MIS 264 SESSION 1

HISTOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2013

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF:

HEART ARTERIES
Large arteries (Elastic arteries) Medium arteries (Muscular arteries) Small arteries and Arterioles

CAPILLARIES
Continuous capillaries Fenestrated capillaries with diaphragms Fenestrated capillaries without diaphragms Sinusoidal capillaries

VEINS Venules
Medium veins Large veins

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS

Tunics of the blood vessel wall: Tunica intima

Tunica media Tunica adventitia

BLOOD VESSEL WALL

Tunica Intima
Endothelial layer

Basal lamina
Subendothelium
Loose connective tissue Smooth muscle cells

Venous valves (endoteel + bl+ Subendothelium)

Internal elastic lamina

(Arteries)

BLOOD VESSEL WALL

Tunica Media
Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue
(elastic-, reticularcollagen- fibres) Ground substance

Concentric layers 1 70 layers

External elastic lamina

(larger arteries)

BLOOD VESSEL WALL

Tunica Adventitia
Connective tissue
Loose- to dense connective tissue (collagen type I fibres and elastic fibres) Ground substance Connective tissue fuse with surrounding connective tissue

Vasa vasorum

Nervi vascularis

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ARTERIES AND VEINS

SPECIFIC HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS

Capillaries Arteries Veins

CAPILLARIES General structure

COMPOSED OF:
Single layer of endothelial cells, resting on a Basal lamina

Pericytes are genrally found on the outer surface of capillares en venules, enclosed in the basal lamina of the capillaries endothelial cells Pericytes are able to contract and differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts; during repair and growth of capillaries

TYPES OF CAPILLARIES
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES WITH A DIAPHRAGM FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES WITHOUT A DIAPHRAGM SINUSOIDS

CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
Endothelium:
Continuous no openings between adjacent cells - limits the movement of substances between cells No fenestrae in the capillary wall Large number of pinocytotic vesicles* (70 nm) present, responsible for the transport of macro-molecules across the endothelial cell layer

Basal lamina:
Continuous basal lamina Regulate movement of substances across this lamina

CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES (cont.)

Occurrence:
Muscle tissue, lung, most connective tissues, exocrine glands and nervous tissue

Remarks:
Pinocytotic vesicles is absent or limited in the capillaries of the Central Nervous System (Blood brain barrier) limited and regulated transport of macro-molecules across the endothelium Pericytes may be present

CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES

CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES WITH A DIAPHRAGM

Remarks:
It is encountered in tissues where rapid interchange of larger molecular substances occurs between the tissues and the blood and/or fluid absorption

Endothelium:
Large fenestrae (80 100 nm) present in the endothelial wall - fenestrae covered with a diaphragm regulated transport of larger molecules Pinocytotic vesicles transport of macro-molecules across the endothelial layer

Basal lamina:
Continuous basal lamina Regulate movement of substances across this lamina

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES WITH A DIAPHRAGM

Occurrance:
It is encountered in tissues where rapid interchange of larger molecular substances occurs between the tissues and the blood and/or fluid absorption Peritubular network and vasa recta of the kidney, small intestine, endocrine glands and gall bladder

Remarks:
Fenestrae (80 100 nm) creates channels across the full thickness of the edothelial layer Diaphragm regulates the transport of substances The number of fenestrae and pinocytotic vesicles correlate with the functional activity across the capillary wall

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES WITH A DIAPHRAGM

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES WITHOUT A DIAPHRAGM

Remarks:
Renal glomerulus contribute to the urinary filtration barrier

Endothelium:
Large fenestrae (80 100 nm) present in the endothelial wall - NO diaphragm transport of larger molecules Pinocytotic vesicles transport of macro-molecules across the endothelial layer

Basal lamina:
Thickend continuous basal lamina Increased regulation of movement of substances across this lamina

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES WITHOUT A DIAPHRAGM (cont.)

Occurrance:
Renal glomerulus contribute to the urinary filtration barrier

Remarks:
Fenestrae (80 100 nm) creates channels across the full thickness of the edothelial layer Urinary filtration barrier consists of capillary endothelium, fused basal laminas of the endothelial cells and Podocytes, and pedicels of Podocytes. The filtration slits between the pedicels of podocytes are covered b a diaphragm

FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES WITHOUT A DIAPHRAGM

SINUSOIDS
Remarks:
Lumen has a large diameter, which slow the circulation of blood

Endothelium:
Discontinuous gaps between cells large-molecular substances can cross Large fenestrae (80 100 nm) present in the endothelial wall - NO diaphragm transport of larger molecules

Basal lamina:
Discontinuous or absent easy movement substances

SINUSOIDS (cont.)
Occurrence:
Liver, spleen and bone marrow

Remarks:
Lumen has a large diameter, which slow the circulation of blood Irregular shape varies between organs and specialised in different organs

SINUSOIDS

ARTERIES
Regulate blood flow and blood pressure

Arteries are classified based on their size: Elastic arteries

Aorta, pulmonary a, Renal a, Brachiocephalic a, Common carotid a, Subclavian a, and Common iliac a.

