R

Pixels and Resolution 5 times the pixels, 4 times the resolution

Standard definition pixels and resolution
There are 28 different HD types, specified within four important standards. Each type is different and specified by the frame rate, the number of lines and pixels, and the scanning format. Four of these, covered by SMPTE 295M, 240M and 260M, are older and becoming less popular. A further five are new and currently being considered for inclusion in SMPTE 274M.
Scanning format Progressive Progressive Progressive Interlace Interlace Interlace Progressive Progressive Progressive Progressive Progressive Segmented Segmented Segmented Segmented Segmented Field Frame Resolution Interface bit rate rate (MHz) rate (GHz) 60 50 60* 50* 48* 60 59.94 50 30 25 30 29.97 25 24 23.98 30 25 24 148.5 148.35 148.5 74.25 74.176 74.25 74.25 74.176 74.25 74.25 74.176 74.25 74.176 74.25 74.25 74.176 2.97 2.967 2.97 1.485 1.48352 1.485 1.485 1.48352 1.485 1.485 1.48352 1.485 1.48352 1.485 1.485 1.48352 Comments
These three types are intended for the future TV use or as an alterative to film. They all offer superb movement capture and resolution, but at the cost of twice the bandwidth of all other types. The natural choice for 525 line areas, in drop frame and non-drop frame forms. The natural choice for 625 line areas. Progressive versions of types 4 and 5. Progressive version of type 6. This type is intended for film transfer. Drop frame version of type 10. These types are later added types specified in Annex A offering progressive segmented frame scanning format versions of previous types. (See section on PsF.) * Segment rate not field rate.

HD & Colour
HD television offers a new colour space with a redefined Y. For professionals there is a jump in brightness in the Colour Bars standard test signal between green and magenta. The new x.v.colour standard also extends this gamut even further for selected HD equipment.
1.0

Colour Bars
SD

High Definition Television

Version 1.1

The HD types
The 1080 standard (SMPTE 274M)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A B C D E 60p 59.94p 50p 60i 59.94i 50i 30p 29.97p 25p 24p 23.98p 30psf 29.97psf 25psf 24psf 23.98psf 2200 2200 2640 2200 2200 2640 2200 2200 2640 2750 2750 2750 2750 2750 2750 2750 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1125 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1920

The resolution of 625 line SD television (PAL) is 720x576 pixels, 414720 pixels total (shown below). The resolution of 525 line SD television (NTSC) is 720x480 pixels, or 388800 pixels. Both are shown as a 4:3 image. PAL pixels are therefore not square but slightly tall, and NTSC are slightly wide.

High definition pixels and resolution

The resolution of 1080 high definition is 1920x1080 pixels, or 2073600 pixels in total (shown below). The resolution of 720 high definition is 1280x720 pixels, or 921600 pixels. Both 1080HD and 720HD are a true 16:9 image with square pixels.

Viewability
HD

1mm lines
1 1 minute ( 60 )

Perception and discrimination

Everyone knows the closer you are to something the more detail you see. The human eye can discriminate detail within about 1 minute arc. This is the equivalent to being able to see 1mm lines at about 3 metres away. Therefore the larger the television screen, or the nearer you sit to it, the more detail you see. The ideal size of screen, or viewing distance, is when the screens line structure is just imperceptible. If you sit any nearer, or the screen is any larger, the image begins to break up as you see the individual pixels. Too far away, or too small a screen, and you cannot see all the images available detail.

Lines per Samples per Active line Type System Samples per line frame active line per frame 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080

0.9

Standard definition (PAL 720x576)

Comparing PAL with 1080 HD. In comparison both images are made the same height.

