Beyond Wernicke’s:
A Lexicon of Eponyms
Because no one has ever composed a glossary of
psychiatry’s numerous eponyms, the author col-
lected eponymous signs and syndromes for a be-
havioral lexicon. Eponyms are included if they
recall a real person, if they have special relevance
to psychiatry, and if they describe an abnormal
symptom or syndrome that we consider clinically
important today, even if American physicians
no longer favor the eponym. The author used
MEDLINE and Campbell’s Psychiatric
Dictionary to locate candidates for the glossary.
A brief definition and suggested reference accom-
pany each entry.
(The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical
Neurosciences 2002; 14:155–160)
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14:2, Spring 2002
in Psychiatry
David Bresch, M.D.
E ponyms, names derived from the name of a person,
were once popular heuristic devices. European
medicine still employs them more than American med-
icine, which has gradually abandoned them. Psychiatry
may have discarded eponyms more aggressively than
other fields, perhaps from a desire to be precise. DSM-
III’s authors explicitly eliminated them, for example.
Many countries still use eponyms to pay tribute to a
native physician. No one has ever collected behavioral
signs and syndromes to make a glossary for psychiatry
house staff. The lexicon below, which is a comprehen-
sive list of psychiatric signs and syndromes, facilitates
exam preparation and general review. Each entry de-
scribes a sign or syndrome currently thought to be clin-
ically significant. MEDLINE describes most of the en-
tries by their eponyms, demonstrating some currency
for these terms.
METHODS
MEDLINE and Campbell’s Psychiatric Dictionary were
used to locate most entries.1 No particular search string
was employed, but when the author encountered an ep-
onym during his training, he located explanatory ref-
erences from MEDLINE, especially those that men-
tioned the eponym in their title or abstract. He read
through all of the entries in Campbell’s to systematically
Received May 9, 2000; revised April 25, 2001; accepted May 3, 2001.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania. Address correspondence to Dr. Bresch, 1150
Cushing Circle, Apt. 319, St. Paul, MN 55108.
Copyright 䉷 2002 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
155
LEXICON OF EPONYMS
identify missed eponyms that satisfy criteria listed be-
low. The bibliography contains either the original de-
scription of each condition or sign, or a useful modern
reference.
This lexicon includes eponyms if they meet the fol-
lowing criteria:
1. They describe an abnormal sign or syndrome that
is currently considered clinically significant, even if
the eponym itself is out of favor; for example, the
list excludes Beard’s disease (neurasthenia) and Er-
ichsen’s disease (railway spine) but includes Kanner
syndrome (autism) and Hakim-Adams syndrome
(normal-pressure hydrocephalus).
2. They recall a real person, not a fictional one; for
example, Dorian Gray, Othello, and Diogenes syn-
dromes are excluded.
3. They have particular relevance to psychiatry.
4. More than one or two authors endorse their use.
RESULTS
Seventy-four signs and syndromes meet the above cri-
teria. A list follows:
Alzheimer disease: Dementia characterized by early
memory loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques;
its associated atrophy affects frontal lobes after other
areas.2
Angelman syndrome: Congenital syndrome of men-
tal retardation and epilepsy that is distinctive for pup-
petlike movements, compulsive laughter, and heritabil-
ity. A chromosome 15 deletion causes Angelman, the
same defect as in Prader-Willi syndrome, but in Angelman
the mother transmits the deletion.3
Anton syndrome: Condition of blindness in which pa-
tient denies he cannot see and confabulates; a specific
type of anosognosia. This condition is classically but not
exclusively associated with bilateral occipital cortex le-
sions.4
Asperger disorder: Developmental disorder similar
to autism, except that patients have no impairment in
communication.5
Balint syndrome: Constellation of symptoms that in-
cludes fixation of gaze, neglect of objects in visual sur-
round, and misreaching, usually due to bilateral supe-
rior parieto-occipital lesions.6
Bell mania: Disorganized hyperactivity (as opposed
to waxy flexibility and rigidity in Stauder’s lethal catato-
nia) that can be fatal if untreated; the syndrome is rare,
probably because of the widespread use of antipsychot-
ics, and the eponym is antiquated.7
156
Binswanger disease: A specific type of multi-infarct
dementia (a subtype of DSM-IV Vascular Dementia) in