Muscular arteries
Most arteries with names

Arterioles

ELASTIC ARTERIES
Aorta, pulmonary a, Renal a, Brachiocephalic a, Common carotid a, Subclavian a, and Common iliac a. Regulate blood flow and blood pressure

ELASTIC ARTERIES
Tunica Intima
Endothelial layer
Continuous and with adhesions between cells

Basal lamina

Sub endothelium
Loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres Smooth muscle cells

Internal elastic lamina

ELASTIC ARTERIES
Functional aspects
Endothelium
Blood homeostasis Selective permeable Prevents blood clotting Laminar flow, blood flow and peripheral resistance Modulate immune responses Metabolic activity

BLOOD VESSEL WALL

Tunica Media
Smooth muscle tissue

Fenestrated elastic laminae

Diffusion of substances Blood pressure, blood flow, and secondary pump Concentric layers 40 70 layers

Connective tissue
(elastic-, collagen- fibres and fibrils) Ground substance

External elastic lamina

BLOOD VESSEL WALL

Tunica Adventitia
Connective tissue
Relatively thin Loose network of collagen and elastic fibres Ground substance Collagen limits vascular distension

Vasa vasorum*
Nutrition of blood vessel wall

Nervi vascularis
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervations - blood pressure

ELASTIC ARTERIES

MUSCULAR ARTERIES
Tunica Intima
Thinner than that of Elastic arteries Endothelial layer Basal lamina

Sub endothelium
Thin, Loose connective tissue Smooth muscle cells

Internal elastic lamina

PROMINENT

MUSCULAR ARTERIES
Tunica Media
Thickest layer

Smooth muscle tissue

Blood pressure

Connective tissue
(elastic-, collagen- fibres) Ground substance

Concentric layers 7 40 layers

External elastic lamina

(larger arteries)

MUSCULAR ARTERIES
Tunica Adventitia
Connective tissue
Relatively thick Loose connective tissue Fibroblasts, adipocytes Collagen and elastic fibres Ground substance Collagen limits vascular distension

Vasa vasorum*
Nutrition of blood vessel wall

Nervi vascularis
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervations - blood pressure

MUSCULAR ARTERIES

MUSCULAR ARTERIES

MUSCULAR ARTERIES

SMALL ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES

Relatively small lumens diameter less than 0.5mm.

Arterioles 1-2 layers of smooth muscle Small arteries 3 6 layers of smooth muscle Regulate blood flow to capillaries Peripheral resistance Blood pressure

ARTERIOLES
Tunica Intima
Endothelial layer

Basal lamina

ARTERIOLES
Tunica Media
Smooth muscle tissue
Concentric layers 1 2 layers

Connective tissue

ARTERIOLES
Tunica Adventitia
Connective tissue
Thin layer Connective tissue fuse with surrounding connective tissue

ARTERIOLES

VEINS
Return blood back to the heart aided by the action of smooth muscle and specialised valves Veins are classified as: Venules Small veins Medium veins Large veins

LARGE VEINS
Tunica adventitia is the thickest layer Diameter larger than 10 mm

LARGE VEINS
Tunica Intima
Endothelial layer

Basal lamina
Sub endothelium
Thin loose connective tissue Smooth muscle cells

Venous valves (One directional flow)

Boundary between Tunica intima and Tunica media NOT clear

LARGE VEINS
Tunica Media
Relatively thin

Smooth muscle tissue

Blood pressure

Collagen fibres A few fibroblasts

Poorly defined concentric layers

LARGE VEINS
Tunica Adventitia
Thickest layer

Connective tissue - prevent over-distension of vein

Collagen and elastic fibres Ground substance Fibroblasts

Smooth muscle - prevent over-distension of vein

Longitudinal bundles

Vasa vasorum Nervi vascularis

LARGE VEINS

LARGE VEINS

VENEOUS VALVES

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN ARTERY AND A VEIN

ARTERIE -ROUNDED
-THICK WALL -INTIMA SCALLOPED -THREE LAYERS ARE CLEARLY DISTINGUISHALBE (T. MEDIA IS PROMINENT)

VEIN
- OVALSHAPED - THIN WALL - INTIMA SMOOTH - DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT LAYERS (T. ADVENTITIA IS PROMINENT)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN ARTERY AND A VEIN

ARTERY
Rounded Thick wall Intima scalloped Three layers are Clearly distinguishable T. Media is prominent

VEIN
Ovalshaped Thin wall Intima smooth Difficult to identify the different layers T. Adventitia prominent Valves

ARTERIES AND VEINS

ARTERIES AND VEINS

ARTERIES AND VEINS

ARTERIES AND VEINS

SUPPLY OF NUTRIENTS AND GASSES TO BLOOD VESSEL WALL AND VASA VASORUM
Inner portion of blood vessel wall (T. Intima and inner 1/3 of T. Media) receives nutrients and gasses by means of diffusion from the blood vessel lumen Distance for effective diffusion is limited. The outer part of the blood vessel wall needs an alternative mechanism vasa vasorum

VASA VASORUM
Distance for effective diffusion is limited. The outer part of the blood vessel wall needs an alternative mechanism vasa vasorum Blood supply to the outer 2 layers of the blood vessel wall (T. Media en T. Adventitia) of large blood vessels. The vasa vasorum penetrates the large blood vessels from the T Adventitia side and supply the T. Adventitia and outer 2/3 of T. Media.

THE HEART

THE HEART
THE WALL OF THE HEART CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING: 1. 2. 3. Cardiac muscle Fibrous skeleton Impuls conducting system

THE HEART

THE HEART
THE WALL OF THE HEART CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING LAYERS: 1. 2. 3. Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

1. ENDOCARDIUM -Endothelium -Subendothelium SUBENDOCARDIAL LAYER -Purkinje fibers -Veins -Nerves

2. MYOCARDIUM - 3 layers cardiac muscle

SUBEPICARDIAL LAYER - Loose connective tissue - Adipose tissue - Blood vessels - Nerves

3. EPICARDIUM - Connective tissue - Mesothelium

THE HEART