1

Power Flow




Net Complex Power Injection





5
V
1
V
4
V
3
V
2
V
Injection
(injection is negative
(sign) at load bus)
i
S =
_
Similarly Current Injection
i
I
=
Gi
I
Gi
S
Di
S
_
Di
I
At each bus, conservation of complex power (current) holds:
3 G
S

32
S
35
S
3 D
S
3 G
S =
32
S +
35
S +
3 D
S
S
G1
S
G2
S
G3
S
D3
S
D5
S
D4
S
D1
Buses with either or both
Generator Load
S
Dk
S
G1 - S
Dk
2
1. Power Flow Equations

Generators
Load
1
n
L
Node
I
= Y
V
1
I
.
.
n
I
= bus
Y
1
V
.
.
n
V
k
I =
n

kj
Y
j
V
j = 1
k
S
(complex power injection)
k
S
*
k
I
k
V
=
k
V
*
k
I
=
k
V

\
|

n
kj
Y )
j
V

*
j = 1
=
k
V

n

*
kj
Y
*
j
V
j= 1
=
n

k
V
*
j V
*
kj Y
j = 1
=
n

k
V
j
V

kj
Y +
kj
u
o
k
- o
j
Let
k
V
=
k
V

o
k

j j
V V =
o
j

kj
Y =
kj
Y
kj
u
j = 1
3
Example: Use t = equivalent circuits for transmission lines.


1 2
3
=
c
Y j 0.01 (all capacitors)
L
Z
= j0.1
10 j Y
L
=
bus
Y =
-j19.98
11
Y
-j19.98
j10
12
Y
-j19.98
j10
j10
13
Y
Complex Power Injections:
1
*
11
*
1 1 1
V Y V V S + =
*
13
*
3 1
*
12
*
2
Y V V Y V +
=
*
3 1
*
2 1
2
1
10 10 ) 98 . 19 ( V V j V V j j V
*
3 2
2
2
*
1 2 2
10 98 . 19 10 V V j V j V V j S + =
2
3
*
2 3
*
1 3 3
98 . 19 10 10 V j V V j V V j S + =
Quadratic function with respect to voltages.
(Nonlinear equations that can not be easily solved in closed form.)
Now consider the power flow equations.
4

) cos(
j k
Y V V jQ P
kj kj j
n
k k k
o o u

+ = +

j = 1
) sin(
j k kj kj j
n
k
Y V V j o o u + +


=
k
P
j = 1
) cos(
j k
Y V V
kj kj j
n
k
o o u

+

j = 1
=
k
Q
) sin(
j k kj kj j
n
k
Y V V o o u +

Full load Flow equations.
Another Formulation:
} sin , cos {
kj kj kj kj kj kj
kj kj kj
B Y G Y
jB G Y
= =
+ =
u u
Let
)] sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) [cos(
j k kj j k kj kj j
n
k k
Y V V P o o u o o u =

j = 1
) cos(
j k kj j
n
k
G V V o o =

j = 1
) sin(
j k kj j
n
k
B V V o o +

j = 1
)] sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) [sin(
j k kj j k kj kj j
n
k k
Y V V Q o o u o o u + =

j = 1
) sin( ) cos(
j k kj j
n
k j k kj j
n
k
G V V B V V o o o o + =


j = 1 j = 1
(*)
PF(I)
(1.1)
(1.2)
PF(II)
(t)
5

Simplified Forms:
1. (Al) Neglect resistances in transmission lines

( ) 0 =
kj
G
(Transmission losses represent about 3% of the power
generated)
) sin(
j k kj j
n
k k
B V V P o o =

j= 1
) cos(
j k kj j
n
k k
B V V Q o o =


j = 1
( ) =
( ) A
kj
jx *
(reactance)
k

j
= kj b kj x / 1
kj kj
jx z =
kj
kj kj
kj kj kj
kj kj
x
b B
jb y Y
jb y
1
= =
= =
=
susceptance
kj
kj
z
y
1
=
j =
1
kj
x
kj
jb =
) sin(
) sin(
2 1
12
2 1
2 1 12 2 1 1
o o
o o
=
=
x
V V
B V V P

) cos(
) cos(
2 1
12
2 1
12
2
1
2 1 12 2 1 11
2
1 1
o o
o o
=
=
x
V V
x
V
B V V B V Q

