Puebla, MEXICO October 16-18

Review of Power Factor Correction in Three-Phase Three Wire Systems

Ernesto Brcenas Brcenas1 Vctor Crdenas2 Jaime Arau Roffiel1

(1) Departamento de electrnica (2) Facultad de Ingeniera - CIEP Centro Nacional de Investigacin y Desarrollo Universidad Autnoma de San Lus Potos Tecnolgico - CENIDET Manuel Nava 8, Zona Universitaria Int. Internado Palmira S/N, 62050, Cuernavaca, San Lus Potos, SLP, 78290, Mxico. Morelos, Mxico. e-mail: ebb@cenidet.edu.mx, vcardena@uaslp.mx, jarau@cenidet.edu.mx.
Abstract This work presents a survey of recent approaches which addresses solutions for current harmonic reduction in three phase three wire systems. The analyzed papers are the most representative solutions focused in to obtain unity power factor in the mains or to fulfill the regulations that are applied, the main comparison is done between shunt active power filters and PWM rectifiers. The revised solutions are varied and a classification according to their operating principle, input currents and output power is done. The main objective is to identify the advantages of each solution in particular.

This review in PWM-VSR and S-APF claims to find the possible future of these power converters and to provide a guide to researchers and designers; other revisions have been published with other goals [3], [10]. The main objective of this paper is to observe the advantages of each topology and its possible application area. II. SOLUTIONS AND TRADE-OFF POWER QUALITY-COST At the present the more employed solutions in three phase systems to attenuate the harmonic contamination are the SAPF and PWM-VSR. Another trend consists on incorporate the functions of shunt active filter in PWM rectifiers (PWMVSR-C). The operation of the power converters is different: while the S-APF compensates already installed loads and their behavior is load dependent, the PWM-VSR acts has a linear load, drawing sinusoidal currents in phase with the grid voltage. On the other hand, the PWM-VSR-C is a hybrid power converter between S-APF and PWM-VSR because it shares characteristics of both power converters. Taking the input current waveforms of the different power converters, it is possible to make the following classification. Sinusoidal input currents: (PWM-VSR), reduction of harmonic contamination by means of the installation of loads with linear behavior. Distorted input currents: (S-APF), compensation of already installed loads and (PWM-VSR-C), partial or complete compensation of polluting loads using a PWM-VSR.

I. INTRODUCTION In the last years the harmonic pollution has become a serious problem in power systems due to non linear loads connected to the utility line. This fact have forced to the incorporation of regulations to delimit the problem, giving place to economic and technical penalizations [1], [2]. At the moment, there is a great interest in Shunt Active power Filter (S-APF) and PWM rectifiers (PWM-VSR) power converters because they are capable of reduce the harmonic currents in the mains by means of demand sinusoidal currents (PWM-VSR) or compensating the harmonic currents that are generated by loads already installed (S-APF). These converters are based mainly on the three-phase six-pulse topology, Fig. 1. This paper presents a review of the main works done to obtain unity power factor on the utility line and/or to fulfill the harmonic regulation for harmonics injected in the mains, having like base the six pulse power converter used in the S-APF and PWM-VSR.
To others loads DC LOAD

va vb vc

+ + +

iac ibc icc L C

+ VDC -

PCC

Fig. 1. Six pulse basic topology: without load on DC bus (S-APF) and with load on DC bus (PWM-VSR).

The S-APF is the solution with more research and works presented in the literature, most of the works are mainly related to topologies [3], and control techniques [4]. On the other hand, the main function of the PWM-VSR is to demand only active power from the utility line while it maintains a regulated DC bus voltage [5]-[7]. A typical application of this power converter is in induction motors [8] and, at the present, it is studied under the stationary (abc) and rotating (dq) reference frame [9].

1-4244-0545-9/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE

An important point is the trade-off power quality-cost that is found when a power converter is employed to attenuate the existent harmonic contamination in the electric grid. To obtain unity power factor or to fulfill the existent regulation, the current and voltage ratings of the power converters are calculated with different approaches. For the PWM-VSR the converter ratings are determined by the output power that supply to its own load at the DC bus; for the S-APF the converter ratings are established by the polluting load that must be compensated and for the PWM-VSR-C both factors are considered. However, in general it is possible to say that if a high quality of the electric utility is needed, the cost of the required power converter is close related with the active power supplied (PWM-VSR) or with the reactive power and harmonics to compensate (S-APF). The above-mentioned is important mainly for the PWM-VSR-C, since not only should feed its own DC load, but also to compensate a polluting load. The PWM-VSR-C, from the point of view of costs, it seems to be a very attractive solution since it avoids having an S-APF dedicated to compensate polluting loads. In this way, the associated costs are reduced and a better utilization of the mains is obtained. Considering the classification of input current mentioned previously in the paper, it will be commented the most illustrative works around S-APF, PWMVSR and PWM-VSR-C. Finally, considering the effect of the operation of the different power converters over the relationship between costs and quality, the conclusions founded are presented. III. CONVERTERS WITH SINUSOIDAL INPUT CURRENTS Next, the main works developed in the area of PWMVSR are shown. Fig. 2 shows the basic scheme for a PWM rectifier feeding an inverter-motor system. The waveforms are as expected, a regulated DC bus voltage in the output and sinusoidal input currents. The main characteristics of this power converter are the following ones: Precise regulation of the DC bus voltage It handle active and reactive power Sinusoidal input currents in phase with the voltage
Vdc