1080HD high definition (1920x1080)

0.8 0.7

520

Green 540

mV
x.v.colour gamut

600
NTSC gamut

Y
SD HD

400
PAL gamut
560

Jump in brightness in HD signal here

3.5m
70

59.94 29.97

200
Yellow

0.6

0 600
600

500 0.5 Cyan 0.4 White 0.3 480 0.2 Blue 0.1

580

inches

60 Line structure becomes visible 50

R-Y

200 0 600

59.94* 29.97

780 Red

47.96* 23.97

B-Y

Magenta

The 1080/1250 standard (SMPTE 295M)

Lines per Samples per Active line Type System Samples per line frame active line per frame 1 2 50i 25p 2376 2376 1250 1250 1920 1920 1080 1080 Scanning format Progressive Progressive Field Frame Resolution Interface bit rate rate (MHz) rate (GHz) 25 25 74.25 74.25 1.485 1.485 Comments
Early European HD standard used before the introduction of the 1080 (SMPTE 274M) standard.

400
0 0.1 380 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Y
0

200 0

See Sony Training Services Colour & Light poster.

The 1035 standard (Analogue interface : SMPTE 240M) (Digital interface : SMPTE 260M)
Lines per Samples per Active line Type System Samples per line frame active line per frame 1 2 60p 59.94p 2200 2200 1121 1121 1125 1125 1035 1035 Scanning format Progressive Progressive Field Frame Resolution Interface bit rate rate (MHz) rate (GHz) 60 59.94 74.5 74.176 1.485 1.48352 Comments
Early HD standard used before the introduction of the 1080 standard.

HD & Film (24P)

Film operates at 24 complete frames per second. Cinemas show film at 48 frames per second by displaying each 4% speed increase 3:2 Pull-down frame twice, providing a Video Video Film 25 frames/sec 30 frames/sec 24 frames/sec smoother image. Field 1 Field 1 1080/24p and 720/24p are provided specifically for film. Field 2 The 1080/24p type offers Field 2 good resolution at film frame Field 1 rates and is commonly Field 1 referred simply to as 24P.

Comparing 720/50p, 1080/25p, 1080/50i and 1080/50p, technically all four systems have advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of 720/50p is smoother movement with no interlace artifacts. 1080/25p offers higher resolution per frame but only half the frames per second as 720/50p. 1080/50i offers smooth movement and high resolution, but exhibits interlace artifacts. 1080/50p offers the high resolution and the smooth movement, with no interlace artifacts, but requires twice the bandwidth. Motionflow is a Sony screen technology incorporated into some Sony televisions that interpolates frames to build new frames and provide smooth movement at 100 frames per second.

Screen size diagonal

SMPTE-274 high definition gamut

400

Which is best, 720 or 1080?

40

30

20 Available detail cannot be seen 10 576 lines PAL 720 lines HD 1080 lines HD 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 2 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 3 4 5 6 7 Distance from screen

0 feet 0 metres 0

The 720 standard (SMPTE 269M)

Lines per Samples per Active line Type System Samples per line frame active line per frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 60p 59.94p 50p 30p 29.97p 25p 24p 23.98p 1650 1650 1980 3300 3300 3960 4125 4125 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 1280 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 720 Scanning format Progressive Progressive Progressive Progressive Progressive Progressive Progressive Progressive Field Frame Resolution Interface bit rate rate (MHz) rate (GHz) 60 59.94 50 30 29.97 25 24 23.98 74.5 74.176 74.25 74.25 74.176 74.25 74.25 74.176 1.49 1.48352 1.485 1.485 1.48352 1.485 1.485 1.48352
Various types intended to provide 720 compliant types of the 1080 types 7 to 11. These forms are unlikely to attract widespread use because the blanking times are larger than the active line

Comments
The natural choice for 525 line areas, in drop frame and non-drop frame forms. The natural choice for 625 line areas.

Getting HD to the home

Native screens, over-scanning and interpolation

See Sony Training Services Compression Technology poster.

