
4
2
( 1)
t
t
+
+

a(1) = 2 + 1
= 3
The acceleration at t = 1 is 3 m/s
2

9 v(t) = t
3
+ 2t
2
3t, t [0, 6]
a(t) =
d
d
v
t

= 3t
2
+ 4t 3
a(2) = 12 + 8 3
= 17
The acceleration at t = 2 is 17 cm/s
2

10 x(t) = 2 log
e
(t + 1), t 0
v(t) =
d
d
x
t

=
2
1 t +

v(3) =
2
4
=
1
2

The velocity at t = 3 is
1
2
m/s. The answer is E.
11 v(6) =
2
7
0.29
The velocity at t = 6 is 0.29 m/s
The answer is B.
12 v(t) = 3e
2 t
, t 0
a(t) =
d
d
v
t

=
2
3
t
e

a(2) =
0
3e
= 3
The acceleration when t = 2 is 3 m/s
2

The answer is B.
13 v = 3e
2 t

h = 0.2
t
1
= 0.1
t
n
= 1.9
From Graphic Calculator
d = 19.135
The approximate distance travelled is 19.14 m.
The answer is D.
14

v(0.5) = 1.75
v(1.5) = 6.75
v(2.5) = 13.75
v(3.5) = 22.75
v(4.5) = 33.75
v(5.5) = 46.75
Area = 1(1.75 + 6.75 + 13.75 + 22.75 + 33.75 + 46.75)
= 125.5
The particle travels approximately 125.5 metres in the first
6 seconds.
15 d =
3
3
0
( ) d t t t +

=
3
4 2
0
1 1
4 2
t t
(
+
(

=
81 9
(0)
4 2
| |
+
|
\ .

=
99
4
=
3
24
4

The object travels 24
3
4
metres in the first 3 seconds.
16 d =
6
2
0
( 3 )d t t t +

=
6
3 2
0
1 3
3 2
t t
(
+
(

=
216 3
36 (0)
3 2
| |
+
|
\ .

= 126
The particle travels 126 m during the first 6 seconds.
17 a v(t) = t
3
+ t
x(t) =
3
( )d t t t +

x(t) =
4 2
4 2
t t
c + +
x = 0 when t = 0
c = 0
x(t) =
4 2
4 2
t t
+
b d =
3
3
0
( )d t t t +

=
3
4 2
0
4 2
t t
(
+
(

=
3
24
4

The particle travels
3
24
4
m in the first 3 seconds.
18 a v(t) = (2 1)d t t +
= t
2
+ t + c,
v(0) = 0
v(t) = t
2
+ t
b x(t) =
2
( )d t t t +

x(t) =
3 2
3 2
t t
b + +
x = 0, t = 0
b = 0
x(t) =
3 2
3 2
t t
+

c d =
4
3 2
0
3 2
t t
(
+
(

=
1
29
3

1
29
3
K i n e ma t i c s A GM1 1 - 1 5 351

19 a a(t) = 12t
2
4t + 4
v(t) =
2
(12 4 4)d t t t +

v(t) = 6t
3
2t
2
+ 4t + c
v = 15 when t = 0
c = 15
v(t) = 6t
3
2t
2
+ 4t + 15
b x(t) =
3 2
(6 2 4 15)d t t t t + +

x(t) =
4 3 2
6 2 4
15
4 3 2
t t t
t b + + +
x(t) =
4 3
2
3 2
2 15
2 3
t t
t t b + + +
x = 0 when t = 0
b = 0
x(t) =
4 3
2
3 2
2 15
2 3
t t
t t + +
c d =
2
4 3
2
0
3 2
2 15
2 3
t t
t t
(
+ +
(

=
2
56
3

2
56
3
Chapter review
Short answer
1 a

b i Displacement = 7 5
= 12 cm
ii Distance = 6 + 4 + 10
= 20 cm
12
4

= 3 cm/s
iv Average speed =
20
4

= 5 cm/s
2 a 40 cm
b 30 40
= 10 cm
c i t = 12 to t = 18
ii t = 0 to t = 8
iii t = 8 to t = 12
d i v =
30 10
18 12

=
20
6

= 3.33 cm/s
ii v =
10 40
8 0

=
30
8

= 3.75 cm/s
iii v =
10 10
12 8

=
0
4

= 0 cm/s
3

4 a a =
15 9
4 0

=
6
4

= 1.5 m/s
2

b a =
0 15
15 12

=
15
3

= 5 m/s
2

c Displacement
= (9 + 15) 4 2 + (8 + 11) 15 2
= 48 + 142.5
= 190.5 m
d Distance = 190.5 m
5 a O to A, a =
10 0
3 0

=
10
3

= 3.33 m/s
2

A to B, a =
10 10
10 3

=
0
7

= 0 m/s
2

B to C, a =
0 10
12 10

=
10
2

= 5 m/s
2

C to D, a =
0 0
20 12

=
0
8

= 0 m/s
2

D to E, a =
12 0
23 20

=
12
3

= 4 m/s
2

E to F, a =
12 12
27 23

=
0
4

= 0 m/s
2

F to G, a =
0 12
30 27

=
12
3

= 4 m/s
2

A GM1 1 - 1 5 352 K i n e ma t i c s
b

c i Position at C
= 0 + displacement at C
= 0 + (7 + 12) 10 2
= 95 metres (95 metres above ground).
ii Position at G
= Position at C + Displacement from C to G
= 95 + (4 + 10) 12 2
= 95 84
= 11 metres
That is 11 metres above ground levels.
d Average velocity =
95 84
30 0

=
11
30
m/s
e Distance = 95 + 84
= 179 metres
6 Given: u = 5, v = 20, s = 60
a Want a = ?
v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
20
2
= 5
2
+ 2a(60)
400 = 25 + 120a
120a = 375
a = 3.125 m/s
2

b Want t = ?
s =
1
2
(u + v)t
60 =
1
2
(5 + 20)t
60 = 12.5t
t = 4.8 seconds
7 u = 0, t = 3, a = 10
a Want s = ?
s = ut +
1
2
at
2

= 0(3) +
1
2
(10)(3
2
)
s = 45 metres
b Want v = ?
v = u + at
= 0 + 10 3
= 30 m/s.
8 Given: u = 12, v = 4, t = 3
a Want a = ?
v = u + at
4 = 12 + 3a
8 = 3t
a =
8
3
m/s
2

b Given: a =
8
3
, u = 12, t = 2
Want s = ?
s = ut +
1
2
at
2

= 12(2) +
1 8
2 3
| |
|
\ .
2
2

= 24
1
5
3

s =
2
18
3
metres
c Given: a =
8
3
, u = 12, v = 0
Want t = ?
v = u + at
0 = 12
8
3
t

8
3
t = 12
t =
36
8

t = 4.5 seconds
d Given: a =
8
3
,
u = 12, v = 0, t = 4.5
Want s = ?
s =
1
2
(u + v)t
=
1
2
(12 + 0) 4.5
s = 27 metres
9 x(t) = (t + 3)
3
+ 5, t [0, 8]
v(t) = 2(t + 3)
v(5) = 2(8) = 16 m/s
10 v(t) = (2t + 3)
2

= 4t
2
+ 12t + 9, t 0.
a a(t) = 8t + 12
a(2) = 16 + 12
= 28 m/s
2

b d =
4
2
0
(4 12 9)d t t t + +

=
4
3 2
0
4
6 9
3
t t t
(
+ +
(

=
256
96 36 0
3
| |
+ +
|
\ .

=
1
217
3
m
11 i u = 0, a = 2.2 m/s
2
, v = 70 m/s, t = ?
v = u + at
70 = 0 + 2.2t
t =
70
2.2
= 31.8 seconds.
ii v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
70
2
= 0
2
+ 2(2.2)s
s =
4900
4.4
= 1114 m
Multiple choice
1 Displacement
= Position at F Position at S
= 12 8
= 20 cm
The answer is D.
= (20 8) + (20 0) + (12 0)
= 28 + 20 + 12
= 60 cm
The answer is B.
K i n e ma t i c s A GM1 1 - 1 5 353

3 Average speed =
60
8

= 7.5 cm/s
The answer is E.
4 Average velocity =
0 20
6 4

=
20
2

= 10 cm/s
The answer is C.
5 Acceleration: A to B =
9 4
3 0

=
5
3

= 1.67 m/s
2

B to C =
6 9
6 3

=
3
3

= 1 m/s
2

C to D =
6 6
8 6

=
0
2

= 0 m/s
2

D to E =
0 6
9 8

=
6
1

= 6 m/s
2

E to F =
4 0
12 9

=
4
3

= 1.33 m/s
2

The acceleration magnitude is greatest (6 m/s
2
) between
D and E.
The answer is D.
6 Displacement
= (4 + 9) 3 2 + (9 + 6) 3 2 + (2 + 3)
6 2 4 3 2
= 19.5 + 22.5 + 15 6
= 51 m
Average velocity =
51
12

= 4.25 m/s
The answer is C.
= 19.5 + 22.5 + 15 + 6
= 63 m
Average speed =
63
12

= 5.25 m/s.
The answer is A.
8 Given s = 600, u = 0, t = 12
Find a = ?
Use s = ut +
1
2
at
2

The answer is D.
600 = 0(12) +
1
2
(a) 12
2

600 = 72a
a =
25
3
m/s
2

9 s =
1
2
(u + v)t
Given s = 600, u = 0, t = 12
600 =
1
2
(0 + v) 12
= 6 v
v = 100 m/s
or v = 100 3.6
v = 360 km/h
The answer is B.
10 Given u = 0, t = 6, a =
25
3

Want v = ?
v = u + at
= 0 +
25
3
6
= 50 m/s
or v = 50 3.6
= 180 km/h
The answer is D.
11 Given u = 0, t = 6, a =
25
3

Want s = ?
s = ut +
1
2
at
2

= 0(6) +
1 25
2 3
| |
|
\ .
6
2

= 0 +
25
6
36
s = 150 metres
The answer is C.
12 x(t) = t
3
4t
2
, t 0
v(t) = 3t
2
8t
v(3) = 27 24 = 3 m/s
The answer is C.
13 a(t) = 6t 8
a(3) = 18 8 = 10 m/s
2

The answer is E.
14 v(t)= (t + 1)
2
, t 0
a(t)= 2(t + 1)
a(2) = 2 (3) = 6 m/s
2

The answer is C.
15 d =
4
2
2
( 1) d t t +

=
4
2
2
( 2 1)d t t t + +

=
4
3 2
2
1
3
t t t
(
+ +
(

=
64 8
16 4 4 2
3 3
| | | |
+ + + +
| |
\ . \ .

