Computer Fundamentals

What is a computer?

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved
What is Computer Hardware? Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that comprise a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of computer such as monitor, keyboard, hard disk, mouse, etc. Refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips What is Computer Software? Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. Software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some reasons. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software What are various types of Computer Software? There are three types of software System, Programming and Application System software System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to provide a platform for running application software. System software includes device drivers, operating systems, servers, utilities, and window systems. System software is responsible for managing a variety of independent hardware components, so that they can work together harmoniously. Its purpose is to unburden the application software programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used, including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner.

Programming software Programming software includes tools in the form of programs or applications that software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications. The term usually refers to relatively simple programs such as compilers, debuggers, interpreters, linkers, and text editors, that can be combined together to accomplish a task, much as one might use multiple hand tools to fix a physical object. Programming tools are intended to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and they may be combined in an integrated development environment (IDE) to more easily manage all of these functions. Application software Application software is developed to perform in any task those benefits from computation. It is a set of programs that allows the computer to perform a specific data processing job for the user. It is a broad category, and encompasses software of many kinds, including the internet browser being used to display this page What are the Input and Output devices? In computing, an input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer. Examples of Input devices are: Keyboard 3D Mice Joysticks Pointing Sticks Game Controller Game pad digital camera digital camcorder Webcam Image scanner Fingerprint scanner Barcode reader 3D scanner Laser range find Microphone

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form. Examples of Output Devices are:

Speakers Headphones Screen (Monitor) Printer Projector

Plotter Television

What are the uses of Input devices? It accepts data and instruction from the users It converts the accepted information from the machine language It gives converted information to CPU for processing What is the function of a Output unit? It accesss data from CPU It converts machine language into simple language It displays results to the user

What does CPU stands for? Central processing unit What are the functions performed by CPU? All processing works are performed by CPU Controls all part of the computer system Brain of the computer

What is ALU? ALU stands for Arithmetic logical unit. All arithmetic and logical operations are performed by ALU What is Computer Memory? What are different types of Memorys? In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device. The term primary memory is used for the information in physical systems which are fast (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory, which are physical devices for program and data storage which are slow to access but offer higher memory capacity. Primary memory stored on secondary memory is called "virtual memory" What does RAM stand for? Random Access Memory What are the advantages of RAM? Data stored is readily available and easily accessible by the CPU What is the full form of EDROM, DRAM and SDRAM? EDROM: Extended data output access memory DRAM: Dynamic random access memory

SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic access memory What does ROM stands for? Read only memory What are the advantages of ROM? ROM can keep its counter without a power source What is the full form of PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM? PROM: Programmable read only memory EPROM: Electrically Programmable read only memory EEPROM: Electrically erasable programmable read only memory CMOS: Complimentary metal oxide semiconductor What is cache memory? Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory. Cache memory is sometimes described in levels of closeness and accessibility to the microprocessor. An L1 cache is on the same chip as the microprocessor. (For example, the PowerPC 601 processor has a 32 kilobyte level-1 cache built into its chip.) L2 is usually a separate static RAM (SRAM) chip. The main RAM is usually a dynamic RAM (DRAM) chip. In addition to cache memory, one can think of RAM itself as a cache of memory for hard disk storage since all of RAM's contents come from the hard disk initially when you turn your computer on and load the operating system (you are loading it into RAM) and later as you start new applications and access new data. RAM can also contain a special area called a disk cache that contains the data most recently read in from the hard disk What is a Firm ware? In electronic systems and computing, firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and data stored in it. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the control program for the device. Firmware is held in non-volatile memory devices such as ROM, EPROM, or flash memory What is the difference between volatile and Non volatile Memory? Volatile memory: The data is lost on reboot. This is the ram memory. Random-access-memory.

