Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mathematics
Degree of differential equation Degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring in it, after expressing the equation free from radicals and fractions as far as derivatives are concerned.
Example i) x + =C y 1st order, 1st degree 1st order, 2nd degree (power of highest derivative) 2nd order, 2nd degree 2nd order, 1st degree
. / ] + x =5
Example The differential equation (A) (B) (C) (D) 1st order and linear 1st order and non-linear 2nd order and linear 2nd order and non-linear x y = sin hx is
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 135
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Differential Equations of first Order first Degree Equations of first order and first degree can be expressed in the form (x y y ) y (x y). Following are the different ways of solving equations of first order and first degree: 1. 2. 3. 4. Variables separable Homogeneous equations Linear equations Exact equations or
1.
Homogenous Equation =
( ( ) )
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 136
Chapter 5
Mathematics
y ) dy = 0
Put y = vx , v+x x = dv = vx ln y = . / C C =
=v+x
3 ln cy =. /
Substitute x = X + h
y=Y+k
dx=dX dy=dY =
( ( ) )
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Case II:
If = =
( (
(say)
) )
= ( )=
)
dt = dx 3. Linear Equations The standard form of a linear equation of first order: + P(x) y = Q(x) , where P and Q are functions of x (x) (x)y (x)
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 138
Chapter 5
Mathematics
tz
u t
y(
P) = Q
(y y
)=Q
(I F) x
y(I F )
(I F) x
x) y
function of y only
= = = t =t C y dy d(t ) C
Divide by y y y =Q
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 139
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Substitute, (1-n) y y = =
=z
) z = Q (1-n)
y=x y
=x =
=x
= x
(-5x ) dx x C
= 5 x =
Cx / x y = 1
4. Exact Differential Equations M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equations M dx +N dy = 0 to be exact is =
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 140
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Example Solve the differential equation (secx tan x tan y Solution M = secx. tanx. tany N = sec x se y So, exact ( xt xt y =C ) x = secx tanx se y = secx tan x se y y =0 ) dx + secx se y dy = 0
Sec x tan y -
Equation Reducible the Exact Equation Integrating factor Sometimes an equation which is not exact may become so on multiplication by some function known as Integrating factor (I.F.). Illustration x dy y dx = 0 Multiply by Therefore, , not exact dy dx = 0 y exact C
( ) x 0=C
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 141
Chapter 5
Mathematics
6.
=d[
Rule 1: when M dx + N dy = 0 is homogenous in x and y and M x + N y Rule 2: If the equation (x, y) y dx + (x, y) x dy = 0 and M x N y ) = f(x), then I.F. = (
Rule 3: If the M dx + N dy = 0 and ( Rule 4: If the equation M dx + N dy = 0 and Example (y xy ) dx (x+x y) dy = 0 Solution M = y xy , N = (x+x y) Mx Ny = 2xy I.F. = ( y) x = . x/ y = 0 xy = C exact 0
( )
( )
solution log
Equations of first order and higher Degree As will occur in higher degrees, it is convenient to denote form f(x, y, P) = 0. Case I : Equations solvable for P --Where, , ...... =0 by P. Such equations are of the
[P - (x y)- [P - (x y)- - - - - - [P P = (x y) , P = (x y) -- - - - P =
F (x y ) = 0, F (x y ) = 0, - - - - F (x y ) = 0 F (x y ) . F (x y ) - - - - - F (x y ) = 0
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 142
Chapter 5
Mathematics
(P + ) ( P - ) = 0 P+ d(xy) = 0 , xy = C (x y C) (x P =0
y dy x dx = 0 x y y =c )=0
Let the solution be g (x, p, c) = 0 - - - - - - (2) Eliminating P from (1) and (2). In case elimination of P is not possible, then we may solve (1) and (2) for x and y and obtain, x=F ( Example Solve the differential equation y=x+at Solution P=1+ dx=(