=
2
32
3

The answer is B.
A GM1 1 - 1 5 354 K i n e ma t i c s
Extended response
1 a

b Average velocity =
0 12
6 0

=
12
6

= 2 cm/s
c

d Distance = (16 12) + (16 0)
= 4 + 16
= 20 cm
Average speed =
20
6

=
1
3
3
cm/s
e i v(1) =
(1 ) (1 )
2
x h x h
h
+

x(1 + h) = (1 + h)
2
+ 4(1 + h) + 12
x(1 h) = (1 h)
2
+ 4(1 h) + 12
From Graphics calculator v(1) = 2 cm/s.
ii v(3) =
(3 ) (3 )
2
x h x h
h
+

x(3 + h) = (3 + h)
2
+ 4(3 + h) + 12
x(3 h) = (3 h)
2
+ 4(3 h) + 12
From Graphics calculator v(3) = 2 cm/s.
f The speed is greater when the gradient of the
positiontime graph is steeper.
For 0 t < 1 and 3 < t 6.
2 a Velocity of stuntman in first 4 seconds:
v =
10
4
t (use y = mx + c)
= 2.5t
Want 2.5t = 8
t =
8
2.5

= 3.2 seconds
The stuntman is travelling at the same speed as the
bus after 3.2 seconds.
b a =
10 0
4 0

=
10
4

a = 2.5 m/s
2

c Let t
1
= time when stuntman catches the bus
Distance travelled by stuntman
= 4 10
1
2
+ 10(t
1
4)
= 20 + 10t
1
40
= 10t
1
20
Distance travelled by bus = 8t
1
At catch up point
10t
1
20 = 8t
1
2t
1
= 20
t
1
= 10 seconds
The stuntman catches the bus after 10 seconds.
d Distance = 8 t
1
= 8 10
= 80 m
The stuntman ran 80 metres to catch the bus.
e After 8 seconds,
distance travelled by stuntman = (4 + 8) 10 2
= 60 m
Distance travelled by bus
= 8 8
= 64 metres
Bus is 4 metres ahead.
f Consider vt graph from t = 8 onwards:

Distances travelled between t = 8 and t = 11:
Stuntman = 10 3
= 30 m
Bus = (8 + 11) 3 2
= 28.5
Stuntman has made up 30 28.5 = 1.5 metres
He is still 4 1.5 = 2.5 metres behind.
g After t = 11, the bus is travelling faster and since it is already
in front of t = 11, then the stuntman cannot catch the bus.
3 a Let t
1
= time at which the two balls collide.
Let h = height above ground at which they collide.
Golf ball
a = 10, u = 0, s = 100 h, t = t
1
v = u + at
v = 0 + 10t
1
v = 10t
1

v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
(10t
1
)
2
= 20(100 h)
(10t
1
)
2
= 2000 20h
Tennis ball
a = 10, v = 0, s = h, t = t
1
v = u + at
0 = u 10t
1
u = 10t
1

v
2
= u
2
+ 2as
0 = (10t
1
)
2
20h
(10t
1
)
2
= 20h
Equate and
20h = 2000 20h
40h = 2000
h = 50
The tennis ball is 50 metres above the ground when it
strikes the golf ball.
b u
2
= (10t
1
)
2
= 20h
= 20 50
= 1000
u = 1000
= 10 10 m/s
The tennis ball is thrown at 10 10 m/s
c v
2
= (10t
1
)
2
= 2000 20h
v
2
= 2000 20 50
= 1000
K i n e ma t i c s A GM1 1 - 1 5 355

v = 1000
= 10 10
The golf ball strikes the tennis ball at 10 10 m/s.
d (10t
1
)
2
= 1000
100t
1
2
= 1000
t
1
2
= 10
t
1
= 10
Each ball is in motion for 10 (or 3.16) seconds when
they collide.
4 a Sketch a velocitytime graph for both girls.

Lilys distance
= (t
1
+ t
1
2) 8.2 2 = 100
(2t
1
2) 8.2 2 = 100
(t
1
1) 8.2 = 100
t
1
1 12.195
t
1
= 13.195
Lily takes 13.195 seconds to run 100 metres.
Alanas distance
= (t
2
+ t
2
1.6) 8 2 = 100
(t
2
0.8) 8 = 100
t
2
0.8 = 12.5
t
2
= 13.3
Alana takes 13.3 seconds to run 100 metres.
So Lily wins the race.
b In 13.195 seconds, Alana runs
(13.195 + 13.195 1.6) 8 2 = 99.16
So Lily wins by 100 99.16 = 0.84 metres.
The winning margin is 0.84 metres.
c From a Lily wins by 13.3 13.195 = 0.105 seconds
Alana needs to start 0.105 seconds before Lily, for a
dead heat to occur.
d From b Alana should get 0.84 metres start for a dead heat
to occur.
e Let t
3
= time at which Alana reaches top speed of 8 m/s
Distance
=
1
2
8 t
3
+ (13.195 t
3
) 8
= 100

So 4t
3
+ 105.56 8t
3
= 100
4t
3
= 5.56
t
3
= 1.39
Acceleration =
3
8
t

=
8
1.39

= 5.755
Alana needs to accelerate at 5.76 m/s
2
for a dead heat to
occur.
A GM1 1 - 1 6 356 Ge o me t r y i n t wo a n d t h r e e d i me n s i o n s
Exercise 16A Review of basic geometry
1 a

The angle vertically opposite to 90 is also 90
34 + 90 + x = 180
124 + x = 180
x = 180 124
x = 56
b

x + x + 45 = 180
2x + 45 = 180
2x = 180 45
2x = 135
x =
135
2

x = 67.5
c

Since ACE = 90, then
ACB = DCB = 90
CAB + 128 = 180
CAB = 180 128
CAB = 52
In ABC:
52 + 90 + x = 180
142 + x = 180
x = 180 142
x = 38
BDC + 122 = 180
BDC = 180 122
BDC = 58
In CBD:
y + 58 + 90 = 180
y + 148 = 180
y = 180 148
y = 32
2 Angles which add up to 180 are supplementary (by
definition).
Answer is D.
3 A line segment, extended to infinity in both directions is
called a line, not a ray. (A ray extends to infinity in one
direction.)
Answer is C.
4

b + c = 180
Angles a and c are alternate.
a = c
a + b = 180
EDB + DBC = 180
EDB and DBC are supplementary.
5

(1) GDA and HDE are vertically opposite.
GDA = DE
= 101
(2) GDH and HDE are supplementary.
GDH + HDE = 180
GDH + 101 = 180
GDH = 180 101
= 79
(3) BDE and GDH are vertically opposite.
BDE = GDH
= 79
(4) DBF and BDE are alternate angles.
DBF = BDE
= 79
(5) GDA and CBH are alternate angles.
GDA = CBH
= 101
(6) CDH and FBA are vertically opposite angles.
CDH = FBA
= 101
(7) HBF and CBA are vertically opposite angles.
HBF = CBA
79 = CBA
CBA = 79
If one of these angles is known, all other angles can
be found. There are only 2 possible values that the
angles can take.
6

(1) In a triangle:
a + b + c = 180
c = 180 (a + b)
(2) As c and d are supplementary
c + d = 180
d = 180 c
Chapter 16 Geometry in two and three dimensions
Ge o me t r y i n t wo a n d t h r e e d i me n s i o n s A GM1 1 - 1 6 357
(3) Replace c in (2) with the expression in (1):
d = 180 [180 (a + b)]
= 180 180 + (a + b)
= a + b
d = a + b
QED
7 a

y + 66 = 180 (as co-interior)
y = 180 66
y = 114
x + 2x = 180 (as co-interior)
3x = 180
x = 60
b

x and 47 are corresponding angles.
x = 47
y and 55 are alternate angles.
y = 55
47, 55 and z are supplementary angles.
z + 47 + 55 = 180
z + 102 = 180
z = 180 102
z = 78
c

31 + 90 + x = 180 (supplementary angles)
121 + x = 180
x = 180 121
x = 59
x and z are corresponding angles
x = z
z = 59
z + y = 180 (supplementary angles)
59 + y = 180
y = 180 59
y = 121
8 a

y and 30 are alternate angles.
y = 30
(75 + y) = x + 30 (external angles)
(75 + 30) = x + 30
x = 75
The lines of equal length are set between the pair of
parallel lines and hence must also be parallel (as they
face in the same direction).
Then y + z = 180 (co-interior angles)
30 + z = 180
z = 150
b

x + 90 + 3x + 90 = 360 (a revolution)
4x + 180 = 360
4x = 360 180
4x = 180
x = 180 4
x = 45
90 + (x + 3) + y = 180 (angles sum in a )
90 + (45 + 3) + y = 180
y = 180 138
y = 42
c

Draw in an extra line (as shown);
The line cuts angle x into two angles: 1 and 2.
1 = 20 (alternate angles) and 2 = 40 (alternate
angles)
x = 1 + 2
x = 20 + 40
x = 60
9

a + b + c = 180
d + e + f = 180
z + h + i = 180
The sum of the angles in a pentagon.
= 3 180 (3 triangles)
= 540
QED
10

Sum of angles in a hexagon
= 4 180 (4 triangles)
= 720
x + x 22 + x 20 + x + 5 + x + 10 + x + 15 = 720
6x 12 = 720
6x = 732
x = 122
11

In ABC AB = BC (a square)
ABC is an isosceles triangle with A = C.
ABC = 90 (a square)
(A + C) + 90 = 180
A + C = 90 and A = C.
A = C = 45
Likewise in DBC, DC = CB (a square).
DBC is an isosceles triangle with
D = B.
D + B + C = 180 and C = 90
So D + B + 90 = 180
D + B = 90 and D = B,
D = B = 45
In OBC: a + 45 + 45 = 180
a + 90 = 180
a = 90
QED
12 a

3 sided polygon = a triangle
Sum of angles = 180
4 sided polygon = quadrilateral
No. of triangles = 2
Sum of angles = 2 180
= 360
5 sided polygon = pentagon.

