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INTRODUCTION
Tall Structures has been fascination mankind since early ages. Human beings urge to stand tall which has been expressed through construction of tall monuments, high places of worship in the beginning. Further the invention of elevators, air-conditioning systems etc., have made the living in tall buildings comfortable.. Emergence of new efficient
DEFINITION:
The tallness of the building is relative and cannot be defined is absolute terms either in relation to height or the number of stories. But from a structural engineers point of view the tall building can be defined as one that, by virtue of its height, is affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake or both to an extent that they play an important role in the
structural design.
A building whose height creates different conditions in the design, construction and use than those that exists in common buildings of a certain region and period by the council of Tall Buildings and habitat.
Sears Towers
World trade Centre 1 World trade Centre 2 Empire State Building Central Plaza Bank of China Tower Amoco Building
USA
USA USA USA Hong kong Hong Kong USA
1973
1972 1972 1931 1992 1989 1973
442
417 415 381 374 369 346
Steel
Steel Steel Steel Concrete Mixed Steel
It has also been reported that there are many practical and psychological problems in living of high rise structures. They are mentioned below:
Space and operation of lifts cost problems. Safety of children is less. Does not provide a garden for residence of top floors. Reduces family interaction. The vandalism and crime rate increases.
Foundation
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
they can be called as vertical load transfer systems which may be either
columns or bearing walls or hangers or suspended systems.
RIGID FRAME STRUCTURES: Rigid frame structures consist of columns and girders joined by moment resisting connections. The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends on the bending stiffness of the columns, girders and connections in the plane of the bent. The rigid
its only typical 6m x 9m bay size, rigid framing is economic only for
buildings up to 25 stories. Above 25 stories the relatively high lateral flexibility of the frame cells are uneconomically large members in order to control the drift.
The point of contra flexure is normally located near the midheight of the columns and midspan of the beams. The connections in steel moment resisting frames are important design elements. Joint rotation can account for a significant portion of the lateral sway. The strength and ductility of the connections are also important considerations especially for frames designed to resist seismic loads.
APPLICATIONS:
Moment resisting frames are normally efficient for buildings up to 30 storeys in height. The lack of efficiency for taller buildings is due to the moment resistance derived primarily through flexure of its members. EXAMPLE: World trade centre, Osaka, Japan 252 m high, 55 storeys.
BRACED FRAME:
Rigid frames are not efficient for buildings taller than 30 storeys because the shear racking component of deflection due to the bending of columns and girders causes the drift to be too large. The braced frame attempts to improve upon the efficiency of a rigid frame by virtually eliminating the bending of columns and girders. This is achieved by adding the web
Behavior:
In simple terms, braced frames may be considered as cantilevered vertical trusses resisting lateral loads primarily through the axial stiffness of the columns and braces. The columns act as the chords in resisting the overturn moment, with tension in the windward column and compression in the leeward column. The diagonals and girders work as the web members in resisting the horizontal shear with diagonals in axial compression or tension depending upon
their direction of inclination. They undergo bending when the braces are
eccentrically connected to them because the lateral loads on the building is reversible, braces are subjected to turn, to both compression and tension.
TYPES OF BRACES
CONCENTRIC BRACES
ECCENTRIC BRACES
deliberately introduce flexure and shear into framing beams to increase ductility
CONCENTRIC BRACES
ECCENTRIC BRACES
elevators, stairs and service shafts. They are much stiffer horizontally than rigid
frames, shear wall structures can be economical up to about 35 stories.
shear mode, are constrained to adopt a common deflected shape by the horizontal
rigidity of the girders and slabs. As a consequence the walls and frames interact horizontally, especially at the top, to produce a stiffer and stronger structure. The interacting wall frame combination is appropriate for buildings in the 40 60 storey range, well beyond that of rigid frames of shear walls alone.
TUBULAR STRUCTURE:
The lateral resistance of framed tube structures is provided by very stiff moment resisting frames that form a tube around the perimeter of the building. The frames consist of closely spaced columns, 6 12 ft ( 2 4 m)
between centers, joined by deep spandrel girders. Although the tube carries all the lateral loading the gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior columns or walls. When lateral load acts, the perimeter frames aligned in the
direction of loading act as the webs of the massive tube cantilever and those
normal to the direction of the loading act as the flanges. The tube is suitable for both steel and reinforced concrete construction and has been used for buildings ranging from 40 100 storeys.
TUBULAR STRUCTURE
tube the hull together with an internal elevator and service core. The hull
and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading. In a steel structure the core may consist of braced frames, whereas in a concrete structure it would consist of an assembly of shear walls. To some extent the outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a wall frame structure with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness.
used for buildings from 40 70 storeys high, but the system should be
effective and efficient for much greater depths.