Board of Commissioners (CID) v.

Dela Rosa, 197 SCRA 853

Facts: On July 6, 1960, Santiago Gatchalian, grandfather of William Gatchalian, was recognized by the BOI as a native born Filipino citizen. Santiago Gatchalian testified that he has 5 children. On June 27, 1961, William Gatchalian then a twelve year old minor arrived in Manila and sought admission as Filipino citizen which was eventually granted by the board of special inquiry. However, the Secretary of Justice issued a memorandum setting aside all decisions and directed the Board of Commissions to review all cases where entry was allowed among which was that of William Gatchalian. ISSUE: Whether or not the marriage of Gatchalian in China is valid in accordance with Philippine law. HELD: The Supreme Court held that in the absence of the evidence to the contrary foreign laws on a particular subject are presumed to be the same as those of the Philippines. This is known as Processual Presumption. In this case, there being no proof of Chinese law relating to marriage, there arises a presumption that it is the same of that of Philippine law the said marriage then is declared valid. Therefore, William Gatchalian following the citizenship of his father is a Filipino citizen. Where it held that, considering that in case of doubt, all presumptions favor the solidarity of the family and every intendment of the law or facts leans toward the validity of marriage, he who asserts that the marriage is not valid under our law bears the burden of proof to present the foreign law. This case, therefore, shifted the burden of proof from the one who asserts the validity of a marriage to the one assailing the validity of the marriage. Pertinently, the Supreme Court stated, to wit: In Miciano v. Brimo (50 Phil. 867 [1924]; Lim and Lim v. Collector of Customs, 36 Phil. 472; Yam Ka Lim v. Collector of Customs, 30 Phil. 46 [1915]), this Court held that in the absence of evidence to the contrary, foreign laws on a particular subject are presumed to be the same as those of the Philippines. In the case at bar, there being no proof of Chinese law relating to marriage, there arises a presumption that it is the same as Philippine law. The lack of proof of Chinese law on the matter cannot be blamed on Santiago Gatchalian, much more on respondent William Gatchalian who was then a twelve year-old minor. That fact is, as records indicate, Santiago was not pressed by the Citizenship Investigation Board to prove the laws of China relating to marriage, having been content with the testimony of Santiago that the Marriage Certificate was lost or destroyed during the Japanese occupation of China. Neither was Francisco Gatchalians testimony subjected to the same scrutiny by the Board of Special Inquiry. Nevertheless, the testimonies of Santiago Gatchalian and Francisco Gatchalian before the Philippine consular and immigration authorities regarding their marriages, birth and relationship to each other are not self-serving but are admissible in evidence as statements or declarations regarding family relation, reputation or tradition in matters of pedigree (Sec. 34, Rule 130). Furthermore, this salutary rule of evidence finds support in substantive law. Thus, Art. 267 of the Civil Code provides: Art. 267. In the absence of a record of birth, authentic document, final

judgment or possession of status, legitimate filiation may be proved by any other means allowed by the Rules of Court and special laws (See also Art. 172 of the Family Code). Consequently, the testimonies/affidavits of Santiago Gatchalian and Francisco Gatchalian aforementioned are not self-serving but are competent proofs of filiation (Art. 172[2], Family Code). Philippine law, following the lex loci celebrationis, adheres to the rule that a marriage formally valid where celebrated is valid everywhere. Referring to marriages contracted abroad, Art. 71 of the Civil Code (now Art. 26 of the Family Code) provides that all marriages performed outside of the Philippines in accordance with the laws in force in the country where they were performed and valid there as such, shall also be valid in this country And any doubt as to the validity of the matrimonial unity and the extent as to how far the validity of such marriage may be extended to the consequences of the coverture is answered by Art. 220 of the Civil Code in this manner: In case of doubt, all presumptions favor the solidarity of the family. Thus, every intendment of law or facts leans toward the validity of marriage, the indissolubility of marriage bonds, the legitimacy of children, the community of property during the marriage, the authority of parents over their children, and the validity of defense for any member of the family in case of unlawful aggression. Bearing in mind the processual presumption enunciated in Miciano and other cases, he who asserts that the marriage is not valid under our law bears the burden of proof to present the foreign law. Interestingly and with reasons, Justice Florentino Feliciano strongly registered his dissent in the aforequoted ruling by stating that the rule that a foreign marriage valid in accordance with the law of the place where it was performed shall be valid also in the Philippines, cannot begin to operate until after the marriage performed abroad and its compliance with the requirements for validity under the marriage law of the place where performed, are first shown as factual matters (Ibid., pages 913-914).