2.14/2.

140 Problem Set 1

Assigned: Thurs. Feb. 8, 2007 Due: Thurs. Feb. 15, 2007, in class Reading: Nise 2.12.4; Notes from course web page: Laplace transforms; Circuits; Op-amps

The following problems are assigned to both 2.14 and 2.140 students. Problem 1 For the circuits shown below, calculate the equivalent resistance seen at the indicated terminals, using the series and parallel resistance formulae.

Problem 2 The circuit shown below is driven by a current source It at the terminals B-B. The resulting voltage across these terminals is dened as Vt .

a) What is the equivalent resistance Req seen at the terminals B-B ? Viewed another way, what is the ratio Vt (t)/It (t) = Req ? The easiest way to solve this problem is to use series and parallel equivalents. b) Now we modify the circuit by removing the resistor R at terminals A-A, and replacing this with the capacitor C shown in the gure below.

What is the equivalent impedance Zeq seen at the terminals B-B ? Viewed another way, what is the ratio Vt (s)/It (s) = Zeq (s)? Note that here weve switched to the Laplace domain and work in the more general concept of impedances, since the capacitor adds dynamics to the system. The easiest way to solve this problem is to use series and parallel equivalent impedances. c) Now suppose that for this circuit with capacitor, the input current takes the form of a unit ramp from initial rest conditions. That is, let Is (t) = t for t > 0. The value of all signals is zero for t < 0. Use Laplace techniques to calculate the output voltage Vt (t) which results. Problem 3 This problem considers the circuit shown below

a) Calculate the transfer function Vo (s)/Vi (s). b) For the values R1 = 3k , R2 = 12k , and C = 10 F, solve for the pole and zero of the system, and plot these on the s-plane. c) Now let the input be a unit step vi (t) = us (t) V. Solve for and carefully hand sketch the response Vo (t). Do not use Matlab to plot this response; you need to be able to work out such simple cases by hand! Problem 4 This problem considers the circuit shown below

a) Calculate the transfer function Vo (s)/Vi (s). 2

b) Let L = 0.01 H. Choose the remaining parameters of the circuit such that n = 105 and = 0.05. Plot the poles of the system, indicating the pole positions in rectangular coordinates and polar coordinates. c) For these parameters, make a carefully-dimensioned hand sketch of the response to a unit step in input voltage. Specically, show the overshoot value, the time to the peak, and the time-scale for each of the next 3 peaks in the response. What is the time required to settle to 5%? Do not use Matlab to plot this response; you need to be able to work out such simple cases by hand! Problem 5 Archive problem 8.8, sections ad only. (Problem Archive available for download from course web page.) Problem 6 In the opamp circuit shown below, the opamp has a transfer function a(s) from the dierential input to the output voltage.

R3

R2

a(s)
R1

+
V o

V in C

a) Draw a block diagram representing the circuit. Your block diagram should show the vari ables Vin , Vo , v+ , and v . Be sure to show how the block diagram was derived. b) Let a(s) = g/s. What is the transfer function from input Vin to output Vo , in terms of the given system parameters? Problem 7 Archive problem 9.5

The following problems are assigned to only 2.140 students. Students in 2.14 are welcome to work these, but no extra credit will be given.

Problem G1 The circuit shown below is an example of an R-2R ladder network; the one shown has three stages followed by the termination resistor 2R connected across terminals BB .

Such a ladder circuit is commonly used in digital-to-analog (D/A) converter circuits in order to set up a binary-weighted set of voltages or currents. a) For this circuit, calculate the equivalent resistance as seen at the terminals A-A. The way to do this is to start from the right hand end of the ladder and collapse the two resistors in parallel into a single resistor. Then this can be added in series with the resistor in the previous stage, and so on until a single resistance is left. b) Calculate the voltages v1 , v2 , and v3 in terms of the input voltage Vin . You should be able to do this most easily by working out from the left-hand end of the circuit which has been collapsed into equivalent resistances. So start with calculating v1 with the ladder collapsed so only that node is present. Then expand into the next stage, and so on. c) In the gure below, the termination resistor at B-B has been removed and replaced with another 3-stage ladder. You should be able to argue that the voltages v1 , v2 , and v3 are unaected by this change, and thus are the same as you calculated in part b) above. Explain why this is so. With this insight, what are the values of voltages v4 , v5 , and v6 ? You should be able to answer this with essentially no new calculations. Can you see how a binary-weighted set of voltages of any desired length can be produced by such a ladder circuit?

Problem G2 Archive problem 8.3 (Problem Archive available for download from course web page.)