Comparing standard definition and high definition

There are about 5 times as many 1080 HD pixels as PAL television and 5 13 as many pixels as 525 line television. There are just over twice as many 720HD pixels as PAL television and about 2 as many pixels as NTSC television.
1 3

High definition video needs to be compressed before it can be broadcast. Bandwidth is precious and the amount of compression needs to be relatively high, compared to signals used in studios and post-production. Great care has to be taken by broadcasters not to reduce the quality of the signal too much. Studies are being made into which type of high definition signal looks best when compressed to the level required for transmission. Broadcasters are using MPEG4 (AVC) for compressing HD material for transmission at about 8-15Mbps. Some high definition screens do not offer full 1920x1080 resolution, and interpolate the input to map the signals pixels to the screens pixels. This is fine for smaller screens where this level of resolution is not noticeable (see Viewability section). Thus the HD Ready symbol requires only 720 line resolution. (See HD Ready section.) Some larger screens offer native HD. These screens, like the Sony Full HD 1080 screens, have full 1920x1080 resolution, and offer the best possible image resolution, conveying every pixel from the camera in the television studio to the screen at home. Older television screens using CRT technology normally over-scanned the television screen slightly to ensure that the picture filled the screen and to reduce edge effects. Digital flat screens do not need to do this and all flat HD screen should not over-scan. Thus a native HD screen, with no over-scanning, provides the best resolution image.

24P to TV conversion
Geographic areas that use 50Hz rates requires 4.167% speed increase splitting each film frame into 2 fields. Areas that use 60Hz require 3:2 pull-down, splitting some frames into 3 fields.
Field 2 Field 1

Field 2

HD Ready
During the early days of HD it became obvious that consumers needed to be sure that the HD equipment that they would be buying would work at home, without needing to understand the complexities of HD television. The HD Ready symbol was devised as a way of making it easier to understand if equipment met certain minimum specifications for domestic use. Manufacturers have agreed to place the HD Ready symbol only on equipment that meets these minimum specifications. Equipment with the HD Ready sticker attached may exceed these minimum requirements, but customers can be assured that all equipment with the symbol will connect together and work together.

HDMI

The 4:3 portion of a 1080HD image is 1440x1080 or 1555200 pixels. The same portion of a 720HD image is 960x720 or 691200 pixels. If both images are displayed at the same height, each 1080 pixel is 14 the size of a NTSC television pixel, and a little over 14 the size of a PAL television pixel. Each 720 pixel is just over 12 the size of a 525 line television pixel, and 23 the size of a 625 line television pixel.
HIGH-DEFIN ITION MULTIM ED IA INTERFACE

Field 1

Field 2

Field 2

Field 1

High Definition Multimedia Interface is the new connection system intended for HD television, but also usable for SD and digital still imaging. Designed as a domestic connection, the far reaching HDMI specifications mean it will probably be used as a professional connector as well. Regarded by many as the new SCART connector, HDMI is hot-swappable, small, easy to connect and robust. The original HDMI specification defined the connector, pin-out and signals. Later versions include increased bandwidth, added new video signal types, and further provision for new audio signal types. The latest version 1.3, 1.3a and 1.3b increase bandwidth to 10.2Gbits/sec, new audio/video types used in particular by Blu-ray and HD-DVD, and a new mini-connector. HDMI signals are similar to those used in DVI connectors, already used as a digital connection between computers and monitors. HDCP Both HDMI and DVI connectors allow for HDCP, a copy protection scheme that allows displays to show material, while preventing recording. Broadcasters can therefore protect certain programmes from illegal recording. HDMI connectors will probably include HDCP, DVI connectors will probably not include HDCP.

Analogue 1080 HD & HD-SDI

Type 1 2 3 4, 7, A 6, 9, C 10, D 11, E System 60p 59.94p 50p 60i, 30p, 30psf 50i, 25p, 25psf 24p, 24psf 29.98p, 23.98psf Front Porch T (FP) (nS) 44T 44T 484T 44T 44T 484T 594T 594T 6.73 6.74 6.73 13.47 13.38 13.47 13.47 13.38

Analogue video line

All levels in Volts 0.7

Fields & Frames

Progressive scan
Start of analogue line (zero crossing point)

1080 progressive frame

1080/50p (progessive scan at 50 fps)
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

Tri-level syncs
HD tri-level syncs offer better timing than SD bi-level syncs by using the zero crossing point as reference. Sync is also included on all components, not Y only. SD bi-level syncs
Start of line vulnerable to distortion Start of line fast stable edge

With a progressive scan each frame is raster scanned in one complete scan for the whole frame. Each frame shows one complete image. Progressive scans offer subjectively higher quality video but will tend to flicker unless the frame rate is relatively high (>40fps).
Scan lines

2.97Gbps
Frame 4

This frame is used by 1080/50p and 1080/25p. 1080/50p offers 50 full resolution frames per second but at twice the bandwidth of other scan types. 1080/25p offers 25 full resolution frames per second, saving bandwidth by reducing the number of frames per second, and thus movement capture.