Non-volatile memory: The data is saved to a hard drive or flash drive, or it could be a hard coded chip. This is ROM memory. Read-only-memory

Operating System

What is an operating system? An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system to function What are the most commonly used operating systems? Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. All these, except Windows and z/OS, share roots in UNIX How can the operating system be classified ? Operating system can be classified as follows: Multi user System: Multiuser system is one that can be used by more than one user. The system provides an environment in which many users can use the system at the same time or exclusively at different times. Each user can execute her applications without any concern about what other users are doing in the system. When many users run their applications at the same time, they compete and contend for system resources. The operating system allocates them the resources in an orderly manner Multi-tasking System: A multiprocess system (also known as multitasking system) is one that executes many processes concurrently (simultaneously or in an interleaved fashion). In a uniprocess system, when the lone process executes a wait operation, the processor would sit idle and waste its time until the process comes out of the wait state. The objective of multiprocessing is to have a process running on the processor at all times, doing purposeful work. Many processes are executed concurrently to improve the performance of the system, and to improve the utilization of system resources such as the processor, the main memory, disks, printers, network interface cards, etc. Processes may execute the same program (in uniprogram systems) or different programs (in multiprogram systems). They share the processor among themselves in addition to sharing the main memory and I/O devices Multi-processor system: A multiprocessor system is one that has more than one processor on-board in the computer. They execute independent streams of instructions simultaneously. They share system buses, the system clock, and the main memory, and may share peripheral devices too. Such systems are also referred to as tightly coupled multiprocessor systems as opposed to network of computers (called distributed systems)

Multi threading System: A thread is an independent strand that executes a program concurrently with other threads within the context of the same process. A thread is a single sequential flow of control within a program execution. Each thread has a beginning, a sequence of instruction executions, and an end. At any given point of time, there is one single point of execution in each thread. A thread is not a process by itself. It cannot run on its own; it always runs within a process. Thus, a multithreaded process may have multiple simultaneous execution flows, different ones belonging to different threads (see Fig. 1.19). These threads share the same private address space of the process, and they share all the resources acquired by the process. They run in the same process execution context, and therefore, one thread may influence other threads in the process Real time System: Responds to the input instantly. They are used to control machinery. Scientific instruments etc. DOX and UNIX are not real time Multi Program Systems: A multiprogram system is one where many application programs can reside in the main memory at the same time. (By contrast, in uniprogram systems, at the most one application program can reside in the main memory.) Applications definitely need to share the main memory, and they may also need to share other system resources among themselves Time Sharing Systems: In an interactive system, many users directly interact with the computer from terminals connected to the computer system. They submit small execution requests to the computer and expect results back immediately, after a short enough delay to satisfy their temperament. We need a computer system that supports both multiprograms and multiprocesses. The processes appear to be executing simultaneously, each at its own speed. Apparent simultaneous execution of processes is achieved by frequently switching the processor from one process to another in a short span of time. These systems are often called time-sharing systems Preemptive Systems: Here, preemption means forcefully taking away of the processor from a process and allocating it to another process. Preemption can take place any time, whether the process is in the user space or in the kernel space. Most modern systems allow arbitrary preemption in the user space. (Without such preemption, time-sharing of the processor is not possible.) They may or may not have arbitrary preemptions of kernel executions. In the rest of this section, by a preemptive system we mean a preemptive kernel Reentrant Kernels: A reentrant program is one that does not modify itself and any global data. Multiple processes or threads can execute reentrant programs concurrently without interfering one another. They can share reentrant programs, but have their own private data. A reentrant kernel is one where many processes/threads can execute the same kernel programs concurrently without affecting one another. In non-reentrant kernels, a process does not modify kernel programs, but can modify global kernel data. Consequently, if a process is executing operating system programs, no other processes may be allowed to execute the programs, nor may the system start another kernel path execution (due to an interrupt or exception) when the kernel accesses the global data. Consequently, interrupts from I/O devices may not be handled immediately by the operating system. Monolithic Kernels and Microkernel Systems: A monolithic kernel is a large single piece of code, composed of several logically different program pieces. A microkernel system is one that provides only the bare minimum functionalities in the kernel, and hence, is quite small and compact

What are the functions of operating system? The basic functions of an operating system are: Booting the computer Performs basic computer tasks eg managing the various peripheral devices eg mouse, keyboard Provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user interface (GUI) Handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices Provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data

What does MSDOS stands for? Microsoft disk operating system For which type of computer were MSDOS developed? Micro computers Who is the writer of MSDOS? Tim Patterson Which was the last official stand alone version of DOS released by Microsoft? MS- DOS 6.22 in June 1994 What are system files? A system file is a method for storing and operating computer files and the data. They contain to make it easy to find and access them What is booting up? Booting up is a step by step process that undergoes many steps to load the files What does (c:/>) indicates? This means the operating system has created shell around the computer What is a file? A file is a collection of logically related information How are primary files and file extension saved? Dot (.) What characters should a file name have?

