Sub-Atomic Particles of Nature An atom is electrically neutral and contains equal numbers of electrons and protons Protons Actual

l Masses/kg Relative Masses Charge/C Relative Charge Nucleon? 1 +1.602 +1 Yes Neutrons 1 0 0 Yes -1.602 -1 No Electrons

Nucleon Number= Total Number Of Protons And Neutrons Nucleus is very dense as it provides nearly all the mass. Most of the atom is empty space, where the electrons which are attracted electrostatically by the protons, move.

Behaviour In An Electric Field

Protons and electrons are deflected in opposite directions with the positively charged protons deflected towards the negatively charged plate and the negatively charged electrons deflected towards the positively charged plate. The angle of deflection is dependent on the relative masses and charges of the particles. Lighter particles are deflected more than the heavier ones.

HENCE, THE ANGLE OF DEFLECTION FOR ELECTRONS IS MORE THAN THE ANGLE OF DEFLECTION FOR PROTONS.

Neutral particles e.g. Neutrons and atoms will not be deflected but will travel a straight path perpendicular to the electric field.

Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same no. of protons and electrons but different no. of neutrons. As they have the same number of electrons, they have the same chemical properties as a chemical reaction involves the transfer of electrons. However, they have different masses and physical properties due to their different number of neutrons

Electronic Structure Electrons in an atom are arranged in different principal quantum shells, which compromise of one or more subshells. Each subshell contains one or more orbital. An orbital is a region of space around the nucleus in which the probability of finding a particular electron (in a free atom) is the highest (greater than 95%)

General Characteristics of Orbitals Each orbital denotes an allowed energy state of the electron Each orbital has a distinctive geometrical shape and orientation in space. There are four types of orbitals (s,p,d and f) An electron in an orbital is described by four quantum numbers which are unique to it.

Principal Quantum Shell Specifies energy of an electron, size of orbital and average distance of electron from the nucleus of an atom A group of orbitals that are about the same distance out from the nucleus Each principal quantum shell can have a maximum of electrons.

(Subshells/orbitals) A sub-shell is a group of orbitals with the same energy level but differ in their orientation in space e.g. the second shell n=2 has two sub-shells, one subshell containing one s orbital and another containing 3 p orbitals.

Each orbital is designated by its principal quantum number and type. The orbitals within a given subshell (e.g. ) have the same energy level (degenerate). Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, each of which spins on its own axis, either in the clockwise or anti-clockwise direction. The two electrons have opposite spins.

Summary Shell No of Orbital ( No of S orbitals No of P orbitals No of D orbitals No of F orbitals Maximum number of electrons in each shell ( 2 8 18 32

n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4

1 4 9 16

1 1 1 1

3 3 3

5 5

Shapes of Orbitals S Orbitals Spherical in shape Non-directional (Charge cloud not concentrated in any particular direction) S orbitals of different shells have the same shape but different sizes As n increases, the orbitals become more diffused. They also get bigger Distance of e from nucleus in 1s orbital < 2s orbital < 3s orbital.

Drawings of S Orbitals

P orbitals Dumbbell in shape. Directional -> Electron density concentrated in certain directions along the x,y and z axes. 3 types of p orbitals all have the same size and shape but different orientation.

The , and orbitals with the same principal quantum number are degenerate (have the same energy) P orbitals of different shells have the same shape but different size.