Neoproterozoic Arc Terranes of the Eastern Piedmont of South Carolina and

Georgia, and Their Alleghanian Tectonothermal Overprint

Allen J. Dennis' and Donald T Secor; Jr.
2
I Department of Biology and Geology, Unluerslty of South
arolina-Alken, Aiken, SC 29801-6309
Deportment oj GeologIcal Sciences, Unluerslty of Sout h
Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
Introduction
II", rt'cognilion of deformed Carboniferous granit-
tlld IlIlhe ast rn Piedmont of the Carolinas (e.g. ,
" ,u,k., .'1 01 , 1980) catalyzed field and laboratory
III,lil'S for 111<1"y years. These studies included the
dl" OWlY of a Middle Cambrian peri-Gondwanan
ftllllld near Batesburg, SC, and the confirmation of
Ihe Carolina terrane as exotic to Laurentia (e.g., Se-
cor et 01., 1983, Hibbard et 01., 2002) . The Clarks
Hill-Lake Thurmond area became a model for the
style of Pennsylvanian ductile deformation in the
internal Appalachians (e.g., Secor et 01. , 1986 a,
b; Dallmeyer et 01., 1986; Secor, 1987; Maher,
1987a, b; Sacks and Secor, 1990a, b; Maher et
al ., 1994). The recognition that the Kiokee anti-
form is not a simple gneiss dome and foliation arch
was a primary conclusion of some of these studies
(e.g., Maher et 01. , 1994). On the north side of the
Kiokee antiform, the Modoc zone is a dextral fault
with an important component of down-to-the-north
normal motion (Sacks and Dennis, 1987; Snoke
and Frost, 1990). The recognition that the Modoc
zone and Augusta fault mylonites were major nor-
mal faults active during continental collision in the
Middle to Late Pennsylvanian and Permian, effec-
tively bracketing major crustal shortening, was a
significant advance in the understanding of ancient
contractional orogens. Sacks and Secor (1990a, b)
advanced the idea that Modoc zone normal fault-
ing was related to subcrustallithospheric delamina-
tion that permitted major crustal shortening, and
Maher (1987a) and Maher et 01. (1994) concluded
that normal motion along the Augusta fault was in
response to gravitational collapse of the orogen.
basin
GeologIcal SocIet y of AmerIca _ Annual Meeting _ Sou,heo"ern Stc, /on Sauannah. GeorgIa 2007
Trmafic
Igneous rocks
_
Tr sedimentary
basin
_
Post meta plutons

MVC
I Igneous Complex
1_
"-Rock """_
I _ Pon Branch Meta
Ii! Igneous CompielC
10 km
FIgure 1. Regional
ge%glc map of the
Savannah Rluer-C/arks Hill
area Inc/udlng subsurface
crystalline basement Ilth%glc
units adopted from DennIs et 0/. , 2004.
EPFS - Eastern Piedmont Fault System.
DRB Deep Rock Borehole serIes of wells.
BrIght pink/orange dots . ea rthquake
epIcen ters In this region as reported by
DennIs and Stephenson, 2002.
111
SALUDA
SYNCLINORIUM
Klok .. bett
upper facies,
Alleghanian-remobilized
Late Proterozoic (ca 615-620 Ma)
volcanic arc rocks.
Virgilina sequence In NC-VA .
PBF and ORB Ims
Belair ben
greenschist facies,
Lale Proterozoic (ca 615-620 Ma)
volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks .
Virgilina sequence In NC-VA .
PBF and ORB Ims
Belvedere belt
schist and grlEliss cot by
Carbonilerous
Granileville granite
Crackemeck MVC
DAB MIC
uppetgroonschlst 10 amphibolite lacles
malk: metalIOIcanic rock, ..
Kiokee bell and Belair belt protolith
traniIoOCIOO bV obHqoo slip dexlrallhrust
PBF MlC
amphibolite 10 9ranotne tacir.l
melalgneou$ rocks .. Persimmon
Fork Fm
/J \I , very low grade
,_' ..... :.J''--. ..
. Fm
Kiokee bell end 8el8. bell protolilh
- rro Yr -
Age of Kiokee monazite in sill schist .. 308.1 j: 2.1 Ma, - S (9/
Age 01 undelOfmed Clarks Hill granite '" 312.0 j: 3. 1 Ma, &. _ "6
q
Pray, 1993: implicatiOfls lor ' weak lower crust' models ' ./ 1'\ 6 Te
Formation of Kiokee Amiform must
postdate youngest folded Modoc zone
orthogneiss, i.e .. ca. 300 Ma
03lhrust .
Ascauga fault
aeromag lineament
01 EPFS
- ------'- -----
to km
\

-
Figure 2. Interpretive cross-section approximately along the Savannah River from the Carolina slate belt to the
Triassic Dunbarton basin underlying the Sauannah River Site. Adapted from Dennis, 2002.
UnconI(lnT1ily between CrllCkemad< and DAB ..
unconformity between Virgilina and Albemarle lOch
as doscnbEld by Harris and GIoV9r in AamS8lR. NC arlta.
Recent field and geochronological studies have
sought to discern the character and history of not
only the low grade rocks south of the Modoc zone
and Augusta fault , but also the protoliths of am-
phibolite and granulite facies rocks south of the
Modoc zone and beneath the coastal plain cover to
the Dunbarton basin (Figures 1 and 2; e.g., Pray,
1993, 1997, Dennis et 01. , 2004). One surprising
result of these recent studies has been the wide-
spread recognition of ca. 620-630 Ma protolith
ages south of the Modoc zone. Pray (1993) re-
ported an upper intercept age for the Clarks Hill
orthogneiss from five fractions of zircon of ca. 626
Ma. Pray (1997) reported a revised (upper inter-
cept) U-Pb age of the Clarks Hill orthogneiss of
616 22 Ma. Pray (1997) additionally reported
an upper intercept age of 624 35 Ma for the
Resseau's Crossroads orthogneiss (in the Uchee
terrane) west of Lake Sinclair, GA. Dennis et 01.