which infarcts selectively affect the white matter.8
Briquet syndrome: Somatization Disorder; the dis-
order of multiple somatic complaints across different or-
gan systems as a manifestation of anxiety.9
Broca aphasia: Aphasia characterized by impover-
ished or absent speech, preserved comprehension, and
disturbed repetition, due to a lesion of Broca’s area, the
language area in the language-dominant frontal lobe.10
Brueghel syndrome: Trigeminal dystonia that affects
the mouth, sometimes provoked by antipsychotics.11
Capgras syndrome: The belief that strangers in dis-
guise have replaced persons known to the patient.12
Charcot-Wilbrand syndrome: “Global cessation of
dreaming”; the loss of all or part of dreaming after brain
injury.13
Charles Bonnet syndrome: Visual hallucinations in
the context of reduced eyesight.14
Clerambault-Kandinsky syndrome: The syndrome
of “mental automatism,” which is similar to Schneider-
ian “thought insertion” in schizophrenia; in French di-
agnosis, however, Clerambault-Kandinsky has a more
varied prognosis than schizophrenia. The syndrome in-
cludes any paranoid psychosis in which thought inser-
tions predominate, regardless of etiology.15
[Cornelia] de Lange syndrome: Congenital mental re-
tardation distinctive for patients’ self-injury, hyperactiv-
ity, sleeplessness, and aggression.16
Cotard syndrome: Patient’s belief that he does not ex-
ist, that part of him is not there (e.g., his organs), or that
he is dead.17
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Rapidly progressive de-
mentia caused by transmissible prions (proteinaceous
infectious particles) and distinctive for ataxia, myo-
clonus, EEG triphasic waves, and the diffuse spongi-
form appearance of the patient’s brain after death.18
Da Costa syndrome: Panic Disorder; the condition of
debilitating anxiety attacks accompanied by attempts to
avoid such attacks.19
De Clerambault syndrome: Erotomania, or more spe-
cifically a female patient’s belief that a wealthier older
man, whom she does not know, loves her.20
Down syndrome: Syndrome usually caused by tri-
somy,21 with mongoloid habitus, mental retardation,
cardiac defects, and Alzheimer disease pathology after
age 40 in virtually all patients, although not all patients
have perceptible cognitive decline in addition to their
mental retardation.21
Ekbom syndrome: 1) delusional parasitosis, the belief
that the skin is infested with parasites, sometimes as-
sociated with cocaine use; 2) restless legs syndrome, the
condition of annoying sensations in the extremities that
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14:2, Spring 2002

disturbs sleep onset. European physicians prefer the
first definition, Americans the second.23,24
Fahr disease: Idiopathic calcification of basal ganglia
that causes dementia and abnormal extra movements,
often comorbid with obsessive-compulsive and mood
symptoms.25
Fregoli delusion: Belief that strangers are actually
persons well known to the patient, in disguise.26
Ganser syndrome: The symptom of answering all
questions approximately; e.g., “2Ⳮ2⳱5.”27
Gardner-Diamond syndrome: Purpura associated
with psychological stress; subcutaneous injection of pa-
tients’ own blood reproduces the rash in the (mostly fe-
male) sufferers.28
Gélineau syndrome: Narcolepsy; a disorder with
daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypna-
gogic hallucinations, and association with various hu-
man lymphocyte antigens.29
Gerstmann syndrome: Finger agnosia, agraphia, right-
left disorientation, and dyscalculia, associated with dom-
inant parietal lobe lesions.30
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease: Transmissi-
ble prion disease that causes dementia and affects only
individuals with specific autosomal-dominant defects of
chromosome 20.31
Gjessing syndrome: “Periodic catatonia”; a disorgan-
ized state of withdrawal or agitation that fluctuates on
and off.32
Hakim-Adams syndrome: Normal-pressure hydro-
cephalus; the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the
ventricles without a large rise in intracranial pressure,
which often causes dementia, gait apraxia, and incon-
tinence; shunting reverses the dementia if it is identified
in time.33
Hashimoto encephalitis: Treatable encephalopathy
associated with autoimmune thyroiditis.34
Heller syndrome: Childhood Disintegrative Disorder;
the loss of milestones in multiple domains after age 2.35
Hoigne syndrome: Acute psychosis due to intrave-
nous injection of penicillin.36
Hoover sign: Unconsciously exerted downward pres-
sure with a healthy leg when the paretic leg is chal-
lenged; its absence demonstrates a feigned deficit.37
Huntington disease: Congenital dementia caused by