= 540
6 sided polygon = hexagon
=720
7 sided polygon = heptagon

= 900
8 sided polygon = octagon
= 1080
9 sided polygon:
= 1260
10 sided polygon:
= 1440
20 sided polygon:
= 3240
Number
of sides
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20
Sum of
interior
angles
180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 3240
b In a n-sided polygon, the number of triangles formed by
drawing diagonals from a fixed vertex is 2 less than the
number of sides, that is, (n 2)
Sum of the interior angles in a n-sided polygon
= (n 2) 180
13 Point A must be the centre of a circle of radius 3 cm
14 (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
is the general equation of a circle.
Since the centre is at (0, 0) and r = 1 then the solution must
be x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
15 (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
Since the centre is at (1, 3) and r = 50 then the solution
must be (x + 1)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 2500.
16 The locus of points equidistant from 2 points P and Q must
perpendicularly bisect the line joining the points P and Q.
Exercise 16B Geometric constructions
1

To construct AC:
(1) Extend AB to the left.
(2) From A draw an arc to cut the line AB at two
places M and N.
(3) Increase the radius a little and draw two arcs: one
from M and one from N so that they intersect
above point A (at C).
(4) Join A and C; BAC = 90

Likewise, to construct BD:
(1) Extend AB to the right.
(2) From B draw an arc to cut the line AB in 2 places:
P and Q.
(3) With a little larger radius draw the arcs from P and
Q so that they intersect at D (directly below B).
(4) Join B and D; ABD = 90.
2

a (1) With the radius more than
1
2
of AB draw the arcs
from A and from B so that they intersect above and
below AB; join the points of intersection.
(2) Repeat for AC.
(3) Repeat for BC.
b All three bisectors meet at the same point.
3

a (1) Draw a scalene triangle ABC.
(2) With the radius a little larger than
1
2
of AB draw
the arcs from A and B so that they intersect above
and below AB. Join the points of intersection.
(3) Repeat step (2) for BC and AC.
b All 3 perpendicular bisectors meet at the same point.
4

(1) Select the radius for the pulleys, say r = 3 cm.
(2) Draw a straight line that is 4 times as long as the
radius, (3 4 = 12 cm) and label it AB.
(3) Draw the circles of radius 3 cm with the centres at
A and B (the pulleys).
(4) Join together the highest and the lowest point of the
circles with straight lines (this represents the belts).
5

(1) Select the radius for the pulleys, say r = 2 cm.
(2) Draw a horizontal line which is 8 times the radius
and label it BC.
(3) Draw pulleys B and C (circles with r = 2 cm and
centres at B and C respectively).
(4) Extend BC to the left until it intersects with circle.
(5) From the points of intersection of the circle with
BC draw two arcs with the radius a bit bigger than
2 cm (say 3 cm) so that they intersect above point B.
(6) Join point of intersection with B, using a straight
line (it is perpendicular to BC).
(7) Extend the line so that it is 6 times the radius and
label the endpoint A.
(8) Draw a pulley with r = 2 cm and centre at A.
(9) Join the highest points of the pulleys with straight
lines (the belts).
6

(1) Draw a straight line.
(2) Construct the line AB which is perpendicular to the
given line.
(3) Construct the line CD which is perpendicular to the
given line and is several centimetres from AB.
(4) Using the ruler, measure 20 cm along AB and CD
and put small markings.
(5) Join the markings on AB and CD with the straight
line. This line is parallel to and exactly 20 cm from
the original line.
7

(1) Draw a straight line.
(2) Construct a perpendicular to the line.
(3) The perpendicular line makes an angle of 90 with the
original line. Bisect 90 angle to obtain a 45 angle.
8

(1) Draw a straight line as the base of the angle.
(2) Select a point for the vertex, A; put the compass
point at A and draw a circle of any radius, so that it
crosses the line at B.
(3) Draw an arc with the centre at B and the same radius
as in (2) so that it will cross the first circle at C.
(4) Join A and C with the straight line: BAC = 60.
(5) To obtain 30 angle, bisect BAC.
(6) To obtain a 15 angle, bisect BAD.
9


Duplicate of ABC is obtained by following instruction set
in question 9.
10

(1) Draw an arc with the centre at A, so that it cuts the
line at B and C.
(2) Draw an arc from B and then an arc with the same
radius from C so that they intersect above A at
point D.
(3) Join A and D with a straight line: AD is
perpendicular to BC.
Exercise 16C Polygons
1

(1) With the same radius draw small arcs from A and
from C so that they intersect on either side of AC
(at E and D). Join E and D: ED is a perpendicular
bisector of AC.
(2) Repeat step (1) for the sides AB and BC.
(3) Observe that perpendicular bisectors intersect
outside ABC (at O).
(4) Join the vertices of the triangle with the points of
intersection of their opposite sides with their
respective bisectors. These are median bisectors.
(5) Observe that median bisectors intersect inside
ABC (at M).
2

(1) Construct perpendicular bisectors of each side.
(2) The perpendicular bisectors intersect at O (the
circumcentre).
(3) Observe that the circumcentre of the right-angled
triangle is located at the midpoint of the
hypotenuse.
(4) Join the vertices with the midpoints of the opposite
sides (as marked by the bisectors) to obtain point
M (the centroid). Observe that it is inside ABC.
3

(1) Construct the straight line AB (the base).
(2) Construct a perpendicular bisector by drawing
small arcs from A and from B with the same radius
so that they intersect at C and D; Join C and D.
(3) Select any point on CD, say, E (or F, G,) and join
with A and B. AEB is isosceles with AE = BE.
Note that it is really not necessary to construct a
perpendicular bisector. It is enough to simply draw small
arcs from A and B (with the same radius), so that they
intersect above AB at C. C (the point of intersection of
arcs) is the third vertex; Join C with A and B.
By varying the radius we can obtain different triangles.
4

(1) Draw a line for the base of the triangle (MN).
(2) Construct a perpendicular bisector and call the
point of intersection with MN point A.
(3) Extend both lines.
(4) Open the compass at any radius. Put its point at A
and mark point P on the horizontal line; Put
compass point at P and with the same radius and
mark point Q; repeat 2 more times (points R and
B). Point B indicates the endpoint of side AB,
which is 4 units long.
(5) With the same radius measure 3 units along
vertical line (by marking points S, T and C). Side
AC is 3 units long.
(6) Join C and B.
5

(1) Construct MNO by following the steps, outlined
in question 5.
(2) Construct the bisector of OMN:
first draw an arc from M so what it cuts MN at A
and MO at B.
next draw 2 arcs with the same radius: one from
A and one from B, so that they intersect at C.
finally join M and C; MC is the bisector of OMN.
(3) Repeat step (2) for MNO and MON.
(4) All angle bisectors intersect at P (the incentre of
MNO).
6

The MNO in question 5 was an example of a scalene
acute-angled triangle. Students might wish to construct an
obtuse-angled or a right-angled scalene (as above).
7

(1) Construct a pair of parallel lines.
(2) On the top line mark point A.
(3) On the lower line, mark point D slightly further to
the right as compared to A.
(4) Put the compass point at A and measure the
distance AD.
(5) Make the radius larger and measure this larger
distance along the top line, beginning from A.
Mark the endpoint using the pencil of your
compass and label it point B.
(6) With the same radius start at D on the lower line
and measure the distance DC.
(7) Join the points A B C D.
8

a To construct a regular hexagon:
first draw a circle with the centre O.
Start at any point on the circumference, say M and
with the radius OM measure the distance OM along
the circumference; mark it point N.
From point N measure the same distance 4 more
times marking the points P, Q, R, S.
Join the points M N P Q R S.
b Join the vertices of the hexagon to the centre.
Find (construct) the angle bisectors of the angles, formed
at the centre of the circle.
Extend the bisectors to the circumference: the points of
intersection with the circumference will create another 6
vertices (A, B, C, D, E, F).
Join the 12 vertices to create a dodecagon.
9

(1) Start at B and with the radius equal to DF,
measure the distance DF along the
circumference; mark the point K.
(2) Repeat three more times, marking points L, N and O.
(3) Join the vertices B K L N O to obtain
regular pentagon.
10

(1) Draw a circle of any radius.
(2) 360

7 =
3
7
51 this is extremely hard to
construct, so let each angle equal approximately 51.
(3) Select a point, A, anywhere on the circumference.
(4) Place the protractor with the centre at O and with
zero at A and measure 51; mark the resulting
point B.
(5) Repeat step (4) five more times. Label the resulting
points C, D, E, F and G.
(6) Join A with C; C with E; E with G; G with B; B
with D; D with F and F with A. (A C E G
B D F A).
(7) Highlight the points that are needed to obtain a
7-pointed star.
(8) If we join by skipping 2 at a time (A D G C
F B E A), then highlight the needed points.
(9) If we skip 3 at a time we will obtain the same star,
as in (8), so these are the only possible solutions.
11

An octagon will have 360 8 = 45 angles from the
centre,
(1) Draw a circle of any radius.
(2) Draw a diameter AE.
(3) Construct a perpendicular bisector of AE by
drawing 2 small arcs from A and from E (with the
same radius) and joining the point of intersection
of the arcs with the centre of the circle O.
(4) Bisect AOC.
(5) Use your compass to measure the distance AB.
(6) Move along the circumference and measure the
distance AB 7 more times; mark the points C, D, E,
F, G and H.
(7) Join A C E G A; then B D F H B
(every second point); highlight the needed points to
obtain a star.
(8) Join A D G B E H C F A (every
third point); highlight needed sides to obtain the star.