(2004) reported U-Pb zircon ages for DRB-1 meta-
diorite of the Deep Rock Metaigneous Complex of
619 3.4 Ma and 626.1 4.4 Ma for the PBF-7
Metaplutonic Suite. These plutonic rocks form part
112
Herelh;s IIncon!(lnT1ity Is reactivated as II Tr subbasin border 11I1I1I
as shewn In langlomerate rllCOV9too lrom GeB ;!
of the crystalline basement that underlies the U.S.
Department of Energy (USDOE) Savannah River
Site, and the ages were all determined by "con-
ventional" Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
(TIMS). Heatherington and Mueller (2005) and
Mueller et 01. (2005) reported a SHRIMP-RG age
of 623 7 Ma for the Moffits Mill Schist in the
Uchee belt. While much work remains to be done,
preliminary data suggest that the Uchee terrane
and Kiokee belt (and, by extension, terranes south
of the Modoc zone in SC and adjacent GA) repre-
sent a Hyco, NC- equivalent basement emplaced
during dextral-normal oblique slip along the Modoc
zone. This basement was then variably remobilized
in the Late Pennsylvanian as recorded by numerous
4Arj39Ar studies (e.g., Maher et 01. , 1994; Roden
et 01. , 2002). We hypothesize that the Modoc zone
crustal scale normal fault may have been localized
along an ancient suture or terrane boundary based
on a possible accretionary prism - mantle wedge
origin for the Burks Mountain ultramafic igneous
complex.
Thus, preliminary data suggest that it is possible
to interpret rocks south of the Modoc zone as cor-
relative with Hyco-eqUivalent rocks (e.g. , Wortman
et 01. , 2000) that are well-exposed in the North
Carolina slate belt. Relationships south of the Mo-
doc zone along the Georgia-South Carolina border
and west into middle Georgia are complicated by
faulting. Between the Carolina slate belt and the
Dunbarton basin along the Savannah River, at least
four faults separate six metavolcanic terranes. As
discussed above, the Kiokee belt is framed to the
north and south by the Modoc zone and the Au-
gusta fault. The southern contact of the Belair belt
is defined by an aeromagnetic lineament termed
the Ascauga fault by Dennis et 01. (2000, 2004).
South of the Ascauga fault is the Belvedere "belt,"
exposed only in rare erosional windows through
Cretaceous (7) - Teritary coastal plain sediments.
This terrane is dominated by the undated Granite-
ville pluton, and the pluton's extent is determined
through gravity mapping and verified by well and
core data (DenniS et 01. , 2000, 2004). While sil-
limanite schists have been recognized in the north-
Soc/ty 0/ Ame rtca S!;;. Annual Meet!ng Southeastern $eetlon Savannah. GeorgIa 2007
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westernmost erosional windows, south of the
pluton very low grade metavolcanic rocks (Crack-
erneck Metavolcanic Complex) have been recov-
ered; it is probable that another Paleozoic mylonite
zone separating high-grade and low-grade rocks is
cut by the Graniteville, SC, pluton, but we have not
recognized this. Dennis et al. (2004) recognized
two basement terranes south of a large V-shaped
aeromagnetic lineament and identified these as the
Deep Rock Metaigneous Complex and the Pen
Branch Metaigneous Complex. The large north-
east-trending aeromagnetic lineament comprises
the overturned Tinker Creek nappe limb within
the Deep Rock Metaigneous Complex. Mylonites
recovered from core penetrating this overturned
nappe limb indicate hangingwall up and dextral
motion. Rocks within the wedge of the Y defined
by the aeromagnetic lineament are lithologically
identical to the Deep Rock Metaigneous Complex
but fabric elements (e.g. , fold axes) have been ro-
tated steeply. Rocks of the Pen Branch Metaigne-
ous Complex are emplaced above the Deep Rock
Metaigneous Complex by a mylonite zone called
the Four Mile Branch fault; a reactivation of this
structure offsets Tertiary sediments. The Dunbar-
ton basin border fault cuts the Four Mile Branch
fault and Tinker Creek nappe limb at a high an-
gie, and was itself reactivated by the Tertiary Pen
Branch fault (Snipes et aI., 1993). While we know
a great deal about the basement structure from
the core we have studied, our knowledge is greatly
enhanced by Bill Domoracki 's (1995) reprocess-
ing of seismic lines. This work demonstrated that
structures identified as the Ascauga fault , Upper
Three Runs fault, and Tinker Creek nappe limb
root into a subhorizontal Augusta fault between 6-
9 km depth.
It is likely that there are several assemblages of rocks
in this area that are younger than the ca. 620-630
Ma package south of the Modoc zone. The Be-
lair belt seems to have more geochemical similari-
ties to rocks of the Carolina slate belt (Shervais et
a 1.,1996) than the basement terranes underlying
the Savannah River Site. Shervais et al. (1996)
suggested a stronger affinity with the Richtex For-
mation than with the Persimmon Fork Formation.
Stratigraphically there is little comparison between
the slate belt and the Belair belt. The possible iden-
tification of an Ediacaran fossil fragment (Maher et
aI. , 1981; B. Bland, personal communication) re-
covered within the intermediate tuff and metasedi-
mentary unit of the Belair belt (Maher, 1979) ex-
tends the possible equivalence with the Richtex.