5, 8, B 59.94i, 29.97P, 29.97psf

HD tri-level syncs

0.3

Y
0.3
Fly-back (blanking) Frame

1080/25p (progressive scan at 25 fps)

Frame 1 Frame 2

1.485Gbps

Specification for the HD Ready symbol

Minimum of 720 horizontal line resolution. True 16x9 aspect ratio. Analogue Y Pr Pb connection. DVI or HDMI connection with HDCP protection. 720p and 1080i input capability. Full HD Ready and HD Ready 1080 logos Now that the HD Ready logo is in popular use, new logos are being proposed to let the public know if new higher quality equipment exceeds the minimum specification of the original logo.

HDSDI (SMPTE-292M)
HDSDI is a serial connection using 75 ohm BNC connectors and coaxial cable to connect professional HD equipment together. HDSDI is used to connect uncompressed HD video, with up to 12 uncompressed audio channels, and timecode, in a single cable.
Blanking Start of active video Timing Reference Code

Interlace scan
With an interlaced scan each frame is divided into two raster scans, called fields, one for the odd lines and the other for the even lines. Field 2 occurs after the field 1 and before field 1 of the next frame, Interlace scans can be as low as 25fps without flickering. If there is a lot of movement between field 1 and field 2 in an each frame appears to contain 2 images, slightly displaced from one another.
Scan lines

1080 interlaced and segmented frames

1080/50i (interlaced scan and 25fps)
Frame 1 Frame 2

1111111111

1111111111

0000000000

0000000000

0000000000

0000000000

TRC for C

TRC for Y

Pb Y Pr Y

Pb Y Pr Y P

1 F V H P3 P2 P1 P0 0 0 F = Field (0 = Field 1, 1 = Field2) V = Vertical (1 = vertical blanking) H = Horizontal (0 = SAV, 1 = EAV) P 0 = Error protection bits 3- P Line number Cyclic redundancy code

0.35 0.3

1.485Gbps

R-Y & B-Y

0.3 0.35 44T 44T

This frame is used by 1080/50i and 1080/25psf. Although each frame is full resolution it is made up from 2 fields or segments. Each field and segment contains half the lines of the whole frame. 1080/50i offers 50 fields, 25 frames per second. 1080/25psf offers 50 segments and 25 frames per second.

End of active video

Blanking

1111111111

1111111111

0000000000

0000000000

0000000000

0000000000

Line No.C0

Line No.C1

Line No.Y0

Line No.Y1

TRC for C

TRC for Y

CRC C0

CRC C1

CRC Y0

CRC Y1

Aspect Ratios
What is aspect ratio?
Aspect ratio is a measure of the shape of an image, described as two numbers separated by a colon. The first number is the horizontal dimension (side to side) and the second number is the vertical dimension (top to bottom). Aspect ratio is not a measure of the size of an image. It is possible to have a large or small image with the same aspect ratio.

Pb Y Pr Y

Pb Y Pr Y P

FP

148T
Start of digital line

1920T

Field 1

Field 2

Fly-back (blanking)

Field 1 (odd lines)

Field 2 (even lines)

Field 1 (odd lines)

Field 2 (even lines)

Digital video line

Dual Link HDSDI (SMPTE-272M) Dual Link HDSDI is used for 4:4:4 R,G,B or 4:4:4:4 R,G,B,K video for high quality colour work, film transfers and precision keying, as well as 1080/60p, 1080/59.94p and 1080/50p HD video and high speed HD. Dual Link HDSDI is only found on high end professional HD equipment and requires two BNC connections for all inputs and output, normally labelled A and B. Each connection holds half the signal data.
Timing Reference Signal (TRS) corresponding to End of Active Video (EAV). Data corresponding to blanking interval

