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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
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The first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little more than a toy, the classic Aeolipile.
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Laval turbine
Aurel
Stodola, a Slovak physicist and engineer and professor at Swiss Polytechnical The Steam Turbine and its perspective as a Heat Energy Machine. turbine developed in the 1900s
Brown-Curtis
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3) Turbine type
4) 5) 6) Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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Turbine Types
According
1. Condensing turbine 2. Back pressure turbine 3. Reheat turbine 4. Extracting type turbine
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Turbine Types
According
Two-flow rotors turbine According the way extracting energy from steam
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maximize turbine efficiency the steam is expanded, doing work, in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as either impulse or reaction turbines. Most steam turbines use a mixture of the reaction and impulse designs: each stage behaves as either one or the other, but the overall turbine uses both. Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and lower pressure stages are reaction type.
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Impulse turbines
An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which is convert into shaft rotation by the bucket like shaped rotor blades, as the steam jet changes direction.
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Impulse turbines
In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzle's. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the Stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the Rotor
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ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. steam turbine is truly isentropic, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 2090% based on the application of the turbine.
The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades, One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.
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No
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design
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Turbine warm up
1) the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have a bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the lines in the system along with the steam turbine. 2) Also, a turning gear is engaged when there is no steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent uneven expansion.
3) After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the rotor to assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is disengaged and steam is admitted to the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the turbine at 1015 RPM (0.170.25 Hz) to slowly warm the turbine.
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regulation
The control of a turbine with a governor is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly, to prevent damage while some applications (such as the generation of alternating current electricity) require precise speed control. Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine rotor can lead to an overspeed trip, which causes the nozzle valves that control the flow of steam to the turbine to close. If this fails then the turbine may continue accelerating until it breaks apart, often spectacularly. Turbines are expensive to make, requiring precision manufacture and special quality materials.
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turbine maintenance
1) Vibration (imbalance of rotor) 2) Rapid impingement / erosion of the blade (water get in) 3) Destruction of thrust bearing (water get in)
1) PH (J10 water, 9.6 to 10.2) 2) Degas cation Conductivity 0.2 to 0.3 ps/cm 3) Pressure (J10, ST2, 10.2 bar, ST1, 42 bar) 4) Temperature (J10, ST2, saturated T 187C, ST T 217C, ST1 T 373C)
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Topics
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance
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cycle
1-2: pressure build up 2-3: temperature build up 3-4: translate pressure & temperature into kinetics 4-1: condense stage
Process
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Topics
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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NK, NG, HG, ENK, ENG, HNK, HNG, EHNK, EHNG and WK. The meanings of each letter are defined as follow:
N: usual inlet steam parameters 10.0Mpa (a), 510C, max H: High inlet steam parameters 14.0Mpa(a), 510C, max K: Condensing steam turbine G: Back-pressure steam turbine E: Extraction steam turbine WK: Condensing steam turbine with double split flow, Max Inlet steam parameters: 1.6Mpa(a), 420C
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ST5002
Type:
NK50/56
NK: Condensing steam turbine with usual steam parameters 50: the inner diameter of steam inlet section is 500 mm 56: the diameter of last stage of the rotor is 560 mm No extension section
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Topics
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
HTC
1) Condensing system
2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Air ejector Turbine casing Seal ring of L-shaped cross section Eccentric guide stem Guide blade carrier
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Function of Condenser
1) Condense the exhaust steam into condensate & carry off the heat when steam was condensed 2) Build & maintain the vacuum at turbine exhaust port so that the steam expander pressure is reduced as low as possible 3) It increase the usable enthalpy drop of steam 4) Condensate may be circularly used
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How
1. Through vacuum gauge 2. Temperature condition of exhaust casing 3. Inlet opening of air ejector 4. Starting of the standby air ejector
Potential
1. No cooling water supply 2. Not enough cooling waiter supply 3. Water level high 4. Cooling surface dirt of condenser 5. Vacuum system leakage is excess 6. Air ejector working abnormal
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Topics
General
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
HTC
1)
2) Air ejector
3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Control system Turbine casing Seal ring of L-shaped cross section Eccentric guide stem Guide blade carrier
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To extract air from steam side of condenser continuously so that condenser maintain a vacuum and transmits heat
Main
1. Difference between water outlet temperature & the vent steam temperature is increased
2. Water/steam accumulation
in vent outlet
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Leakage on the air suction piping or valve stem Steam pressure is different with the design value Humidity of steam is too high Damage of the strainer cause nozzle blocked Nozzle & expansion piping is rusty Nozzle location is wrong Condensing pressure is high Ejector is running at over-load condition Drain piping of inner-condenser and after condenser is chocked
10. Leakage with the tube sheet 11. The cooling of mix air is not enough 12. Cooling water quantity is not enough
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Topics
General
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
HTC
1) 2)
3) Control system
4) 5) 6) 7) Turbine casing Seal ring of L-shaped cross section Eccentric guide stem Guide blade carrier
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Topics
General
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
HTC
1) 2) 3)
4) Turbine casing
5) 6) 7) Seal ring of L-shaped cross section Eccentric guide stem Guide blade carrier
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The casing is a container for the through-flow section of the turbine. The casing consists of the front casing and rear casing (exhaust casing) which have vertical joint surface. They are also divided along the horizontal plane into top and bottom halves. The vertical and horizontal split flanges are connected with bolts. The front casing is a steel casting, while the exhaust casing is iron casting or welds.