Pteridinium (Gibson et aI. , 1984) and Aspidella
(Hibbard et aI., 2006) are reported from the Royd
Church and Cid Formations, respectively, of the
Albemarle Group. The Albemarle Group stratigra-
phy and lithology are broadly similar to the Richtex
and Emory Formations of the South Carolina slate
belt. The Crackerneck Metavolcanic Complex be-
neath the Savannah River Site may be equivalent
to the Persimmon Fork / Uwharrie Formations and
Lincolnton metadacite (DenniS et af ., 2004); it is
comprised of felsic to intermediate tuffs. We have
no isotopiC ages for the Crackerneck however. The
Crackerneck is of a significantly lower metamor-
phic grade than the Deep Rock/Pen Branch Me-
taigneous Complexes, and does not contain fabric
elements observed in the ca. 620-630 terranes.
Dennis et af. (2004) suggested that the contact be-
tween the Crackerneck Metavolcanic Complex and
Deep Rock Metaigneous Complex was equivalent
to the angular unconformity between the Uwhar-
rie Formation and underlying Virgilina sequence in
North Carolina (Harris and Glover, 1988).
Overview of Field Stops
This trip allows participants to revisit several stops
from the 1987 Carolina Geological Society Field
Trip, with the addition of several stops that were
not part of that trip. The time is appropriate to
revisit these stops in light of the accumulation of
more recent geochemical and geochronological
data from this area, and the completion of a com-
prehensive bedrock geologic study beneath the
Savannah River Site (SRS). Specifically, we now
understand that rocks southeast of the Modoc zone
Geologlcol $ocle1v of AmerIca ~ Annual Meellng ~ SouthtoSfern Stellon ~ Saoonnah. GeorgIa ~ 2007
comprise a variably remobilized ca. 620-630 Ma
terrane, coeval with Virgilina district protolith ages
(i.e., the Hyco Formation). This terrane was ex-
humed by dextral , normal slip along the Middle to
Late Pennsylvanian Modoc zone. Within this large
crustal block, the low-grade Belair belt (also known
as the Augusta terrane, Maher et aI. , 1991) lies
in the hangingwall of the Augusta fault. 4oAr/
39
Ar
analyses indicate that mylonitization occured along
the Augusta fault at ca. 274 Ma (Maher et aI. ,
1994). As has been noted previously (e.g., Maher,
1979), the Augusta fault is not coincident with the
aeromagnetic lineament commonly labeled as the
Augusta fault; in fact , the aeromagnetic feature is
the Ascauga fault. Thus, the Belair belt is bounded
by the Augusta and Ascauga faults. South of the
Ascauga fault lie high grade terranes underlying the
US DOE Savannah River Site. Detailed studies of
continuous core underlying the SRS demonstrate
that the granulite facies Pen Branch Metaigneous
Complex overthrusts the upper amphibolite fa-
cies rocks of the Deep Rock Metaigneous Com-
plex (Dennis et aI. , 2004). North of the Augusta
fault , rocks of the Burks Mountain ultramafic ig-
neous complex may represent the deepest-seated
rocks of the ca. 620-630 Ma complex in the core
of the Kiokee antiform. The ca. 294.2 0.9 Ma
undeformed, post-metamorphic Appling gran-
ite intrudes the Kiokee antiform (Heatherington,
1998) ,
Three stops allow partiCipants to visit locations in-
ternal to the Modoc zone. The variably deformed
orthogneiss sheets that are a primary characteristic
of the Modoc zone along its length are exposed on
a tributary of Stevens Creek, off SC highway 23.
At Gundy Creek, the structural style of the Kiokee
antiform that deforms the oblique slip Modoc zone
is revealed. The 643A "button schist" locality (stop
6) illustrates the late strike slip shear zones that re-
activate the steeply dipping limbs of F3 folds, and
demonstrates the geometry of a composite pla-
nar fabric; it also offers a warning about their use
as shear strain gauges. The 643A dextral button
113
schist may have formed precisely at the same time
in the middle Permian as the Augusta fault zone,
and may be an excellent example of regional scale
strain partitioning. Alternatively, and as conclud-
ed by Maher et aJ. (1994) the uniform 4oAr/
39
Ar
whole-rock and mineral plateau across the Kiokee
antiform (ca. 274 Ma) may simply indicate that
there was no differential rotation about a horizon-
tal axis since the time of deformation. In this case,
deformation recorded by the 643A button schist
may be older than the age of mylonitization on the
Augusta fault.
Finally we visit a single outcrop of lower green-
schist facies Persimmon Fork Formation with an
age of ca. 550 Ma at Parks Mill.
Stop 1. Augusta fault at Martin Marietta Aggre-
gates Quarry: Location: 33 32' 24.52"N, 82 02'
17.78"W. (Figures 3, 4, and 5).
The purpose of this stop is to observe the Augusta
fault at its type locality. The southeast-dipping Au-
gusta fault juxtaposes greenschist facies metavol-
canic rocks of the Belair belt in the hangingwall
against amphibolite facies gneisses and schists of
the Kiokee belt in the footwall (Figure 2). Thus,
the Augusta fault truncates the Kiokee antiform.
The northwest quarry benches preserve the Kio-
kee belt schists and gneisses, and the southeast
quarry benches preserve muscovite schist and an
orthogneiss sheet. Augusta fault rocks are domi-
nantly fine-grained quartzofeldspathic mylonites.
The mylonites are strongly foliated but are not well
lineated. Strain and rock type vary widely within
the zone.
Regional relations imply that the Augusta fault is
a normal fault. Maher (1987a) examined the vari-
ably deformed granitic veins that cut across my-
lonitic layering and reports that the folding and
shearing of these veins systematically indicate a
hangingwall- down sense of movement. Maher et
aJ. (1994) report an 4oArj39Ar muscovite age for
rocks from the Augusta fault zone at this locality of
274.7 0.6 Ma.
114
Figure 3. Location map for Field Trip Stop 1, March 30, 2007.
Figure 40. Aerial photograph 0/ tile Augusto Quarry, circa 2003. Used with permission oj Bill Lowish, Martin Mari etta
Aggregates.
