Ann Lynn, Ph.D.

Psychology 207
One Way ANOVA

I. General Logic of ANOVA

A. When to use 1 way ANOVA

B. The F-distribution

II. How to do it

A. State hypotheses
Ho : μ 1 = μ 2 =μ3 . . .
H1 : at least 1 treatment mean differs

B. Critical region

1. find df
a. dfT = N - 1
b. dfw = N - k
c. dfB = k - 1
where N = total # subjects, k = # treatments

2. Find critical area (Fc). Need to use dfB and dfw on Table B.4 (p. A-29) in book.

C. Test Statistic Fo = MSB

--------
MSw

1. SUMMARY OF ONE-WAY ANOVA FORMULAS

Source df Sum of Square Mean Square F

Between k-1 SSB = Σ T2 - (ΣX)2 MSB = SSB Fo = MSB

treatments n N dfB MSW

Within N–k SSW = ΣX2 - Σ T2 MSW = SSW

treatments n dfW

Total N–1 SST = SSB + SSW

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Where: T = sum of scores for each treatment
ΣX = sum of all scores
ΣX2 = square all scores then sum
k = number of treatments
N = number of subjects in the study
n = number of subjects in each treatment

2. How to do it.
a. Calculate SSB and MSB
b. Calculate SSW and MSW
c. Calculate SST
d. Calculate Fo
 Ann Lynn, Ph.D.
Psychology 207
D. Make decision

1. string of numbers: F (dfB , dfw ) = Fo , p<α

2. If you reject null, then do post-hoc tests

a. Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference Test (HSD)

(1) Create table with following columns:

Ho Absolute mean differences CD Decision

(2) Calculate the critical difference

CD = q MSw
-------
n

where: q is from Studentized Range Table B.5 (p. A-32) in book

Msw is from ANOVA
n is the number of subjects in each
treatment

3. If you reject null, then do effect size

eta2 = SSB or eta2 = (dfB) Fo

______ ___________
SST (dfB )Fo + dfw

4. APA Style conclusion:

"A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of grade in school on math

scores, F(2, 57) = 5.45, p < .003, η2 = .75. As seen in table one, a Tukey HSD post-
hoc test indicated that students in the Fifth grade performed significantly better
than students in the Fourth grade, and students in the Fourth grade performed
significantly better than students in the Third grade. Grade in school accounted
for 75% of the variability in math test score.

Table 1

Math test scores for students in the Third, Fourth and Fifth grades

__________________________________________________________________

Grade Mean SD n
__________________________________________________________________

Third 25.5a 1.24 20

Fourth 39.8b 1.21 20

Fifth 51.2c 1.58 20

__________________________________________________________________

Note. Means with different subscripts differ significantly at p < .01 by

the Tukey honestly significant difference test
 Ann Lynn, Ph.D.
Psychology 207
III. Doing ANOVA on SPSS (See pp. 320-321 in G & W for example output)

ANALYZE
Compare Means
One Way ANOVA
Put Continuous variable in "Dependent" list, put
Discrete variable in "Factor" box

Click "Options" and check "descriptives"

Click "Post-hoc" and check "Tukey"

Descriptives

Nuber of days to recover from jetlag

95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
westbound 6 2.5000 1.0488 .4282 1.3993 3.6007 1.00 4.00
eastbound 6 6.0000 1.4142 .5774 4.5159 7.4841 4.00 8.00
same timezone 6 .5000 .5477 .2236 -7.4800E-02 1.0748 .00 1.00
Total 18 3.0000 2.5437 .5996 1.7350 4.2650 .00 8.00

ANOVA

Nuber of days to recover from jetlag

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 93.000 2 46.500 41.029 .000
Within Groups 17.000 15 1.133
Total 110.000 17

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: Nuber of days to recover from jetlag

Tukey HSD

Mean
Difference 95% Confidence Interval
(I) Direction of travel (J) Direction of travel (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
westbound eastbound -3.5000* .6146 .000 -5.0965 -1.9035
same timezone 2.0000* .6146 .014 .4035 3.5965
eastbound westbound 3.5000* .6146 .000 1.9035 5.0965
same timezone 5.5000* .6146 .000 3.9035 7.0965
same timezone westbound -2.0000* .6146 .014 -3.5965 -.4035
eastbound -5.5000* .6146 .000 -7.0965 -3.9035
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
 Ann Lynn, Ph.D.
Psychology 207

One Way ANOVA Examples

1. (Demonstration example) A researcher is interested in differences among blondes, brunettes,

and redheads in terms of introversion/extroversion. She selects random samples of college
students and gives each subject a test of social introversion and comes up with the following
data. At α = .05 is there a difference in their introversion scores?

Blonds Brunettes Redheads

5 3 2
10 5 1
6 2 7
2 4 2
5 3 2
3 5 3

2. (Practice example) There have been a number of studies on jetlag. Jetlag always seems
worse when traveling east. Consider this hypothetical study. A researcher examines how many
days it takes a person to adjust after taking a long flight. One group flies east across time zones,
a second group travels west, and a third group takes a long flight within one time zone. At α
=.05, does the direction influence how long it takes to recover from jetlag?

Westbound Eastbound Same time zone

2 6 1
1 4 0
3 6 1
3 8 1
2 5 0
4 7 0
2.5 6.0 .5 Mean
1.05 1.41 .55 SD

3. Do the three different body types differ in sociablity? Subjects were categorized by body
type, an took a sociability test. A high score means the person is more social, a low score more
private.

Endomorph Ectomorph Mesomorph

M = 22.0 M=17.6 M=15.0

SD= 2.45 SD=2.41 SD=2.73

Source df SS MS F
between 2 125.2 62.6 9.74

within 12 77.2 6.43

total 14 202.4