)( )
) ,y= F (
----(1)
x = C + a [log (P-1)
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 143
Chapter 5
Mathematics
This equation along with the given equation constitute the required solution in parameter form wt t t Case III : Equation solvable for x x = f(y , p) ---------(1) = = g(y, p, )
( )
y 2y ) y
3y y (1+ y )=0
y =0 )=0
P(1+ y (P + y Py = c
) (1+ y
y = 2cx + c3
The family of straight lines passing through origin is represented by differential equation (A) ydx + xdy = 0 Solution: (B) a) d(yx) = 0 yx = c (B) xdy ydx = 0 (C) xdx + ydy = 0 (D) ydy xdx=0
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 144
Chapter 5
Mathematics
b) d(y /x) = 0 = c y = cx c) y x = c, d) x y = c, Example The equations y 2x = c represents the orthogonal trajectories of the family. (A) y = a Solution (D) For orthogonal trajectory Substitute, =0 =0 x + 2y = a = (B) x y (C) xy = 0 (D) x + 2y = a
(D) = 0 is called A.E. Rules for finding complimentary function Case I If all the roots of A.E. are real and different (D ) (D ) - - - - - - (D )y=0
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 145
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Illustration: D
=0
Similarly, if y = (C Illustration: D D
C x +C x ) =0
=
)
, C x
(
=
)
(C D D 2i
C =0
x)
Illustration:
(C C x C
C x
x)
If two pairs of root are imaginary i.e. Repeated imaginary root y= ,(C x =0 (D D ) (D D )=0 C ) x (C x , C ) x ]
Illustration: D
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 146
Chapter 5
Mathematics
D= 1 y=
i, 1 (C
i x C , ( ) x) >0, C ( )] (C x C x)
X=
( )
.X
put D = a put D = a
[f(a)
0] [ (a) 0, f(a) = 0]
P.I. = x
( )
P.I. = x
( )
put D = a
[f(a) = 0,
(a)
0,
(a)
0]
Case II: When X = sin (ax + b) or cos (ax +b) P.I. = ( x ) put D = , () 0]
=x
( x
put D =
, (
) = 0]
=x
( x
put D =
, (
) = 0]
x = [ (D)x
( )
V where V is function of x
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 147
Chapter 5
Mathematics
P. I. = =
( )
x V(x) = 0
( ) ( )
( )
V(x)
( )
Complete Solution Given differential equation: The complete solution is: Example Particular integral of (A) Solution
( )
....... y = C.F + P.
=X
=x (B)
x (C) x (D) x
{x
}=
(1 D
D - - - -) { x x + =
x ]
x , Option (C)
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 148
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Solution (D D )y=x x
C x) x x x sin x x [ x [ x [ x [ x [ x x x x x x x x xx x x xxx x= (x x x) x x-
= = = = = = =
Solution D D = 0, C
)
D = 1, 3
C.F. = C P.I. =
(
(2x x
x) 3 x
=2 =2 =
3 x 3
x x
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 149
Chapter 5
Mathematics
= = = = ( ,
(1+ ) .
x /x )x
( )
x x x x ( x) ) ( x x)
is already in C.F.
In the above problem, try to find P.I. using different approach, P.I. = Example Find the P.I. of (D Solution P.I. = x sin x = 0x = 0x 1( 1
( ) )
(x
) =
)y
x sin x
Example Find the P.I. of (D Solution P.I. = sin 2x = = Example Find the P.I. of (D Solution P.I. = (sin 2x +cos 3x) = x x cos 3x = cos 2x )y = sin 2x + cos 3x
( ) ( )
)y
sin2 x
sin 2x )
x (
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 150
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Example Find the complete solution of Solution D (D+1) = 0 C.F. =C =C P.I. = = = = = = Other approach P. I. = (1- D +D =( =( = D ) (x x x x ) ) ) ( x )
(
C C
)
[x [x
x ] ] [x ( x ) x ] ]
(1+D)
[ 1 D +D [x [x x x -
1+ D -D ) (x x x4 x) (x
Note: this is because a constant C is present in C.F. (overall C.S is unchanged) C.S. = C C x E u t (H ------ t = ln x, then if D = = Dy x = Dy u u t y=X )
C u y Eu x Put = x= . x
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 151
Chapter 5
Mathematics
) = =
. Dy
( D y
).
