International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 5- May 2013

Enhancement of Color Images Using LP Algorithm

Nisha Devi. K
Student, University College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract Luminance Preserving Fuzzy Algorithm for color image enhancement proposes a modification of the luminance preserving technique to improve the image that suffers from poor quality by preserving the luminance and contrast enhancement abilities while reducing its computational complexity. This technique, uses fuzzy statistics of digital images for their representation and processing. This technique improves the contrast by preserving the edge quality. The proposed algorithm is to avoid the problem that occurs by existing techniques by using fuzzy logic in the RGB color space. PDE based methods are used to denoise the image. Keywords Luminance, enhancement, denoise, fuzzy, statistics, contrast.

consists in using a marginal approach that enhances each color component of the multivalued image separately using a scalar method. The second way consists in using a single vector processing, where different components of the image are enhanced by considering the correlation between them [15].
II. BACKGROUND

I. INTRODUCTION

The captured image is used in several applications, which all have their own requests on the quality of the captured image. Acquired images are often degraded with blur, noise, or blur and noise simultaneously. The processing to be applied to these images depends on the way of extracting wanted information. Therefore, the frequent problem in low-level computer vision arises from the goal to eliminate noise and uninteresting details from an image, without blurring semantically important structures such as edges [1], [2]. Two operations would be done: denoising and sharpening. Several deconvolution and denoising techniques have been proposed in the literature since: statistics-based filters [3][5], wavelets [6], [7], partial-differential-equation-based (PDE) algorithms [8], [9], and variational methods [10], [11]. In particular, a large number of PDE-based methods have been proposed to tackle the problem of image denoising with a good preservation of edges and also to explicitly account for intrinsic geometry. In this paper, we are interested in PDEbased methods and luminance preserving algorithm. The extension of these methods to multivalued images can be achieved in two ways. The first one

The PDE-based approaches consist in evolving in time the filtered image under a PDE. When coupling diffusion and a shock filter, the PDE is a combination of three terms, i.e.,

= Cu + Cu CskF(u ) du
Where u(t=0) = u0 is the input image, du is the gradient magnitude, is the gradient direction, and is the direction perpendicular to the gradient; therefore, and u and u represent the diffusion terms in gradient and level-set directions, respectively. C and C are some flow control coefficients. The first kind of diffusion smooths edges, whereas the second one smooths parallel to the edge on both sides. The last term in (1), which is weighted by Csk , represents the contribution of the shock filter in the enhancement of the image. Function F(s) should satisfy conditions F(0) = 0 and F(s).s 0 . The choice of F(s) = sign(s) gives the classical shock filter. Hence, by considering adaptive weights as functions of the local contrast, we can favor the smoothing process under diffusion terms in homogeneous parts of the image or enhancement operation under the shock filter at edge locations.

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Gilboa filter coupling model smooths the image with an enhancement of weak edges[5]. The imaginary value of the solution, which is an approximated smoothed second derivative, is used as an edge detector. In the other hand, Fu developed a region-based shockdiffusion scheme, where directional diffusion and shock terms are factored by adaptive weights. In a more recent work, Bettahar and Stambouli proposed a new reliable and stable scheme, which is a kind of coupling diffusion to a shock filter with a reactive term.
III. COLOR IMAGES

Only a very few works tackle the shock diffusion coupling using an approach specifically dedicated to color images.
A. TschumperlDeriche Model

To avoid the effect of the apparition of false colors, the processing applied to the image must be driven in a common and coherent manner for all image components. This type of approach is denoted as vector processing, in opposition to the marginal processing, which is a multiscalar processing. Thus, in order to describe vector-valued image variations and structures, Di Zenzo and Lee have proposed to use the local variation of the vector gradient norm that detects edges and corners when its value becomes high. It can be computed using the eigenvalues and of the symmetric and semipositive matrix. This model gives satisfactory results, in that it removes noise and enhances multivaluated images. However, despite the use of a vector approach, the shock filter still generates some false colors.
B. PDE-based Method

The PDE-based method is based on the Bettahar Stambouli model as an extension to multivalued images, where each color component of the enhanced image is considered by taking into account the correlation between the three components.
IV. PROPOSED METHOD