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Topics
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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In the reaction turbine (except for the model WK), an seal ring of L-shaped cross section is used as the connection between the outer casing and inner casing, nozzle box or steam chamber. The steam from the governing valve enters into the corresponding steam dome of the nozzle box via the angle ring. There are 2 structures of angle ring.
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In the reaction turbine (except for the model WK), an seal ring of L-shaped cross section is used as the connection between the outer casing and inner casing, nozzle box or steam chamber. The steam from the governing valve enters into the corresponding steam dome of the nozzle box via the angle ring. There are 2 structures of angle ring.
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Topics
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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The lateral or axial centres of the inner casing, the steam chamber, the guide blade carrier and the labyrinth seal is adjusted with the eccentric guide stem when mounting them into the outer casing. In the backpressure turbine, the alignment between the casing and the rear pedestal is adjusted with the eccentric guide stem.
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Topics
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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The guide blade carrier is one of the essential component in turbine through-flow section and accommodates several stages of fixed blades. There is one or several guide blade carriers of pressure stages with different size in a turbine according to the different parameters and characteristics. The structure of the guide blade carrier is showed below. The guide blade carrier is horizontally split into top and bottom halves jointed with bolts and positioned with the pins
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Topics
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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Condensing system Air ejector Control system Turbine casing Seal ring of L-shaped cross section Eccentric guide stem Guide blade carrier
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stage, the pressure stage (or called as drum stage) and the low-pressure stage. The front two are the milled
straight blades with integral shroud, while the moving blade of the low-pressure stage is twisted blade made with finish forging or machined electrochemically.
The low-pressure stages of the condensing turbine work in the wet-steam region, so the steam flowing out of the guide blade contains the water droplets. The axial
distance between the guide and moving blades in the low-pressure stage is kept large to facilitate
the acceleration, separation and atomization of any water droplets. This will reduce the impact and corrosion of the droplets on the leading edges of the blades. Taken the effects of the speed, humidity and condenser pressure into account, the leading edges of the last moving blades are hardened if necessary.
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rotor
1. The rotor dynamic balancing is done on the high speed dynamic balancing machine at the turbine operating speed to correct the dynamic unbalance quantity within the limit defined in the relative standard through changing the mass distribution of the balancing weights or screws on the balancing planes. The dynamic unbalance quantity on the rotor is caused by non-uniform mass distribution of the rotor material, machining error and assembling deviation. The rotor over speed test is one of the factory inspection items, it should be done on special device under defined operating condition and environment,
2.
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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Valve
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of Control valve
The control valve functions for regulating the steam flow based on the command from the control unit to make the controlled parameters (output or speed , inlet steam pressure, back pressure and etc.) of the turbine meet the operation requirement.
Structure
of Control valve
valve -- valve spindle, valve beam, valve cone and valve seat, the operating mechanism-- support and lever, the oil relay
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Valve
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relay
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Topics
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Definition of steam turbine History of steam turbine Turbine type Principle of operation and design Operation & Maintenance Thermodynamics of steam turbines
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oil pump
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1. The main oil pump provides the turbine-set with governing oil and lubricating oil. It is a single-stage, horizontal centrifugal pump and is directly driven by the turbine rotor.
Structure
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END
Q&A
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