Progressive Segmented Frames (PsF)

PsF is a technique used in professional HD equipment where a progressive signal is made to look like an interlace signal by dividing it into two pieces. The first piece contains all the odd lines and second all the even lines. However, the two pieces are called segments rather than fields because they both originate from the same progressive scan rather than being scanned one after another as in true interlaced signals. Displaying PsF PsF can be displayed on any interlaced monitor. Each segment is simply treated as a field. To display PsF as true progressive the signal must be sent through frame store to hold segment 1 and 2 and send the complete frame to the monitor screen in one scan. The frame store may be external or internal, depending on the monitors capabilities.

1080/25psf (segmented scan at 25 fps)

Frame 1 Frame 2

1.485Gbps

Timing Reference Signal (TRS)corresponding to Start of Active Video (SAV).

3 4
R

Data corresponding to active line

720 progressive frame

Segment 1 (odd lines) Segment 2 (even lines) Segment 1 (odd lines) Segment 2 (even lines)

Different aspect ratios

There are two aspect ratios in use in modern television, 4:3 and 16:9. Older televisions use a 4:3 aspect ratio and newer televisions use 16:9. 4:3 is almost square, whereas 16:9 is a wider image looking more like a movie screen.

16T

Blanking

16T

1920T

16T

This frame is used by 720/50p. Although there are 50 frames per second, maintaining good motion capture similar to 1080/50p, bandwidth is saved by reducing the resolution for each frame from 1080 lines to 720 lines.

720/50p (progressive scan at 50 fps)

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

1.485Gbps
Frame 4

Standard definition (SD) aspect ratios

The aspect ratio of SD is 4:3. Although 16:9 SD televisions are available, all SD transmissions are based on a 4:3 image. Some programming may be letterboxed or anamorphically squeezed to simulate a 16:9 image.

Progressive scan frame interval

4 lines vertical blanking

Start of frame 5 lines vertical syncs 36 lines vertical blanking 1080 lines active lines

High definition (HD) aspect ratios

In contrast to SD, all HD is true 16:9. All HD televisions are true 16:9 and the pixels are square. This produces a perfect full frame image.

9 16
1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 41 42 1121 1122

40ms

40ms

Aspect ratio conversion ARCing

When converting from HD to SD (down-converting), or visa versa (up-converting), the aspect ratio must be altered. This is called aspect ratio conversion, or ARCing. There are three ways of ARCing, edge crop, letterbox and squeeze. It is easier to understand these terms when down-converting. However the same terms are often used in up-converting although the action is opposite. For instance an up-converting squeezeis actually a stretch, a letterbox is actually a crop, and an edge crop is actually a sideways letterbox (pillarbox).
TRC F bits V H

0 0 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

Blu-ray & HD-DVD

Both Blu-ray and HD-DVD are new forms of optical disk, using a blue-violet laser instead of a red laser. The blue-violet laser has a shorter wavelength and can focus to a smaller dot, allowing more data to be crammed onto the disk. Both types of disk are the same size as CD and DVD.

For information on professional high definition recording formats see Sony Training Services HD Recording Formats poster.

Describing high definition

With many HD types, it is important that any description is as unambiguous as possible. Any description should include the number of active lines followed by the number of fields with an i if the HD type is interlaced, and the number of frames and p if it is progressive. The official description places the ior p at the end, although some users prefer to put the ior p between the number of line and the frames or fields.

Digital vertical blanking

Down conversion
Transmission in 16:9

Up conversion
Edge crop Letterbox Squeeze

Interlaced scan frame/field interval

Field 2 2 lines vertical blanking

Start of frame Field 1 5 lines vertical syncs 15 lines vertical blanking 1080 lines active lines

Another VHS / Betamax battle?