GfoIogICo/ Soclely of America _ Annual Meeting ~ Southeastern Seclfon ~ 5ooonnoh. Georgia ~ 2007
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Figure 4b. Aerial photograph oj the Augusta Quarry, circa 2003. Used with permission oj BJI/ Lowlsh, Martin Marietta
Aggregates.
Figure 5. MartinMarletta Aggregates Quarry, Augusta. GA (left) orthogonal jointing within the mylonite, and (right) sheared
granitic ue/ns wIthin Augusta fault mylonite.
GeologIcal Soclely of America EiI5i Annual Meeting ~ Soulheoslern $eel/on ~ Saoonnah. GeorgIa ~ 2007
Chloritization and brittle faulting are widespread
throughout the quarry, and are thought to record
transition from ductile to brittle conditions late in
the Paleozoic movement history. Nearly orthogo-
nal, nearly vertical joint sets cut the mylonitic folia-
tion at steep angles.
The brittle Belair fault offsets the Augusta fault my-
lonites in a sinistral sense (Bramlett et of. , 1982).
The Belair fault offsets the basement-Cretaceous
unconformity with reverse sense by as much as 30
m.
It is important to note that, as previously men-
tioned, the trace of the Augusta fault is different
from the aeromagnetic lineament commonly iden-
tified as the Augusta fault on maps of the Eastern
Piedmont Fault System. This has been recognized
for nearly 30 years (Maher, 1979). The aeromag-
netic lineament is identified as the Ascauga fault
in Dennis et of. (2004) and separates Belair belt
rocks from the Graniteville granite and its country
rock (Figure 1). A single outcrop of this silliman-
ite-bearing country rock is exposed in an erosional
window through the coastal plain along Ascauga
Lake Road.
115
Stop 2. Belair belt in hanging wall of Augusta
fault: Location: 33 31' 17.2"N, 81 59' 58.8"W.
(Figure 3).
At this stop, participants will observe greenschist
facies mafi c metavolcanic rocks of the Belair belt.
The rocks here are fine-grained intermediate to
mafic metavolcanic rocks.
Rocks of the Belair belt are subdivided into four
units, and are, from structurally lowest to highest
as follows: a silver phyllitic metatuff, a lower fel-
sic metatuff, an intermediate composition metatuff
and metasedimentary unit, and an upper felsic
metatuff and metafl ow unit (Maher, 1979). These
units strike northeast, subparallel to the Augusta
fault, and generally dip less than 45 to the south-
east (Maher, 1979). The !3elair belt stratigraphy is
as thick as ca. 4,000 m (Maher, 1979). The silver
phyllite is truncated by t he Augusta fault and rang-
es in thickness from 200-1,000 m thick, and the
uppermost felSic metatuff is 700 m thick; its upper
contact is never observed. This outcrop is situated
in the intermediate metatuff unit above the lowest
muscovite schist unit .
Maher et 01. (1981) described a possible trilobite
fragment from the intermediate tuff unit near this
location. More recently Ben Bland (personal com-
munication to Dennis) suggested this fossil was
Pteridinium.
Shervais et 01. (1996) reported on the geochemis-
try of the Belair belt , and compared it to what they
reported for the Persimmon Fork and Richtex For-
mations. These rocks are more mafi c than what
has been reported in most Persimmon Fork For-
mation analyses, and is more tholeiitic, with much
lower K
2
0 (<1% vs 4-5%) and lower La/chondrite
and La/Lu than in the Persimmon Fork Forma-
tion. Chondrite-normalized Rare Earth Elements
(REE) patterns for Belair belt rocks are nearly flat
at lOx chondrite. Richtex Formation REE patterns
show enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements
(LREE) 40X chondrite at La) ; the Persimmon
Fork Formation also shows LREE enrichment and
116
FIgure 3. Location map for Field Trip Stops 1 and 2. March 30, 2007.
ranges from 10X-100X at La. While Belair belt
data fall in a general pattern that is continuous
with the Persimmon Fork and Richtex Formations
in major and trace element diagrams, they cluster
distinctly within those patterns. Generally, Belair
belt geochemistry is more similar to that of the
Richtex Formation than that reported by Dennis
et 01. (2004) for the metamorphosed metavolca-
nic rocks of the Deep Rock Metaigneous Suite and
Pen Branch Metaigneous Suite underlying the US
DOE Savannah River Site. ENd for two Belair belt
samples is reported to be +6.1, +6.5 (Coler et 01. ,
1996), in contrast to +4 for the Persimmon Fork
Formation as reported by Ayuso et 01. (1998). No
clear correlation is possible with adjacent subsur-
face units or with rocks of the Carolina slate belt.
OfroIogkOI S o c : ~ I V 0/ America ~ Annual Meetfng a::;:: Southeastern Section a;;::a Saoonnoh, Georgia _ 2007

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Stop 3. . ''1')('11111111" QII," ry, llllrkl. Mountain
ultramafic complex. I lion: 3337' 06.7"N
8212' 58.3"W. (Figures 6 nd 7).
The purpose of this stop is to observe km-scale
serpentinized olivine-orthopyroxenite blocks in a
migmatitic biotite amphibole gneiss matrix, south
of the Kiokee antiform crest.
Serpentinite with a protolith primarily composed
of olivine + orthopyroxene (harzburgite) is cut by
coarse talc + serpentine veins. Serpentine derived
from orthopyroxene bastites are quite common.
Chromite is present as flattened grains possibly
defining a tectonic foliation in these rocks. Sacks
et a/. (1989) described these rocks in great detail.