0_9, A-Z underscore etc.. Q 43 what do u mean by a wild card? In computer (software) technology, a wildcard character can be used to substitute for any other character or characters in a string

Data Determination

What is a bit? A bit is the most basic information a single bit is one or zero What is a nibble? A nibble is a computing term for the aggregation of four bits. A nibble can have 16 possible values What is a byte? A byte is a collection of bits. A byte has 8 bits. 8 bit byte is also known as octet What is a kilobyte? A kilobyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to 1024 bytes What is a megabyte? A megabyte is a unit of information and computer storage equal to approximately one million bytes What is a gigabyte? A gigabyte is a unit of information and computer storage equal to approximately one billion bytes What is a terabyte? A terabyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to approximately one trillion bytes Prefixes for multiples of bits (b) or bytes (B) Decimal Value Metric 1000 k kilo 10002 M mega 10003 G giga

10004 T tera 10005 P peta 10006 E exa 10007 Z zetta 10008 Y yotta

Computer Programming

What is computer programming? Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in one or more programming languages (such as Java, C++, C#, Python, etc.). The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired behaviors. The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic What is a programming language? A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely. The description of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard), while other languages, such as Perl 5 and earlier, have a dominant implementation that is used as a reference How did Programming Languages evolve? The 1940s In the 1940s, the first recognizably modern, electrically powered computers were created. The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs. It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort and was error-prone.

In 1948, Konrad Zuse published a paper about his programming language Plankalkl. However, it was not implemented in his lifetime and his original contributions were isolated from other developments. Some important languages that were developed in this period include: 1943 - Plankalkl (Konrad Zuse), designed, but unimplemented for a half-century 1943 - ENIAC coding system, machine-specific codeset appearing in 1948.[2] 1949 - 1954 a series of machine-specific mnemonic instruction sets, like ENIAC's, beginning in 1949 with C-10 for BINAC (which later evolved into UNIVAC).[3] Each codeset, or instruction set, was tailored to a specific manufacturer. The 1950s and 1960s In the 1950s, the first three modern programming languages whose descendants are still in widespread use today were designed: FORTRAN (1955), the "FORmula TRANslator", invented by John Backus et al.; LISP (1958), the "LISt Processor", invented by John McCarthy et al.; COBOL (1959) the COmmon Business Oriented Language, created by the Short Range Committee, heavily influenced by Grace Hopper. Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication, by a committee of American and European computer scientists, of "a new language for algorithms"; the ALGOL 60 Report (the "ALGOrithmic Language"). This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured two key language innovations: Nested block structure: code sequences and associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without having to be turned into separate, explicitly named procedures; Lexical scoping: a block could have its own private variables, procedures and functions, invisible to code outside that block, i.e. information hiding. A mathematically exact notation, Backus-Naur Form (BNF), was used to describe the language's syntax. Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context-free portion of their syntax. Syntax and semantics became even more orthogonal, with anonymous routines, a recursive typing system with higher-order functions, etc.; Some important languages that were developed in this period include:

1951 - Regional Assembly Language 1952 - Autocode

1954 - IPL (forerunner to LISP) 1955 - FLOW-MATIC (forerunner to COBOL) 1957 - FORTRAN (First compiler) 1957 - COMTRAN (forerunner to COBOL) 1958 - LISP 1958 - ALGOL 58 1959 - FACT (forerunner to COBOL) 1959 - COBOL 1959 - RPG 1962 - APL 1962 - Simula 1962 - SNOBOL 1963 - CPL (forerunner to C) 1964 - BASIC 1964 - PL/I 1967 - BCPL (forerunner to C)

1968-1979: establishing fundamental paradigms The period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s brought a major flowering of programming languages. Most of the major language paradigms now in use were invented in this period: Simula, invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60, was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming. C, an early systems programming language, was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973. Smalltalk (mid 1970s) provided a complete ground-up design of an object-oriented language. Prolog, designed in 1972 by Colmerauer, Roussel, and Kowalski, was the first logic programming language. ML built a polymorphic type system (invented by Robin Milner in 1973) on top of Lisp, pioneering statically typed functional programming languages.