0 ~
j k
o o
(less than 10
0
)
2. Small (A2) line angles.
( ) ( )
) (
,
1 ) cos(
) ( ) sin(
j k kj j
n
k k
j k
j k j k
B V V P
become Then
radian
o o
o o
o o o o
=
A =
~
~

J = 1
kj j
n
k k
B V V Q

=
(does not depend on
k
and
j
)
n k ,... 2 , 1 =
PF (III)
n k ,..., 1 =
k j
PF (IV)
jx
kj

6
~
QV P & u
decoupled
j
V A A A ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 .( 3 + + 1 ~
(or constant) for all
buses, then DC load
flow

=
=
=
n
k j
j
j k kj k
B P
1
) ( o o
Linear equations
unknowns
n 1

1 ,..., 1 = n k
(given
) ,..., , 1
2 1

n
P P P
j
n
kj
n
kj k k
B B P o o ) (

+ |
.
|

\
|
=
j = 1
) ( k j =

j = 1
) ( k j =
Zero if k j not connected by a line
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
1 2
1
2
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
n n
Y
P
P
P
o
o
o

kj kj
n
kj kk
B Y diag off
k j j
B Y diag
=
= =
=

:
) ( , 1
:

If k j connected by a line
k j
7

DC load flow solution
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
2
1
1
1
2
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
n n
P
P
P
Y
o
o
o

Find the inverse of Y
Then do the multiplication Y
-1





Fast: normally for on-line computation and planning purpose
(accuracy may suffer)
Can be used to redispatch generation for congestion management
(
(
(

1
1
.
n
P
P

PF (V)
8

-
2. Power Flow Problem
1
2
n
For bus i, there are 4 network variables
power
complex
Q P
i i
,

voltage
complex
V
i i
o ,

Gen.
Load
Specified Quantities

Load bus

Gen bus

Slack bus

(Ref. bus)
(swing bus)

scalars all
V
V P
Q P
i i
i i
i i
u ,
,
,

Unknown Variables
i i
i i
i i
Q P
Q
V
,
,
,
u
u

Steady-state network relationship (n-bus incl. Ref.)
0 ) , , , ,..., , , , ( ,
1 1 1 1
=
n n n n i
V Q P V Q P F u u
Real power
balance
0 ) , , , ,..., , , , (
1 1 1 1 1
=
n n n n
V Q P V Q P G u u
Reactive power
balance
4 n variables {2n specified
{2n unknowns
9

- 2n equations (nonlinear) want complex voltages can be solved to find the 2n unknowns

- The solution may not exist. Even if a solution exists, it may not be unique


- For normal operation conditions of a power system, a solution exists in the neighborhood of
V
I
= 1, u
I
=0. (zero flow for all lines, rated voltages at all buses)

- Closed form solution impossible


- Numerical methods

- Gauss-Seidel
- Fast Decoupled Load Flow
- Newton-Raphson
- DC load Flow

Example:
12
jx
23
jx
1
P
13
jx
2
P
3
P
F Y
e

0
3
= u set
P relation of PF (III)

Real power flow relationship only
(assume all voltage magnitudes = 1 p.n.
2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
,
) 0 ( , ,
u u find to want
P P P hence lossless assumed are lines P P P Given = + +

10

) sin( / 1 ) sin( / 1
sin / 1 ) sin( / 1
sin / 1 ) sin( / 1
21 23 1 13 3
2 23 1 2 12 2
1 13 2 1 12 1
u u
u u u
u u u
+ =
+ =
+ =
x x P
x x P
x x P

+)
0 = 0 (3 equations are dependent)

So need only

equations from find to want given P P P P P
B B P
B B P
2 , , , , ,
sin ) sin(
sin ) sin(
2 1 23 13 12 2 1
2 23 1 2 12 2
1 13 2 1 12 1
u u
u u u
u u u
+ =
+ =

11
Ex



1
3
2
) (
,
slack
S V

jQ P +
PQ bus
*
P,Q eqs doe load (PQ)

P eqs for generator (PV)

None for slack
PV bus
given
) ( ,
) ( ,
0 , 1
3 3
2 2
0
1 1
gen V P
load Q P
V = = o