autosomal-dominant trinucleotide repeats on chromo-
some 4 that lead to caudate damage, dementia, person-
ality change, chorea, and death.38
Kahlbaum syndrome: Catatonia; a syndrome of waxy
posturing or purposeless agitation or speech, treated
with benzodiazepines and ECT.39
Kanner syndrome: Autism; a developmental disorder
with abnormal communication, impaired social interac-
tion, repetitive behavior, and symptoms before the age of
3 years.40
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14:2, Spring 2002
BRESCH
Kleine-Levin syndrome: Syndrome of hyperphagia,
hypersexuality, and hypersomnia classically described
in male adolescents.41
Klinefelter syndrome: Genetic condition in which ex-
tra X chromosomes (e.g., XXY) cause small testis, tall
stature, and mild mental retardation; it is associated
with antisocial behavior.42
Klüver-Bucy syndrome: Syndrome of temporal lobe
damage involving hypersexuality and hyperorality.43
Korsakoff syndrome: Chronic amnesia characterized
by difficulty in learning new information (anterograde
amnesia), manifesting as confabulation; caused by thi-
amin deficiency and totally or partially reversible in
some cases.44
Kozhevnikov syndrome: Continuous partial epilepsy
leading to progressive cognitive deterioration.45
Kulenkampff-Tarnow syndrome: Neck-face syn-
drome or dyskinetic-hypertonic syndrome; an acute
dystonia of the neck and face that may be provoked by
antipsychotics; the eponym is exclusively Eastern Eu-
ropean.46
Landau-Kleffner syndrome: Continuous partial sim-
ple epilepsy selectively causing loss of language devel-
opment in children.47
Langfeldt psychosis: Psychosis without the declining
course of schizophrenia. American physicians never em-
ploy the eponym because American psychiatric diag-
nosis has evolved to depend on presumed etiology and
the affective/schizophrenic distinction, rather than psy-
chiatric symptoms.48
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: Congenital mental retarda-
tion caused by a chromosome 26 deletion, with defective
purine metabolism and ferocious self-injury.49
Lewy body disease: Cortical dementia with Lewy bod-
ies (the pathological finding in Parkinson Disease) dif-
fusely distributed throughout the brain and with promi-
nent psychiatric symptoms in addition to dementia.
Patients may or may not have associated parkinsonian
symptoms, and many are extremely sensitive to antipsy-
chotics.50
Lhermitte syndrome: Peduncular hallucinosis; bizarre
hallucinations (classically, visions of Lilliputians) without
other psychosis, due to a lesion in the midbrain.51
Marchiafava-Bignami disease: Dementia due to cal-
losal degeneration, associated with chronic alcohol (par-
ticularly wine) abuse.52
Marinescu reflex: Palmomental reflex; the movement
of the chin after stroking the palm, which, when unilat-
eral, suggests frontal or diffuse brain damage; the epo-
nym is exclusively Eastern European.53
Martin-Bell syndrome: Fragile X–linked mental re-
tardation, a condition due to trinucleotide repeats on the
X chromosome that is the most common genetic cause
157
LEXICON OF EPONYMS
of mental retardation; particularly important in psychi-
atry because many patients suffer from autism and vir-
tually all have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.54
Meige syndrome: Dystonic blepharospasm; recurrent
involuntary blinking caused by a hypodopaminergic
state such as that induced by antipsychotics.55
Morvan disease: Involuntary muscle fiber activity,
hyperhydrosis, and sleeplessness that leads to death in
weeks if not treated; possibly autoimmune.56
Myerson sign: Glabellar tap reflex; a failure to extin-
guish blinking after 4 taps on the forehead that suggests
frontal, diffuse, or extrapyramidal disease.57
Parkinson disease/syndrome: The “disease” is the id-
iopathic degeneration of the substantia nigra that causes
resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity; the “syn-
drome” is these symptoms due to some other cause,
such as medication.58
Pick disease: Dementia with frontal and temporal at-
rophy, early personality change, and Pick bodies found
postmortem.59
Prader-Willi syndrome: Congenital form of mental re-
tardation distinctive for patients’ compulsive eating and
self-mutilation; caused by a chromosome 15 deletion.60
Rasmussen syndrome: Unilateral brain atrophy and
continuous epilepsy that results in cognitive decline un-
til the affected portion of brain is removed.61
Rett syndrome: Developmental disorder caused by an
X-linked dominant mutation that is found mostly in girls
and involves acquired microcephaly, reversal of cognitive
and social development, ataxia, and “hand-wringing (ste-
reotypic hand movements and manual dyspraxia).”62