Each of these languages spawned an entire family of descendants, and most modern languages count at least one of them in their ancestry. Some important languages that were developed in this period include: 1968 - Logo 1969 - B (forerunner to C) 1970 - Pascal 1970 - Forth 1972 - C 1972 - Smalltalk 1972 - Prolog 1973 - ML 1975 - Scheme 1978 - SQL (initially only a query language, later extended with programming constructs)

The 1980s: consolidation, modules, performance Some important languages that were developed in this period include: 1980 - C++ (as C with classes, name changed in July 1983) 1983 - Ada 1984 - Common Lisp 1984 - MATLAB 1985 - Eiffel 1986 - Objective-C 1986 - Erlang 1987 - Perl 1988 - Tcl 1988 - Mathematica 1989 - FL (Backus);

The 1990s: the Internet age Some important languages that were developed in this period include: 1990 - Haskell 1991 - Python 1991 - Visual Basic 1991 - HTML (Mark-up Language) 1993 - Ruby 1993 - Lua 1994 - CLOS (part of ANSI Common Lisp) 1995 - Java 1995 - Delphi (Object Pascal) 1995 - JavaScript 1995 - PHP 1996 - WebDNA 1997 - Rebol 1999 - D Current trends Some important languages developed during this period include: 2000 - ActionScript 2001 - C# 2001 - Visual Basic .NET 2002 - F# 2003 - Groovy 2003 - Scala 2003 - Factor 2007 - Clojure

2009 - Go 2011 - Dart Prominent people in the history of programming languages Joe Armstrong, creator of Erlang John Backus, inventor of Fortran. Alan Cooper, developer of Visual Basic. Edsger W. Dijkstra, developed the framework for structured programming. James Gosling, developer of Oak, the precursor of Java. Anders Hejlsberg, developer of Turbo Pascal, Delphi and C#. Grace Hopper, developer of Flow-Matic, influencing COBOL. Kenneth E. Iverson, developer of APL, and co-developer of J along with Roger Hui. Bill Joy, inventor of vi, early author of BSD Unix, and originator of SunOS, which became Solaris Alan Kay, pioneering work on object-oriented programming, and originator of Smalltalk. Brian Kernighan, co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages. Yukihiro Matsumoto, creator of Ruby John McCarthy, inventor of LISP. Bertrand Meyer, inventor of Eiffel. Robin Milner, inventor of ML, and sharing credit for HindleyMilner polymorphic type inference. John von Neumann, originator of the operating system concept. Martin Odersky, creator of Scala, and previously a contributor to the design of Java Dennis Ritchie, inventor of C. Unix Operating System, Plan 9 Operating System. Nathaniel Rochester, inventor of first assembler (IBM 701) Guido van Rossum, creator of Python Bjarne Stroustrup, developer of C++. Ken Thompson, inventor of /B/, Go Programming Language, Inferno Programming Language, and Unix Operating System co-author. Larry Wall, creator of Perl and Perl 6 Niklaus Wirth, inventor of Pascal, Modula and Oberon. Stephen Wolfram, creator of Mathematica

MS Power Point

What is MS Powerpoint? Microsoft PowerPoint is the name of a proprietary commercial software presentation program developed by Microsoft. It was officially launched on May 22, 1990 as a part of the Microsoft Office suite, and runs on Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X operating system. The current versions are Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2011 for Mac PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector. A better analogy would be the "foils" (or transparencies/plastic sheets) that are shown with an overhead projector, although they are in decline now. Slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely. The presentation can be printed, displayed live on a computer, or navigated through at the command of the presenter. For larger audiences the computer display is often projected using a video projector. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts. PowerPoint provides three types of movements: Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls Custom Animations. Transitions, on the other hand, are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety of ways. Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or move.