(swing slack bus)
3 2 2
, , o o and V want
(complex voltages)
3-bus
) , ,
, , (
1 1 3
3 3 2 2 1 1
flows line all and Q P Q find can
known be will V V V

Z Z Z o o o

Form


bus
Y =
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y

Gen: P equation
Load: P & Q equations






(PF1)
) sin( ) sin(
) sin(
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
3 2 23 23 3 2 22 22
2
2
1 2 21 12 1 2 2
3 2 23 23 3 2 22 22
2
2
1 2 21 12 1 2 2
o o u u
o o u
o o u u
o o u
+ + +
+ =
+ + +
+ =
Y V V Y V
Y V V Q
Y V V Y V
Y V V P

) sin( ) cos(
) cos(
2 3 32 23 2 3 33 33
2
3
1 3 31 13 1 3 3
o o u u
o o u
+ + +
+ =
Y V V Y V
Y V V P

3 eqs with 3 unknowns
12
jx r
elements Y of Sign
bus
+

) . (
) . (
... ...
1 1
2 2 2 2
12 12
2 2 2 2
12 11
2 2 2 2 12
12
part real neg
x r
x
j
x r
r
y Y
part real pos
x r
x
j
x r
r
y Y
x y
x
j
x y
r
jx r z
y
jx r z
+
+
+
=
=
+
+
+
=
+ + =
+

+
=
+
= =
+ =

r>0, x>0
>0 <0
<0
>0
A very long but complete example:
Line 1
Line 3
Line 2
1
2
3
Lines:
R= 0.075 O/km
L= 0.511 O/km

c e
1
= 0.311 MO/km
n formulatio flow
power Y Want
bus
&

Line 1: 190 km
2: 95 km
3: 125 km

slack
1
2
3
13

| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | siemens x j y
siemens x j y
siemens x j y
j
x j z
j
x j z
j
x j z
3
23
3
13
3
12
23
13
12
10 ) 32 . 15 25 . 2 (
10 ) 16 . 20 96 . 2 (
10 ) 08 . 10 48 . 1 (
88 . 63 375 . 9
125 ) 511 . 0 075 . 0 (
55 . 48 125 . 7
95 ) 511 . 0 075 . 0 (
09 . 97 25 . 14
190 ) 511 . 0 075 . 0 (

=
=
=
O + =
+ =
O + =
+ =
O + =
+ =

Shunts:
6
10 125 . 3 , / 311 . 0
1

= O = x c km M
c
e
e

Line 1:
) ( 10 3054 . 0
10 4 . 305
2
190
125 . 3
3
6
siemens x
x

=
=

(half line length)
Line 2:
) ( 10 1527 . 0
2
95
125 .. 3
3
siemens x

=

Line 3:
) ( 10 2010 . 0
2
125
125 . 3
3
siemens x

=
14

3
3
12 12
3
3
13 12 11
10
1 . 35 21 . 5 3 . 15 25 . 2 2 . 20 96 . 2
3 . 15 25 . 2 9 . 24 73 . 3 1 . 10 48 . 1
0 . 20 96 . 2 1 . 10 48 . 1 8 . 29 44 . 4
] [ 10 ) 08 . 10 48 . 1 (
] [ 10 ) 8 . 29 44 . 4 (
10 ] 1527 . 0 3054 . 0
) 16 . 20 96 . 2 ( ) 08 . 10 48 . 1 [(

(
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
+ +
=
+ = =
=
+ +
+ =
+ + =
x
j j j
j j j
j j j
Y
siemens x j y Y
siemens x j
x j j
j j
y y y Y
bus
shunts

(PFI)
1
) sin(
1
) cos(
=
+ =
=
+ =

j
Y V V Q
j
Y V V P
j k kj kj j k
n
k
j k kj kj j k
n
k
o o u
o o u

i =1,2,3
Total of 6 eqs
Step 1 (complex voltages)
3 2 2 3 2 2
, , , , o o V Find P Q P Write
15
Step 2 (Var. inject of gen. P.Q. injection of slack bus)
3 2 2
, , P Q P
Once
3 2 2
, , o o V are found. (iterative method) can calculate
) sin(
) sin( ) sin(
) cos( ) cos(
) cos(
) sin( ) sin(
) sin(
3 1 13 13 3 1
2 1 12 12 2 1 11 11
2
1 1
3 1 13 13 3 1 11 11
2
1
2 1 12 12 2 1 1
2 3 32 23 2 3 33 33
2
3
1 3 31 13 1 3 3
o o u
o o u u
o o u u
o o u
o o u u
o o u
+ +
+ + =
+ + +
+ =
+ + +
+ =
Y V V
Y V V Y V Q
Y V V Y V
Y V V P
and
Y V V Y V
Y V V Q