The distinctive array of hills visible to the south of
the Clarks Hill dam is underlain by these massive
serpentinites, which are enclosed by felsic gneiss-
es with distinctive rinds along their contacts. The
serpentinite cores are enclosed by fibrous talc-
serpentine-actinolite/tremolite zones that are sur-
rounded by talc schist or actinolite-chlorite schists
adjacent to the quartzofeldspathic gneisses (Sacks
et a/. , 1989). Locall y the serpentinite bodies are
silicified. Amphibolites within the ultramafi c rocks
of the Burks Mountain complex are interpreted to
be rodingites or Ca-metasomatized gabbroslba-
sal tic dikes that intruded ultramafic rocks prior to
serpentinization (Sacks et a/. , 1989). These rocks
also contain abundant epidote. This interpretation
is driven by enriched CaO (18-23% weight %) and
Sr contents (700-3500 ppm) as determined by
X-ray fluorescence. The "normal" 12-18% Al
z
0
3
content of these rocks means that the elevated
CaO, Sr content of these rocks cannot be the result
of plagioclase accumulation. Amphibolites within
the Burks Mountain complex that are not found in
contact with the serpentinites are interpreted to be
relatively unaltered metagabbros.
The serpentinite massifs extend along strike as
long as 2-5 km. The ultramafic rocks of the Burks
Mountain complex (BMC) may be traced over the
Kiokee antiform crest and are exposed as a zone of
Geological Society 0/ America ~ Annual Meellng .. $oulhfoJlrn Stellan
Appffllg 7
Savannah. GeorgJa ~ 2007
Figure 6. Localfon maps for FIeld Trip SlOPS 3 and 4.
March 31, 2007.
11 7
Figure 7a) Burks Mountain Serpentinite quarry view.
118
talc schists. These occur along the Clark Hill lake-
shore near the contact of biotite-amphibole gneiss
and migmatitic biotite amphibole gneiss along Keg
Creek and northeast along strike into South Caro-
lina.
Sacks et o/. (1989) offer two interpretations for
the origin of the Burks Mountain ultramafic com-
plex. The interpretation depends critically on the
nature of flattened chromite grains in the serpen-
tinized harzburgite. If the flattened chromite grains
formed in a mantle tectonite then the BMC may
represent an ophiolite. If, instead, the flattened
chromite grains represent tectonic deformation of
an ultramafic layered intrusion, the complex would
be interpreted to have formed in the mid to lower
continental crust. Ol-Opx cumulates can only form
at pressures" 4-5 kb; this is probably too deep for
formation in the oceanic crust.
If the Burks Mountain complex represents an ophi-
olitic fragment , it now occurs at the boundary be-
tween a Neoproterozoic protolith (ca. 620 Ma) age
for Kiokee belt gneisses and rocks to the southeast
of the Modoc zone, and a latest Precambrian age
(ca. 550 Ma) for Persimmon Fork slate belt rocks
northwest of the Modoc zone. In North Carolina,
the boundary between ca. 620 Ma Hyco-Aaron-
Virgilina rocks and ca. 550 Ma Uwharrie- Ablemar-
Ie Group rocks is an angular unconformity, at least
locally (Harris and Glover, 1986).
Figure 7b) orthopyroxene bastftes within serpentinite. In thin
sect/on, orthopyroxene is rep/aced by serpentinite.
("ot'O/oylrol Soclrl)/ oj AmerIca _ Annual MeetIng ~ Southeastern Secrlon ~ Sooonnah. GeorgIa ~ 2007
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Stop 4, Appling granite at Heggies Rock: Loca-
lion: 33 32' 35.37"N, 82 15' 22.96"W. (Figures
(, and 8).
AI this stop participants will observe a Permian
(Irdnite intruded into the Kiokee belt.
TI\(> Appling granite is an undeformed post-meta-
morphic composite granitic pluton with equigranu-
lar lind porphyritic facies (Nusbaum et a/., 1992)
that IntnKiI'd Inlo the Kiokee belt ca. 294.2 0.9
Me (Heatherington, 1998). Most of the exposed
IXMnt 01 the Appling granite is the porphyritic fa-
eIII, and locally the abundant K-feldspar pheno-
CI1/III (. 35"") lire aligned In a crude flow foliation.
NuIbaum f!t 0/. (1992) suggest that the mafic en-
claves within the Appling granite formed either as
autoliths or from a co-mingled mafic magma. They
cite compositionally identical biotites and feldspars
from the mafic enclaves and porphyritic facies as
evidence against a xenolith/country rock origin,
but also note distinctly different oxygen isotopic
Ilgnatures of biotite, quartz and feldspar mineral
I6lpamtes from mafic enclaves and the porphyritic
IlIdl's. I ililmalply these isotopic data led Nusbaum
,,/ ,,/. 11992) to conclude that trachybasalt or high
K h"",1t co-mingling with a granitic melt was a
IIIor" likely origin. They argue that the enclaves
formed by metamorphism of initially anhydrous
I""fie inclusions. Heatherington (1998) reports
rNd of 0.5 and an initial 87Sr/86Sr of .70385 at
Ma. These data further suggest derivation of
tl ... Appling granite from non-radiogenic crust or
111"1111" (Heatherington, 1998) .
The Appling granite is one of several major unde-
formed Alleghanian plutons intruding the Kiokee
belt. Others are the Sparta, GA, the Meriwether
(Pray. 1997; Clarks Hill granite of Pray, 1993), and
the Columbia granites. Pray (1993, 1997) reports
two U-Pb zircon ages for the Sparta granite: 307.1
2.0 Ma (average of two 237UP06Pb ages, 1993)
and 309 3 Ma (personal communication, J.E.
Wright, 1997). The two ages are identical within
the error limits, and are younger than that reported
Geoiogi((ll Societ\! of America Annual Meeting Sou/heus""" ,."" II""
by Pray (1993, 1997) for the Meriwether granite.
