Sean Li Math 6170 Notes Fall 2013 Dynamical Systems Lecture 1 8/29/13 Course Info Yulij Ilyashenko Oce

ce hours 511, W. 5-6 pm Grade: 60% HW, 40% take-home nal Philosophy of general position and structural stability Topics: (a) Order and chaos (b) Attractors (c) Determinism and Probability Changing viewpoints 1. Newton showed that the world can be described by dierential equations. Given dif eq, solve it. 2. Poincar e: Given dif eqn, describe the properties of solutions starting from the equation itself. 3. Andronov: Given no dif eqn, describe the properties of solutions. Phase ows. Let (1) x = v (x), x Rn or M n , the phase space. Solution is a map : I M n , where I = (, ) R. (t) v ((t)). Denition. F : M n M n is a dieomorphism i F is a bijection and F is C 1 with F 1 .

We study {F k |k Z}. If M n is compact, v C 1 implies (1) generates a phase ow: {g t M n M n , g t a dieo |g t+s = g t g s }, g t is smooth. Vector spaces on S 2 : Good behavior of solutions. (2): x = v (x), x S 2 . Denition. Singular points are those where v = 0. Denition. Periodic orbits are periodic solutions: (t + T ) = (t). Image of solution is called phase curve, or orbit. Examples: Sink (focus), sink (node), saddle, center.

Theorem 1. Generic dierential equations on S 2 have solutions that approach either singular points or periodic orbits. Denition. Splitting of the phase space to time-oriented phase curves (orbits) is called a phase portrait. Denition. Two vector elds are orbitally topologically equivalent if a homeomorphism that brings one phase portrait to another. Denition. A vector eld is structurally stable if it is orbitally topologically equivalent to all nearby vector elds. Theorem 2. A generic vector eld on S 2 is structurally stable.
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Criterion of structural stability. Theorem 3. A vector eld in S 2 is structurally stable i 1. all singular points are hyperbolic 2. all periodic orbits are hyperbolic 3. no saddle connections (no separatrix from one saddle can connect with a separatrix from another) Hyperbolicity. Let (3): x = Ax + f (x), f = o(x), x Rn near 0. Denition. The singular point 0 of (3) is hyperbolic i all eigenvalues of A have non-zero real part, that is, Re j = 0, j . For periodic orbits, consider a cross section of a phase curve and take a nearby point x, following its phase curve to its rst return point P (x) (Poincar e map). Theorem 4. For a C 1 -vector eld, the P -map is also C 1 . Denition. Let F : x Bx + g (x), where F (0) = 0 and g (x) = o(|x|), then 0 is a hyperbolic xed point for F i B has eigenvalues vj s.t. |vj | = 1. Let T be the period of . Take a phase ow transformation g T : g T , and project to the original cross section; both the projection and g T are C 1 smooth, so P is C 1 smooth.

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