STEP 3:
*Line Flows
k V
k
o Z
2
Y

kj
I
R
jX
j
j
I
j V
j
o Z
2
Y

jX R
V V
I
j j k k
kj
+
Z Z
=
o o

16

) (
2 2
,
2 2
2 2
currents short
V
Y
V
Y
by differ I I
V
Y
I
Y
V I I
V
Y
I
Y
V I I
j k j k
j j kj j kj j
k k kj k kj k
+
Z = =
Z + = + =
o
o

*Power Flow Step 4
j j
V o Z
jc
S
Y
2

j
S
'
j
S R jX
k
S
'
k
S
2
Y

kc
k
S
I

k k
V o Z
) (
2
2
' ' * '
*
2
'
*
2
*
*
general in S S I V S
Y
V I V
S S S
Y
V S
I V S
k j kj j j
k
k
k
kc k k
k kc
k k k
= =
=
=
=
=

2
2
*
2
*
*
*
Y
V
Y
V V
I V S
k
k k
c k kc
=
=
=
17
if 0 =
kj
G For all lines, then
bus
Y reduces to
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
1 . 35 3 . 15 2 . 20
3 . 15 9 . 24 1 . 10
2 . 20 1 . 10 8 . 29
1 . 35 3 . 15 2 . 20
3 . 15 9 . 24 1 . 10
2 . 20 1 . 10 8 . 29
j
j j j
j j j
j j j
Y bus

13
12
11
B B B
(PF3)
{
{
3 2
3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1
3 2 23 3 2 1 2 21 1 2 2
1
1
) sin( 3 . 15 ) sin( 1 . 10
) sin( ) sin(
) cos(
) sin(
P and Q Try
V V V V
B V V B V V P
B V V Q
B V V P
j k kj j
n
j
k k
j k kj j
n
j
k k
o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o
+ =
+ =
=
=

=
=

18
(PF4)
3
3 2 2 1
2
2
23 3 2 22
2
2 21 1 2 2
3 2 3 2 1 2 2 1
3 2 23 3 2 1 2 21 1 2 2
1
1
3 . 15 1 . 10 9 . 24
) ( 3 . 15 ) ( 1 . 10
) ( ) (
) (
P for similarly
V V V V V
B V V B V B V V Q
V V V V
B V V B V V P
B V V Q
B V V P
kj
n
j
j k k
j k kj
n
j
j k k
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
=

=
=
o o o o
o o o o
o o

(PF5) DC load Flow:
k j
B P
n
j
j k kj
k
=
=

=1
) ( o o

3 23 1 21 2 23 21
3 2 23 1 2 21 2
) (
) ( ) (
o o o
o o o o
B B B B
B B P
+ =
+ =

1

3
2
(
(
(

=
1 . 35 3 . 15 2 . 20
3 . 15 9 . 24 1 . 10
2 . 20 1 . 10 8 . 29
j Y
bus

19


1
2
3
Slack
0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
3 2 1
2 3 32 1 3 31 3
3 2 23 1 2 21 2
3 1 13 21 1 12 1
= + +
+ =
+ =
+ =
P P P
B B P
B B P
B B P
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o

Has to be true for loseless
system
Needs only
(PF5)
(

(
(

+
+
=
(

3
2
32 31 23
23 23 21
3
2
o
o
B B B
B B B
P
P

(took 0
1
= o (reference) )
( ) 21 . 20 1 . 10 8 . 29
of row st 1 from
12
= j Y
B
bus

Note the B matrix for PF5 is different from the
bus
Y for PF4
!
4 . 25 1 . 10
1 . 10 3 . 30
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
o
o
P
P

Shunts have no real
power flow
20.2
15.3
y = 10.1
1
1
o
1
P
3
2
P
2
2
o