Role of Material Functions in Rheological Analysis

1
Role of Material Functions in Rheological Analysis

unknown
material
measure material
functions, e.g. ,
G'(), G"(w), G(t)
compare measured with predicted
conclude which constitutive equation is
best for further modeling calculations
calculate predictions of
material functions from
various constitutive
equations
compare data with
literature reports on
various fluids
conclude on the probable
physical behavior of the
fluid based on comparison
with known fluid behavior
compare with other
in-house data on
qualitative basis
conclude whether or
not a material is
appropriate for a
specific application
QUALITY CONTROL QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
MODELING WORK
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Role of Material Functions in Rheological Analysis
unknown
material
measure material
functions, e.g. ,
G'(), G"(w), G(t)
compare measured with predicted
conclude which constitutive equation is
best for further modeling calculations
calculate predictions of
material functions from
various constitutive
equations
compare data with
literature reports on
various fluids
conclude on the probable
physical behavior of the
fluid based on comparison
with known fluid behavior
compare with other
in-house data on
qualitative basis
conclude whether or
not a material is
appropriate for a
specific application
QUALITY CONTROL QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
MODELING WORK
We will
focus here
first
2
Material function definitions
1. Choice of flow (shear or elongation)
123
2
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
x t
v

&
123
3
2
1
) (
) 1 )( (
2
1
) 1 )( (
2
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
x t
x b t
x b t
v
&
&
&
Elongational flow: b=0,
Biaxial stretching: b=0,
Planar elongation: b=1,
0 ) ( > t
&
0 ) ( < t &
0 ) ( > t
&
). ( o ) ( t r t
& &
2. Choice of details of
3. Material functions definitions: will be based on
in shear or
in elongational flows.
2 1 21
, , N N
11 22 11 33
,
k
i
n
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
Steady Shear Flow Material Functions
constant ) (
0
= =
& &
t
Kinematics:
123
2
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
x t
v

&
Material Functions:
0
21
&
( )
2
0
22 11
1

&

( )
2
0
33 22
2

&

Viscosity
First normal-stress
coefficient
Second normal-
stress coefficient
3
How do we predict material functions?
What does the Newtonian Fluid model predict in
steady shearing?
) (v f =
ANSWER: From the constitutive equation.
( ) | |
T
v v + = =
&
What do we measure for these
material functions?
4
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
,
Poise
1
,
(dyn/cm
2
)s
2
1
,

s &
o
1
( ) &
( ) &
1
Figure 6.1, p. 170 Menzes and

Graessley conc. PB solution
Steady shear viscosity and first
normal stress coefficient
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U. SOR Short Course Beginning Rheology
Steady shear viscosity and first
normal stress coefficient
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
,

P
o
i
s
e
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
1
,

d
y
n
e
s
/
c
m
2
1
,

s &

1
Figure 6.2, p. 171 Menzes and
Graessley conc. PB solution;
c=0.0676 g/cm
3
813 kg/mol
517 kg/mol
350 kg/mol
200 kg/mol
5
Steady shear viscosity for linear
and branched PDMS
Figure 6.3, p. 172 Piau et al.,
linear and branched PDMS
+ linear 131 kg/mole
branched 156 kg/mole
linear 418 kg/mol
branched 428 kg/mol
What have material functions taught us so far?
Newtonian constitutive equation is inadequate
1. Predicts constant shear viscosity (not always
true)
2. Predicts no shear normal stresses (these
stresses are generated for many fluids)
Behavior depends on the material (chemical structure,
molecular weight, concentration)
6
Can we fix the Newtonian Constitutive Equation?
( ) | |
T
v v + =
Lets replace with
a function of shear
rate because we
want to predict a
non-constant
viscosity in shear
( ) ( ) | |
T
v v M + =
0

&
What does this model predict for steady shear viscosity?
( ) ( ) | |
T
v v M + =
0

&
Answer:
( )
0

&
M =
7
If we choose:
( )
<
=

c
n
c
m
M
M

& & &

& &
&
0
1
0
0 0
0
log
0
log&
slope = (n-1)
c
& log
Problem solved!
But what about the normal stresses?
( ) ( ) | |
T
v v M + =
0

&
123
0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= & v
123
0
0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

&
&
&
It appears that
should not be
simply proportional
to &
Try something else . . .

( )
( ) | | ( )
L
&
T T
T
v C v B v v A
v v v f
v f I
+ + =
=
+ =

) (
) (
8
But which ones?
To sort out how to fix the Newtonian
equation, we need more observations (to
give us ideas).
Lets try another material function thats
not a steady flow (but stick to shear).
Start-up of Steady Shear Flow Material Functions
<
=
0
0 0
) (
0
t
t
t
&
&
Kinematics:
123
2
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
x t
v

&
Material Functions:
0
21
) (
&
t
+
( )
2
0
22 11
1

&

+
( )
2
0
33 22
2

&

+
Shear stress
growth
function
First normal-stress
growth function
Second normal-
stress growth
function
9
What does the Newtonian Fluid model predict in
start-up of steady shearing?
( ) | |
T
v v + = =
&
Again, since we know v, we can just
plug it in and calculate the stresses.
) (t
+
t ( )
0
2
0
22 11
1
=

+

&
( )
0
2
0
33 22
2
=

+

&
Material functions predicted for start-up of steady
shearing of a Newtonian fluid
<
=
+
0
0 0
) (
t
t
t

