Phosphodiester bonds

covalent bond used by ligase

ligase mutagen
links the fragments things that cause mutations

Reiji and Tuneko Ozaki 5' to 3' Okazaki fragment

researchers who found necessary so DNA polymerase has -OH (hydroxyl) group to bind to

carcinogen
cause mutation in

direction of synthesis direction of synthesis multiple RNA primers added so fragments form

RNA primer primase

oncogene tumor-suppressor gene lagging strand

increase chance of cancer synthesizes DNA

leading strand

needed before to synthesize RNA primers

Lederberg Experiment

overactive gene/leads to uncontrolled cell growth

DNA polymerase
creates cancer preventing proteins Resistance was present prior to addition of T1 bacteriophage one of the strands synthesizes DNA the other strand Cancer cells are stuck in cause abnormal cell growth

apoptosis

insufficient cell death

cancer

translocation Random nature

undoes the tangling caused by helicase

strand
part of chromosome attaches to another chromosome

topoisomerase Double helix helicase

Moves in

somatic mutation Template Strand

structure of finished DNA 2 strands in replication

5' to 3' telomerase

germ line mutation

Not caused by environment mutation in non-gamete cells mutation in cells of gametes Preserving one template minimizes mutations

enzyme that prevents chromosome shortening

Seperates DNA strands

semiconservative
can cause

silent mutation

No effect

Mutations still occur

model for replication/one strand is always template

single-stranded binding proteins

Prevents strands from re-joining

Anti-codon

cell cycle
mitosis and cytokinesis

Mutations
one amino acid change Mutations sometimes fixed

origin of replication substitution

can cause

Where DNA replication begins

DNA replication
DNA replication occurs

complementary to codon

G1, G2, and S Phase

missense mutation
change in direction of genes on chromosome

different amino acid sequence

DNA repair systems

converted to correct structure replication occurs outwards Splits into 2 forks (bidirectional replication)

nondisjunction
M Phase begins Cell growth

Codon
a set of 3 nucleotides

Interphase M phase

frameshift mutation
can cause

cells do not properly divide

inversion
changes to stop codon can cause

Direct Repair replication fork

base pair mismatch fixed by removal of strand Type of

Nucleotides
Type of

End of Interphase

nonsense mutation

abnormal nucleotide/base fixed by removal of strand

G1 phase Cytosine

G2 phase

Nucleus splits

methyl-directed mismatch repair deletion nucleotide excision repair

complementary nucleotides Type of complementary complementary

mitosis
replication of chromosomes Synthesis of proteins for mitosis Cell splits in 2

Adenine

Type of Type of

S phase cytokinesis

Thymine
Type of replaces in RNA

Guanine Uracil
Type of Type of

Base pair

Type of

Ribonucleotides