Luminance Preserving Fuzzy Algorithm for color image enhancement proposes a modification of the luminance preserving technique to improve the image that suffers from poor quality by preserving the luminance and contrast enhancement abilities while reducing its computational complexity. This technique, uses fuzzy statistics of digital images for their representation and processing. This technique improves the contrast by preserving the edge quality. The proposed algorithm is to avoid the problem that occurs by existing techniques by using fuzzy logic in the RGB color space. Luminance preserving algorithm is based on Ant Colony Optimization. Fuzzy model represents the system by means of a set of fuzzy rules that describe linguistically the existent relation between the input and the output. This linguistic description reinforces the interpretability of the result. Despite this interpretative capability is one of the distinguishing features of fuzzy modeling, it has often been underrated after an accuracy improvement of the fuzzy modeling. Nevertheless, in the last years, research efforts have been redirected to preserve and enhance the interpretability power of this type of models [2]. One way to improve the interpretability of a fuzzy model consists of trying to identify rules as general as possible, so that each rule covers the highest number of examples and, this way, the size of the rule base diminishes. Moreover, extending the syntax of the rules adding new relational operators to the usual equal-to operator will allow to obtain more compact rules. However, the goal of finding the optimal set of such general rules is not an easy task. In this paper, we propose a two stage method: the first one providing a fuzzy model with the usual single fuzzy rules and the second one searching for the best combination of general rules that describe this fuzzy model. In particular, since there are a lot of methods for the first stage in the literature, we focus on the second one, which is mainly a combinatorial problem. In order to solve this combinatorial problem, an ant colony optimization (ACO) method is proposed [3]. This method is a global

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optimization technique which lies on the emergent behavior rising from the cooperative search of a set of agents called artificial ants. These artificial ants communicate among them in an indirect way called stigmergy by means of a shared memory which emulates the pheromone deposit that real ants leave along the paths they trace between the nest and the food. Next section introduces the syntax of the general rules (compound rules) which will allow to enhance the interpretability of the fuzzy models. Section III constitutes the main core of the paper, where firstly a simple strategy is proposed for the aforementioned first stage and then the ACO algorithm used for the second stage is detailed. In Section IV, some experimental results are provided to show the suitability of the proposal.
A. Single and Compound Rules in Fuzzy Models

order to do that, the algorithm searches for the best transformation of these rules in a set of compound rules. Thus, the complete process of fuzzy modeling is divided into two sequential phases: first, the identification of a set of single rules from the training set of examples, and, second, the interpretability enhancement of the previously identified fuzzy model by using the ACO algorithm. In the following, both phases are detailed.
C. Fuzzy Modeling with the Mixed Method

Multiple input single output (MISO) systems is considered with n input variables X = {X1, . . . ,Xn} defined over the input domain of discourse X = X1. . .Xn, and one output variable Y defined over the output domain of discourse Y. The fuzzy domain of the ith input variable Xi is denoted as fXi = {LXi,1, . . . ,LXi,pi}, where pi is the number of fuzzy values associated with the variable and LXi,j represents both the membership function and the linguistic label of the jth value. Analogously, e Y = {LY1, . . . ,LYq} is the output fuzzy domain, being q the number of fuzzy values and LYj both the jth membership function and label. Usually, the fuzzy rules for MISO systems contain in their antecedent a premise for each input variable which associates that variable with a label from its corresponding fuzzy domain. In order to improve the compactness and, thus, the interpretability of the fuzzy rules, it is possible to extend the syntax of the rules both by associating more than one label to each input variable in the antecedent of the rule and by using other relational operators different from the usual equal-to operator. These rules are called as compound rules.
B. Fuzzy Modeling With Interpretability Enhancement

In this section, an ACO algorithm is presented that tries to improve the interpretability of a fuzzy model described initially as a set of single rules. In