The slide analogy is a reference to slide projector What are the components of slide? Title sub-title drawing and clipart objects What is the slide components used for reference? Handouts, speaker notes outlines How do we create a new presentation? Auto content wizard, design template, sample presentation and blank presentation What is normal? It displays three panes that shows the outline and the area you can enter the speaker notes What are power point views? Normal outline slide sorter slide show and note pages

What are the various effects in slide shows? Animations and transitions Music, sound and video What are animations and transition? Transition is the special. Effect that introduce a slide in a slide show Animations are special sounds or visual effects that can add text or visual effect to other objects such as charts What are music sound and video? An occasional burst of music or sound during a transition or animation can focus the audience on the slide.

MS Excel

What is MS Excel? Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet, or added as a separate object What is a worksheet? Worksheet is a grid of cells made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns it contains 65,536 rows and 256 columns What is a cell point? Cell pointer is a cell boundary which specifies which cell is active at that moment What is a workbook? Workbook is when multiple worksheets combine to form a workbook What is cell referencing?

Each cell in worksheet has a unique address, when cell address is referred formulae it is called cell conferencing What is relative referencing? Cell referencing in which the cells are referred by their relative position in worksheet relative to a particular cell What is absolute referencing? The cell referencing in which the cells are referred by their fixed position in the works What is mixed referencing? Combination of relative and absolute referencing is called mixed referencing What are functions? Functions are predefined formulas that perform calculations by using specific values called arguments What are arguments? Arguments are the values passed to the functions, using which the function carries out some task. It can be number, text, logical values, constants, formulae, What are the different types of charts? Area chart, pie chart, column chart, XY chart, line charts What are the components of a chart? X-axis, y-axis, data series, chart area, plot area, chart title axis title legends gridlines and data label What is a Pivot table? A pivot table is a data summarization tool found in data visualization programs such as spreadsheets or business intelligence software. Among other functions, a pivot-table can automatically sort, count, total or give the average of the data stored in one table or spreadsheet. It displays the results in a second table (called a "pivot table") showing the summarized data. Pivot tables are also useful for quickly creating unweighted cross tabulations. The user sets up and changes the summary's structure by dragging and dropping fields graphically. This "rotation" or pivoting of the summary table gives the concept its name What is VLOOKUP? It is an Excel Function that is used within tables to help filter through large volumes of data and Select the appropriate data based on given conditions What is CountIF function in Excel?

In Excel, the COUNTIF function counts the number of cells in a range, that meets a given criteria The syntax for the COUNTIF function is: COUNTIF ( range, criteria ) Range is the range of cells that you want to count based on the criteria. Criteria is used to determine which cells to count

MS Word

What is MS Word? Microsoft Word is a proprietary word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), the AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1986), SCO UNIX, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office software system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. The current versions are Microsoft Office Word 2010 for Windows and Microsoft Office Word 2011 for Mac Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension.

Internet and Networking

What is internet? The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email What is a Browser? A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet.

Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems. The major web browsers are Chrome (Google), Firefox (Mozilla Foundation), Internet Explorer (Microsoft), Opera (Opera software) and Safari (Apple) What are the latest versions of Browsers? Internet Explorer Chrome Firefox Opera Safari IE 10 22.0.1229.94 16.0.1 12.02 5.1.7

What is a Search Engine? A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a specialist in web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web crawler. How does a search Engine Work? Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the HTML itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) an automated Web browser which follows every link on the site. Exclusions can be made by the use of robots.txt. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words can be extracted from the titles, page content, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. A query can be a single word. The purpose of an index is to allow information to be found as quickly as possible. When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using keywords), the engine examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to its criteria, usually with a short summary containing the document's title and sometimes parts of the text. The index is built from the information stored with the data and the method by which the information is indexed What is WWW? The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks What is TCP/ IP?

TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication between computers on the Internet TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (like computers) should be connected to the Internet, and how data should be transmitted between them What is an Email? Electronic mail, also known as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-andforward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages What is a chat? Online chat may refer to any kind of communication over the Internet, that offers a real-time direct transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver, hence the delay for visual access to the sent message shall not hamper the flow of communications in any of the directions. Online chat may address point-to-point communications as well as multicast communications from one sender to many receivers and voice and video chat or may be a feature of a Web conferencing serviceQ 112 What is video conferencing? Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or videoteleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware. Videoconferencing differs from videophone calls in that it's designed to serve a conference or multiple locations rather than individuals.[1] It is an intermediate form of videotelephony, first deployed commercially in the United States by AT&T during the early 1970s as part of their development of Picturephone technology What are the important points regarding the internet? TCP/IP, PPP, WWW, CNEB, gopher, WAIS, MOSAIC, ARCHIE, HYPERTEXT What is pop? Point to point control is an account which puts your computer directly to the internet. In this the computer wills l has its own host name and ip address. A modem is required for such connection. What is gopher? The Gopher protocol is a TCP/IP application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. Strongly oriented towards a menu-document design, the

Gopher protocol presented an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages, but ultimately HTTP became the dominant protocol. The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web What is WAIS? WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers) is an Internet system in which specialized subject databases are created at multiple server locations, kept track of by a directory of servers at one location, and made accessible for searching by users with WAIS client programs. The user of WAIS is provided with or obtains a list of distributed database s. The user enters a search argument for a selected database and the client then accesses all the servers on which the database is distributed. The results provide a description of each text that meets the search requirements. The user can then retrieve the full text. WAIS (pronounced "ways") uses its own Internet protocol , an extension of the Z39.50 standard (Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specification for Library Applications) of the National Information Standards Organization. Web users can use WAIS by either downloading a WAIS client and a "gateway" to the Web browser or by using Telnet to connect to a public WAIS client What is MOSAIC? NCSA Mosaic, or simply Mosaic, is the web browser credited with popularizing the World Wide Web. It was also a client for earlier protocols such as FTP, NNTP, and gopher. Its clean, easily understood user interface, reliability, Windows port and simple installation all contributed to making it the application that opened up the Web to the general public.[3] Mosaic was also the first browser to display images inline with text instead of displaying images in a separate window.[4] While often described as the first graphical web browser, Mosaic was preceded by WorldWideWeb and the lesser-known Erwise[5] and ViolaWWW What is Archie? Archie is a program which helps in looking for information on the internet. It searches its database and informs about the files What is hypertext? Hypertext is like a simple or regular program which can be written edited or modified. Hypermedia is an advanced version of hypertext. What is a wireless LAN? A WIRELESS LAN is a wireless local area network which uses radio waves as it carriers. What is internet protocol suite? An internet protocol unite is the set of communication protocols that implements the protocol stock on which the internet and most commercial networks run. What is a file transfer protocol?

FTP is a commonly used protocol which supports file over any network that supports the TCP/IP network. The two computer involved are a server and a client What is an ISP? An internet service provider is an organization that allows the users access to the internet and related service. Many but not all ISPs are telephone companies. They provide service such as internet transit, domain name registration and hosting, dial up DSL access. What is a network service provider? A NSP is a business or organization that sells bandwidth or network access by providing direct backbone access to the internet and usually access to its network access points. What is a client server? Client server is a network architecture which separates the client from the server. Each instance of the client server can send requests to a server or application server. What is a proxy server? A proxy server is a computer that offers a computer network to allow clients to make indirect network connections to other network services. A proxy server can also serve as a firewall. What is internet connection sharing? ICS is a feature in newer versions of windows operating system for sharing a single internet connection on one computer b/w the other computers on the same local area network. What is a website? A website, also written as Web site, web site, or simply site, is a set of related web pages containing content such as text, images, video, audio, etc. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform Resource Locator. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web. A webpage is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). A webpage may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors. Webpages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the webpage content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator (URL) called the web address. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of

the site which generally includes a home page with most of the links to the site's web content, and a supplementary about, contact and link page. Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription websites include many business sites, parts of news websites, academic journal websites, gaming websites, file-sharing websites, message boards, web-based email, social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, and websites providing various other services (e.g., websites offering storing and/or sharing of images, files and so forth)