Exercise 16D Three-dimensional geometry
1

The net is made of 6 rectangles. When unfolded, the box
may look like the one below.

2 The box in question 1 has 8 vertices, 12 edges, and 6 faces.
So
V = 8, E = 12 and F = 6
V = E F + 2
8 = 12 6 + 2
= 6 + 2
= 8
QED
3 Vertices: A, G, H, F, E, J, K, D, L, C, B, M, so V = 12
Edges: AG, GH, HF, FA, EJ, JK, KD, DE, BC, CL, LM,
MB, AB, GM, FE, HJ, DC, KL, so E = 18
Faces: AGHF, EJKD, BMLC, BAGM, EFHJ, CDKL,
BAFEDC and MGHJKL, so F = 8
V = E F + 2
12 = 18 8 + 2
= 10 + 2
= 12
QED
4 A polyhedron has all faces plane (flat) polygons. A cylinder
contains faces that are not polygons, so it is not a
polyhedron. Answer is D.
5 V = E F + 2; F = 6; V = 5; E = ?
5 = E 6 + 2.
5 = E 4
E = 5 + 4
E = 9
Answer is D.
6

Vertices: 5
Edges: 8
Faces: 5.
V = E F + 2
5 = 8 5 + 2
= 3 + 2
= 5
QED
7

The shape in C cannot be folded into a cube, since the
squares, which are supposed to form left and right sides are
on the same side.
Answer is C.
8

A tetrahedron consists of 4 identical equilateral triangles,
which when unfolded will look like this.

9

An octahedron is made of 8 equilateral triangles. When
unfolded, it may look like the diagram below.

10 The solid in question 3 has 8 faces: 6 rectangles and two L-
shaped faces. When unfolded it may look like the diagram
below.

11 The new exposed face is a square, which is parallel to the
square PQRS and has smaller side lengths.

12 The net of an octahedron is shown in question 9. Each
triangle is an equilateral, which can be constructed as
follows:
(1) Draw a line AB, base of the triangle.
(2) With the radius AB and the centre at A, draw an arc.
(3) With the same radius, draw another arc from B so that
it intersects the first one at C.
(4) Join C with A and B. ABC is equilateral.

13 (1) Redraw the base of the cube (the face that contains AB).

Using Pythagoras theorem:
AB
2
= a
2
+ a
2

AB
2
= 2a
2

AB =
2
2a
= 2a
(2)

Redraw BAC; it is right-angled triangle and AC is
a hypotenuse.
BC is the side of the cube, so BC = a.
AB = 2a (As found in part 1.)
Using Pythagoras theorem:
AC
2
= BC
2
+ AB
2

= a
2
+ ( 2a)
2

= a
2
+ 2a
2

= 3a
2

AC =
2
3a
= 3a
14

Two small cubes can fit along each side of the large cube so
there are 2 2 2 = 8 small cubes. (That is, 4 in the top
row and 4 in the bottom row).
15

The cut object (a triangular-based pyramid) is a quarter of
the little cube, shown in question 14. Since 8 small cubes
fit into a large cube and 4 pyramids fit into a small cube, so
8 4 = 32 pyramids fit into a large cube. Therefore, a
pyramid (cut object) is
1
32
of the original cube.
Exercise 16E Circle geometry
1

BOC = 2BAC (circle theorem 1)
88 = 2x
x =
88
2

x = 44
BAC = BDC (circle theorem 2)
x = y
y = 44
OA = OB (radii). Therefore AOB is an isosceles triangle
x = z
z = 44
2 The angle, subtended by a chord at the centre is twice the
angle subtended by the same chord at the circumference
(circle theorem 1)
Answer is C.
3

x = 2 ABC (circle theorem 1)
x = 2 37
x = 74
4

In ODA:
ODA + 20 + 74 = 180
ODA + 94 = 180
ODA = 86
Now, ODA = BDC (vertically opposite.)
So, in DBC:
DBC + 86 + 37 = 180
DBC + 123 = 180
DBC = 57
and OBC = DBC = 57
Answer is B.
5

y = BAC (circle theorem 2)
y = 34
BEA + 80 = 180 (supplementary)
BEA = 100
In AEB:
x + 34 + 100 = 180
x + 134 = 180
x = 46
z = x (circle theorem 2)
z = 46
6

AED = BEC (vertically opposite)
ADB = ACB (circle theorem 2 and plus they are both
marked as y)
The third angles must also be equal.
DAE = EBC
x = z
7

AOC is subtended by the arc AB from the centre and is in
the major segment. The angle that is subtended from
circumference by the same arc in the same segment is
ADC. It is
1
2
of AOC.
Answer is B.
8 The angle subtended at the circumference by a diameter is
90 (circle theorem 3).
9

ACB = 90 (circle theorem 3)
30 + y = 90
y = 60
x = BCD (circle theorem 2)
x = 30
10

x + 54 = 180 (circle theorem 4)
x = 180 54
x = 126
y + 84 = 180 (circle theorem 4)
y = 180 84
y = 96
11 a

Angle x is subtended by the diameter.
x = 90
(circle theorem 3)
b

x =
1
2
of 51
x = 25.5
(circle theorem 1)
c

x + 81 = 180
x = 99
(circle theorem 4)
d

x = 51
(circle theorem 2)
e

In the triangle, the third angle is: 180 (41 + 110)
= 180 151
= 29
x = 2 29
x = 58 (circle theorem 1)
12

(1) Select a point on the circumference (C) and
construct a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD.
(2) ACB =
1
2
AOB, that is, ACB =
1
2
x (circle
theorem 2)
(3) In the quadrilateral ADBC ADB + ACB = 180
(circle theorem 4)
y +
1
2
x = 180
y = 180
1
2
x
(or y = 180
2
x
)
13

Circle theorem 1:
ACB =
1
2
AOB
x =
1
2
40
x = 20
AB || CD
x and y are alternate angles
x = y
y = 20
OB = OC BOC is an isosceles triangle and
x = z
z = 20.
14

AB || CD
x and y are alternate angles.
x = y.
OB = OC (radii)
BOC is an isosceles triangle with OBC = OCB.
x = z
x = y = z.
15

(1) x = 42 (alternate)
(2) y = 42 (circle theorem 2)
(3) y = z (alternate)
z = 42
16

Generally,
x = z (circle theorem 2)
z = y (alternate)
x = y = z.
17

a + b + c = 180 (angle sum in a triangle)
180 c = a + b
c + d = 180 (supplementary)
180 c = d
d = a + b
QED
18

EBC = y + ECO
OBC is an isosceles triangle.
OBC = OCB
But OBC is same angle as EBC
and OCB = ECO + y
EBC = ECO + y (1)
Now BEC + EBC + y = 180 (angle sum of a triangle)
Sub (1) for EBC
BEC + ECO + y + y = 180
BEC + ECO + 2y = 180 (2)
Also, AEO = BEC (3) (opposite angles)
and x + OAE + AEO = 180
(Substitute (3))
x + OAE + BEC = 180 (4)
(3) = (4)
BEC + ECO + 2y = x + OAE + BEC
ECO + 2y = x + OAE
but ECO = OAE (isosceles triangle)
2y = x
Exercise 16F Tangents, chords and circles
1

(1) Draw a circle and draw a radius that points to the right
(OP).
(2) Extend the radius.
(3) With the compass, measure the length of the radius
along the extended line beginning from P.
(4) Increase the radius and draw the arcs one from O and
one from A so that they intersect above and below the
line OA.
(5) Join points B and C with the straight line: BC is the
tangent to the circle at point P.
2

(1) x = 21 2
So x = 42 (circle theorem 1)
(2) In AOB OAB = 90 (since AB is the tangent,
that meets with the radius at A).
(3) y is an exterior angle of AOB
So y = 90 + x
y = 90 + 42
y = 132
3

CAM = CAN = 90
Since tangent MN is perpendicular to the radius CA.
FDA = FBA = 90
(These are subtended by the diameter FA)
EDG = EBG = 90 (both subtended by the diameter
EG).
4 in AFD:
AFD + 90 + 20 = 180
AFD = 70
But AFD = CFD
CFD = 70
FDG is an isosceles triangle
DFG = DGF = 70
And FDG + 70 + 70 = 180
so FDG = 40
So it is 70 and 40 respectively.
Answer is B.
5 In FDA: FDA = 90; FAD = 20 and AFD = 70
In EDG: EDG = 90; DEG and EGD = 70
So FDA is similar to EDG (it is actually congruent to be
exact).
Answer is D.
6

x = 42 (alternate segment theorem in relation to the chord
AC).
y = 62 (alternate segment theorem in relation to the chord
BC).
7

Generally, the angles, that the tangent makes with the
chords are equal to the angles from circumference
subtended by that chord (alternate segment theorem), as
marked on the diagram. Further more, x + y + z = 180
(supplementary)
If x + y = 90, then 90 + z = 180
z = 90.
If z = 90, AB must be a diameter (circle theorem 3: angle
subtended by diameter is a right angle).
8

