International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013

Mitigation of Sag Using DVR with Neural Network Controller

B.Indhuja1, Ms. M.Bhavani 2
PG scholar, Assistant professor2 Dept. of Electrical and electronics Engineering Anna University, Chennai: Regional center, Madurai. Madurai, Tamilnadu, India.
1

Abstract
The Dynamic Voltage Restorer is the most common device used in the distribution systems to protect the consumers against sudden changes in voltage magnitude. In this paper the design of DVR by using Neural Network controller is proposed in order to mitigate the voltage sags to improve the transient response and eliminate the study state error. The proposed method is applied with some disturbances in the load side. The capability of the proposed DVR has been tested to limit the fault current. Here the DVR access virtual impedance with the aim of protecting PCC voltage during fault without any problem in real power injection to the DVR. Simulation results show the capability of the DVR to control the emergency conditions of the distribution system. Index TermsDVR, voltage sag, Neural Network controller.

I. INTRODUCTION Power Quality is the relative frequency and severity of deviations in the incoming power supplied to electrical equipment from the steady 50 Hz sinusoidal waveform. These deviations may affect the safe or reliable operation of equipment such as computers. Thus terms like poor power quality mean that there is ample deviation from norms in the power supply that may cause equipment malfunction or failure. In certain commercial and industrial electrical applications, it is critical that high quality and uninterrupted power be supplied; for fear that significant economic losses can be incurred.. The reason for demanding high quality un-interruptible power during production process is mainly because of the modern manufacturing and process equipment that operate at high efficiency requires stable and defect free power supply for the successful operation of their machines. Machines, sensitive to power supply variations are to be designed more precisely. For instance, some instruments like adjustable speed drives and automation devices are come under here and also power electronic equipments are fall in to the above category.[1][5] Manufacturing cost and the reliability of those solid state devices have been improved as new technologies emerged. So, the protection devices which include such solid state devices can be purchased at a reasonable price with superior

performance than the conventional electrical or pneumatic devices available in the market. The Uninterruptible Power Supplies, Dynamic Voltage Restorers and Active Power Filter are examples for commonly used custom power devices. Among those Active Power Filter is used to mitigate harmonic problems occurring due to non-linear loading conditions, whereas Uninterruptible Power Supply and Dynamic Voltage Restorer are used to compensate for voltage sag and surge conditions.[2][4] Voltage sag may occur from single phase to three phases. But it has been found that single phase voltage sags are routine and most frequent in the power industry. Thus, the industries that use single and three phase supply will undergo several interruptions during their production process and they are forced to use some form of voltage compensation equipment. As soon as the fault occurs the action of DVR starts. On event of fault which results in voltage sag, the magnitude reduction is accompanied by phase angle shift and the remaining voltage magnitude with respective phase angle shift is provided by the DVR.[6][10] Employing minimum active voltage injection mode in the DVR with some phase angle shift in the post fault voltage can result in miraculous use of DVR. If active voltage is less prominent in DVR then it can be delivered to the load for maintaining stability.[7] Considering this, a transition process is proposed such that voltage restoration is achieved by injecting the voltage difference between the pre sag and the in sag (source side) voltages during the initial first cycle or so the sag. When the sag voltage pharos is available, the injection voltage is controlled to move progressively from the in phase injection point to the corresponding minimum active voltage injection point. The initial voltage injection magnitude and phase angle of DVR can be categorized into different cases considering the injection limit that will be discussed further. The simulation of various 1 phase and 3 phase faults are done using MATLAB. The present project deals with only voltage sag, voltage swell can be simulated in same way. The simulation results show the very good performance of the controller theoretically. The performance of DVR theoretically is tested. Therefore this project has contributed a strong knowledge to the research and