In order to focus the attention of the paper on the design of the ACO algorithm, a simple, rapid prototyping method for fuzzy modeling will be used. In particular, the following strategy translates the training examples into a set of single rules. Given a set of examples E = {e1, . . . , em}, ei = ([xi 1, ..., xi n], yi), the rule base RBE representing them will be obtained as a set of single rules Ri1...in LYk : LX1,i1 , . . . ,LXn,in ! LYk, k = arg max j =1...q !(Ri1...in LYj ) for all {i1, . . . , in} 2 p1 pn, where ! is a certainty measure based on E. This strategy, which is largely used in the literature (e.g., [5], [6]), divides the input space into a fuzzy grid and takes the rules with a maximum certainty degree in every input fuzzy region of this fuzzy grid. If no example covers a region [LX1,i1 , . . . ,LXn,in] no rule will be selected; if several rules take the maximum certainty degree, one of them will be selected randomly. In this paper we use the Mixed Method (MM), recently proposed by the authors in [7], which exploits the ideas previously presented in [8]. This method combines the Wang and Mendels method (WMM) [6] with an extension of the Ishibuchis rule generation method [5] that deals with fuzzy consequents. The WMM firstly translates each example into the fuzzy rule that best covers it i.e., with labels having the highest membership degree and, secondly, once all the examples are processed, it selects the rules with maximum certainty degree from (3) among all the conflicting ones. Basically, the MM extends the WMM by adding rules in the input regions where WMM did not identify rules. If there are examples covering one of

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If the step is an inclusion of an initial rule in the set of such fuzzy regions, the rule in this region having compound rules, it will be feasible when it satisfies the the maximum degree. D. Interpretability Enhancement with an ACO Algorithm

The general mechanism proposed here for building a solution consists of the translation of the set of initial rules (single rules) obtained with the MM to an equivalent set of compound rules, equivalent in the sense that it covers positively all the aforementioned initial rules. In order to do that, during its journey, an ant can add initial rules to its description of the fuzzy model or it can extend the covering of the compound rules already included in the fuzzy model by adding labels to the premises that form its antecedent. This second action of an ant will be called an amplification of the rule. Since each compound rule steams from a specific initial rule, we will identify a compound rule with the order number of the initial rule from which it steams from. In short, the ith compound rule, Ri, will be the one that arose from the ith initial rule. In the following, the different components and aspects of the ACO algorithm designed for this purpose are detailed. 1)Construction graph: According to the description of the
mechanism outlined above, the construction graph over which the ants travel will have two types of edges: Edges that allow the ant to include an initial rule in the set of compound rules, Edges that allow the ant to amplify a compound rule by adding one label to one of its premises. The second type will be denoted by a triple < i, j, k > that represents the addition to the ith compound rule, Ri, of the kth label, LXj,k, from the fuzzy domain of the jth input variable, Xj . For the first type of edges, in order to homogeneously describe a sequence of steps, it will be used the notation < i, 0, 0 >, representing the inclusion of the ith initial rule in the set of compound rules to form the ith compound rule, Ri . 2) How to Build a Solution: Each ant will be randomly located in an initial rule (no more than one ant for each initial rule), so that this initial rule will be included in the set of compound rules of the ant. Subsequently, the ant will select one step among the feasible transitions at each ant state. Briefly, the set of feasible transitions will be the steps that can provide some benefit and that can be taken without leading to inconsistencies or malformations in the final fuzzy model. An inconsistency is produced when a compound rule covers negatively an initial rule (i.e., the compound rule has a different consequent than some of the initial rules it covers). A malformation will be provoked when two or more compound rules with the same consequent overlap in the input space, since they are providing partially or totally a redundant information. Specifically, a feasible step can be described as follows:1

following constraint: (c1) the initial rule is not yet covered by any of the rules in the set of compound rules. If the step is an amplification of a compound rule Ri, it will be feasible when it satisfies both the following constraints: (c2) the amplification zone (i.e., the new zone of the input space covered by the rule after the amplification) does not cover negatively any initial rule, and (c3) the overlapping zone in the input space of Ri with any other compound rule Rj in the set of compound rules is equal to the covering region of Rj (that is, each compound rule Rj that overlaps with Ri, completely subsumes in it). It must be stressed that the constraint (c3) does not require the subsumed rule to be consistent with the rule in amplification (i.e., that both Ri and Rj have the same consequent). This is due to the fact that such requirement is indirectly assured by constraint (c2), since a conflictive rule Rj subsuming in Ri will cover positively, at least, the initial rule from which it steams, and, therefore, constraint (c2) will be violated. Also, it must be noticed that constraints (c2) and (c3) assure that the amplification zone covers, at least, some not-yetcovered input region of the fuzzy grid or some positive initial rule (already covered or not yet covered). On the one hand, constraint (c2) guarantees that the amplification zone does not cover any negative initial rule and, on the other hand, constraint (c3) guarantees that either the amplification zone does not overlap with any other compound rule (and, therefore, it covers not-yet-covered regions with positive initial rules and/or with no rule at all) or the amplification covers completely some other consistent compound rule. 3)Heuristic information: The heuristic information provides a way to guide the search to the paths containing (a priori) somewhat promising steps. In order to do that, a heuristic function must be provided that measures how much promising each step is. Briefly, the heuristic function proposed here will attend to both accuracy issues, such as the number of positive initial rules the step covers, and interpretability issues, such as the width of the covering gained with the step. 4) Memoristic information: The memoristic information refers to information shared by all the ants in the algorithm that stores the past experience collected by all of them about the good/bad selection of the steps. Therefore, memoristic information refers to pheromone trails. The initial amount of pheromone deposited in each arc of the construction graph is inversely proportional to the number of initial rules, NIR, and the number of input variables, n, and is defined by After producing fuzzy logic rules, YCbCr image values of RGB image is given to the fuzzy logic. Membership values are calculated. to apply the rules. This leads into the next concept, the membership function. The membership function is a graphical representation of the magnitude of participation of each input. It associates a weighting with each of the inputs