(1) In AOD: OAD = 90 (tangent meets with the
radius).
So 20 + 90 + AOD = 180
110 + AOD = 180
AOD = 70
(2) 70 + DOC = 180 (supplementary) so
DOC = 110.
(3) In ABC: ABC = 90 (circle theorem 3 angle
subtended by diameter is a right-angle.)
(4) In quadrilateral EOCB:
90 + 100 + 110 + x = 360 (angle sum
quadrilateral)
so x + 300 = 360
x = 60
9

(1) In AOB ABO = 90 (tangent meets the radius at B).
(2) AOC is exterior angle of AOB so
AOC = b + 90.
(3) In BDC D = 90 (it is subtended by the diameter).
(4) In quadrilateral DCOE:
a + 90 + x + (b + 90) = 360
a + b + 180 + x = 360
x = 360 180 a b
x = 180 a b
10

(1) In BCD:
BCD + 90 + 10 = 180
BCD + 100 = 180
BCD = 80
(2) x = 80 (alternate segment theorem in relation to the
chord AD).
(3) In CDA: D = 90 (subtended by diameter)
so 80 + 90 + CAD = 180
170 + CAD = 180
CAD = 10
(4) CDE = 10 (alternate segment theorem in relation
to CD).
(5) 10 + 90 + z = 180 (supplementary)
100 + z = 180
z = 80
(alternatively instead of steps (3) (5) just say that
z = 80 using alternate segment theorem in relation to
AD).
(6) In ADE:
x + z + y = 180
80 + 80 + y = 180
y = 20
11

(1) In DBC:
DBC + 90 + a = 180
DBC = 180 90 a
DBC = 90 a
(2) x = DBC (alternate segment theorem)
x = 90 a
(3) z = DBC (alternate segment theorem)
z = 90 a.
(4) In ACE:
x + y + z = 180
(90 a) + y + (90 a) = 180
y + 180 2a = 180
y = 180 180 + 2a
y = 2a
QED
12

(1) DCE = 75 (vertically opposite).
(2) x + 75 + 20 = 180 (angle sum in CDE)
x + 95 = 180
x = 85
(3) z = x (circle theorem 2)
z = 85
(4) y = BED (circle theorem 2)
y = 20
13

a When 2 chords meet inside a circle, similar triangles are
formed. So chords AC and BD meet at E and form two
pairs of similar triangles: ABE and DEC are similar
and AED and BEC are similar.
b

AED is similar to EBC, so that the corresponding
sides are in the same ratio:

AE
EB
=
ED
EC
=
AD
BC

Substituting known values:

3
2.5
=
5
x

3x = 12.5
x = 41.6
4.17

7
y
=
3
2.5

17.5 = 3y
y = 5.83
5.83
14

a When two chords meet outside a circle, similar triangles
are formed.
CBD and CAE are similar.
b In CBD,
70 + 25 + BDC = 180
95 + BDC = 180
BDC = 85
ABD = 180 70 (straight angle)
= 110
EDB = 180 85 (straight angle)
= 95
Using circle theorem 4,
x + 95 = 180
x = 85
and y + 110 = 180
y = 70
c CBD and CAE are similar; AC = 10 cm,
BC = 4 cm, EC = 11 cm.

AC
DC
=
EC
BC

10
DC
=
11
4

11DC = 40
DC =
40
11

3.64
ED = EC DC
= 11 3.64 = 7.36 cm
15

CDE is similar to ABE (2 chords, that meet outside the
circle form similar triangles).
So DCE = BAD
x = 51
ABD = 90 (subtended by the diameter)
BDE is exterior angle of ABD,
so BDE = 90 + x
= 90 + 51
= 141
BDE = 19 + y, so 141 = 19 + y
y = 122
So x and y are respectively 51 and 122
Answer is D.
16

PQR and PQS share an angle
PQR = PQS
PSQ = RPQ Alternate segment theorem in
relation to chord PR.
SPQ = PRQ If two angles in two triangles are
equal, then the third angles must be equal.
3 pairs of angles are equal
PQR and PQS are similar
17

ABD = BCD (alternate segment theorem in relation to
chord BD)
x = 50
y is exterior angle of BDA
So y = 50 + 45
y = 95
18 In ABC: A = 45, C = 50,
B = 180 (45 + 50)
= 85
In BDA: A = 45; B = 50;
D = 180 (45 + 50)
= 85
BAD is similar to ABC
Now, BAD follows order: 50, 45, 85, so we need
CAB (to match the order)
Answer is B.
19 z is an exterior angle of BCA
So z = BCA + CAB
z = 50 + 45
z = 95
Answer is C.
20

x = 33 (alternate segment theorem in relation to the chord
DB)
y + 92 + 33 = 180 (angle sum in DBC)
y + 125 = 180
y = 55
y is exterior angle in ADB
So y = z + x
55 = z + 33
z = 22
21

x = 25 (alternate segment theorem in relation to chord
BD).
CBD = 90 (subtended by the diameter).
x + y + CBD = 180 (angle sum in CBD)
So 25 + y + 90 = 180
y = 65
y is exterior angle of BDA.
So y = 25 + z
65 = 25 + z
z = 40
22

x = a (alternate segment theorem in relation to the chord
BD).
CBD = 90 (subtended by the diameter CD).
x + y + CBD = 180 (angle sum in CBD)
So a + y + 90= 180
So y = 180 90 a
y = 90 a
y is an exterior angle to the BDA
y = a + z
90 a = a + z
z = 90 2a
23

Scale Factor =
AB
CD

=
25
10

=
5
2

= 2.5
EB = 2.5ED
(y + 90) = 2.5y
y y + 90 = 2.5y y

90
1.5
=
1.5
1.5
y

y = 60

tan() =
opp
adj

tan
2
x

=
10
60

tan
2
x

=
1
6

2
x
=
1
1
tan
6

2
x
= 9.462
x = 2 9.462
= 18.924
= 18.92
24

tan() =
opp
adj

tan(7) =
18
y

y tan(7) = 18
y =
18
tan(7)

146.598

24
18
=
y x
y
+

4
3
=
y x
y
+

4
3
y = y + x

4
3
y y = x

1
3
y = x
x =
1
3
146.598
48.87 cm
Exercise 16G Geometry in architecture,
design and art
1

2 The vanishing point is the farthest visible point on the
centre of vision (or horizon) in which the viewer is looking
(away from your position).
Answer is C.
3 Is being viewed from above.
Is being viewed from the front.
The viewer is taller in figure a.
Answer is D.
4 Figure a is being viewed from above, therefore the viewer
is probably a tall adult.
Figure b is being viewed from the front, therefore the
viewer is probably a short child.
5

(1) Start with the line AB 5 cm long.
(2) Construct perpendicular lines from A and B (lines
AM and BN).
(3) From A draw an arc with the radius AB (5 cm) until it
crosses AM at D.
(4) From B draw an arc with the radius AB, until it
crosses BN at C.
(5) Join D and C: ABCD is a square with side length
5 cm.
(6) Bisect AB; label midpoint E.
(7) Measure the distance EC with the compass and draw a
circle with the radius EC and the centre at E.
(8) Extend AB and DC beyond the circle (AB meets
circle at F).
(9) Construct perpendicular line to AB from F until it
meets DC at point G.
(10) Highlight rectangle ADGF. It is a golden rectangle
with the shortest side = 5 cm.
6 The longer side is about 8 cm and the shorter is 5 cm.

8
5
= 1.6
Ratio is approximately 1.6 to 1.
7

a CG = DG DC
DG = b
DC = FG = a (since ABCD is a square)
CG = b a
b
longest
shortest
=
AF
FG

=
b
a

c In BCGF:

longest side
shortest side
=
FG
CG

=
a
b a

d Equating the expressions in (b) and (c) gives:

b
a
=
a
b a

b(b a) = a a
b
2
ab = a
2

b
2
ab a
2
= 0
e Using the quadratic formula:
b =
2
4
2
b b ac
a

b =
2 2
4
2
a a a +

b =
2
5
2
a a

b =
5
2
a a

f Let a = 1,
then b =
1 1 5
2
+
1.618

5
will give negative answer, so discard .
2
a a

8 a Short side = 4

b
a
= 1.618

4
b
= 1.618
b = 6.472
b Long side = 4

b
a
= 1.618

4
a
= 1.618
1.618a = 4
a =
4
1.618

2.472
c Short side = 11.23

b
a
= 1.618

11.23
b
= 1.618
b = 1.618 11.23
b 18.170
d Long side = 500.5

b
a
= 1.618

500.5
a
= 1.618
1.618a = 500.5
a =
500.5
1.618

a 309.333
9 a There are 2 types of polygons: equilateral triangles and
squares.
b Vertex A: triangle, triangle, triangle, square, square.
Order of point A: 3, 3, 3, 4, 4
Vertex B: triangle, triangle, triangle, triangle, triangle,
triangle. Order of point B: 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3.