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013 development targeting industrial application to compensate the single-phase voltage sags and 3 phase balanced voltage sags. A) VOLTAGE SAG Over the last fifteen years, based on how the power quality instruments measure voltage sags and swells the definitions have been developed. [1] Power system communities state sags or dips as a reduction in voltage. Surges are now called as swells, except that the voltage exceeds a particular user-defined high limit. B) SINGLE PHASE SAGS The frequently occurring voltage sags are single phase events which are basically due to a phase to ground fault occurring somewhere on the system. On other feeders from the same substation this phase to ground fault appears as single phase voltage sag. Typical cases are due to lightning strikes. It is common to see single phase voltage sags to 30% of nominal voltage or less in industrial plants. It is also caused by tree branches and birds contact. C) PHASE TO PHASE SAGS: The two Phase or Phase to phase sags may be caused by the height tree branches and adverse weather. Like in single phase it is also caused by animals or vehicle collision with utility poles. These types of sags typically appear on other feeders from the same substations. D) THREE PHASE SAGS: These are caused by switching or tripping of a three phase circuit breaker and by switch or by a recloser which will create three phase voltage sag on other lines fed from the same substation. Symmetrical 3 phase sags arise from starting large motors and they account for less than 20% of all sag events and are usually confined to an industrial plant or its immediate neighbors. E) REQUIREMENTS OF DVR ENERGY STORAGE UNIT Various devices such as Flywheels, Lead acid batteries, Superconducting Magnetic energy storage (SMES) and Super-Capacitors can be used as energy storage devices. The main function of these energy storage units is to provide the desired real power during voltage sag. The amount of active power generated by the energy storage device is a key factor, as it decides the compensation ability of DVR. Among all others, lead batteries are popular because of their high response during charging and discharging. But the discharge rate is based on the chemical reaction rate of the battery so that the available energy inside the battery is determined by its discharge rate.

VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER Generally Pulse-Width Modulated Voltage Source Inverter (PWMVSI) is used. In the previous section we saw that an energy storage device generates a DC voltage. To convert this DC voltage into an AC voltage a Voltage Source Inverter is used. In order to boost the magnitude of voltage during sag in DVR power circuit, a step up voltage injection transformer is used with low rating VSI. PASSIVE FILTERS To convert the PWM inverted pulse waveform into a sinusoidal waveform, low pass passive filters are used. In order to achieve this it is necessary to eliminate the higher order harmonic components during DC to AC conversion in Voltage Source Inverter which will also distort the compensated output voltage. These filters which play a vital role can be placed either on high voltage side i.e. load side or on low voltage side i.e. inverter side of the injection transformers. We can avoid higher order harmonics from passing through the voltage transformer by placing the filters in the inverter side. Thus it also reduces the stress on the injection transformer. One of the problems which arise when placing the filter in the inverter side is that there might be a phase shift and voltage drop in the inverted output. So this could be resolved by placing the filter in the load side. But this would allow higher order harmonic currents to penetrate to the secondary side of the transformer, so transformer with higher rating is essential. VOLTAGE INJECTION TRANSFORMERS The primary side of the injection transformer is connected in series to the distribution line, while the secondary side is connected to the DVR power circuit[2]. Now 3 single phase transformers or 1 three phase transformer can be used for 3 phase DVR whereas 1 single phase transformer can be used for 1 phase DVR. The type of connection used for 3 phase DVR if 3 single phase transformers are used is called Delta-Delta type connection. If a winding is missing on primary and secondary side then such a connection is called Open-Delta connection which is as widely used in DVR systems. F) DVR OPERATING MODES The difference between the pre sag voltage and the sag voltage is injected by the DVR. This is done by supplying the real power from the energy storage element and the reactive power. Due to the ratings of DC energy storage and the voltage injection transformer ratio the maximum capability of DVR is limited. The magnitude of the injected voltage can be controlled individually in the case of three single-phase DVRs. With the network voltages the injected voltages are made synchronized (i.e. same frequency and the phase angle).

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue6- June 2013 During the normal operation as there is no sag, DVR will not supply any voltage to the load. It will be in a standby mode or it operates in the self-charging mode if the energy storage device is fully charged. The energy storage device can be charged either from the power supply itself or from a different source. II PROPOSED WORK The design of DVR consists of series connected injection transformer, a voltage source inverter, harmonic filter, and an energy storage device. Here, the design of DVR consists of Neural Network controller and its is used to tune the DVR. It maintains the system without any steady state error. Single line to ground fault has been introduced on the source side. Due to this fault the sag occurs. In order to mitigate the sag DVR is introduced into the system having Neural Network controller. III SIMULATION RESULTS The performance of the DVR with Neural Network controller is shown in the graph. Neural Network controller technique is used to tune the DVR easily and used to maintain the system in steady state without any error.
REFERENCES

Time(sec)
FIG 1 OUTPUT OF DVR

IV CONCLUSION In order to show the performance of DVR in mitigation of voltage sags, the given test system is simulated using MATLAB. A DVR is connected to a system through a series transformer with capability to insert maximum voltage of phase to ground voltage. DVR handles both balanced and unbalanced situations without any difficulties. The proposed DVR is simple and having fast response. The proposed

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