Electrical Protection

Electrical Faults
Phase to phase Phase to ground Phase to phase to phase Phase to phase to phase to ground

Purpose of Protection System

Minimize damage Leave unaffected equipment in-service Maintain equipment operating limits Maintain electrical system stability

Requirements of a Protection System

Speed Reliability Security Sensitivity

Some terms
Over-current Overload Inverse time

Protection Zones

Simple Zone

Double Protection
Bus Zone Circuit Breaker X Bus Circuit Breaker Y CT CT CT CT 2 1 4 3

CT CT CT CT 1 2 3 4

"B" Bus Protection "A" Bus Protection

Bus Zone H2 Bus Zone H1 Bus H2 x Bus H1 Y

Bus Zone H3 Bus H3

Zone T1 Zone SST1

Transformer T1

SST1 LV Bus

Bus L1 Transformer SST1

Bus Zone L1

Protection Zones

G1

Zone G1

Breaker Failure
Minimizes the amount of equipment removed from service in event of a failure Failure Determination
Not started opening in a certain time Not open in a certain time Current not broken in a certain time

Duplicate Protection Schemes

CT 1 CT 2 PT Electrical bus

Electrical System System Input

A Protection

B Protection

Protection Logic
Close

Initiate

Trip

Close

Initiate

Trip

Protection Output

Action Q

Breaker X

Breaker Y

Device Z

Electrical Devices

Bus Protection

Bus Protection
Over-current Differential Back-up Under voltage

Over-current Relay
CT 2000/5 A I 1P I 1S

Differential Protection
I = 1P I = 2P I CT1 2000/5 A I 1P I = 1S I = 2S I I 1S I 1S I 2S I 2S X Bus H1 Y CT2 2000/5 A I 2P

I = 1S I = 2S I

Fault Conditions
Fault CT1 2000/5 A I1P I1S I1S I2S I2S X Bus H1 Y CT2 2000/5 A I2P

CT 2000/5 A I 1P I 1S

Bus H1 I 3P I 3S

CT 2000/5 A I 2P I 2S

CT 2000/5 A T1

I3S

I 1S

I 2S

Bus Protection Scheme

Bus Differential Backup

X T1 S Bus Y

Zone L1 Load L1 Zone L2 Load L2

Back-up relay
Over Current Backup Relay Differential Relay

X T1 S Bus Y Load L2 Load L1

Bus Under Voltage Protection

Armature shown in the non-energized (trip) position Normally Open Contacts

To Potential Transformer

Bus Protection
Over-current Differential Back-up Under voltage

Transformer Protection

Transformer Protection
Instantaneous Differential Gas Thermal Overload Ground

Transformer Characteristics
High magnetizing inrush currents Ratio mismatch with CTs aggravated by tap-changers Phase shifts Transformers are affected by over-fluxing Affected by over-temperature

Transformer Zone
T1 Zone T1 CT 1 CT 2 CT 3 CT 4 CT 4 CT 3 CT 2 CT 1

"B" Transformer Protection "A" Transformer Protection

Differential
T1 CT1 I 1P I 1S I 1S
Restraint Coil Operate Coil Restraint Coil

CT2 I 2P I 2S I 2S

I = 1S I = 2S I

Gas Relay

Winding Temperature

Ground Fault Protection

T1 CT1 IN IF CT2

CT3

Differential Relay

Transformer Star Point

Ground CT

Ground Backup

IN

Transformer Protection
Instantaneous Differential Gas Thermal Overload Ground

Motor Protection

Service Factor
Continuous allowable overload
Many motors some with a power rating and a service factor A 10 HP motor with a service factor of 1.15 has a maximum continuous output of 11.5 HP

Motor Protection Summary

Instantaneous Over-current Stall Thermal Overload Phase Unbalance Ground

Inverse Time Relay

Overload

Ground Fault Protection

Single Phase to Ground Protection

Stalls

Thermal Overload & Phase Unbalance

Diagram of the Unit

Rotation as Elements Heat/Co ol Phase Unbalance Contacts Heater (electrical connectio ns no t s ho wn) Adjus table Overload Contact Overload Setting Po inter Load Indicating Po inter

Actuating Bimetal

Ambient Co mpensating Bimetal Shaft Heat Shield

Motor Protection Summary

Instantaneous Over-current Stall Thermal Overload Phase Unbalance Ground

Generator Protection

Classes of TG trips
Class A
Trip generator breaker, field breaker and turbine Electrical trips before the output breakers

Class B
Trip generator output but leave it supplying station service Electrical faults in the switchyard

Classes of TG trips
Class C
Over excitation high V/Hz Only used when generator is isolated from grid

Class D
Trip turbine Trip Generator after motoring is detected Mechanical type turbine trips high condenser pressure

Generator Protection
Over-current Overload Differential Split phase differential Ground Rotor ground Phase Unbalance Low field Under frequency Out of Step Reverse power

Ge ne rator Terminals R W Diffe re ntial Relay B

Prote ction Zo ne s

Ne utral Co nne c tion to Gro und a) He althy Phas e b) Faulted Phas e c ) Ope n Circ uit in the Phas e

Differential
Generator Star Point I 1P CT1 IP = I =I 1P 2P G1 CT2 To Main Transformer I 2P I 1S I 1S
Restraint Coil Operate Coil Restraint Coil

I 2S

I 2S

Is = I 1S = I 2S

Ground Fault Protection

T1 G1

GT1
Stator Ground Relay

IF

Rotor Ground Fault

Other Protections
Phase Unbalance Loss of field Under frequency Out of Step

Reverse Power
G

Re ve rse Powe r Re aly

V.T.

Generator Protection
Over-current Overload Differential Split phase differential Ground Rotor ground Phase Unbalance Low field Under frequency Out of Step Reverse power

For You To Do