At the moment it is still unclear which format will win. However this is not the contest of the scale of VHS and BetaMax. The problem with BetaMax and VHS was that a VHS tape could not be put in a Betamax recorder, and visa versa. The two formats were entirely incompatible. This is not the case with BluRay and HD-DVD, and it seems very likely that hybrid players or recorders will appear that will use both formats.
CD

1080/50i & 1080i50 = 1080 lines at 50 fields per second

It is common to leave out the number of fields or frames, however in some instances this can be misleading. Consider 1080p...

1080p . . . is it 1080/50p or 1080/25p?

DVD SACD HD-DVD

HD-DVD
HD transmission HD transmission (up convert)

1121

1122

1123

1124

1125

20

21

560

561

HD-DVD is an enhancement from DVD. Disk construction is similar, but uses a blue-violet laser to record more data on the disk. Single layer HD-DVD disks achieve 15GB capacity and dual layer, 30GB.

HD aquisition 16:9 image

SD transmission (down convert)

SD aquisition 4:3 image

SD transmission

TRC F bits V H

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 0 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

Blu-ray

Some companies and authorities have decided that HD types should be described by the number of frames per second for both interlaced and progressive types. This is a logical way of thinking that removes an anomaly that even exists in the official standards. Thus ...

1080/25i is the same as 1080/50i.

Digital vertical blanking Field 1 2 lines vertical blanking

1 2

Field 2 5 lines vertical syncs 15 12 lines vertical blanking 1080 lines active lines

Blu-ray is different from all other optical disks because the data is placed very close to the bottom of the disk. This increases the NA allowing the laser to see smaller data dots on the disk. By using a blue-violet disk with a high NA the disk capacity reaches 25GB per layer. Blu-ray Single layer Blu-ray is relatively simple to make and meet the capacity requirements of most recorded material. Manufacturers have perfected the Notes technology for two and four layer Blu-ray disks with 50 and 100GB capacity. 4 layer DVDs were originally planned but have proved
See Sony Training Services Optical Disk Technology poster.

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained on this poster is useful, accurate and correct. However Sony Training Services cannot be held responsible for minor errors as a result of to printing, advances in technology, changes in standards, and improvements in working practices. If you find any errors or anomalies in this poster please inform Sony Training Services at any of the contacts below. Correct to August 2007.

For more information on Sony training courses, seminars and sessions, contact Sony Training Services at :Sony Training Services, Sony Europe, Jays Close, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG22 4SB, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 (0) 1256 483224 Fax: +44 (0) 1256 328767 training.services@eu.sony.com Web: www.sonybiz.net/training

Edge crop

Letterbox

Squeeze

Transmission in 4:3

13:9, 14:9 and 16:9 letterboxing

Letterboxing can be performed in a three different levels from 13:9 through 14:9 to full 16:9 letterboxing. 13:9 and 14:9 letterboxing provide two extra choices between Edge Crop and full 16:9 letterbox, and can be used in situations where mild letterboxing is prefered and where content on the edge of the picture is less important.
558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 583 584 1123 1124

Optical disk comparison

Type CD SACD Layers 1 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 Laser Red 780nm Red 650nm Red 650nm Blue-violet 400nm Capacity Numeric (per layer) Data coding Data rate Aperture 650MB 4.7GB 4.7GB 15GB 25GB PCM 750 MPEG2 750 1.4Mbps 2.82Mbps 4.5Mbps 36Mbps 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.65 0.85 Track Pitch 1.6um 0.6 0.6 0.65 0.85

to be costly to make and unnecessary for the current DVD market. 36Mbps is a minimum data rate for Blu-ray. This format can achieve higher data rates due to its high NA. A double speed version at 72Mbps is expected in the future.

NA (Numeric Aperture) is a measure of the resolving power of a lens, i.e.. the lenss ability to see fine detail.

TRC F bits V H

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 1 0

1 0 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 0 0

DVD HD-DVD Blu-ray

H264, MPEG2 36Mbps

NA = n sin 2

n = refractive index of lens 2 =1 2 angle of maximum cone of light.

Letterbox 13:9

Letterbox 14:9

Letterbox 16:9

Digital vertical blanking

1, 2, 4 Blue-violet 400nm

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