Comparing the characteristics between S-APF and PWMVSR it can be observed that in the practice, the rating of power converters is defined by the peak values of current and voltage that will appear during normal operation, which can be higher for the S-APF depending on the compensated load [10]. The main areas of research and development of PWMVSR can be classified as follows. Performance improvement In the last years, most of the work in PWM rectifiers was focused to improve the characteristics of the topologies, mainly in the control schemes. The above-mentioned can be observed for the works carried out with fuzzy systems [11][14], which have a better transient response in comparison with the PI controllers commonly used. Likewise, papers focused in modulation techniques like hysteresis [15] and space vector modulation (SVM) [16]-[17] have been reported. Also, the behavior of the PWM-VSR under unbalanced conditions in the mains [18]-[19] and under unbalanced load conditions in rectifier-inverter systems [20] has been studied. Another effort to improve the performance, modifying the basic six pulse power converter, was done using multilevel topologies, as it can be observed in the works carried out with cascade multilevel converter to obtain sinusoidal input current waveforms [21]-[22]. New control schemes Also, there is papers focused in another types of control schemes like the Direct Power Control (DPC) [5], [17], [23][25], where the advantages obtained are a good dynamic, operation at constant frequency and the direct control of the active and reactive power. A current tendency is to consider the mains like an electric motor. In this way, a virtual flux (VF) can be calculated and be used to estimate the grid voltages, reducing the number of voltage sensors and the costs of the power converter [26]. Incorporation of new functions At the moment, a very interesting area of investigation is found on the tendency of integrating in a PWM-VSR the functions of a S-APF (PWM-VSR-C). The main idea is that the PWM rectifier together with the non-linear loads present a high power factor with low total harmonic distortion (THD) in the mains since the phase currents are sinusoidal [12], [23], [27]-[31]. The fundament under it can be possible consider the PWM-VSR like a reactive energy source can be found in [32]. IV. CONVERTERS WITH DISTORTED INPUT CURRENTS

is

Drive mains PCC Rs Ls Lf + PWM-VSR + Vdc Motor

In this part, the main contributions on S-APF and PWMVSR-C are shown and discussed. A. Shunt Active Power Filter, (S-APF)

Fig. 2. PWM-VSR with power factor correction feeding a drive motor.

The function of the S-APF like controlled current source is to generate the harmonic currents required by the nonlinear load, allowing that the three phase voltage source only provides sinusoidal currents in phase with the mains voltage, Fig. 3. The main characteristics of this power converter are the following ones: DC bus voltage regulation It provides the fundamental reactive power and the harmonic currents for the polluting load.

Topology improvement It has also been tried to improve the characteristics of compensation of the six pulse topology with hybrid filters [36], [38], [47]-[50], and with multilevel converters [51][53]. Fig. 4 shows a hybrid configuration for the compensation of the 5th and 7th current harmonics. The objective of these works is to improve the characteristics of the active filters from the topological point of view. Incorporation of other functions Another interesting area of investigation is focused in using the same power converter to achieve extra functions. Mainly in [54] and [55] active filters are presented with uninterruptible power supply (UPS) function, in these works the objective is to operate like active filter and also have the option of compensating large duration voltage interruptions using an appropriate energy storage, Fig. 5. B. PWM rectifier with S-APF function, (PWM-VSR-C). The presented works carried out in PWM-VSR-C are relatively few; however, they have the support of the previous work of the areas of S-APF and PWM-VSR since it shares characteristics of operation with both converters. Fig. 6 shows a PWM-VSR-C feeding a motor drive with a regulated DC bus voltage (function of PWM-VSR) and compensating a polluting load connected in parallel (function of S-APF). The main characteristics of this converter are the following ones:
mains