What is a static website? A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may include information about a company and its products and services through text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation What is a dynamic website? A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria. Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed What is a web page? What is a static and dynamic web page? A web page is a resource on www. Usually in html format with hypertext link to enable navigations. Web pages use the extensions htm,.html or.php Web pages can be either static or dynamic. "Static" means unchanged or constant, while "dynamic" means changing or lively. Therefore, static Web pages contain the same prebuilt content each time the page is loaded, while the content of dynamic Web pages can be generated on-the-fly. Standard HTML pages are static Web pages. They contain HTML code, which defines the structure and content of the Web page. Each time an HTML page is loaded, it looks the same. The only way the content of an HTML page will change is if the Web developer updates and publishes the file. Other types of Web pages, such as PHP, ASP, and JSP pages are dynamic Web pages. These pages contain "server-side" code, which allows the server to generate unique content each time the page is loaded. For example, the server may display the current time and date on the Web page. It may also output a unique response based on a Web form the user filled out. Many dynamic pages use server-side code to access database information, which enables the page's content to be generated from information stored in the database. Websites that generate Web pages from database information are often called database-driven websites.

You can often tell if a page is static or dynamic simply by looking at the page's file extension in the URL, located in the address field of the Web browser. If it is ".htm" or ".html," the page is probably static. If the extension is ".php," ".asp," or ".jsp," the page is most likely dynamic. While not all dynamic Web pages contain dynamic content, most have at least some content that is generated onthe-fly What is uniform resource locator? In computing, a uniform resource locator (URL) (aka universal resource locator) is a specific character string that constitutes a reference to an Internet resource. A URL is technically a type of uniform resource identifier (URI) but in many technical documents and verbal discussions URL is often used as a synonym for URI What is android? Android is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, developed by Google in conjunction with the Open Handset Alliance. Initially developed by Android Inc, whom Google financially backed and later purchased in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 86 hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices What is warp? Warp is an open international standard. A WAP browser is a commonly used WEB BROWSER for small moiled phones. What is a web addresses? An Internet address uniquely identifies a node on the Internet. Internet address may also refer to the name or IP of a Web site (URL). The term Internet address can also represent someone's e-mail address What is networking? Networking relates to the communication between groups of two or more computer systems linked together. What is LAN? It is a system in which computers are interconnected and geographical spread may be within a building to 1 kilometer. What are the different types of LAN? Star LAN, RING LAN, bus LAN What is MAN?

It is data network designed for a town or city. This type of network is spread over a city. Its main purpose is to share hardware or software resources by the various users. What is topology? Topology is the geometric arrangement of computer system common topologies includes star and a ring. What is protocol? Protocols are the sets of rules and signals that computers on the network use to communicate What IS WAN? In a WAN, the connected computers is farther from each other and is connected by telephone lines or radio waves

Computer Viruses

What is a computer virus? A computer virus is a computer program that can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another. The term "virus" is also commonly, but erroneously, used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have a reproductive ability. Malware includes computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware and other malicious or unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different What is a bomb? A bomb hides on the user's hard disk and waits for a specific time or event to occur before running. Some bombs are activated by a date, a change to a file, or a particular action taken by a user or a program. Related Answers: What is time bomb? A time bomb occurs during a particular data or time and a LOGIC BOMB occurs when the users of a computer takes an action that triggers the bomb. What is an anti virus software? Antivirus or anti-virus software is software used to prevent, detect and remove malware (of all descriptions), such as: computer viruses, adware, backdoors, malicious BHOs, dialers, fraudtools, hijackers, keyloggers, malicious LSPs, rootkits, spyware, trojan horses and worms. Computer security, including protection from social engineering techniques, is commonly offered in products

and services of antivirus software companies. This page discusses the software used for the prevention and removal of malware threats, rather than computer security implemented by software methods What is virus dictionary approach? In the virus dictionary approach when anti virus software examines a file it refers to a dictionary of known viruses known as authors of anti- virus software. What are the actions that an anti virus software can take? Attempt to repair, quarantine the file, delete the infected file What is suspicious behavior approach? The suspicious behavior approach by contrast does not attempt to identify known viruses. But instead monitors the behavior of all programs.