Do these predictions
match observations?
10
Startup of Steady Shearing
Figures 6.49, 6.50, p. 208
Menezes and Graessley, PB soln
<
=
0
0 0
) (
0
t
t
t
&
&
123
2
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
x t
v
&
0
21
) (
&
t
+
( )
2
0
22 11
1

&

+
SOR Short Course Beginning Rheology
What about other non-steady flows?
11
<
=
0 0
0
) (
0
t
t
t

&
&
Cessation of Steady Shear Flow Material Functions
Kinematics:
123
2
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
x t
v

&
Material Functions:
0
21
) (
&
t
( )
2
0
22 11
1

&

( )
2
0
33 22
2

&

Shear stress
decay function
First normal-stress
decay function
Second normal-
stress decay
function
Cessation of Steady Shearing
Figures 6.51, 6.52, p. 209 Menezes
and Graessley, PB soln
123
2
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
x t
v
&
<
=
0 0
0
) (
0
t
t
t

&
&
0
21
) (
&
t
( )
2
0
22 11
1

&

SOR Short Course Beginning Rheology

12
What does the model we guessed at predict
for start-up and cessation of shear?
( )
<
=

c
n
c
m
M
M

& & &

& &
&
0
1
0
0 0
0
( ) ( ) | |
T
v v M + =
0

&
Observations
The model predicts an instantaneous stress
response, and this is not what is observed for
polymers
The predicted unsteady material functions depend
on the shear rate, which is observed for polymers
No normal stresses are predicted
) , (
0

&
t
+ +
=
( )
<
=

c
n
c
m
M
M

& & &

& &
&
0
1
0
0 0
0
( ) ( ) | |
T
v v M + =
0
&
Progress here
13
Observations
( )
<
=

c
n
c
m
M
M

& & &

& &
&
0
1
0
0 0
0
( ) ( ) | |
T
v v M + =
0
&
Lacks memory
Related to
nonlinearities
The model predicts an instantaneous stress
response, and this is not what is observed for
polymers
The predicted unsteady material functions depend
on the shear rate, which is observed for polymers
No normal stresses are predicted
) , (
0

&
t
+ +
= Progress here
To proceed to better-designed constitutive
equations, we need to know more about material
behavior, i.e. we need more material functions to
predict, and we need measurements of these
material functions.
More non-steady material functions (material functions
that tell us about memory)
Material functions that tell us about nonlinearity (strain)
14
0 t
o
&
( )
t
&
0 t
o
&
( )
t
&
0 t
o
&
( )
t
&
0 t
o
( )
t
21
0 t
o
&
( )
t , 0
21
0 t
o
&
( )
t , 0
21
0 t
( )
t
21
0 t
( )
t
21
a. Steady
b. Stress
Growth
c. Stress
Relaxation
0
t
( )
t , 0
21
Summary of shear rate kinematics (part 1)

.
.
.
The next three families of material
functions incorporate the concept of strain.
15
( ) t
21
&
0 t
0 t
( ) t , 0
21
0 t
o
&
( ) t
&
0 t
o
( ) t
21
t
( )
t
&
t
o
cos &
t t
( ) t
21
0
d. Creep
e. Step
Strain
f. SAOS
0

o
&
( ) t , 0
21
t
( )
t
21
) sin( + t
o
( )
t , 0
21
t
t
o
sin
Summary of shear rate kinematics (part 2)
.
.
.
MASS
samples
oven
Shear Creep Flow
Constant shear stress imposed
16
123
2 21
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
x t
v
&
<
=
0
0 0
) (
0
21
t
t
t
Creep Shear Flow Material Functions

Kinematics:
Material Functions:
It is unusual to prescribe stress rather than
Since we set the stress in this experiment (rather than
measuring it), the material functions are related to the
deformation of the sample. We need to discuss
measurements of deformation before proceeding.
Because shear rate is not
prescribed, it becomes
something we must measure.
) (t
.
P(t
ref
)
x
1
x
2
x
3
r(t
ref
)
P(t)
r(t)
u(t
ref
,t)
particle path
flow
Deformation (strain)
) ( ) ( ) , (
) , (
2
1
21
ref ref
ref
t r t r t t u
x
u
t t

123
3
2
1
) (
) (
) (
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
ref
ref
ref
ref
t x
t x
t x
t r
123
3
2
1
) (
) (
) (
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t x
t x
t x
t r
Shear strain
Displacement
function
17
fluid particle
at time t
ref
fluid particle
at time t
2
1
21
) , (
x
u
t t
ref
=
2
P
2
x
) (
1 1
P u
) (
2 1
P u
( )
2 1
x v
1
P
1
u
1
x
2
x
Physical interpretation of strain in shear
The strain is the inverse of the slope of the
side of the deformed particle.
The strain is related to the change of shape
of the deformed particle.
Deformation in shear flow (strain)
2
1
21
) , (
x
u
t t
ref

123
3
2
1
) (
) (
) (
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
ref
ref
ref
ref
t x
t x
t x
t r
123
3
2
2 0 1
123
3
2
1
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
|
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
ref
ref
ref ref
t x
t x
x t t t x
t x
t x
t x
t r
&
Shear strain
Displacement
function
123
2 0
0
0
) (
) ( ) ( ) , (
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
x t t
t r t r t t u
ref
ref ref
&

Role of Material Functions in Rheological Analysis

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1

Role of Material Functions in Rheological Analysis

Figure 6.1, p. 170 Menzes and

& & &

Try something else . . .

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.

SOR Short Course Beginning Rheology

& & &

& & &

& & &

Summary of shear rate kinematics (part 1)

Creep Shear Flow Material Functions

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