= x x
(D
D)y
= D (D-1) y = D (D-1)(D-2) y
After substituting these differentials, the Cauchy Euler equation results in a linear equation with constant coefficients. Example Solve the given differential equation x Solution substitute x (D (D P. =
(
x= x D
t = ln x = D(D-1)
Dy D
)y =t C t) D- t = t + 2 x E u t ( x ) t = ln (ax + b) - - - - -- y=X
) = 0 , y = (C
)
= , x) x
y = (C L ( x )
C L
ax + b = (ax + b) ( x ( x ) ) =aDy = =
D(D-1)y D(D-1)(D-2)y
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 152
Chapter 5
Mathematics
u t
ut
u t on with
Example ( x ) ( x ) y =0
Solution 2x +3 = , t = ln (2x+3)
= C (2x + )
E u t =R
(L
u t
Where P, Q, and R are functions of x, y and z (if P, Q, R are independent of z , its called linear otherwise quasi linear equation) Working rule 1. 2. 3. Form subsidiary equation = =
Solve these simultaneous equations giving u = a and v = b as its solution. Write the complete solution as f (u ,v) = 0 , u = f(v)
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 153
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Non- Linear Equations of 1st Order p and q will occur other than in the first degree are called non-linear partial differential equations of the first order. Form I: Equation containing p & q only f(p, q) = 0 Its complete solution z = ax +by + c where a and b connected by relation Since p = q= Form II: f(z, p, q ) = 0, not containing x & y Working rule: 1. 2. 3. Form III: f (x, p) = F (y, q) . Terms not containing z and terms containing x and p can be separated from those containing y and q. Assume f (x, p) = F (y, q) = a (x) dz = z x (x) x (y) y (y) y (y) y t ) x y Assume, u = x + ay , substitute p = , and q = a Solve resulting ordinary differential equation (O.D.E.) in z and u Replace u by x + ay =b = a, f(a, b) = 0
z = (x) x Charpit t (G
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 154
Chapter 5
Mathematics
dz = =
x =
x =
y --------------(2) = =
Homogenous Linear Equation with constant coefficients ------ = f( x, y) this is called homogenous because all terms
Step I : Finding the C.F. 1. Write A.E. Where m = 2. CF = (y + CF = (y + roots. CF = (y + roots. Step II : Finding P.I. P.I. =
( )
are distinct x) + - - - - - - , x) + - - - , ,
f (x, y) ut , D P.I. = D DD x y
( )
x y = [ (D D )( )
f (x, y) , resolve
into
partial fractions considering (D D ) as a function of D alone and operate each partial fraction on f(x, y) remembering that ( f(x, y) = (x x) x where c, is ) replaced by y + mx after integration. Example Solve the partial differential equation: r - 4s + 4t =
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 155
Chapter 5
Mathematics
m = 2, 2 (y +2x )
(y +2x) + x
)
D D
Z = (y +2x) + x (y +2x) + x
Example Solve the given differential equation y (2xy + Solution (y x dy ) + 2x y dx = 0 x x=0 d( ) x x=0 ) dx = dy
x =0
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 156
Chapter 5
Mathematics
= 2, (y x)
Solution is z = (y 2x) +
Example Solve the given differential equation Solution (D DD ) z = cos x cos 2y = 0; C.F. = P.I. = = = , = Example Solve the given differential equation Solution D D D =2 x y =0 ( ) = 0, m = 0, 0, 2 =2 x y ,
(
= cos x cos 2y
m = 0, 1
y) y)
(x
Chapter 5
Mathematics
P.I. = =
(2
x y) x y
= = = = = Example ( (
)
(
x y
)( )
)x y
(x y )
Solve the given differential equation cos (2x +y) Solution (D DD D )z cos(2x +y) m = -3, 2 C.F. = (y-3x) + (y+2x) P.I. = = = = = = = x = x x x ( x ( x ( x y)
( )
( ( )
) (
( x ( x x
y) =
)(
( x
y)
x) x
x) x ) x
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 158
Chapter 5
( ) ( )
Mathematics
= x
= sin ( x
y x)
( x
y)
( x ( x (
( )
y) x) x x) x
. . . . . x =
(
=( = = Approach 3 P.I. = = = x = x =x = =
( (
(y
x)
(y
( x x)
x) x
)(
( x ( x ( x ( x y) D
y) y) y)
( ( )
= y) x
( x
y)
( x ( x
y)
Note the difference in answer of approach 1 & approach 2/3 (why?) To find order and degree of differential equation simplify all the decimal and fractional power to 3/2 or to intiger.
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 159
Chapter 5
Mathematics
Example [ . / ]
. / ]
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11 : 080-65700750, info@thegateacamy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com Page 160