Since there are 2 vertex types, the tessellation is
irregular.
10

Chapter review
Short answer
1

a Angle (x + y) and angle (x + 3) are co-interior
(x + y) + (x + 3) = 180
If x = 40, then:
40 + y + 43 = 180
y + 83 = 180
y = 97
b (x + y) + (x + 3) = 180
y + 2x + 3 = 180
y = 180 2x 3
y = 177 2x
2

Construct a 60 angle, ABC. Bisect this angle (BAD = 30)
Bisecting this angle produces the required angle of 15
(BAF)
3

Create a straight angle, then add a 60 angle to it.
BOE = 60. Bisect angle BOE. The supplement to this
bisected angle is equal to 150.
4 a

b Dodecagon requires 10 angles from the centre,
360 10 = 36
5

There are 5 right-angled triangles of different size: FGR,
BLC, FRE, EBD, FBL.
2 isosceles triangles: FQE, FAB and 3 different sized
equilateral triangles: AIG, ESD and FBD.
So altogether, there are 10 differently shaped triangles.
6 Use formula: V = E F + 2
Name Faces
(F)
Edges
(E)
Vertices
(V)
Verification of
Eulers formula
Tetrahedron 4 6 4 6 4 + 2 = 4
Cube 6 12 8 12 6 + 2 = 8
Octahedron 8 12 6 12 8 + 2 = 6
Dodecahedron 12 30 20 30 12 + 2 = 20
Isosahedron 20 30 12 30 20 + 2 = 12
7 a

Surfaces of the cylinder are: 2 circles and a rectangle.
(Circles represent the base and top and the rectangle
represents the curved surface).
b

Surfaces of the cone are: a sector and a circle.
(Circle represents the base; sector represents the curved
surface).
8 a

ABO is an isosceles triangle
A = B
x = 15
AOB + 15 + 15 = 180
(angle sum in ABO)
AOB + 30 = 180
AOB = 150
ACB =
1
2
of AOB
(circle theorem 1)
y =
1
2
of 150
y = 75
b

z = 90 (as angle is subtended by the diameter.)
ADC + ABC = 180 (opposite angles of cyclic
quadrilaterals)
y + 88 = 180
y = 92
ADC = CDB + BDA
y = 62 + x
92 = 62 + x
x = 30
9

ACB is similar to AED (as two chords intersecting
outside the circle form 2 similar triangles), so the ratio of
the sides is:

AD
AC
=
AE
AB
=
DE
BC

AC = 4 + 10 = 14
AB = 3 + y

AD
AC
=
AE
AB

3
14
=
4
3 y +

3(y + 3) = 14 4
3y + 9 = 56
3y = 47
y =
47
3

y 15.7

AD
AC
=
DE
BC

3
14
=
6
x

3x = 14 6
3x = 84
x =
84
3

x = 28
10

BCA = 90 (as subtended by the diameter)
BAC + 36 + 90 = 180 (angle sum in ABC)
BAC = 54
BCE = CAB (alternate segment theorem,
in relation to the chord CB).
So 2x + 6 = 54
2x = 48
x = 24
11 In a regular shape all angles are of equal size: for triangles
each angle = 60; for quadrilaterals, each angle = 90, for
pentagons each angle = 108 and for hexagons each
angle = 120.
The total of the angles around the node must be 360.
a 3, 3, 3, 4, 4: angle sum
= 3 60 + 2 90
= 180 + 180 = 360
possible
b 4, 4, 5, 5: angle sum
= 2 90 + 2 108
= 180 + 216 = 396
not possible
c 3, 3, 6: angle sum
= 2 60 + 120
= 120 + 120 = 240
not possible
d 4, 4, 4, 3: angle sum
= 3 90 + 60
= 270 + 60 = 330
not possible
e 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3: angle sum
= 6 60 = 360
possible
f 3, 4, 3, 4: angle sum
= 2 60 + 2 90
= 120 + 180 = 300
not possible
So possible tessellations are given by a and e.
12 (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
Since the centre is at (2, 3) and r = 3 then the solution
must be (x 2)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 9.
Multiple choice
1 n = 11;
angle sum = (11 2) 180
= 9 180
= 1620
Answer is B.
2

Marked angle is also x (alternate angles), so (x + 4)
+ 90 + x = 180 (supplementary angles)
2x + 94 = 180
2x = 86
x = 43
Answer is B.
3 A 15 can be found by bisecting an angle of 60 and then
bisecting the resulting angle of 30.
B 22.5 can be found by bisecting an angle of 45.
C 75 can be found by constructing an angle of 30 and
angle of 45 with a common ray.
D 100 cannot be found by using constructions derived
from 60 or 90.
E 120 can be found by doubling an angle of 60.
Answer is D.
4 A Equilateral triangle: 360

3 = 120
B Square: 360 4 = 90
C Pentagon: 360 5 = 72
D Hexagon: 360 6 = 60
E Heptagon: 360 7 51.428 57
A heptagon is the regular polygon which does not divide
evenly into 360 and, therefore, does not have an exact
angle value which can be constructed easily.
Answer is E.
5 There are 2 star polygons: skipping 1 vertex at a time and
skipping 2 vertices at a time.
Answer is C.
6 V = E F + 2,
7 = 9 F + 2
7 = 11 F
F = 4
Answer is B.
7

AED = 100 (opposite angles)
In AED,
x + 30 + 100 = 180
x + 130 = 180
x = 50
y = 30 (circle theorem 2)
Answer is B.
8

z + 110 = 180 (supplementary)
z = 70
z is exterior to AEC
So 30 + ACD = z
30 + ACD = 70
ACD = 40
ACB = 90 (Subtended by diameter)
ACB = ACD + x
So 90 = 40 + x
x = 50
In ECB x + y + z = 180
50 + y + 70 = 180
y = 60
x, y and z are 50, 60 and 70.
Answer is E.
9

x = 60 (circle theorem 2)
Two triangles produced by intersecting chords are similar.
The ratio of the sides is:

8
y
=
6
4

32 = 6y
y =
32
6

y 5.33
Answer is B.
10 Long side = 1.618 short side
= 1.618 56.44
= 91.319 92
91.3 cm
Answer is D.
Extended response
1 a

b DE is the diameter.
c CE = DE DC
CE = 2r y
d
AC
CE
=
DC
CB

CB = AC = x
(Since DE is the perpendicular bisector).

2
x
r y
=
y
x

or
CE
AC
=
CB
DC

2r y
x
=
x
y

e
2
x
r y
=
y
x

x
2
= y(2r y)
x
2
= 2yr y
2

x
2
+ y
2
= 2yr
r =
2 2
2
x y
y
+

2 r =
2 2
2
x y
y
+

x = 30 cm
y = 12 cm
r =
2 2
30 12
2 12
+

r =
900 144
24
+

r =
1044
24

r = 43.5 cm
3 a The triangles ABC and DBC are similar triangles as they
both contain a right angle and share C. Therefore, the
third angle is the same.
b

By Pythagoras theorem,
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2

AC
2
= AB
2
+ BC
2

= 24
2
+ 7
2

= 576 + 49
= 625
AC = 625
= 25 m
diameter is 25 m
c

From b
tan() =
opp
adj

tan(C) =
24
7

C =
1
24
tan
7

= 73.74
sin() =
opp
hyp

sin(C) =
BD
7

sin(73.74) =
BD
7

BD = 7 sin(73.74)
= 6.72 m
d i cos() =
adj
hyp

cos(C) =
DC
7

cos(73.74) =
DC
7

7 cos(73.74) = DC
DC = 1.96 m
ii AD = AC DC
= 25 1.96
= 23.04 m
e Drivers must take into account that the height and width
of the tunnel space will have decreased and therefore
larger trucks may not be able to pass through safely.
f

Ratio

AC
EF
=
BD
BG

EF
AC
=
BG
BD

3
25
=
BG
6.72

3
25
6.72 = BG
BG =
3
25
6.72
= 0.8064 m
GD = BD BG
= 6.72 0.8064
= 5.9136
5.91 m
g Same calculation as f.
BG =
4
25
6.72
= 1.0752 m
GD = BD BG
= 6.72 1.0752
= 5.6448
= 5.64 m
Yes, it will pass safely.
4 Construction of a model check with teacher.
5 Tangent to circle makes a 90 angle with a radius.
Angle at centre = 180 (90 + 57)
= 33
Angle in isosceles triangle: 2z = 33
z = 16.5
6
6.5
x
=
20
12.5

x =
20
6.5
12.5

x = 10.4

8.5
8.5
y +
=
20
12.5

y + 8.5 =
20
6.5
12.5

y + 8.5 = 13.6
y + 8.5 8.5 = 13.6 8.5
y = 5.1
7 x = 86 (alternate segment)
y = 34 (alternate segment)
w = 180 (86 + 34) (straight angle)
= 180 120
= 60
z = 180 [34 + (180 x)]
= 180 [34 + (180 86)]
= 180 [34 + 94]
= 180 128
= 52
8 a = 90 (tangent to circle)
b = 90 58 (complement)
= 32
c = b (isosceles triangle)
= 32
d = 60 (equilateral triangle)
e = 360 (116 + 60) (angle at centre)
= 360 176
= 184
9 BED = 43 (alternate segment)
BED = BDE (isosceles triangle)
EBD + BDE + BED = 180
(3x 5) + 43 + 43 = 180
(3x + 81) = 180
3x + 81 81 = 180 81
3x = 99

3
3
x
=
99
3

x = 33
10

10
tan
2

=
30
y

y = 342.9 cm
Using similar triangles:

40
30
=
342.9
342.9
x +

457.20 = x + 342.9
x = 457.20 342.9
x = 114.3 cm
The distance between the rollers is x = 114.3 cm.
11 a

ABC = 90 (similar triangles)
AC =
2 2
12 5 + = 13
Diameter of tunnel is 13 m.
b tan(C) =
12
5

C = 67.38
In triangle BDC
sin(67.38) =
BD
5

BD = 4.62 m
B is 4.62 m above the floor of the tunnel.
c cos(67.38) =
DC
5

DC = 1.92
D is 1.92 m from C.
d

BG
BD
=
EF
AC
(EBF and ABC are similar triangles).