Next a review of the main areas of investigation in shunt active filters is presented. Performance improvement In this area, the contributions have been carried out around the control in active filters [33] using sliding mode control, predictive control, passivity based control and control in rotational reference systems [34]. These works shown that is possible to improve the compensation capability of the shunt active filters. In [35], [36] and [37] a better tracking of the harmonic current reference is achieved. In the same way, other revised papers are focused in to improve the dynamic characteristics of the active filters with hybrid systems [36], [38]. Another investigation area is the correct estimation of the reference currents for compensation of the non linear load, [39]-[41]. Interaction with ac mains An interesting area of investigation is the operation of shunt active filters under unfavorable and realistic conditions of the electric system, as well as the practical limitations that are found [42]. In [43] a research of the behavior of an active filter under periodic and non periodic conditions of frequency is presented. Also, a study of the S-APF in real conditions of operation is presented [44]. In [3] is concluded that the main objective of the active filters heads to the compensation of voltage and current harmonics. As well as research related with the behavior or interaction between connected filters to the electrical utility and their best placement are presented recently [45]-[46].
iL Diode rectifier Lc iS + -V0

Precise regulation of the DC bus voltage It provides harmonics, active and reactive power Compensation capability of pollutant loads Distorted input currents
Diode rectifier Rs Ls PCC + -V0 Load 5th PWM-VSI + VC 7th

Load

Fig.4. Scheme of hybrid active filter for compensation of the 5th and 7th harmonic of current.
Va Vb + + + T1 T2 T3 Non linear Load

mains

Vc

Ls Rs PCC

Lf

+ - VC

L2 +

L1

S-APF iS-APF

C2 Battery Converter 1 Converter 2

Fig.3. Principle of operation of a S-APF compensating a diode rectifier.

Fig. 5. S-APF with included function of UPS

iL Diode rectifier Lc iS + -V 0

Load

mains

Ls Rs PCC

Lf

+ V dc PWM -VSR Drive Motor

iPWM

V dc

Fig. 8. Control scheme of Virtual Flux to reduce the number of voltage sensors. Fig. 6. Scheme of PWM-VSR-C feeding a motor drive and with simultaneous compensation of a non linear load.

Next, a review of the main areas of investigation in PWMVSR-C is presented. Topologies Basically, in the works presented of PWM-VSR-C the topology of six pulses is used, however there is also possible to use multilevel topologies. In [29] a single phase version is shown. Fig. 7 shows the floating capacitor multilevel rectifier (FCMLR) topology. The advantage of using the multilevel topologies is a reduction in voltage rating for semiconductors, allowing the operation at high power levels and a better reference tracking in comparison with the six pulse topology. Performance The same as in the PWM-VSR an objective that is pursued is to obtain a good performance of the converter in the rectification and compensation functions. The interest in the previous mentioned topics is demonstrated by the research carried out on fuzzy schemes [12], analogical control [30]-[31] and harmonic detectors [28] where the main objective is to improve the characteristics of reference tracking. Control schemes In revised papers basically the ABC reference frame is used, [12], [28]-[31]. However, research in rotating reference frame DQ, [27], also exists. And it is also found a new tendency by means of the use of estimators to reduce the number of voltage sensors in the power converter, [23].

For this last control technique Fig. 8 shows the control scheme where the function of S-APF is included. The main impact of this control scheme is related to the economic aspect when the power converter is designed. V. CONCLUSIONS Considering the analyzed information, the PWM-VSR-C seems to be appropriated to compensate small polluting loads in comparison with its own output power. This option for power factor correction is very interesting from the economic point of view, since it would avoid having a S-APF for compensation of the polluting load, allowing reducing costs. However, inside of the realized research in the PWM-VSR-C, the necessity to determine the regions or limits of operation while the converter is working with both functions simultaneously is highlighted. The reason is that the compensation of the polluting load cannot be possible without an increase in the apparent power flowing through the converter, but the apparent power is limited and it is necessary to delimit the reactive power of the converter that carry out the compensation. A polluting load that demands a great quantity of harmonics and fundamental reactive energy, it will produce a high distorted input current on the converter and necessarily an excessive increase in the power ratings of the PWM-VSRC, so it will be no more attractive as solution. The S-APF is designed to compensate the reactive power and harmonic content that demands the polluting load. However, if the load to compensate has a high distorted current, the current and voltage ratings of the power converter are excessive. A possible solution is to make the compensation such as the regulation about injected harmonics is achieved, in this way a S-APF with lower ratings can be make it, at the cost of a partial compensation of the polluting load. The latent risk is that, if the regulations become more severe, it is necessary to change the S-APF. In general, the PWM-VSR seems to be the most promising power converter, because, due to its sinusoidal input currents it is possible to fulfill the regulations now and in the future. On the other hand, since the PWM-VSR have the same power topology that S-APF, it is possible to have the function of shunt active filter and to compensate polluting loads without necessity of a S-APF. The main

is

Ls

vc1 C1

vc2 C2

Co

Fig. 7. Single phase scheme of floating capacitor multilevel rectifier.

achievement is the cost reduction when this option is implemented. VI. REFERENCES
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