The Meriwether granite yields U-Pb zircon ages of
312.0 3.1 Ma (average of three 237Upo6Pb ages,
1993) and 312 4 Ma (personal communication,
J.E. Wright, 1997). Thus, the Appling granite is the
youngest known Alleghanian granite in the Kiokee
belt, and one of the youngest if not the youngest in
the southern Appalachian Piedmont. [The Siloam
granite which had a very young Rb-Sr age (Jones
and Walker, 1973), was dated by the U-Pb zircon
method by Samson (2001) and yielded an age of
304 + 3.5/-2.3; Pray (1997) cites a 307 4 Ma
age (personal communication, J.E. Wright) for the
Siloam.] Pray (1997) reports a U-Pb zircon age for
the Columbia, SC, granites; these date to 308 3
Ma (personal communication, J.E. Wright).
The Graniteville, SC, granite does not intrude the
Kiokee belt, but does intrude the composite ca.
620-630 Ma terrane south of the Modoc zone.
There is no age reported for the Graniteville gran-
ite.
SOl'Clnnan. Georgia 2007
Notes
119
Figure 8. aJ Large mafic enclave within Appling granite at Heggies Rock (above). b) Typical exposure view (below),
Stop 5. Gundy Creek parasitic fold relationships
as a model for the Kiokee antiform structure. Lo
cation: 3342' 21.7"N 8208' 54.1"W. (Figures
9 and 10).
At this stop, participants will observe structures
that inform regional scale crosssections of the
easternmost Piedmont of South Carolina and ad
jacent Georgia.
This large outcrop was mapped by Scott Mcintyre
in the summer of 1986 for an undergraduate the-
sis at the University of Nebraska-Omaha (Maher,
1987b). This outcrop clearly shows the structural
style of the Kiokee antiform that folds the Modoc
zone. Outcrop scale structures show that we are on
the northwest , overturned or steeply dipping limb
of the D3 Kiokee antiform. There is no mesoscopic
axial planar cleavage that accompanies this fold-
ing. Thinly laminated Modoc zone paragneisses
are folded about subhorizontal axes with steeply
SE dipping axial surfaces. It is clear that what ap-
pear to be near isoclinal fold limbs on horizontal
pavement surfaces are in fact an artifact of these
gently plunging axes. Folds with steeply plunging
axes with consistent dextral or clockwise rotation
sense or asymmetry (reverse slip crenulations, or
RSC of Dennis and Secor, 1987 a, 1990) that de-
forms steeply dipping D3 limbs represent D4 dex-
tral strike slip deformation in this area (Dennis et
aI., 1987).
Beneath the bridge that is near this stop, abundant
shear bands (or normal sense crenulations, NSC
of Dennis and Secor, 1987a, 1990) contain black
tourmaline prisms. These tourmaline needles are
not common but have been noted elsewhere in the
Modoc zone, and are associated with the parag-
neisseses near orthogneiss sheets. Presumably the
volume of water necessary to carry the amount of
boron (B) represented here greatly aided the plastic
deformation in this area as well as facilitating mate-
rial transfer; additionally the amount of B may have
reduced the viscosity of felsic orthogneiss sheets
120
a.ologlool Soclefy of America ~ Annual Meeting ~ Southeastern Secllon ~ Savannah. GeorgIa ~ 2007
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Figure 9. Locatfon maps for Fi eld Trip Stops 5-6, March 31, 2007.
and assisted their ascent through the crust. Maher
et oJ. (1994) reported an 4oAr/
39
Ar muscovite pla-
teau age from this site of 277.7 0.4 Ma.
Because orthogneiss sheets are folded by F3 folds
of the Kiokee antiform. northwest verging folding
and transport must post-date orthogneiss emplace-
ment and Modoc zone shearing.
Geologlcol Soclely 0/ America ~ Annual Meeti ng _ Soulhmtll!rn 5110" Savannah. Georgia ~ 2007
Notes
121
Figure 10. a) Shallowly plunging outcrop scale folding on the steeply dipping Ifmb of the Klokee antiform at Gundy Creek.
Scale Is 120 cm. Folded Layering is Ifghtly traced (aboue). b) Pauement view of mesoscopic dextral folding D4 (vertical axial
surfaces) within poragnelss at Gundy Creek. Pen cap points north (abov:e).
Stop 6. Button Schist off Forest Service Road
643A. Location: 3342' 13.9"N 8210' 58.1"W.
(Figures 9 and 11).
Here, participants will observe strain partitioning
at ca. 274 Ma between the Augusta fault and a late
dextral strike-slip reactivation of the Modoc zone
(lrmo shear zone).
In the Clarks Hill area, subvertical portions of the
Kiokee antiform, with foliation strikes of ca. 065
were preferentially reactivated as dextral strike slip
shear zones. There are three map scale zones of
this reactivation in this area: they are, from north
to south, the Northern Clarks Hill , Ridge Road,
and Gundy Creek zones (Dennis et 01., 1987).
The outcrops off Forest Service Road 643A, SC,
and Ridge Road on the lakeshore in GA are ex-
ceptional exposures of shear bands forming in mi-
caceous rocks. Dennis and Secor (1987a) called
these structures normal slip crenulations to empha-
size their complementary relationship to structures
that form when the pre-existing slipping foliation
makes an acute angle to the slip direction (i.e.,
reverse slip cremJiations). These outcrops show
very clearly the relationship between a pre-existing
slipping foliation and crenulations formed during
shearing (Dennis and Secor, 1987 a, b; Dennis et
a/. , 1987). Specifically, because foliation surfaces
are microscopically penetrative and crenulation
surfaces are penetrative only to the mesoscopic
scale, slip on foliation surfaces rotates crenulation
surfaces, but crenulation slip only translates folia-
tion. Thus in foliated sheared metapelites, with in-
creasing shear strain, the angle between foliation
and normal slip crenulations does not decrease,
instead it increases. Conversely, with increasing
shear strain the angle between axial surfaces of
reverse slip crenulations and pre-existing foliation
becomes smaller and the folds become increasingly
appressed and intrafolial. There are numerous lo-
cations here where single quartz veins have been
offset by normal slip crenulations and can be used
as strain gauges to determine the magnitude of slip
122
O>Ioglral Socletv 0/ AmerIca !$iiia! Annual MeetIng ~ Southeastern Section ~ Saoonnah. GeorgIa ~ 2007
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along crenulation. D nnis et al. (1987) used these
relationships to eslim te y along crenulation to be
,,2. More recently, these outcrops and the button
schist at Gundy Creek were Interpreted by Pray
et al. (1997) to be examples of convergent shear.