BG
4.62
=
3
13

BG =
3
4.62
13

BG = 1.07
GD = 4.62 1.07
= 3.55 m
Maximum height of truck is 3.55 m.
12 Research check with teacher.
Exam practice 4
Short answer
1 a MR
=
2
3
p
b MN
= MR RS SN

+ +
=
2 1
3 2
p r p +
=
4 3
6 6
r p p +

=
1
6
r p +
2 a a =
60
15

a = 4 m/s
2

b Constant speed/velocity
c i Area =
1 1
10 ( 10)
2 10
b a b b + + 60
1
(20 ) 15 60
2
a +
A = 5b + (a 10)b + 30b(20 a) + 450
ii 9545 = 5b + (a 10)b + 30b(20 a) + 450
9095 = 595b 29ab
9095 = b (595 29a)
b =
9095
(595 29 ) a

3 a 3 v i j = +
b

c i tan() =
1
3

=
1
1
tan
3

= 30
N 30 W
ii v =
2 2
1 ( 3) +
= 2 km/h
Multiple choice
1 Unit vector
=
1
(4 3 ) i j
u

=
2 2
1
(4 3 )
4 3
i j
+
B.
2 RM
= RQ QP PM + +

=
1
2
q p p +
=
1
2
q p C.
3 v =
2
(20 3 )d t t t

v =
2 3
20 3
2 3
t t c +
1 = 10(0)
2
(0)
3
+ c
c = 1
v = 10t
2
t
3
+ 1
v = 10(3)
2
(3)
3
+ 1
v = 64 E.
4 Using the circle theorems
p + r = 180 and y + x = 360
y = 2p and x = 2r
Therefore the only incorrect response is D. D.
5 4 sin(45) + T
2
sin() 5 = 0

2
4
sin( )
2
T + = 5
T
2
sin() =
4
5
2
(1)
T
2
sin() =
5 2 4
2

T
2
sin() =
5 2 4
sin( ) 2

4 sin(45) T
2
cos() = 0
T
2
cos() =
4
2

T
2
=
4
cos( ) 2
(2)
Equating (1) and (2)

4
cos( ) 2
=
5 2 2
sin( ) 2

sin( )
cos( )
=
2(5 2 4)
4 2

tan() =
5 2 4
2
A.
6 When the lens falls off it is traveling at 21.2 m/s upwards
before coming to rest and falling back to the ground.
v = u + at
v = 0, u = 21.2, a = 9.8
Solving 0 = 21.2 9.8t
For t gives
t = 2.16327.
s = 21.2 2.16327 + 0.5 9.8(2.16327)
2

= 22.9306.
s = 22.9306 + 70
= 92.9306
Solving 92.9306 = 0.5 9.8t
2

For t gives
t = 4.3549 or t = 4.3549
Adding 2.163
gives t = 6.5182. D
Extended response
1 a =
102
60

=
17
10

b i Solving 50 = 0.5
102 1000 40 1000
3600 3600
t

+

for t gives t = 2.535
t = 3 seconds
ii a = 6.79 m/s
2

c

d Solving 204 =
1
(117 117 ) 7
2
4
t +

For t gives t =
6
7

Solve 60t =
360
7
minutes
gives t = 51 seconds
Area is trapezium or rectangle and triangle.
51 seconds
e Beth & Derek pass Rhonda & Yorak when the area under
respective graphs is equal, Let the time passed be T.
A Rhonda & Yorak = A (Beth & Derek)
Solving

1 1 19 1 7
(( 5.857) ( 5))
2 2 12 2 4
T T T T

+ = +

gives t = 54.6243
Time to pass 54.62 minutes
f Derek & Beth arrive 1 hour 57 minutes
Time for Rhonda & Yorak
Area under graph = 204. Let time taken be T
204 =
1 1 19
2 2 12
T T

+

129.092 min.
= 12.09 min.
A GM1 1 378 S o l u t i o n s t o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s
Chapter 4
Investigation Comparing
production costs
a Line A has y-intercept of 135
corresponds to equation giving cost
for producing childrens shoes:
C
2
= 135 + 22n
2
Line Z has y-intercept of 198
corresponds to equation giving cost
for producing adults shoes:
C
1
= 198 + 15n
1
b Do not start at the origin because the
fixed cost does not equal $0, therefore
the y-intercept does not equal zero.
135 and 198 represent the fixed costs
of the two equations.
c C = 198 + 15n (1)
C = 135 + 22n (2)
Sub (1) into (2)
198 + 15n = 135 + 22n
198 135 + 15n = 22n
63 = 22n 15n
63 = 7n
9 = n
n = 9
Number of shoes produced is 9.
d n = 9 C = 198 + 15n
C = 198 + 15 9
C = 198 + 135
C = 333
Cost for producing 9 pairs of shoes
is $333.
e At the point of intersection.
f Adults shoes cost more to produce
than childrens shoes.
g Childrens shoes cost more to produce
than adults shoes.
h The coefficient of n in the equations
represents the cost per pair of shoes.

Chapter 6
InvestigationChanging
shape
1.

2 Each section of the original side
length is
1
3
unit. For the perimeter,
the articulated length of each
transformed shape contains 5
sections.
Perimeter = 4 5
1
3

=
20
3
units
The area of the original square is
1 unit
2
. The area of the new smaller
squares added/subtracted from each
side is
1
9
unit
2

Shape Perimeter Area
1
20
3

13
9

2
20
3

11
9

3
20
3

9
9

4
20
3

7
9

5
20
3

5
9

In ascending order, the area
5
9
,
7
9
,
9
9
,
11
9
,
13
9
units
2
Area is increasing by
2
9
.
3 Shape with the greatest area is shape
1 from question 1

The new figure shows the shape with
maximum area. Each new side is
now
1
3
of the previous side,
1
3

1
3
=
1
9
units. Relating this
figure back to the original square,
each side contains 25 sections.
Perimeter = 25
1
9
4
=
100
9
units.
Area is equal to the maximum shape
from question 2 plus the additional
new sections.
The area of each new section is

1
9

1
9
=
1
81
units
2
There are 20 new sections added to
the newly transformed figure.
Therefore, the new area is

13
9
+ 20
1
81

=
13
9
+
20
81

=
137
81
units
2
4 n = 0, P = 4 units, A = 1 unit
2
n = 1 P =
20
3
units, A =
13
9
units
2
n = 2 P =
100
9
units, A =
137
81

P
n
= 4
2
5
3

This is a geometric series with a = 4
and r =
5
3
.
A
n
= 2
5
9
n

Found from the sum
of the geometric series.
A
n
= 1 +
(1 )
1
n
a r
r
a =
4
9
and r =
5
9

5 When n = x
P
x
= 4
5
3
x

units
A
x
= 2
5
9
x

unit
2
6 As the value of n increases
P
n
= 4
5
3
n

The perimeter gets larger.
7 Area will approach some value as
the value for n gets larger. (Use the
sum of an infinite sequence)
A
n
= 1 +
1
a
r
as n
A

= 1 +
4
9
5
1
9

= 1 +
4
9
4
9

= 1 + 1
= 2
8 Various answers are possible,
depending on the shape chosen.

Chapter 7
Investigation The effect of
changing one variable on
another
1 y
1
x

a i x becomes 2x
y
new
=
2
k
x

Solutions to investigations
S o l u t i o n s t o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s A GM1 1 379
=
1
2

k
x

ii x becomes 3x
y
new
=
3
k
x

=
1
3

k
x

iii x becomes 4x
y
new
=
4
k
x

=
1
4

k
x

iv x becomes
1
2
x
y
new
=
1
2
k
x

=
2k
x

= 2
k
x

2 y
1
x

a i x becomes 2x
y
new
=
2
k
x

=
1
2

k
x

ii x becomes 3x
y
new
=
3
k
x

=
1
3

k
x

iii x becomes 4x
y
new
=
4
k
x

=
1
2

k
x

iv k becomes
1
2
x
y
new
=
1
2
k
x

= 2
k
x

3 y
2
1
x

a i x becomes 2x
y
new
=
2
(2 )
k
x

=
1
4

2
k
x

ii x becomes 3x
y
new
=
2
(3 )
k
x

=
1
9

2
k
x

iii x becomes 4x
y
new
=
2
(4 )
k
x

=
1
16

2
k
x

iv x becomes
1
2
x
y
new
=
2
1
2
k
x

= 4
2
k
x

4 y
3
1
x

a i x becomes 2x
y
new
=
3
(2 )
k
x

=
1
8

3
k
x

ii x becomes 3x
y
new
=
3
(3 )
k
x

=
1
27

3
k
x

iii x becomes 4x
y
new
=
3
(4 )
k
x

=
1
64

3
k
x

iv x becomes
1
2
x
y
new
=
3
1
2
k
x

= 8
3
k
x

5 y
4
1
x

a i x becomes 2x
y
new
=
4
(2 )
k
x

=
1
16

4
k
x

ii x becomes 3x
y
new
=
4
(3 )
k
x

=
1
81

4
k
x

iii x becomes 4x
y
new
=
4
(4 )
k
x

=
1
256

4
k
x

iv x becomes
1
2
x
y
new
=
4
1
2
k
x

= 16
4
k
x

b See table on the next page.
c When y
1
x
, if x is multiplied by
any number n (n 0), y is
multiplied by
1
n
.
When y
1
,
x
if x is multiplied
by any number n (n 0), y is
multiplied by
1
.
n

When y
2
1
x
multiplied by
2
1
n
.
When y
3
1
,
x
if x is multiplied by
multiplied by
3
1
n
.
When y
4
1
x
multiplied by
4
1
.
n

d y is multiplied by
1
m
n

Relationship
Variation
statement
Variation
equation
Double x
2x
Triple x
3x
Quadruple x
4x
Halve x