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that are processed, define functional overlap between inputs, and ultimately determines an output response. The rules use the input membership values as weighting factors to determine their influence on the fuzzy output sets of the final output conclusion. Once the functions are inferred, scaled, and combined, they are defuzzified into a crisp output which drives the system. There are different membership functions associated with each input and output response. There is a unique membership function associated with each input parameter. The membership functions associate a weighting factor with values of each input and the effective rules. These weighting factors determine the degree of influence or degree of membership (DOM) each active rule has. By computing the logical product of the membership weights for each active rule, a set of fuzzy output response magnitudes are produced. All that remains is to combine and defuzzify these output responses. 5) Membership values Determination: Determination methods break down broadly into the following categories: In Subjective evaluation and elicitation, as fuzzy sets are usually intended to model people's cognitive states, they can be determined from either simple or sophisticated elicitation procedures. At they very least, subjects simply draw or otherwise specify different membership curves appropriate to a given problem. These subjects are typcially experts in the problem area. Or they are given a more constrained set of possible curves from which they choose. Under more complex methods, users can be tested using psychological methods. In Ad-hoc forms: While there is a vast (hugely infinite) array of possible membership function forms, most actual fuzzy control operations draw from a very small set of different curves, for example simple forms of fuzzy numbers. This simplifies the problem, for example to choosing just the central value and the slope on either side. In Converted frequencies or probabilities: Sometimes information taken in the form of frequency histograms or other probability curves are used as the basis to construct a membership function. There are a variety of possible conversion methods, each with its own mathematical and methodological strengths and weaknesses. V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

images in presence of blur and additive noise simultaneously.

A. Direct Observation

For this comparison, the parameters that give better results for each filter is chosen, except for the number of iterations that must be the same for objective comparison. The number of iterations is chosen in the function of the visual quality of the result. For each test image, same number of iterations, and for the step time , a small value is preferred in order to converge to the solution with more precision about the values of the objective criteria while getting more details in the visual aspect of the restored images. Therefore, we can converge to the solution with small numbers of iterations in reference to the number that we use in this paper, excepted to the TschumperlDeriche filter that employs an adaptive step time . All models are applied to blurry and noised images. In the production of artificially blurry images, we use the Gaussian convolution of original test images . Noised images are produced by adding random Gaussian noise to blurred images . The first criterion used is the color peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), i.e.,

Increase in PSNR value shows the improvement in image enhancement.

VI. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING SYSTEM

Performances of the model is evaluated by comparing it to marginal channel by channel methods of AlvarezMazorra, Kornprobst, Gilboa, Fu, BettaharStambouli and the vector regularization of TschumperlDeriche only. These are developed particularly to enhance degraded

VII.

CONCLUSION

A novel filter which is based on fuzzy logic for color image enhancement in the RGB space is

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proposed. This filter reduces efficiently noise and sharpens edges. Our analysis shows that the proposed method is more efficient than Alvarez Mazorra, Kornprobst, Gilboa, Fu, Bettahar Stambouli, and TschumperlDeriche models at color image restoration in the presence of blur and noise simultaneously. In that, it denoises homogeneous parts of the multivalued image while it keeps edges enhanced. However, due to the fact of using single vectors with the specific reaction, our filter does not create false colors that can appear when each component of the image is enhanced separately.
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