Such a zone forms between rigid blocks which do
not rotate relative to one another, and the shear
bands (C') form as a steady state fabric element
parallel to the relative velocity vector between the
two converging walls.
Regionally, these late shear zones are interesting
because they may have been active at the same
time that normal motion occurred along the Au-
gusta fault. Maher et al. (1994) reported a ,oAr/
39 Ar whole-rock phyllite plateau age from this site
of 274.4 1.0 Ma. In fact ,oAr/
39
Ar plateaus uni-
formly yield nearly id.entical Permian cooling ages
across the Kiokee foliation arch in the Savannah
River area (Maher' et aI. , 1994), and actual mo-
tion along these late dextral shear zones could have
occurred earlier. The Ar data suggest that a more
conservative interpretation may be that there has
been no differential motion about a horizontal axis
in this area since ca. 274 Ma. Because these shear
zones only occur on the steeply dipping limbs of
the regional F3 fold , they limit the youngest pos-
sible age for F3 folding. Augusta normal faulting
and Irmo shearing represent the youngest ductile
or possible Alleghanian Appalachian events in this
area, and postdate crustal shortening following
Modoc zone oblique normal dextral slip by 20-30
Ma. They may represent a terminal Pangean as-
sembly event in this area.
GeologIcal Socletv of AmerIca _ Annual Meelfng ... .. rn 5,lon
Figure 11. Button schist pavement surface oJf Forest ServIce Road 643A, at the Intersection of western power line, and
Buzzard Creek.
Saoormah. GeorgIa 2007
123
Stop 7. Stevens Creek orthogneiss. Location:
3343' 44.5"N 8211' 19.8"W. (Figure 12).
Here one can observe the intrusive style for syn
kinematic orthogneiss sheets that , with the garnet
isograd and mylonitization, define the Modoc zone,
and the northwest limit of .. ca. 620 Ma terranes in
the eastern Piedmont.
Along this tributary to Stevens Creek, it is easy
to see the intrusive siyle of the Modoc zone or-
thogneisses from cm- to m-scale sheets that were
emplaced into the laminated paragneisses of the
Modoc zone. The mylonitic orthogneisses in this
area are mostly equigranular, but elsewhere they
are clearly porphyroclastic. Asymmetric tails are
apparent on K-feldspars, and quartz has a ribbon
texture in thin section. Where lineations are ob
served on these gneisses they are subhorizontal.
Kinematic indicators (p'rimarily reverse slip crenula-
tions) in Modoc zone paragneisses are folded over
the crest of the Kiokee antiform and consistently
yield down-to-the-north transport , i.e. , downdrop
ping of Carolina slate belt rocks against Kiokee
belt gneisses (Sacks and Dennis, 1987, Dennis
and Secor, 1990). Thus, there is strong evidence
of deformation partitioning in the Modoc zone,
with the strike slip component partitioned into
the orthogneisses and dip-slip partitioned into the
paragneisses.
The age of the Modoc zone orthogneisses is im
portant because they constrain the age of the
Modoc zone dextral-normal oblique shearing (02;
Secor et aI. , 1986a, b; Secor, 1987; Sacks and
Dennis, 1987), as well as the crustal shortening
implicit in the 0 3 folding and the Kiokee antiform.
Pray (1993, 1997) presents several U-Pb zircon
ages for the Modoc zone orthogneisses in this
area. Pray (1993) reports the age of the Stevens
Creek orthogneiss as 300.3 3.1 Ma, the aver-
age of 23'U/206Pb ages from 3 size fractions. Pray
(1997) reports the age of the Stevens Creek or-
thogneiss as 300 4 Ma (personal communica-
tion, J.E. Wright). Pray (1997) also reports U-Pb
124
zircon ages for the Rockville orthogneiss (north of
Lake Sinclair) and the Dames Ferry orthogneiss
(east of Forsythe, GA) and cut by the Goat Rock
shear zone; the events are dated at 309 3 Ma
and 300-310 Ma, respectively (personal commu-
nication, J.E. Wright). Thus, 0 3 folding must be
younger than ca. 300 Ma.
U-Pb ages of monazite from the Kiokee antiform in
the Clarks Hill area may indicate cooling through
700C at 308.1 2.1 Ma (Pray, 1993) or 308
1 Ma (Pray, 1997; personal communication, J .E.
Wright). Intermediate and high temperature frac
tions of hornblende separates from the Modoc
zone in the Clarks Hill area yield 4oAr/
39
Ar plateau
ages that indicate cooling through 500C ca. 296
2 Ma and 288 4 Ma, respectively (personal
communication, R.D. Dallmeyer, Pray, 1997).
Hornblende plateau ages from Kiokee belt gneiss-
es are 306 1 Ma (north) and 289 2 Ma (south)
in the GeorgiaCaroli na area. Thus, exhumation of
Kiokee belt rocks by the Modoc zone, and uplift by
0 3 folding proceeded from ca. 308289 Ma.
Maher et al. (1992a, b) suggested that the source
for the Modoc zone orthogneisses was the Sparta
granite based on map relationships. Pray (1993)
reports an age of 307.1 2.0 Ma, the average of
237U/206Pb ages from 3 size fracti ons, while Pray
(1997) reports the age of the Sparta granite as
309 3 Ma.