Sanfilippo syndrome: Congenital mental retardation
caused by a chromosome 12 deletion, distinctive for ag-
gression and insomnia.63
Smith-Magenis syndrome: Congenital mental re-
tardation distinctive for severe self-injury and “self-
hugging” behavior.64
Stauder’s lethal catatonia: The former name for lethal
catatonia. The symptoms are arguably identical to those
of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (fever, rigidity, delir-
ium). Bell mania refers to agitated catatonia; Stauder’s re-
fers to the rigid, hypokinetic type of lethal catatonia. Both
Stauder’s and Bell occur in the absence of neuroleptics,
and therefore they are very rare in the developed world.65
Steele-Richardson-Olszewski disease: Dementia with
ataxia, loss of ability to look up or down, and parkinson-
ism.66
Strauss syndrome: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder; the condition of inattention and/or hyperactiv-
ity once known as “minimal brain damage syndrome.”67
Sydenham chorea: Movement disorder that follows
rheumatic fever; often preceded by obsessive-compulsive
symptoms (first described by Osler) that have been
158
characterized recently as “PANDAS” when they occur
alone.68
Tourette syndrome: Disorder with both motor and
vocal tics (sometimes coprolalia), often comorbid with
obsessive-compulsive symptoms.69
Von Economo disease: Encephalitis lethargica, a syn-
drome that afflicted many victims of a viral epidemic in
the early 20th century and distinctive for parkinsonism,
lethargy, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms;22 the
subject of Oliver Sacks’s book Awakenings and the movie
based on it.
Waxman-Geschwind syndrome: Constellation of in-
terictal behavior including hyposexuality, hyperreligios-
ity, hypergraphia, and “viscosity” (not observing appro-
priate social boundaries in conversation), all seen in
some patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy.70
Wernicke aphasia: Fluent aphasia characterized by
meaningless but productive speech, disturbed compre-
hension, and disturbed repetition, due to a lesion of the
language area with the same eponym (Wernicke’s) in the
language-dominant temporal lobe.71
Wernicke encephalopathy: Triad of delirium, ataxia,
and abnormal eye movements associated with thiamin
deficiency, particularly in alcohol abusers.72
Williams syndrome: Congenital syndrome of mental
retardation with deletion on chromosome 7, distinctive
for patients’ fluent verbal ability and “elfin” face.73 Also
know as Williams-Beuren or Fanconi-Schlesinger syndrome
Wilson disease: Congenital recessive condition of de-
fective copper metabolism due to defect in chromosome
13, characterized by hepatic symptoms and later psy-
chiatric symptoms and choreoathetosis as various organ
systems are overwhelmed by copper. It can be diag-
nosed (once central nervous system is affected) by find-
ing Kaiser-Fleischer rings in the cornea with a slit-lamp,
though these are not universally present. A more reli-
able diagnosis depends on low ceruloplasmin and ele-
vated copper in urine and liver biopsies.74
Wolfram syndrome: Rare autosomal recessive syn-
drome caused by defect in chromosome 4, with diabetes,
bilateral optic atrophy, and diverse psychiatric disor-
ders. Heterozygotes for the Wolfram mutation are ex-
tremely common (occurring in 1% of the population),
and those having them may be at high risk for psychi-
atric illness.75
DISCUSSION
Identification of syndromes or signs that are relevant to
psychiatry as opposed to other specialties is arbitrary.
There are numerous eponymous neurodegenerative
conditions of childhood, for example, in which patients
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14:2, Spring 2002

rarely present to a psychiatrist because they do not sur-
vive infancy (e.g., Tay-Sachs). These were excluded.
Even though psychiatrists treat so many mentally re-
tarded patients, the numerous eponyms of congenital
mental retardation have been excluded unless they have
distinctive behavioral phenotypes. Some neurodegen-
erative diseases of adults or the aged have been in-
cluded if they are part of the differential diagnosis of
cognitive impairment or personality change (e.g.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob)—complaints that psychiatrists fre-
quently address. On the other hand, numerous eponyms
that represent general medical conditions with huge
psychiatric comorbidity, such as Cushing’s disease, were
not included.
There are several reasons why house staff and edu-
cators may not recognize all of the eponyms in this lex-
icon. One eponym represents a concept incompatible
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