2
x
y varies
inversely as x
y
1
x

k
y
x
=
1
2

1
3

1
4

2
y varies
inversely as
the square
root of x
y
1
x

k
y
x
=
1
2

1
3

1
2
2

y varies
inversely as
the square
of x
y
2
1
x

2
k
y
x
=
1
4

1
9

1
16
4
y varies
inversely as
the cube of x
y
3
1
x

3
k
y
x
=
1
8

1
27

1
64
8
y varies
inversely as x
to the power
of 4
y
4
1
x

4
k
y
x
=
1
16

1
81

1
256
16

Chapter 9
Investigation A computer storage device
1 s = 1, r = 0, Q = 0
Q = 1
Q = 1
s = 1, r = 0, Q = 1
Q = 0
Q = 1
let s = 0, r = 0, Q = 1
Q = 0
Q = 1
2 Set r = 1.
let s = 0, r = 1, Q = 1
Q = 0
Q = 0
3 The r wire resets the output at Q back to 0.
4 The device can be used as a storage device as it will stay in its state until it is reset (set r = 1).
5 There are two possible states the device can be in (bi 0, 1). The system remains in the same state (stable) until it is set or reset.
The system is stable in all cases that is, when a pulse is removed Q does not change. Q only changes state when a pulse is put
through s or r. (The situation when s = r = 1 cannot occur, the flipflop will not work).
Investigation Binary addition
1
p q p XOR q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
2
p q p XOR q (p q) (p q) (p q) (p q) (p q)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0
p XOR q is equivalent to [(p NAND q) AND (p OR q)]
3
a b a XOR b
(Q)
a AND b
(R)
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
4 The values in the Q column are equal to the values in the Sum column and the values in the R column are equal to the values in
the Carry column. (Q = sum and R = carry)
5

6 Let the full adder be represented by a simpler diagram

Chapter 13
Investigation Angle between 2 vectors in
i ,
j notation
1
1 1 2 2
, a x i y j b x i y j = + = +

a AB
= AO
+ OB

= OA
+ OB

=
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) x i y j x i y j + + +

=
1 1 2 2
x i y j x i y j + +

=
2 1 2 1
x i x i y j y j +

= (x
2
x
1
) i
+ (y
2
y
1
) j

b ii a = | a
|
= |OA
|
=
2 2
1 1
x y +
a
2
=
2 2 2
1 1
( ) x y +

= x
1
2
+ y
1
2
ii b = | b
|
= |OB
|
=
2 2
2 2
x y +
b
2
=
2 2 2
2 2
( ) x y +

= x
2
2
+ y
2
2
iii | AB
|
2

=
2 2 2
2 1 2 1
( ( ) ( ) ) x x y y +
= (x
2
x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
y
1
)
2
c cos( ) =
2 2 2
2
b c a
bc
+

a = AB
, b = OA
, c = OB

cos( ) =
2 2 2
| | | | | |
2| | | |
OA OB AB
OA OB

+

=
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
[( ) ( ) ]
2
x y x y x x y y
ab
+ + + +

=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
[( 2 2 ]
2
x y x y x x x x y y y y
ab
+ + + + + +

=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
2 2
2
x y x y x x x x y y y y
ab
+ + + + +

cos( ) =
2 1 2 1
2( )
2
x x y y
ab
+

cos =
1 2 1 2
x x y y
ab
+

2 a

a
= 2 i
+ j

tan( ) =
1
2

tan( ) = 0.5
= tan
1
(0.5)
= 26.6

b
= 2 i
+ 2 j

tan( ) =
2
2

tan( ) = 1
= tan
1
(1)
= 45
b

Angle between a
and b

= 45 26.6
= 18.4
c a
= 2 i
+ j
, x
1
= 2, y
1
= 1
| a
| =
2 2
2 1 +
= 5
b
= 2 i
+ 2 j
, x
2
= 2, y
2
= 2
| b
| =
2 2
2 2 +
= 8
= 2 2
cos( ) =
a b
ab

=
2 2 1 2
5 2 2
+

=
6
2 10

=
3
10

10
10

=
3 10
10

= cos
1
(0.9487)
= 18.4
3 a a
= 3 i
+ j
, x
1
= 3, y
1
= 1
| a
| =
2 2
3 1 +
= 10
b
= 2 i
+ 4 j
, x
2
= 2, y
2
= 4
| b
| =
2 2
2 4 +
= 20
= 2 5
cos( ) =
a b
ab

=
3 2 1 4
10 2 5
+

=
10
2 50

=
5
5 2

=
1
2

= cos
1
(0.7071)
= 45
b a
= 2 i
3 j
, x
1
= 2, y
1
= 3
| a
| =
2 2
2 ( 3) +
= 13
b
= 3 i
+ j
, x
2
= 3, y
2
= 1
| b
| =
2 2
3 1 +
= 10
cos( ) =
a b
ab

=
2 3 3 1
13 10
+

=
3
130

= cos
1
(0.2631)
= 74.7
c a
= i
2 j
, x
1
= 1, y
1
= 2
| a
| =
2 2
1 ( 2) +
= 5
b
= 2 i
3 j
, x
2
= 2, y
2
= 3
| b
| =
2 2
2 ( 3) +
= 13
cos( ) =
a b
ab

=
1 2 2 3
5 13
+

=
8
65

= cos
1
(0.9923)
= 7.1
d a
= 4 i
+ 3 j
, x
1
= 4, y
1
= 3
| a
| =
2 2
4 3 +
= 25
= 5
b
= 2 i
+ 3 j
, x
2
= 2, y
2
= 3
| b
| =
2 2
( 2) (3) +
= 13
cos ( ) =
a b
ab

=
4 2 3 3
5 13
+

=
1
5 13

= cos
1
(0.0555)
= 86.8
e a
= 3 i
+ 2 j
, x
1
= 3, y
1
= 2
| a
| =
2 2
( 3) 2 +
= 9 4 +
= 13
b
= 2 i
4 j
, x
2
= 2, y
2
= 4
| b
| =
2 2
( 2) ( 4) +
= 4 16 +
= 20
= 2 5
cos( ) =
a b
ab

=
3 2 2 4
13 2 5
+

=
2
2 65

= cos
1
(0.124)
= 97.1
f a
= 2 i
+ j
, x
1
= 2, y
1
= 1
| a
| =
2 2
( 2) 1 +
= 5
b
= 3 i
4 j
, x
2
= 3, y
2
= 4
| b
| =
2 2
3 ( 4) +
= 25
= 5
cos =
a b
ab

=
2 3 1 4
5 5
+

=
10
5 5

=
2
5

= cos
1
(0.8944)
= 153.4
Chapter 16
Investigation Circle constructions
1

a The hypotenuse of the template triangle is the diameter
of the circle.
b Draw a line along the hypotenuse (that is, draw 1
diameter).
Place the template with the 90 vertex further along the
circumference (see diagram) and trace the diameter at this
new position.
The point of intersection of the two diameters is the centre
of the circle (point O).
2 a

i Draw a circle and start with point A outside the circle.
ii Join O with A.
iii Find midpoint of OA. With the radius larger than half
of OA draw arcs from O and from A so that they
intersect above and below the OA (at points P and Q).
iv Join P and Q: PQ is a perpendicular bisector of OA; it
cuts OA at point M its midpoint.
v Draw the arc from M with the radius equal to OM so
that it cuts the circle at B and C.
vi Join A with B and A with C to produce two tangents.
b

AMC is similar to ABO; AMC = 90 (as CD was a
perpendicular bisector of OA).
OBA = 90
So, the radius OB meets the line AB at 90 angle, so AB
must be a tangent.
Similar reasoning applies to AC.
Investigation The golden ratio
1 Construct some Golden Rectangles and measure the shortest
and longest sides to find each golden ratio. The golden ratio
is approximately equal to 1.62. Compare results with your
classmates. Check closeness of answers.
2 Fibonacci sequence: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
a Next 6 terms are:
5 + 8 = 13
8 + 13 = 21
13 + 21 = 34
21 + 34 = 55
34 + 55 = 89
55 + 89 = 144
that is, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144.
b Ratio of terms:

144
89
1.62

89
55
1.62

55
34
1.62

34
21
1.62
Ratio of terms is approximately equal to the Golden
Ratio of 1.62.

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This edition published 2010 by

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd

(you did not earn interest)

: from tail to head we move +1 unit in the positive

: from tail to head we move +3 units in the positive

: from tail to head we move 1 unit in the positive

: from tail to head we move 1 unit in the positive

: from tail to head we move 1 unit in both positive

: from tail to head we move +2 units in the positive

: from tail to head we move +1 unit in the positive

: from tail to head we move +1 unit in both positive

are of equal length, parallel and point in

is parallel to and points the same way as

, but is 3 times as long.

is parallel to and points the same way as

, but is twice as long.

, but in the opposite direction.

is joined with tail of b

is given by the vector, drawn from tail of a

so that the head of a

is joined with the

is shown by the vector drawn from

is joined with tail of c

is shown by the vector drawn from tail of b

(as in part b) so that head of a

is given by the vector,

) which has the same direction, but

. Taking the head of 2a

, which has the same direction,

is shown by the vector,

and join its tail to

is shown by the vector, drawn from

and join its tail to

is shown by the vector drawn from

(as in part d) and join its head with the

is shown by vector, drawn from the

and join its

. Then reverse the arrow on c

and join its tail to the head of b

must have same magnitude, but opposite

starts at the origin and v

and its head is at (3, 5).

starts at the origin and v

has its tail joined

and its head is at (3, 2).

= (2, 3) + (4, 0) + (1, 5)

= (2, 3) (4, 0) (1, 5)

are all edges of the cube,

are all vertical edges, directed up:

are represented by the edges of

are parallel to and directed the

is shown by the diagonal of the R.H.S. face

is shown by the diagonal of the bottom face of the

, since opposite edges of the face of the cube

, since opposite edges of the face of a cube

, but in opposite direction

(as both are shown by the diagonals of the

(as both shown by the diagonals of the

(as both are shown by the

is equal in length and parallel to OA

is parallel to and directed the same way as OA

is the same as, best directed in the opposite way of

is equal in length and parallel to OA