The Modoc zone is recognized on the basis of the
steep geothermal gradient (corresponding to the
garnet isograd), variably deformed orthogneiss
sheets (from cm scale to km scale) and a several
km-scale mylonite and shear zone. The Modoc
zone separates two distinct terranes: to the south-
east there is a variably remobili zed> ca. 620 Ma
terrane comprising the Kiokee belt and Belair belt,
and subsurface terranes underlying the DOE Sa-
vannah River Site at least as far as the Dunbarton
basin. To the northwest lies a generally lower grade
550 Ma . Middle Cambrian volcanic and epiclas-
tic arc terrane known as the arolina slate terrane
In this area. These terranes were juxtaposed by
oblique dextral-normal motion on mylonites of the
Modoc zone in Middle to Late Pennsylvanian time,
i. e., between 310-300 Ma.
FIgure 12. Location map for Field Trip Stops 6-7, March 31,
2007.
CifcNosfkXIl Socletv 0/ America Si5; Annual Meeting ~ Southeastern Section ~ Savannah. Georgia l'31s: 2007
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Stop 8. Stevens Creek at Plum Branch. Location:
3351' 11.9"N 8213' 34.7"W. (Figures 13 and
14).
Here, participants can observe the lithologies and
structural style of the ca. 550 Ma Persimmon Fork
Formation of the Carolina slate belt.
North of the Modoc zone, there is a dramatic de-
crease in grade and ductile deformation and con-
comitant preservation of primary structures. Rocks
of the Carolina slate terrane include, broadly, an-
desitic volcanic and epiclastic rocks. These rocks
range in age from 550 Ma to Middle Cambrian.
Middle Cambrian rocks containing a diverse peri-
ondwanan fauna (Asbill Pond Formation; Sam-
son et 01. , 1990; Secor and Snoke, 2002) occur
above an angular unconformity (Dennis et 01. ,
1993; Dennis and Wright, 1997). The siltstones
and sandstones beneath the angular unconformity
(the Emory Formation of Secor and Snoke, 2002)
are gradational into the Persimmon Fork Forma-
tion (ca. 550 Ma; e.g., Dallmeyer et 01. , 1986;
Barker et 01. , 1999; Ayuso et 01. , 2005). It is
these rocks of the Persimmon Fork Formation that
are observed here at Parks Mill. Thus, the angu-
lar unconformity preserves evidence in the east-
ern Piedmont of an orogenic event at about the
Cambrian-Precambrian boundary that occurred
on the periphery of Gondwana (e.g., Hibbard and
Samson, 1995, Dennis and Wright, 1997, Barker
et 01. , 1999). The angular unconformity is folded,
and that folding is cut by a ca. 415 Ma pluton.
Locally there is 4oArj39Ar evidence for a c1eavage-
forming event at ca. 455 Ma (Noel et 01 ., 1988;
Offield et 01. , 1995) in the North Carolina and
South Carolina slate belt. Furthermore paleomag-
netic data indicate accretion of Carolina to Lau-
rentia with a shared pole by Late Ordovician time
(Noel et 01. , 1988, Vick et 01., 1987). It is pos-
sible to see folding of bedding, or at least clast-rich
layers at Parks Mill; observations of the weathered
pavement surface make clear that a cleavage is
folded here. It is not clear whether these fabric el-
Geologlcol Soclely 0/ America ~ Annual Meellng _ Sou/MoJ"rn s.cllar!
FIgure 14. oj Overview of Carolina slate belt PersImmon Fork Formation, Parks Mill, field trIp stop 8.
& oollnoh. Georgia ~ 2007
125
Figure 14. b) Ti ght folding of 50,,51, near vertical axial
planes, variable plunges, pavement surface.
ements are related to the angular unconformity
(ca. 542 Ma age), the folding of the angular uncon-
formity (Late Ordovician) , or both.
South of the Modoc zone, in the Kiokee belt, Be-
lair belt, and the subsurface terranes underlying the
DOE Savannah River Site, there is little or no evi-
dence of these orogenic events at the Cambrian-
Precambrian boundary or in the Ordovician. There
is scant evidence for the Silurian magmatic event
discussed by Samson and Secor (2000) or Dennis
(2006), notwithstanding the ca. 421 Ma Lake Mur-
ray gneiss in the Kiokee belt [containing xenocrys-
tic zircons of ca. 444 and ca. 489 Ma age, possibly
126
Figure 14 c) Vertical joint surface showing folded 50,,51, n.b. lapillV breccia clasts.
recording recycling during the Ordovician event
(Samson and Secor, 2001)]. and the ca 378 Ma
age reported for the Springfield granite by Speer
(1982). Whether this is the result of a complete re-
setting of isotopic clocks by the Alleghanian event
in the older terrane, juxtaposition of terranes with
distinct tectonothermal histories by dextral normal
oblique motion along the Modoc zone, shuffling of
a single composite terrane by the Modoc zone, or
much later (Alleghanian?) accretion of the older ter-
rane during climactic Gondwanan-Laurentian colli-
sion is unclear. A 620-630 Ma terrane is clearly
the basement to the ca. 550 Ma sequence in North
Carolina (Harris and Glover, 1988). That this base-
ment may be faulted (along the Modoc zone) into
its current position, and that the fault juxtaposes
portions of a composite terrane with unique tec-
tonothermal histories may be the simplest expla-
nation of the observed relationships (compare to
Steltenpohl , 2005). It is possible that the Modoc
zone, the locus of subcrustal lithospheric delami-
nation interpreted by Sacks and Secor (1990 a,b)
may be localized along an earlier plate boundary or
suture as suggested by mantle tectonites preserved
within the Burks Mountain Igneous Complex.
Gtologlcoi Soclely of AmerIca S!S Annual Meeting ~ Southeastern Section ~ Souonnoh. Georgia ~ 2007
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a.olO9ll1 Society of America ~ Annual Meeting ~ Southeastern Section ~ Savannah. Georgia ~ 2007
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